The Iron Age 1931-12-17: Vol 128 Iss 25

.. THE IRON AGE... NEW YORK, DECEMBER 17, 193] ESTABLISHED 1855 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS / UNCOVER HIDDEN SHOP LOSSES By A. G. BAUMGARTNER Industrial Engineering Department General Electric Co Schenectady, N. Y ““FYEDUCE costs, and then reduce them some more That is the order of the day Of the means of cutting costs available to users and producers of metal-working equipment the electrical instrument has not received the attention it deserves. How various electrical devices can be used to ferret out losses that have crept into the application or design of equipment is outlined by an authority in this article F NDUSTRY has come to depend almost entirely iring the load It read ippare hey 7 on electric power. This forn f energy lends arge amounts of power are to be measured that th By itself most conveniently to measurement De method t only wasteful, but the practical appl tailed analyses of power-driven equipment ar‘ ation of this method immediately presents er very simply performed with the aid of electrical in rassing difficultic n this group are placed su struments. Although there are notable exceptions de es as the Pror rake, hydraulic and fluid fri ‘ . > ] ° ] ‘ ' + ' ‘ . = 7 - 4 : } he machine tool field in general é iInaware I rant rant ectromagne ind €l¢ the potentialities of these instrument he purpose ty ke ; f this article is to give the builder and user of m: ; ; a aioe : hine tools a detailed picture of the applications oi y : device wi , a i) these devices to the machines themselves, as well as ree dad the oe : itl very general picture of their other uss IT ri l led | v} lica int . - ‘ re b T re if ’ 4 ta Dp Ve # A simple means of determining the to! ‘ the The ti n re wer requirements of a machine is p) ided by the 1) mometer | ri that part of the power F: namometer Instruments of this type may be d t mitted t t whicl represented b FE ded into the two very general classes: absorptio1 tion in the dynamometer itself The rer ‘ ‘ namometers and transmission dynamometer Le red to the driven mechanisn a > >. > YY : Dynamometers and Their Uses . < nd cradie typ () f id t , ; The ibsorpt I dvnamomete! mi t ft 4 the de ‘ ] £ , CS IS dey Ce I VI CI tne A roed T 4 ] é . ght + , ‘ ‘ ’ generated into useless rm né { ert ! I ne tor I I t t into heat This t pe fd mete er! ! VI n ti oie ons not only in the capacit I sup] ng ] I ( nait due to torsiona particular 1538 o Indicating lron Age. Instruments De ce mibe r 17 1931 ‘e carrying an unknown current, portion thereof, or is wound on a rectangula vhich is so mounted in jeweled bearings tha "er move in the annular space between tl ieces of a powerful permanent magnet and n core. Alternating current instruments ar ynstructed on the direct-reading dynamon iple or the Thomson inclined coil princip] er fluctuations are damped by means irrent et up a thin aluminum se; ned the shaft which oscillates in h each m ment of the pointer ! iments in general are applied relatively constant for apprecial SE of the electric recording instru ment has permitted a sound approach to improvement in planer design the fluctuations are not too r idly fluctuating loads, the dam} trument and inability to read the ide its use for definite readings nstrument under such condit ty to indicate the presenc Power Consumption of Cutting lools ' pract il applicat me? VAS lI Tne determinat imed b itting tools underg necerned the determinat ' ! i na rakes on Variou ensive tests were condu emented tungsten carbide too +» 1+¢+ lS ransmitted to machine ion of the mat imed bv tt t ict SIX-SPINDLE, two-station, drum-type ntinuous milling machine, a high-production onstant, this immediate machine which must be timed to a nicety. The recording instrument is invaluable in 4 — ‘ as ' tS a adlirect ompal the design of such equipment I es and rakes etl é ; ; eare r fF ¢ 3 oT ! frictional « eff é t 4 vce ‘ oda , ’ aterials. Detecting lerects in Equipment Since heat at t} de sirable hot atte ’ ; ; ‘ { ‘ ‘ 1 accurate wo} , a} y = r iu ‘ ' ry i 4 , I tion oft tw tools tested 1 , ‘ ? , rery i ) ’ Is a direct indication I en ‘ ‘ I ‘ t ' lite in pleces pe! ni ; , | ind number of reject , i e re ‘ i he ‘ower readings of meta ‘ ‘ il ‘ te ne witn tne same t ea rect ind rument 0 varne if the machineab ; ’ 4 as ' il the. Luby iting ++ he , 1 , i. . ny eduction 1 oth ? y ‘ ‘ an & & ECORDING nstru ments make it pos sible to determine the j | proper size of motor for | 3 given application. The 7 : graph shows typical re cording instrument 7 curves. illustrating cor rect and incorrect mot for a punch press The lror ige December 17 1931 1539 ORTABLE with The / rding wattmeter oll showing and opens the ertion the t tk trun t is sh wv~wvwy ord Inst t ron Age, December } with chart carriage it wn Lor ids win The \ 1931 ir inking +* t 1, | | { ele | oad Li St né Su dla Mipety ius i« y oft ire re ! ai lations. However, ‘are occurrence in the machine tool field. nstant loads except to record any unexpected flu virtually constant loads are a The auto- atic screw machine, the reciprocating planer, the B yun press, drilling and tapping devices, and a ‘re number of similar machines, have anything pr it a constant load. Every indexing operation, every pe ° one $a iversing movement, every change in conditions im es mediately caus¢ a change in the flow of electrical . ae ; ee ee Pe a ° + hange, the recording mete i> vil it U [Lis Cilia bil} analysis of m elf remarkably well to the ne tool problems In properly counter-balanei ‘ t ynserve power and minimize strail ks, the recording instrument is of material! I tudying accelerations and deceleratio1 ning greater production more economically, r the attendant forces, in determini rect design, the recording instrument is a wortl ! | tuting ts for guesswork, det 1 r estimates, dependable records fo! irsay and measured performance for intultio1 Machine Tools Althou emented tungsten Carbide 3 Ct esent f bly calling attention to the general la {f machine tools to meet its power r¢ lirements, it is a fact that machine tools have i! t n much overmotored. The practice wa hiefly the result of overestimating the actual powe ements and the attitude that the cost of th represented