The Iron Age 1931-10-22: Vol 128 Iss 17

.. THE IRON AGE... NEW YORK, OCTOBER 22, 1931 ABLISHED 1855 ven me ANTICIPATING OBSOLESCENCE—A NEW DEMAND ON PRODUCTION MEN By R. E. BAKER Secretary and Treasurer Arthur G. McKee & C Cleveland OW can we avoid a recurrence of the bad features of this depres sion? Can anything be done to soften the next blow? This author believes that much can be done if only we look the situation squarely in | the face and make our plans properly. We must so combine the tech \- nologist and economist viewpoints and analyses that we can avoid extravagance leading to overproduction, and avoid the worst conse quences of obsolescence of both machines and men. Efficiency, rather than productivity, must be the new watchword. And flexibility must lend a powerful hand. MAJOR business depression gives us mai things to think about Unfort 4 greater part of our thinking 1 aire toward explanation for what has hap ns to get back to normal conditions fe 5 O! re\ es are something we do not seen nally an idealistic plan is proposed of economics; but such plans are usually le of accomplishment Ie f hnic al Re sear h and I COTLONTILLE Researe h ir whole business scheme. 4CATTERED about th int! n U WU Ol What steps the individual business leader can take ‘ more researcn laborat es maintained nau vard off depression before it strikes his business trial establishment n thousands of hemists is a matter particularly pertinent to discuss net irgist nd other ( h engineers are pros V, because some of the characteristics of the present prove a, tne pression are conditions which have been growing ne developed materia r terial with each economic setback Uur p cerns is « ne ‘} ? + That re n ~ ‘ 1 rece! E49) ( ) Bridging ae b ' } 1 x ‘ y an ; l cu y ’ na uct 1d e} ne ec} f f ’ wl l re j ind § lr! manages ‘ ca yrder fash With 1+ in I im ne owe to eT 1044—The Iron re attra 1] W1ll De nal y nes \ e) ‘ ’ \ {)t) ) ma? i ‘ veerformal ] ViCcal ect ne Tue rmal € -— e 9 a telliger l proces OT! any ci¢ Dt \ To! tne ige, October 9 al a eme} rie + eC , é WW \ rt ? . 2 - r) 1) ( nd aot Ps ( té« g f re mr t ») ~ 1931 marvelous of the last we must develop: few de recognizt its accomplishments brought danger to continued perity. That is the obsolescence of met one elem machines and eve men changes, even though they be chang brought abo + y ONntINUOUS the better Plant obsolescence has brought obsolescence and loss, and human obsolesce) brought unemployment. American business men are noted for their to grasp quickly the possibilities of the new in or method and plunge into its development to t] est extent. sut they are almost equally ready t sider each new thing the last word in its lin nto it as though it were never likely to be re] or be made by competitors in quantities and at vhich would glut the market. Competition and the Railroads J UST now the railroads of the country are in : a way and are pleading for relief to save then Much credit must be railroad systems for financial disaster. given ti their development of the na but at the same time it must be admitted that if 1 road men had kept an eye on the future many of t onditions they are t at all. By the suffering under today would not time the bus and truck lines developed t place where they were offering real competition, ing the electric lines out of business almost entir seriously into the business of the st roads, railroad men were willing to take on some feeders. But th ey nave not vet done ibout the freight business they have lost to the trucks, except ft talk about speeding up freight ns id suggest high- er rates; or higher long- haul and lower short- haul rates, which would greatly assist long-dis- line construction il and gasoline pipe Power Production and Competition Sarmgengen of the future cannot pat on its own ways there are any other ways. expect to Sst and refuse to admit The power situation wonderful exposition of that. For many hauled coal on the railroads and generated stear furnish and heat. Hydroelectric wonderful agent for getting years power held up as the power from the expense of steam power. But improven in coal-burning devices have so greatly increased heat output of a ton of coal that cts, which in addition to the necessarily costly g erating installation require the building up of a gr head of hydroelect ric pl artificial water-power, cannot compete W control and the electric FINRANSPORTATION, ght and power are large- mNerc . +} y try ‘ Ow , ‘ { the rhé < for scovered. For some mic could not ‘ WW ha ter de rners decreed elec because they were t fa rom the market , , ; gy re , as t ? 