a small part of the total invest ATTERIES of incor- rectly motored punch presses present the op- portunity to effect real savings in fixed charges and operating expenses. vvvyv ment and therefore did not warrant careful consid fortunately few realize or take ad r eration. the a ty the re ling instrument. A Many plants using batteries of machine 1 e1e! el ( > ] } ‘ Wa ‘ 1 é ive, however, learned to their irprise that ne oo * 4 hy¢ mec ‘ et Whe fixed charge differential on the ersize motors and wel ‘ heir effect on the monthly power | might easily ; m iCal i l ; } ’ ? i ’ ; ike Care OI tne Salary OI a mpetent plant eng ‘ ee! Correction of this condition deps¢ n the ‘ pa termination of the errors at! their eliminatio1 Pp ‘ en t] | cata Some typical examples will b« ( ea Su Lr re fully l é Machine tool operat I ‘ \ stud eneral tvpes. one of these being t er ment W | : ] ! s ‘ ‘ Die ect ‘ } pot) iypical applications of tnis cycle a e Tound , Sea R ’ urnishing machines, tapping and 1 ding ope. A : , : ons, the reciprocating plane! 1 othe) rye ing cycles are a study in thems<« ¢ Che dy f the problem, involving moment f inertia, a ' : } ] ] +s00) 7 ‘ a ‘ y ‘ XL « ‘ ‘ ‘ eleration and deceleration, transfe eners de H ipable of play ? Q tric t } 4 | d te the 7 tis neer who is attempting to keep « fact n if “d nstruments in the stud ' ‘ , ‘ | y . ; | ; roper piace, < ! in be read necked . ' I tne l naracte Analyzing Power Requirements in Reversing Cycle ; strall ( i! pe The power Inv na reve erpretatior the ipt ! dily divided int tw el ine ‘ Gl ter efficlé f i! t is absorbed in ren ng t met é . { hy elimina? tne operation, tne otnel ! 5 1 I ote ‘ } +} wal ng Y y ipout Tne iccelel it ’ i @) + he moving parts. As alrea timated, p1 +} ; required und ' tig) \nalysis of Flywheel Applications ¢ wer required unde! ( i é } merous 1] tors Y ( tté ViT \ ler tself r ry , 43 ulties f we rod , y trume ; & aa ; HE lower power factor of batteries of ma hine tools running under ight loads has a bad ef- fect on the monthly power bill. A formidable installation of automatic gear cutters is shown The Iron Age, December 17, 1931—154l 1542 Phe [ron lests l YT tge. December 193] determine the facts and two examples short of startling. A lathe normally employ l or motor was equipped with a 35-hp. n cemented tungsten carbide tools and wit} ffort on the part of the operator, input vere measured with the aid of an indicat nent A three-headed boring mill for motor was specified by the manufactu pped with a 50-hp. motor. Electrical ndicated the motor could easily be itv with but a ingle tool utt (:raphiec Meters for Punch Presses ; me of the outstanding examples of ectrical instruments in the machine 1 ipplication of the graphic meter in motorization. The m r metal-forming presses have verestimated from 25 to 200 per hese tools were unwittingly paying edk n fixed charges and power consun I'é manufacturer specified a motor wl rently stiff; that is, when the load came the engagement of the dies and wor! yr would not slow down but assumed the 1 drew a large amount of power. In order 1 his power, the capacity of the motor had t With a stiff motor, the flywheel had nm ity to slow down and deliver some of it nd ther reduce the load peak on the With the peak passed, the flywheel was littl speed and the motor, having little to d irse, vel nefficient. Soft Motor Substituted ting a soft motor, that is, one tha vn upon the application of load, th de effective Since no accurate a able method of determining powe1 inch presses has been develope: ] Tr ese results were of necessity obtained | ap! instruments made it possible to dé the proper motor for a particular applic te) miles of curves were taken on tl ne Some of the results obtained weré rt of phenomenal. Seventy-five-horsepowe) ed by 25-hp. motors, and 30-hp. motor were by no means unusual subst Such substitutions effected wonders in t ’ power peaks and the substitution of nstant load for a highly intermittent Plant Power Surveys : } q he preceding remarks have been chi se of instruments in connection wit! ements of the individual machine tools, ila not be led to belleve tnat the ap nstruments in the machine tool field mited. The fuil range of possibi I ae eS ) irge To tre ted n al Howeve ’ rther in ! t uses W ned iS SugYVvs t ’ } f } Ney) Dos | S if t} J ¢ 2 Tr ) ] ‘ \ ( « L584) Normalizing Automobile Sheet Stee Experimental Procedure : , 4 ara eristl nee ‘ : ) Qn 5 | ZU ) U.US 49 1) ; k ext) deep-drawl} f t 7 t y nite ‘ ? té ‘ ed } +} 4 r { Che ! ntage ! f ‘ } ‘ g e€ , a ifference RY * i 4 ] \ ‘ t é no \\s the ( te > Q- ] 4 4 S giiont \ tT} i yn e! f A t ey é x ‘o } n tr 7 TF iS repo! ( ‘ (i isl ey ; . , ] ae aft the heat ‘ i < “4 The Iron Age. December 17, 1931 1543 -—_-- 1544—The Iron e, Dece THE FORGING OF RUSTLES mber required in successful forging of rustless steel is brought which indicates the close limitations under which the operator n the Scylla and Charybdis of a temperature which will 3t which working will make it ‘“redshort.’’ Because of this to do the trimming after the steel has been annealed ind allowed to cool By |. B. NEALEY A Ciat n Ord ‘ ire « ly It rgeable at red heats 1400 des and up, and the forging pressures different jobs can easily be esti- ted. When chromium or chromium and nickel are ( ( the amounts required in stainless alloys, ires necessary for forging jump rapidly { } OO e) ent or more ractically all the rustless alloys are of high ten- trength, even after they are carefully annealed Brinell hardness, and offer great resistance nin he addition of greater amounts of hur to the 0.12 per cent carbon 13 per cent PREHEATING and high-heat gas-fired forge furnaces serv- ing the power ham- mer at right. The preheating furnace is in left foreground. TEAM drop ham oe ree mer of 10,000 Ib IY Pere Lee with trimming press F # % Hee ie at right. The hammer jena ; is forging Kelly bars < oS. S Sie ae * vrvyv ’ ? i ll é ad useé t rustle properties i k lrate neat tre temperatures. the steel e1 With the advent of the ess steels, the probiem of 1 ring tnesé teels ime two-Told. Not onlv must the + + ‘ ] le] he fact that it s deali n ¢ ! } . 7 4 + i1i:OV requiring ve! LOS¢ ntl ] ny Dp! } nt | f +t} : t } } vel iOSS O! ¢ ru i l * ] . ] + ] ] + . + + 1 ’ r es, or injure the metal due to Improper heating v¥ ‘ now enters the nroblen na ft t that tt fr i lOV enters the proodie!l and ta na l © ire *s ’ ‘ ‘ 4 4 ‘ —— ; | , hining steels are “red s!] t or bdrittle t tempe ct A I ‘ Pi : ] ’ i tures 1n r Si nt De \ I ) I . ’ ( nsiderable YNC? nent rk ne ‘ {) ; () ry é Y neil) ' Tr \ ) , nas CF onau e( re y | } } ‘ 1 ' ‘ the General Metals Corpn., |] Angel 3 rf } tt } ‘ i , searct Vas conau i D v\ A. DeRidde1 : ; : > ODO « I dent nd veneral 1 ’ R. S. Smit s —F- y TT) f irgist They established the ‘ t | 11)17 } y ’ SS Stle¢ requ ‘ i D { 1] . f trolled fur i I I he forging furnace the r t "4 ; . ‘ f LW e aS lor 0 l eT i lr é ’ y ? y i \ aennite ilneé I ae } Ve ! S | I ' . , +} ; neat and torging ne t Ké é lé ( ’ l + , > preneat temperature bDeliow the ar! pre pitatior ICCESS But rie . : + w+ f y the y ire ‘ at 1 + y reat ur r eT / The Iron Age, December 17, 1931—1545 fe Oe Two extruding or piercing presses, each served by a long, continuous, gravity-feed forging furnace for heating the billets. discharging them through a side door ed, as 1 that forging this type of steel can be done wit] the melting point « vreater success at temperatures of 2100 to 2200 dey Below 2000 deg. F. the KF. and then cold-trimmed after a very accurate a) e exce] ttle ed short,” and neal at 1600 deg. F. and slow cool. This rend mmed hot the steel exceptionally soft, but gives very goo experimenti! is been found trimming and machining properties. The last-nam: Mechanical billet handler, operating on track in front of gas-heated furnace and serving 1000-ton open-front steam press 1546 The lron Age. December 17, 193] ethod is the most economical, due 1 é eased ins it singh i 5-tor et ! r\duction possible when cold my! ! tne I t i t T Zier ré t that the forgings mus ( Muce Machining proper Chrome-nickel steels of the 18 ed in this plant in maki it ip to 300 and 100 Carbon Manganest \ Silicon Chromium Nickel ... . Phosphorus Sulphur eratures below 1800 deg. F. nor a 9150 dey whs returt ind require three reheats durit \s the volume of product made to warrant the expense of sin! Lit vork is performed in ar mer and includes forming, pier setting the flange. At all tim: forging of this type of allo s on duty with an optical py) make sure that the fors drops below 1800 deg. Ff \ heck could send $100 wort} tne serap pile, 02 ause lat product when in service Some of the produ large gear blanks and crankshaft sht bits of any size, steel shaft p to 45 n diameter, large drill collars, Ke ip to 60 ft. in length, mandrel to 5 ft. long and 5 ft n diamet plant has a complete die sinking and ma hine shoy ind 18 a aed int ma livisions—drop _ forg lepa + press forge departme! Separate Furnaces for Individual Hammer In the drop forge department mal hammer is served with a gas fur) wl the large hammers have two «¢ ne fi preheat and the other for high heat "} maller furnaces are of the slot t ynstruction and steel-incased ! of chrome ore laid in the plast tate in 3 to 4 in. thick. The furnace ire 4 quare and 6 ft. wide t ! and stand on 3'-ft e¢ Ka 3 fir Open-front steam pre f tons capacity, operating on a hot ingot of the r vith a single gas burner on eac} li fluted tys has an indicating pyromet \ il i nd a vith ports is located alon sliding sl! ige. December a 1931 1547 The Iron SE OF DISSOCIAT IN ANNEALING § 5 ED AMMONIA ft AS ‘ ) the dissociated conditions, and d by them on various grades of iron a1 complete temperature range Hi heat treatment ) make the condition still more con n natiol of these gases were studied { ( { I} f arriving at the best possible so rticular problem. Equipment next ha D deve d for the production or dissociation ind for their purifying and dehydrati1 a All this research and development work, when con : sli en , parallel developments in connection wit! ped I Cu ectric furnaces, has made possible the control of the nished product to a high degree of accuracy, result ng il continuous, uniform, high-grade product at a t savil said to range from $1.50 to $3.50 a ton, ne an! Lil ’ } ‘ } g ad 1 tne r } appreciable existing methods. reduction in the time required it iz cycle is of importance. An analysis of that at electric annealing will provide ill other things being equal: i a n in floor space requirements of ap- ae pre mately oU per cent. ay 45 \ or on in gas consumption for atmo =a rol of approximately 50 per cent. ae G aterial through the heat-treating ~_ n one-half the time, resulting - (a) in having the product in course of manu ture a correspondingly shorter period, (b) quicker deliveries, and (c) in earlier collec ! irchase price for the product. \) stigation of the great majority of bright n tions now using fuel furnaces will d economic advantages, if electr \ trolled atmosphere, of suitable ty] nsti ire used: at ‘ nin maintenance, n in labor i. | i annealed product. a \ free from discoloration. = R annealing time or cycle. 0 T vaiRear oA 4 Ce required, cd 4 n }) , ; ‘ Pa ects cA ’ 4 : ! I Trom customers. y he plant as to the kind « be obtained. itrolled product P definite, uniform, high i nsiderable reduction in facto nted out already that one of tl lems to solve in connection wit! oI nealing was that of the action of different n determinatic if which gases wert SPECIAL hood or cover for the charge was designed -” eo hi h § which not only would fit over the outer surface of the n tal and means for obtalning su h gases charge, but extend down on the inside of the coiled material ost as possible. permitting the use of an internal heating element, remov ‘ , able with the bell. The internal or center heater is shown ne rst nsideration is that, whatever gas 1S here being a modification of a standard unit ised It must he as free from impurities as possible, The lron Age, December 17, 1931 1548— / \S ATMOSPHERE By WIRT S. SCOTT sf STRIPS AND SHEETS bape: CTION of gases on metals, aside from mere discoloration of surface, is here treated in connection with electric furnaces and controlled oe atmospheres for annealing of strip and sheet steel This is the concluding installment of an article on this topic.” The author shows how anhydrous . ; ; ammonia, dissociated, may be used to advantage ia ; in producing an atmosphere in which annealing Hey can be carried on, without danger of damage tc the surface of the steel under treatment vTvry ( 1 | ‘ ? ly I ‘ ; l | ru perfect , ae } ‘ ‘ eff wl e] ! < ' ey ) n t CO! nel Nitros } I ria Wh } | SET t readucecl! { ) irbo! onte? ma é { [o mee Ss situat ; aevel equip! I ! 