1 D nes were Too costi\ N¢ ] l I + + ) } ? ‘ t ci l ‘ . however, have ‘ ; } r pipe available and there are 1 era ; ' ie cael Rat es 1000 miles or more il ngtn i peratio1 ' be completed ‘ y rit hs ] + } ‘ e mignt say, tnen, that ti yas indust! ! iT yo anead witnout fear ol 1U¢ tiza n ¢ tne plpe line and ts s ! e! whi h ru! into trilllor I B i i N I iept ‘ re certain of its future t r ther , ( nde1 ! a source of heat units 1 t el , Ko. to waste whi n mnstitute n t tor! i | I eal i © | competition. ‘ he Competitive Gases Now Available . scene | ») ROPANE and butane are recovered from natura ’ e beet i r casing-head gasoline and in oil refinery opera i j } y the ; Except for field boilers in the petroleum di , t } t} ehh ts little use is being made of these elements. Some e ste have condensed and shipped in drums or tank reated new markets, to be r use in communities where tl} irket ‘ t at t} t time that other gas cannot be econor i furnished t ty 1 other mar t Where 0 vapor has 3447 B.t.u. per foot at 32 deg ( te has all the tensile strength of % nd propane 2685. Natural 5 has seldom mors teel, plu to i] i finish rom the mid-continent fie + ] { Y } ¢ rié e¢ . \ ’ . , ‘ . Easter1 nts jue 1 tans neet h, mixed with air for dirs e heat units than the largest ne know! ! n the shape of natural ga Krom these rases heat units are available equal to about tw: New De velopme nfs if Flat Rolle d Steel all the natural gas consumed in the intr > AUSE of t nting tonnage t year But little of 7 he Iron Age, October 22, 1931—1045 1046 / fh lericy Wall Be the f } ; ¢ ‘ re ‘ } nt me} } } ud ( ' tT y ( } ? y ry)? pid Keynote t YY y T nanu muUuce ither tl The tron ige. October 22. 1931 ~ extending existing plant F An illustration of this point nished by a small oil refinery bu long ago. Small refineries usually practical, but this one ated in the center of a trial nearest large refineri: pipe-line supplies of crude o al market and seemed ti hance It was built for 1000 ; they would the ’ , | Way. recent Cnang anacity Ip to 1800 narre ie irings ! entul y t W n t! i evelonn I nat } Introduction of ) } : 3 rOuUOW ( a quring { n pa ] Ind re ement and mbinat new na { and throwing on the s outmoded merchane her distinctive peri t be organized mi reatel ind mat pp! | ‘ roug! ! or} qd ( t ) | ner + t rt TO r’¢ ? t 1 and tnat my} Business Should Veet Obsolescence i {dear 7 meal [nat t nes must go to meet ence nstead oO! belny attacked Dy lit e charts of past performance ned tatistical economists must be aaded ippralsement f the future effect on prod thods and costs, and on market possibilities, nological advance may make. With these nsideration hanges may be mad radua and some considerable part ol the ence of machines and men avoided Meanw nancing will be on a basis which will forecast escence and amortize its cost In time to prevent a ‘ ver of loss to investors. American business, recovering from tl on, will certainly go on to a different, sounde} nore stable basis. The necessity is so to order iture that we can stay on the road and keep go ather than be running off into a swamp of oye! luction and unemployment periodically. And st ust be taken to guard invested capital against bsolescence resulting from scientific development ARBINGERS of better times. For countless ages man envied the flight of birds. Then, through persistent effort, plus the evolution of materials and motive power, he achieved it. Can it be thought that these same qualities of determination and skill will not finally lift mankind above the dark clouds of depression hazards? The Iron Age, October 22, 1931—1047 SUCCESSFUL OPERATION BASED} AY intelligent sales policy, accurate costs, very close estimates, efficient shop equipment and workmen of more than average skill have brought the City Machine & Tool Works, Dayton, Ohio, unusual The operating principles of this company—coordinated to back up its sales policy effectively—are outlined in this