1 il I ove! int | t l : ; nea s¢ as Ma I y | y" \ y TY r ippl I e@ Ta a ( ine é y \ ns oT i Y y y ] ’ ’ il aq metnal Whence to Obtain Satisfactory Nitrogen ~ } t! I | a $ ra ©] the ap] n t¢ PF ncountere d th a 7) y } nnel of determini! mon r thir , y ? wh } lid ¢ we Ss Va i y , mind t + ild 4 fr ry , irit } Q eatica ¥ é + or IS¢é I } l ammonia, l I I 5 mmonia, t er st terms nas 10! en KI I nat ani lrous ammonia ! e diss ted or “cracked rectly into its compone eler thi rh the re s f the ditions reé red ! nt! 3, pl cl! free nitrogen and hydrogen gases in an ul tate The product so formed consists of a mixtur HREE bell-type electric furnaces under construction, preparatory eh. . OF : , to shipment. Each furnace is rated at 90 kw. and is capable of OI (9 pel T yume yen and dav per Cel r . bringing a charge of steel up to a temperature of 1400 deg. F. in DV volume otf nitrogen. 8 hr. The cooling cycle is approximately 24 hr., with gas flowing over the charge under the cover. These furnaces are for continu *The first ppear f é ous bright annealing of cold-rolled strips The Iron Age, December 17, 1931—1549 1550—The Iron 4ge,. December 17. 1931 NSTALLATION at Bopp Steel Co., Detroit, for con tinuous bright annealing of cold-rolled strip. This in stallation consists of a cylin drical bell-type furnace and six movable bases. The fur nace is shown in the position of heating a charge: the three covered charges at the left are cooling; one charge is in process of being loaded on the base; the one at ex treme right is ready for the furnace. This furnace ac commodates a charge of 7500 Ib. Maximum outside diameter of coil, 32 in minimum inside diameter in maximum height f charge, 72 in vrTvyvT sociated ammonia with | result in approximately other words 100 lb. of and subsequent burning 1. ft. of nitrogen. Needed which comes to one’ is “how mucn yas al inal charge?” The urnace ot the iS an nour W i turnace ot t ! ras an hour w i ho l? per anne OURTEEN bell-type an nealing furnaces, installed in one plant of the American Rolling Mill Co. Each fur nace has an electrical capac ity of 170 kw. and is de signed for 1950 deg. F. oper ation. Overall dimension of each furnace, 10 ft. 5'2 in wide, 15 ft. 312 in. long. 11 ft.5'2 in. high. Net weight of charge, 25 to 30 tons LA the hoist LACING the charge of cold-rolled strip on one of the bases, using a magnetic hoist. This charge is stacked 1 height of approximately in. before the cover is placed over it PSE pee et OE wrTvy { i g } \ w { Aa qauct brignt nealed A tin T e requiremer! \i ry Installation pl } ; ely necessary ‘ ae produ T i A pl yper WOrkKl! ] t i \ sultab itn ! { ! ’ + eling neat tre ed ) : f + 4 ( en dia ’ ) Q . { nt of ; ( né ¥ I . [ i no nace and Ut! a 1 . } \ lltaDdDi¢ I ‘ Kir i it ul ft I i cr me Q l Ma indiing 1 tie I i iva able Ind iting ( jual 1 } ite ivailabls ne ga I material heat trea whr \ lrate naintaining 1 predets nea ‘ aintenalr n tne me I ] and proportion of in ng gas nt selected ' ' Effective arying the ga ‘ er r the com} eu allatior a tn ter HERE the action of the gas on the re fractory materials of the base is apt to cause discoloring of the charge, the base is completely inclosed in a welded nickel chromium sheet structure as shown here The heavy castings at top of base are to support the charge. These castings are made also of nickel-chromium alloy. The construction of the liquid seal, also the pipe connections, is shown The fron Age. December 17, 1931—155]1 CONVEYOR SYSTEM WITH TURN FTA By A. M. KERR Ellwood City, Pa 4 r ( Pitt ired t} nove in that s d like s ( ¢ e statio1 Here j ) I e¢ I ] speed { t The ! ahs le ? } } ty} é fi? é if operat ! tnrougn ti ne nhipping aepartment At y ) 4 } le} ] ? rat y { y 1 y Tr 1 ‘ ryt , + eT nou aié¢ VeVO!l ward its final destination, where the prod on tne ict will be complete and ready for shipment. A pump. rker finishes his job on a certain pump and th of the ] . . | . 1 } pum} sses along to the next worker; meanwhile pedal. 1552—The Iron Age, December 17, 1931 Engineer, Mathews Conveyer Co lan turns and finds another pump has | 1 ip to take the place of the one which he ha ce-setter and economizer, the conveyor system plant has accomplished things impossiblk rdinary handling methods. The whole system floor level and runs in a U-shape down one the assembly building and back on the other the start of the conveyor line an air lift sunk has a roller conveyor section as its top. It about waist-high level and a workman places rollers a large casting which is the base of a After he fastens on the vertical side pieces pump he releases the hoist by means of a foot At its lowest point the hoist alines its own ESTING floor where pumps are handled on roller cor veyor to speed up this operation NF TABLES FOR ASSEMBLING PUMPS OW a small installation of conveyors in a manufacturing line can spur production and reduce costs is told in this article. The whole line is perhaps 50 ft. long, not counting the extensions to testing and painting departments. This is merely another illustration of the way the smaller plant is adopting the methods of large-scale producers Roller Conveyor Turntables Speed Assembly I ery tew f } nveyor, iS a roller convevor turntablk lt Vv} } fest Floor Served by Conveyors ymeé i ¢ peratio1 - 4 . Ves O! ya tu? So Wi ‘ i fixed conveyor. Then by means of a foot pedal the equipment, the n t f ¢ yperator at the assemb t rele ( w each nd turns the table into the position, which makes f a predeter { number of gallor 1 minute most easy for him to work upon the pump. Whe: Failure to n ire up to the standard his operation is completed, the worker returns th f the pump the embly departm: table to its original position and the pump mov: , ection on down the convevor line down the conveyor to the next statio1 And : assembly progresses around the U-shaped conve, line, starting with bases and rapidly growing int seed wplie The spra 1int booths are equipped finished pumps. ‘ ‘ ! I At the end of the assembly line, the pumps ) the assem! ne These permit the spray paint tinue on the conveyor to the inspection department operators to rotate the pumps as they pa ASOLINE pumps are assembled on this U-shaped roller conveyor equipped with turntables at each assembly sta tion. At left is the hoist section, on which the uprights are assembled to the base, starting the production line The Iron Age, December 17, 1931—1553 04 AINT spray booths are served by rol ler conveyor. Spray ing is simplified by means of roller turn tables built into the line, which permit pumps to be rotated as desired ated and to be loaded for shipment s00n blossom out as ful Decarburizing Action of Fused Salt Baths The Iron December Ed 1931 ne Marke eSTs } ynate Upniag rie nN Pe ( ) tux pe ee OX é 11) thy it tne batns produced noticeable di howing that access of atmospheri mportant factor; a little erosion was r tests were made with known ad ipal impurities of the commercia 1 additions of ferrous and ferric oxide, ving table: d effect of the sulphate addition in these MgSO, was also tested) indicates that bably reacts with the iron, forming setting free oxygen which decar The presence of iron oxides had baths exposed to the air, bot! the same influence on decarbur- n a nitrogen atmosphere show everal times the effect it Cor aused principally by oxyge! olved in the molten salt gas alt cools). As the iron oxide cor reases with its age, the oxide als decarburization. Rustless-Steel-Lined Copper Utensils Are Finished with Arc-Welded Edge ~ Mm tr ITHER rustless steel or tin-lined copper ve ire nsidered highly desirable for cooking in hotels and restaurants. A method of combining the high-chrome nickel alloy and copper, obtaining a liquid-tight joint on the edge by arc welding has been developed by a New York manufactur f culinary equipment rT vy wl wt - The Iron Age, December 17, 1931 I HEATING REFRACTORIES FROM | M.H AAWHINNEY y h j ffi f K ii¢ a Heat Liberate | } | I lade ) ! Wl1d irnace ana tnre 1 ‘ ! ne nan \ \ { qaewa measul | Tne K f yf ’ ‘ " He | TT » ~ N " 7 30 The tror { De rriboe 193) COLD” IN FUEL-FIRED FURNACES HIS is the first of a series of two articles dealing with the absorption | of heat by the refractory lining of furnaces or other apparatus which | is heated by the gases resulting from the combustion of a fuel. The | present article is concerned with the heat absorption while the empty furnace is being heated to operating temperature. which must be | so OT considered in the determination of the overall fuel economy of any | heating equipment. The second article will be devoted to the heat | rption during practica ration | / Heat I () The 17, 1931 1557 Iron Age, December Commercial Furnaces How { Se the Dat: 1() » | tht | Brick lation 18 mmercial re- 1500 deg. F ived from the | +s. >» £4 I rom y ? 1 SOO0 ) il ) rave Hoall Construction Concluston December 17, 1931 1559 USE OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDE AND OTHER HARD CUT TING-TOOL MATERIALS GAINING M O what extent are tungsten-carbide tools finding practical in industry? What practices are followed in grinding, lapping and honing hard g tools? Answers to these and related questions were ¢ ) report, here abstracted which was presented at the recent annual m ns erican Society Mechanical Engineer e data presented r lined from a « whic was undertaken to determine the present carbides and other new cutting materials While much ha + The Iron Age. December 17. 1931 156! Z ind with a radius from 1] 2 Y t the 7 rt } } iil 1 kKxample . ‘ Saving on Automatics Alt ! mn | I ‘ 1/16 in i Che con n of the machine \ rood ! Ss of the cee { ' r for 10 { y \ There \ é 4 | €@T ! ( I y ) »T?t ) Y r I r es the ! \ Method of Mounting the Tool t i al ’ | ‘ i rir ) ’ In 1 I] I A t ! I itting peeds permitt x i ! I la { III, appl cation N I ‘ ting’, a t nows the eli the finishing cut. The bor ng mill pp ition Table IV, ar nearly all on large jobs. The cutt ed in application 20, Table V, milled nat iverage 20.00 pleces per gr l there were 40 grit in the life Te? Data Y ir ] pres app Y ole Vi ! f VY: one app n nterestit n that 10,0 grind wi ned. Int | VII, l r sper rie he ‘ the tung r ible . ¢ } a 4 rx ¢ SHOW Sa Ver ai Boring Mil H ~ R ~ | | 1562 The lron Age. December 17, 193] The Iron Age. December 17, 1931 1563 Henry & Wright Enlarges Welded Steel Press Line The w led steel frame hown t place t st-iron f f hich had broken t t j 1564 The lron Age. December 17. 193] " lh rames for Replacements ilso furnishing of all types to r« on press fram trated was bu iron frame of which had brok The ste e the shaft the ¢ ~~ te tm Offers New Abrasive Belt Grinder High-Speed Radial Machine Drilling and Tapping Small Flexible C: UPIIN GS The Tron Age. December 17. 1931 1565 N the close-up view of power unit, abov the case has been removed to show th hydraulic mechanism required l nethod p Unit for Hydrauli oo ower nit for ydraulic ; indk be | ) 1? — , \ nn, pre ure pape ant Chucking Equipment gage as shown in the det he power unit with case re i i I i I] vitel ’ I A ! I ! ol e ¢ ! ! ! ea minimize th int of piping required from power to cylinder. The operation time e equipment |! reported as 1% constant pre ire is maintained n the work at all times, thereby eeping full gripping pressure during m~ a af the pre 1 } , ; Automatic Oiling System ) | Se a . ; I { { ! \ l Ur operation 1 tnere Has No Moving Parts : ntrol tl e in the feed line. \ ' ery mall tank installed in : ta Ul channel of the frame, and new « ‘ er from the nti tank or , i bu n tank in the f r spout , he moto1 Every time o pu } :' Fr ne engine it automat Lil l ! é the tank on the filler spou : ini ll ya ill mes clean oil f I a aA st red, the el " in e the tan , P “y New Welding Torch Lighter \ FLINT sparking lighter of sul 4 stantial construction for lighting a aA ra velding and cutting torches or for other industrial uses where ga has to be ignited has been placed on ( e . y 1 : . FLECTRIC 7 oe the market by the Modern Engineer f ee ae : ng ( ; 11] Pine Boulevard, St rcin i rom cyiin orn eat ’ Designated as the rip! der bearings + . nt ghter, the device is provided th a replaceable metal holder carry — g three small flints; adjustment is ided so that when one flint wears + ‘ } “V1 1+ + + ne next can be brougnt into contact the cylindrical steel. 