article. success. ITH profit margins narrowing and small companies finding the pressure of com- petition from large corporations in- creasingly acute, the success of the smaller manufacturer today seems to depend more than ever on formulation of an intelligent merchan- dising program, recognition that his product should be priced only after an accurate appraisal of its cost has been made, and the setting up of production on an economical basis by equipping his plant with modern tools Close adherence to these basic principles is re- sponsible in large measure for the success of the City : Machine & Tool Works, ¥ Dayton, Ohio, maker of machine tools and toolro ment, for emergency service demanded in suc! could not always be given at a sufficiently low r be profitable either to the company or the custon Even the smaller shop can become the victi a “one-product” policy. That is, it can concent all of its resources in support of a policy of ma only one article, with the result that in a per depression it probably will be much more seve: affected than if it had a diversification of produ The City Machine & Tool Works learned this in t lean days of 1921, when it was depending entir: upon special work to keep its shop busy. Since then it has rounded out its pro- duction to include a stand- ard line of gear burnish- ers, tooth chamfering ma- chines, grinding and bor equipment Its selling ing chucks and diamond program is built around boring machines; this he idea that the compa > tion has helped stabiliz s te regard is a business. xiliar root = 4905. 1926 1927 i928 ®«»1929 ~~ The company has ! It 1 ! tained its cost re The above graph comparing the estimated time with the : ; I ry t e Ul re actual production hours required on work received is kept since 1914. As a conse- n that i) ete by the company for checking the accuracy of its estimating quence of this far-se : ; The zero line represents the production hours, while the . . hi] e the AC a to policy, it has been abk line X—X’ indicates the estimated hours. In the five-year : roo! ! large establl period, the average estimated times exceeded the actual by estimate the time requ ' s than 1 per cent Work benches are placed next to windows. Each tool and die maker has a surface plate which rests on a portable stand. 1048—The Iron Age, October 22, 1931 meer 4 we — Vem ee eee, SS ae “a EDRON COORDINATED POLICIES By BURNHAM FINNEY Detroit Editor, THE IRON AGE ried less than 2 per cent from production hours ewise has found it desirabk workmen skilled above the aver [he men are paid an hourly wag a day, with extra compensation rtime. After investigation and arlousS wage incentive Systems mpany believes that this simp! s the best for its particular ré nent, although realizing that ng conditions might necessitate ng it. Administrative officers and yremen, on the other hand, par vate in a bonus. plant maintenance program has worke mut si ‘ ‘niner' Ss re- 1. worked out so that machinery is 1 Machining part of a die for a rear axle housing and the shop put into the most } | ent condition during slack periods. leaves the entire working force free to concen records has been stripped of non-essentials ‘ r r yn work at hand during peak operations ymplete The estimating department put he method used by the company in keeping cost estimate eet a detailed description of the labor , and material required to do a job, estimatiny the time . [ pe! if I In the h Pp tne . t ( vi b card vhich are filled out ! evel b on which the ire engaged Lt ! > " nd es the f wing data imé i opel it f rtme! yp order number, 1 ‘ tarted tin ned ctu time orked f I uti t time t st and rate r hour Phe ( l The f } ! netore 1 f T t! f \ y ‘ ‘ ws y é ‘ () 4 t ! e! I re d L) the e! d’ nd t te Te?) ) } mar ‘ ‘ ‘ re Tr ‘ ecord.” The eT ‘ T ‘ } ( ? ' ’ er! [ i! tne mm, f 1? ] time ‘ ‘ } 1! ‘ + ed +7 d ta ‘ A+ he ‘ I tne ! immary o! ! I Vo! I l€ bee! S| led ind 1 I ny ¢ ] ! t be repeated. This cor t mate 1! a I t iT vernea nd tota t T} t then 1 irged to the rr re po! sible for the loss and the reason for the rejection of tne ] e is described. Billing data are added a fol Turret lathe operation on a forming die - total material used, percentage handling The Iron Age, October 22, 1931—1049 City Machine & Tool Works ESTIMATE