1566—The lron Age. December 17, 1931 General Service Work st i a *An tm Alligator Switch Adapts Conveyors to Continuous Furnace | | ANDLING pa ' Lathes with 16-in. Swing for SIMPLIFIED lathe that provides fo light manuf The Iron Age, December 17, 1931 ~~ &» & New Method of Attaching Tantalum-Carbide Tips A 1567 Equipment for Shaking Out Annealed Castings A Combination | ransfer ana Storage Truck 1568—The Iron Age, December 17. 1931 drops through a chute at the side Offers Molybdenum Steel Hacksaws Vio YBDENUM steel is used in : p ! line f hand and power ad brought out by the YE fy, <o o>, ‘ IIIS DISININENIISS SSSI \\ i Lhe Tr f ' ‘ A T { al t ’ } rey ee é od oft \ mor I nict ‘ 1¢ a a as { y tit} 1 ; ; “ Atle . a j ills the D r I Sta Ottawa : le 1930, valued at $4 ‘ with $5,693,096 ! sales of iron rel and cable in 1930 12,161, a agall $2,912,0 W encing sales last Ve $2,457,446, compa 5 \ the vear before. Sa vire and wire good n , PO iled $18,200,058 l ind ? the reé ord va JZo. Making the Tube Control! the Furnace Ras ) ~ ‘3 ¥ SH a, ‘aa VV HEN th temperature in a hig one ie Pe temperature furnace rises t ne aw : ; I 3 BASE s ils. sired limit, an elect pt a , r 1 s ctric tube, may operate a TI | / cu } ‘ ' ] > It * = h ; ff y : . r diff ult ¢ = ~— P ' : Ps Dr. L. R. K ( Shes tm , “~; ly Boe : the ’ di PHOTOELECTRIC ind Thyratron tubs tor contr ling temperatures in high-tem pe ture furnaces just th ruel ipply as required Sanitary Lining for | elephone Sets for Use Steel Barrels Out of Doors The Iron Age, December 17, 1931 1569 Controls Atmosphere in Electric Heat- Treating Furnace F' Below The furnace ealed at ince at A by the 1] atmosphere con stem It is delivery also FIC d At Right General details t the furnace Apparatus driving the conveyor it is shown at the left The manometer indi stor it the upper right mit accurate control ver the gas and air ad tted ft the , chamhbh r mbu A B Portable Electric Hoist : for Single Cable Work ['} 1570 The lron Age, December 17. ike for stopping and holding the load, and an automatic safety drum lock for added safety when handling ispended load Kither a.c. or d. furnished. ~~ tn & c Wright Model 30 Screw Hoist W | el 30 ng n NI hoist, lel 30, be A DY Wri t Mfg. ( . Bi = { r iid t 4 oh int ) part larlv eff nt Tt reco naed Tor eneral pa I w ne ] { ntinua carriea abd erated in differ place ] : ! rk o1 horizonta 1 r hea a n roll Vl el ) } - 4 ce oned oY wheel principle and f few It claimed t be « x tre construction and t 1 irely at any point. It ha pecial analy ectrically velded h ¢ I roof ed na drop-forge« hool Loa ) ! rd hre 1 the complete , ha he load wheel, and p1 , ent oad chain from riding Ni 1d-wheel pocket An ling hand-chain guide is fitted ; i tn te tr Joh leere Tractor | W aterlo lowa i recalled al 1000 ef LOI W iVvs-a week ched lan intended to give deserving en +} ne piovee ich Work as ne compan} Larger Steel Output Does Not Mark a Turn By DR. LEWIS H. HANEY New York Univ y Bu “ TATISTICA] i) utting termined This Issue in Brief tool efficis in salt bath Unfilled steel orders lowest since 1910. Kor the first tim l vea the ¢ porat Pave 160 ns What's happening abroad. Rustle steel tamping and ) ‘ ide } t Eneland mac ne ”) ‘ oppe eet drawn tovether 4 wi tt . nr rO?} ova a tal (rf 1 ’ t I nm ¢« ra t . ¢ £ ( e! More t sten-carbide cutting to honed than lapped () s Do vourt steel specifications work against vou? ‘ lently vhe } ‘< ) motion i ective machine a lantalum-carbide tip-cracking after brazing is prevented r pure j al | e cf I our note - Centrifugally east brake drums in new (Graham ear Don't worry about inclusions } | »>m it ! ce eve Cold, statistical viewpoint’ il ndicate further steel price re- Wi rot \ tin or ductions 1) Hat Pag Freight rates probably to be idvanced Jan. | a» aN oe j , i NEXT WEEK » the machine really a Frankenstein? ings of the machine from people who il hy hort } Would we be better off with a re Nave no pt ictical knowledge of it. A a8 4 ye ie 14 9 : f Cc turn of the good old days when nan who has been closely identified 1) nivatiar till an 3 t , t ! rechanization was st ts intancy with production will tell what he knows = ical abil aR aa ae a al We have heard uch about the ta bout the machine next week. aa a» Care of Inclusions in Steel PLEA is made for better A t1or n Bosto1 cooperation in specifica A ( ; : - Mem tions between steel maker and customer. Users’ stipulations IT; C often defeat their own purpose through ignorance of operating George B. Wate conditions in maker's plant vrTwvyv ly Be \) sources of Ir Ti i 0 = ear +} t ' g ren mangane i d F The Iron Age. December 17, 1931 1573 1574 6 is He ! liscu n of this combinations about which we n + n carbon steels. Ti learn to know a little something. itior re presence of ne of the alloys 2. Confining our worry about in a ( d ibject and sions to those visible at a magnifi ! inding of it tion of 100 diameters, we shall ¢ ! g lica give rid of practically everything whic} the slag, and nterna an Blowholes, on going to do damage. Inspection i I ! 1) hose lo these limits will take care of the lars ve rise to. inclusions, and it is only the v vy up as a_ large ones in general which do I rging much hurt. This may have to hea modified somewhat when the mater nsibl is subjected to fancy heat treatment but it is a good rule for avera ‘ 1 dete practice gregation and Blo } have 3. Consumers can do a n ( ( toward helping to get clean steel ‘ he steel manufacturer can do in | ‘ ducing it. Consumers’ specificati: VnQ re often poorly conceived. They ( trict the manufacturer unduly it lity to manipulate his raw n terials. Phy cal specifications a Mi chemical specifications frequent ~ re outside the range of what is pra \ tical, particularly when the two a) \ demanded in combination. We mu M contrive to get a specification fr ‘om Z he consumer which will make the NY ( re n h favor instea ‘\ —_ he = Siow NG how inclu igainst him. a ire held down Only too often does a consume} ‘dit f 3 suffi . z — Basa aa Oe ( y a certain range of properties ae vhich is utterly out of keeping with ain other range he specifies in her property. Even if the aker can atisfy both range ] ne Isly, which often he can ne nandaicap o¢ 1 med in the } f the steel mat re ilt IT ee ther deleterious property, n ) I pecihncat I bu ‘ dan ng t t mate! ! a aA | ea | r Th i ( \ \ Watt ! It : <ing ! ! eral er : 0 State Ur e) t n pu hed as Bulletin e kr ! Dp. rime? S I} let ( vel tne le Ve ! practlh contro et] dete nation of relative |} ! fer tl igh refractories, It al I ! ( 13 table f data on co 1 n, temperature gi ent nsula ‘ 1lues, Nhe transte? l I or a nui r o ip I ned \ nan Vt nufa rel f refractori (r,en ii €( onclusions le | il I ‘ = les | 4 al re¢ S32 | 893.000, fect of | : I In Stee 5 S 6.361.000, o7 s.l per cer ( retail les, rding : of Dist yn Sales t ! ite? i reg d $1 t.4 1) Zz per nt yf The December 17. 193] fron Age, Congress Shows Strong Inclination to Favor Domestic Rehabilitation Programs rs ot Congre Pe a De / Fresh from thei Cle from all el By L. W. MOFFETT Domestic Problems Come First What Congress Has Done of Interest eX I lv’ \ } t ori ] 1 T | ll? al y ' y f re cy y a rmina nt ( me tfair ) ‘ n } e ’ m art g lr} l¢ irtia mal pusine nd € ipporting Pr re nye n nr ifter 7 ) } l Ty { H el! it la he re Conor. l pr rra I S f eat n I At tl t VW Y ind n ) no R l al TAXATION Vigorous opposition in Congress to ad- ministration tax program ind- cates necessity of compromis¢ Hearings to be held. FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Determination of Congress to hold hearings on debt suspen- sion before ratification forces Government to remit pay- ments of $125,000,000 due Dec. 15 from 11 countries. European RAILROADS — Senate adopts resolution by Senator Couzens, Michigan, chairman of Committee on Interstate Commerce, for Congressional inquiry into railroad situation Inquiry will relate particularly to recommendations by Inter- state Commerce Commission to see what Government can do to aid rail carriers and to subsi- so-called Government | 1 dies to competing lines, inciud ing motor, water, pipe and air | | : carriers. Will also deal vith movement to cut railroad labor waves. House 1dopts I | bill by Represe ntative Ray burn, Texas, to place railroad holding companies nder jur isdiction of Interstate (om merce Commission, as re mended by latter. TARIFF — Senator Oddie, Nevada, and Representative Williamson, South Dakota, in ‘ troduce bills to embargo im to Business ports of Russian manganes« ore. Bills for duties on oil and copper. No tariff legislation f any kind appears probabl at pre sent session. FIN ANCI Senate “om mittee on Banking giving pri ority to President’s recon mendation for Emergency Re construction Corpn., a major part of domestic program, and likely will act this week. Same committee also preparing to ict soon on suggested revision of national banking laws, in cluding proposal to deny Fed- eral facilities for use in specu lation. President’s recom mendation for home loan bank system meets with stronger op- position than had been antici pated, but Liberalizing of eligi- promises to bi passed. | > | bility provisions of Federal Reserve act will be limited, if provided at all. Iron Age, December 17, 1931 f t} a perso! l arge extent, Presiden n her¢ generally a distin port Hoover ect mended reenactme! endency to go a rhtl as po ible } Y he 1924 revenue act The administra n business. n pl Se higher individua I Hearings will be held on proposs m« orporation and estate tax taxation measures by the House Com \ as the rei tement of nume mittee on Ways and Means, headed -roposes Pa SI I 1 ’ Proposes Payment in Ive niscellar is tax r “‘nuisar Representative Collier, Democrat, I ng taxes It ef high] nproda ( VI 5 SsiIpp i trong advo ate ol oT tne id I t I ax prog! creased bond sue to take care of et acted entirety It irge pubdik rks program the pr e that rop ent ess I eX DE ed ti pro\ l Si her ‘ ! ¢ al Kraming of the Democratic tax bill ‘ ‘ re i e actilo! inder way The worl tarted witt ! ) } he Joint Congre nal Policy ( ¥ ( mad f Den rats of | Var | ( house Che Democrats are stro} ire t] ! aking ‘ ncreased ta l} ! I l I mie Propose Will Pass Reeonstruction Plan f 101 easurt P) er t t \ H y ( ) ~ ,OUU I é ( : Ti ; +7 VW I al : ( I ‘ \ ilture i I : . ‘ rlal! iced A n endadous I ? I 1 \ \\ Y ma ao aN Bethlehem Steel Adopts New \A/iIf p j Bc ’ RB Will Provide Some Kind of Work for All Employees With a Minimum Living Wage run i a B I 4 ! 1 1“? eYX a eC! { The Iron A Dec 17 1931 mhber Freight Rate Increase May Take Effect on Jan. | Negotiations Over Proposed Wage Reductions Still in Progress Strike of Northwestern Men Threatens WV creased freig mmer« Com) n i -Called tt a» Mm hh Progress in lron and Steel Equipment and Methods PRoGREss n ind Let ma Lit itimned ! 1 The Iron Age. December 17, 1931—1577 _....OFF THE ASSEMBLY LINE..... Delays at Rouge Plant Hold Back Ford Production of New Models am & rd production this month ind I tne n ne 1 y ext not likely to be more than , Ul nange t Carbo! ( : 7 ' ‘ . + he no : ere »,000 to 100,000 cars, due to fut ‘la f y y t tT ry? 417 t 1 if eel Dp fuce ¢ dela it Rouge plant Chevrolet Buys Steel 5 é ‘ lake 0,00 I in , ! Vee u RB T ised sheet 1 factor nich mak¢ ” Chevrolet pla pe , ou 1) OOD \ il l en reé n wna { i ne ince > ) r i Au rn pre é i nd } e me . tch v ’ a Will ‘ ‘ ( 1 | \I ft ( . ww 7 y fy tit ‘ ¥ eturel he marke ac I i It erst A y a I “ Lit : Pic " ( I Auburn already ; nae re i I i ? ) a ‘ i l } £ 1952 \ ing 1 new \ i me e ex! ( I [ \ su W I tr erinning r ea n P ¢ meé i? itt r rned y I y } i a I ( reg i ne Graham Blue Streak eight . : heelbase and 90 \ l? | at rice 157i The Iron Age, December 1; 193] 58 Per Cent of Farms Have Automobiles a a Mm "That Foundrymen Will Discuss : Castings Design ‘Banjo Type” Frame Graham Car Brake Drums of Steel and Cast Iron ~~ nm tm St. Louts to Honor Old Companies The Iron ive December 17, 1931 1579 non-residential building, and $47,409, O B A R 7 700 in public works and utilities. T} ano mm aA ame loss from October, when large con racts for Radio City, New Yor had been a ciated swelled the total, amounted to 38 Ba 1 mpany for cent as contrasted with a customary easonal decline of less than 15 } te ate ake went Pul building were alone n \ vy . ; 1 liding V alol in \( ( non-! ldential group to advance qu! n November and a Oo! tne | , ed months