SHEET 3 ~~ &# HE labor ; terial requ cuntinashietlimamnatnisiaeis for every =e == na a pone Sao — = estimate of | aoa bi ipsinameialiebniia means every operat | cern ne Prone ume [enwren [mas [emmoen] sommes [sexe] isi I SescIesc | Hours || nouns | : 0 | eee Se a sD oe a san. in Ct at. Eh thee eee mating det Pe mee we hd Shee oe | | : | Co Pao tok ee ieee Ih NER Se —+ H , ee eee ow * | P| fot Pe Se ek OL oe td ee oe ee eee | WBE SS ee es eS eee ikea LSP eae eee } eee go Ee | Ct) bd. od Po ee 4 he | oof FS ee ote Si nas | lee cD Ewes tees ome) | Dd Bee Ne ST eh ae pe iat a: Pd 2 1 ook oe ara Eats aE Meo tt OP ee Jr ead Ld eee anf ae et eo) fe ) ee ee ; et Be bee ae ot a ee ee ee to a ae a PS RN ee OT td ee he oe eee ae SE a ae eee Qo Th a ee | beget a Noell Peet 8. ab! —Leanl ~ Laat bode pd ne ae Bde dae BS ae < s } e } | P City Machine & Tool Works - | fect \/ INSPECTION REPORT a aA & | Date Issued P.O. No. | Date Finished Dwg. No. SHIPPED SYMBOL Quantity DESCRIPTION at an / ; ee = N inspection re port is made out for every job. On one side is recorded in spection in process on the other side final inspection PROCESS INSPECTION © REPORT 1050—The Iron Age, October 22, 1931 COST AND BILLING RECORD Be ssued —_— Their P, O. No. ie NAME OF CUSTOMER Finished . Dwg..No. $Y’ NOWTY DESCRIPTION OF ORDER WLLING DATA SS arte rc Total Mat'l Used ; seein aineeb Bipisns thi ncley Dag tee : ° | __Hirs. Exess Allow a _—| toa te cise taat _ Hrs, Actual Time Worked aes |. Shap Hours at eo : Labor Cont at —/|-——_|} Overtiine Hrs. Sees : : : } | Total Coat ; oT Sas aS oe f _ Material Cost lets | “ As per Contra at | __Hire. Overbesd at Add Hrs. N. B. Co. Time _Hrs. Total om Jobo j Deduet j ——|—Hirs. Excess Allowamee (0000 je __ re ‘orked Hrs. Estimated Total Cost _. RE-OPERATION | Material Gost -_|__Mirs, Labor Cost wee __ |i. Owarhend at Hr —!__Hire. NB. Co. Time st “Hr. ’ Tet OH harge to Reason Sales Book Page The Iron Age. October 22, 1931 1051 ELECTRONIC CONT RQODF ~ a & By RAYMOND FRANCIS YATES Member Institute of Radio Engineers = photo-tube (at right is hooded to exclude light trom extraneous sources, and an amplifying relay is con tained in the box at the other end of the cable URING the past three years some two hun toward the anode. Perhaps the beginner dred new uses for electronic devices have greatly assisted by referring to the diagram, been found, many of them pertaining to the hows a simple circuit involving a photo-electric tub 1utomatic control of both heavy and light a polarizing battery and a sensitive electric meter lications ar capable of measuring micro-amperes. Electrons, being eing developed so rapidly that even an alert student negative particles, are attracted to the anode, which is he subject has a difficult time keeping himself in made positive by the battery. Light striking a | rmed Every day, factory superintendents and shop tube under these conditions will cause a minute cu men are being called upon to acquaint themselves with to be registered on the electric meter. ition and underlying theory of photo-electriK The magnitude of this current will depend and grid-glow tubes everal factors such as the nature of the meta All of these devices have been successfully applied t on the surface of the cathode, the potential de rang anode, the color of the light and the light int lustri In a larger measure, it will depend upon whethe1 Inast as { nhoto-electric ¢ Hi n ell is of the gaseous or vacuum type. Cells « e to changes it rht intensity and color as well. ng inert gases such as argon, produce higher \ mav. in a me ( eplace the human eves and because of the phenomenon known as “gas am equent h; mal LT tions. The on.” In any event, the voltage produced by a ibe is of a very low order and it is always nec« dering tl} =e rful things that ) pass this weak current through amplifying ipa of ng tubes until it is built up to a point of intensity, , ' ' " in operate relays and circuit breakers. 1 ; ape: ee rrent of a few micro-amperes can be made t : : re ven the heaviest machinery. d with a metal fron Proportion of Light to Current Intensity Is Linear I im, potasslul In the vacuum type of photo-electric tube, the - ; : node takes the forn a metal tion between the light flux or intensity and rid n relation t rrent is linear to a high degree of accurac +} T } ! t tte? rst the gas filled type this relation has a slight es t : nod ture, although for ordinary purposes it may bi Electrons Are Released by Light dered substantially linear. It should be bor mind by those who proposed to apply the photo-el: v the metals mentioned tube that this property is important for it is upo1 ener} released in the form of a pure ele haracteristic that most aplications are based sacedlemenaere ses ‘rom the surface, that 1s, electrons The amount of voltage applied to the tube is © same Kind that go to make up electr irrents f great importance for the applied voltage determines wing through wires, are released and carried rapidly the initial velocity of the electrons leaving the cat 1052—The Iron Age, October 22, 193] ms ODF MACHINERY cf LECTRONIC tubes, originated by the physi cist and radio engineer, are being increasingly i ti : ea i plied in various fields. The light sensitive NAGA Scans dain cena Wak tae alii 1oto-electric tube, or cell, as it is commonly electric tube operation. The small transformer is : to reduce line voltage to that re od by the small rmed, is successfully used to control many iit a ew a eee oe lamp echanical devices; its power can be increased the required degree by amplifying tubes and lays. The simple principles of its operation e discussed in this article. Two supplementary ticles will describe applications in the metal working industries. the current produced by the tube. It maj om} t fl t 1 ywhere from 30 to 300 volts, depending upon the rat a ght operat | of the tube; many of the tubes now availabl int t amplification might not have to be ut 90 volts. It is at this voltage that the el irre rtnet Howeve! n the control f heavy ter from the metal reach their maximum speed it mac] amplification must be provided and ght from the cathode Any further increase t tl itron tube serve ts purpose is voltage would fail to increase the efficiency of It it a sel f relays cannot always be and it is at this point that the cell is said 1 en rt tin gy would be too great and the irated. Should the voltage be increased beyond t ring r a rge numbet tact n definite limit, a faint blu " ther irrying rather heavy irrent, wou nd the photo-tube will ir . t vonsequent t 5 Ue] Chyratrons Conduct Comparatively Heavy Currents i ! t cf i | inode anne n UY n rye I 4 m making uw t} hots Cathode €& IGHT falling upon ibe, | icuum tube and Uli le - the tube is de +yryy y wty ed bv the itput f the amt ‘ nw - A ) 7 tected by the meter ab ld ; \ waw that <ham. thu atin | Meter | | s f ' le the to-electr tu reache ee i certall alu VI n ma e exactly predetermined the th itror ery suddenly onducts irrents of ' e mpere vhic! vithout further amplificatior i! ] rect operatio Ver . : ‘ r ‘ not be operated at voltages be nd tna pe . . 3 ; ; tacto? I and otner ntrol equip yy the manufacturers. This is particularly tru uN , ment vv | ta re es, the tnvratron | ) ; ;+) > } 7 nnection with gas-filled tubes. sai I tl? HV tne tnis da ce in implif it I Photo-Electric Current Must Be Amplified from micro-amperes t amperes may be brought about , : ro sth ' os he 1 verv small f tio f before stated, photo-electric currents must , : , ra m . > » ' | ‘ af t rainar ’ were fied before they are capable of operating relays — ahs . nary vacuum tubes such as employed in radio cir- an be used for this purposs These mav be Recent research has made it possible to employ to operate either from a.c. or d.c. circuits. The photo-tube icuum tubes and thyratrons in sucl lit is so arranged that a small change of light way t t the output from the thyratron is continuously 1 change in the grid potential of the vacuun aried as a function of the illumination on the photo This results in a proportionate change in the urrent of the amplifying tube or tubes, a chang: m up, there are at least three systems for may be measured in milli-amperes. Naturally tl (Concluded on page 1077) The Iron Age, October 22, 1931—1053 RIVETED AND WELDEDBT! ARBIDE precipitation or intergranular corrosion is a vexing problem, whether due to welding or some other cause. The author, in this continuation of his article published in THE IRON AGE, Oct. 8, gives | his views of this problem with particular reference to