of the year, for wl ( pain of 59 per cent wa now! ired with tl correspond I roc 1950 L} adeciit n I I Uuliadings A A 14 pel 4 87 rie l I i ; I OVE N y2/ ’ or iit ete ake l in N Englar ! r N ¢ ‘ Non-r ‘ e) \ \ \ I Vi \ } ? ine ( \ and u Ne ier ind { ? N ( rr? ? N ( NX \ ‘ S O00, $17,104,200; | Atla , wit 921,431,500; P rh rict. with $15,610,000; ~ 640,,00 naam & VV oo Importers Appeal Case of Bar Duty on Angles ( ( rit Ur né I ( f ( Vi rT he i ba 1 angle a al ea 0) 100 II nste i of = , it 20 100 Ib., 1 I ! eal before } Unit | Q ( of Custor nd Pat \ Washington. The case, wi a a & ninthe Customs Courts fo01 irs, was orig decid bonnets : the porte nter Construction Contracts oe Gee ha” ema Downward in November 7 ©28¢ was appealed, however, and ‘ ! Sil-i°o Ww melting point re deve by Handy & \ ( W street, New ( en patented. It is re he manufacturers f : pper ra bronze, nicl 1 y ‘ ‘ el rudea ras > Mone etal ar ner nor : 1, N I l ind i Tusing . < UU ©} | It a t ( I a fT nt percentage of ote ea flowing, penetrating er > ng properties Tests 01 , he R to >lol pper lap joints are reported as LT vided amor { howing tensile strength varying fro: n 4 0,4 ),f 5,000 lb. per s n. Tt , g ng point riven as 1300 des | ige, December 17. 1931 MORSE | i ( | i ! \ ‘ Vi 1 ‘. ( | QS P st A } l ° oe fe =e S [AMM ! VV ° Y ! i T y ) ) \ ‘ 1 \ \ i oe oe ote ‘ ' i VW T é ’ I Ci & & ( [ | Ll A \\ ’ 7+ ve 4} . ee ee ee J . . Al l SHA? Por N. | 1 Y Tar : i } + y f at a a A t W ote ote Al W » 0 ‘ ° ee oe we : . * ‘ , ( BRUBAKEI y eC | y { , * ° +? 7 “9° * ° ' . ¢ a ) W. BUSCHI a Lt Ul 1! . ‘ Ly Mf ( l Wilson-Maeulen Co. and Foxboro Co. Merge Lines ige, Dee ember 17, The Iron THE IRONAGE.. = . ww wr dd Th D. ba 2h. ,) ise t! innot ( If This Be Inflation ‘7 Ba t lending nstitution Indl la ( t to mak uch demands, comn T } t ? mie would 1ndl ne ft "4 e tnem ol! I it f { t emergency the onl po lf a i O! LI Fede} i (,ove! S$ Tully } reclated ) Line Pre ite [ nual message The p sal ! ne 3 1 rid our bank - nal rn Vnicl nas encourag , e( lt rr lit aenre ed Value bevo e( n} ( hed many thoi thie e} lo | ritiecs Pre | 7 4 pe } an An tt The Petroleum Producers i Y stro yntrast with other commodities, the ., tion of petroleum products in 1931 has ed 1 thar evligible extent. In one h. gasoline, there has even been ner It is therefore a matter of chagr ‘ r the products have ruled so lo ; it 1 the great con nies have incurrs a ‘ ( ¢ f e peel ribable large] { Ul a ( \ nventol is prices have spiral x Recs thers s been an improvement j rice rude petroleum and g lir there me producers whose accounts ft t ‘ f 1931 should figure better thar Uke I rie situation I petre ieun na : Dl¢ I ne excess of capacity l! i the rapacity of competing interests . | HM itl r their products. The multiplicit : refine has been a disturbing factor a1 t f some of them, or their custome < tate ga line taxes has attained dé t mms As 1 for the evil everal measures ha’ ; ission, including a concerted effor ! teering, the imposition of a tariff ! ucts, and the consolidation of inter lective of economy The Socony ! ‘ H I LATIO} has already been consun t the Sinclair-Prairie is under considera CAU e t! Ve n discern, howeve n in 1582 The tron Age, December 17, 1931 Remedies for Coal Trade Ills TENWO weeks ag meetil 0 bitur lecreasing au 7 r their industry and nce Du! WI : r if ,Y ’ r t sued 10S annu ¢ I 1 productilor nD é i ¢ } } l orm at ry? | T a vy things have been going i1 2 an he ht One naturallv sets the prese! { { aturall é Casua S t existing in 1922 wher n ttent FRVHERI . BP ne . Iron Age. December 17, 1931 1583 pped. ¢ t Britain tried it exter ely, got int pects. The reader should not infer from the pr trouble, and now thd ng from it. German) eding that electrical instruments are a panace tensive and thought it was a for machine tool ills. However, if the reader is co1 alt, and now it nced that these instruments have a definite appli MOV toward th ht There certain! ition in the machine tool field and if he has bee the | he thrift ird-worlk presented with one,or two ideas which will be to | hieved Heating Refractories from “Cold” in The Forging of Rustless Steel Fuel-Fired Furnaces tt; ade f) page 1Hj59) The time required to heat up depends on the f firing and the final temperature required he time required for the same rate of firing temperature is practically inde- ent of the wall construction and amount of In - 1. The amount of fuel required to heat a furnace iven temperature in a given time is practically ! { ( e the et ild endent of the wall construction, For thin walls ey art nad he radiation loss is greater, but the heat storage in he entire wall is les \ variable rate of firing during heating up, +} C +h, . th the highest rate at the start, is more efficient : I constant rate equal to the average of the e rate yr wit) ine n t efficient average rate of firing for rate metnod ot heating up, expressed n B.t.u. liberated hourly in the furnace per sq. ft. erior area of refractory lining, is about 10,000 b a * 100 | u ; 5 I me gas-fired furnaces the installation of Elec tric al Instruments Uncoy er nC eae ed when heating up only, will e time and fuel during neating-up periods. Hidden Shop losses 8. With a knowledge of fuel rates most desirable t her rhting, burners may be more intelligently s¢ % ed furnaces Part II of this article will deal with the exper! pment of practical data on the heat flo ! furnace refractories after the furnace p and during its operation, developing the trative economy of furnaces (a) operated con 1 (b) operated for one 10-hr. period eact i A! : i Veer a 4m tm Normalizing Automobile Sheet Steel il Time Studies (Clone ded trom page 1543) ve the most favorable temperature for nor- re papel Che s Dockray er ev rmal ! a term WI ! He has found it applied to « ir from 1700 deg. F., which is above the crit int; he has also found it in use for a pet ; rap , e in which the metal is held in a cool ne too r evel e of the furnace until it has gone to 1300 deg ue and vive r below the critical point, and then allowed i We must settle, he said, upon electric: finite way to do this, or rather upon definite tern held, irply f r these two different methods, so that we can d Se reneral I tne I tingu h between them. 15