welding. There are circumstances under which the welding of rustless steels is possible. The use of higher chromium alloys is predicted. LOOO te 1200 deg KF. the - - ! modification is very flippantly ret al pnerat } | TOdCAaV Aa ‘carbide prec ipitation”’ (a publishe nst he author’s opinion on this subject will be f liffere) paper before the American Iron and Steel dition that tute already referred to). It is i ested that at this temperaturs out of solution at the grain boundaries fo) Carbide Precipitation” and What It Means arbide of chromium and maybe carbide of iro: ng the chromium from the immediately adjac ‘+ “ 5 ' 1 the crystal boundary, thereby producing —" ; on illustrated simply by Fig. 2 vhere t Ni inder these conditions we have an ext rial nique tructure. It Ss possible, if the au — ia iT made himself clear, to assume that we have an : tic crystal containing 18 per cent chromium per cent nickel, enveloped within a film of that has been impoverished of chromium and say 10 per cent chromium and 8 per cent ni at the grain boundaries carbides of chromium as trated in photomicrograph, Fig. 3. We do know that, if we take material in this tion it to etcn such for instance as 10 per cent copper sulphat and submit certain drastic ing 10 per cent sulphuric acid in water at the boiling we can get corrosion through the crystal bour a point of complete disintegration. The feels that what really happens is that the sul] acid-copper sulphate solution actually travels the impoverished film of material which is so r n chromium content that it does not possess suf of this element to maintain resistance to the co! attack. Synonymous with this change the mat 1G. 1—Photomacrograph of 18 and 8 plate welded with 18 and 8 welding rod taken at a magnification of about 6 diameters The difference in the structures of the cast and wrought metal 's quite evident. Also note the tempering effect in the larger part of the weld due to the heat produced by the introduction of the second or smaller weld 1054—The Iron October 22, 1931 ize, becomes slightly magnetic which is, of course, { that ive ot he phase of the ferritic series. the material has transferred gamma iron phase of austenite to the alph: some RUCTURES OF THE RUSTLESS STEELS By T. HOLLAND NELSON Ce nsulting Metalluragist Philade If h } a ni; at y ) ’ it "6 ? ey) tu } 800 deo. F t} nt il t k illy retardet I ne n ! e still hav arbide ! { ! I The author f { { ! ‘ Ins I LnIs empe atu rallye Na eratul at which chror in n 1 fT mass of the crystal ir t] n eb producing again I st ene I tructure oO! in ¢ ne l ave re ] mpoverished alpha round n the material again bDecon ! ne ‘ mperature 1s not high enoug! \ to go back into solution Under these he carbides do not seem t e particula is, and, if the temperature is raised t tely 2000 deg. F then the arbide the again into solution and we ha hom CIG. 2—Diagram illus austenitic structure throughout trating principle of carbide precipitation and Effect of Welding on Carbide Precipitation areas impoverisned of chromium at crystal h this thought in mind, therefore, let us 1 boundaries ‘below iin to a weld. In welding this material, a int in the heat gradient we have in all prol in area in which carbide precipitation has take intimated above This area is one that acid solutions would be rapidly attacked itter of fact, the writer has seer velds s to drastic tests where the material adjacent weld has been eaten completely away, whereas i metal itself remained perfect and the wrought way from the heat gradient also remained is due, I believe, to the fact that th el being quenched rapidly, would be, natural austenitic condition, in other words in the idea n for the metal to meet corrosive attack. The ght metal away from the weld would also be i1 The Iron ige, October L1G. 3 deg. F water 1200 deg and cooled in air then 29 Photomicrograph taken at 12( eters ‘reduced one-third of held for 30 min and quenched in reheated to diam »bout material at 2000 F. for 48 hr 1931 above 1055 series are the ones that we shall look forward t considering welded structures. L Higher Chromium Alloys Probable May I go one step further and state frank for drastic corrosive conditions, I do not beli 18 and 8 will prove the ideal combination but IG. 4—Cooled in air from 1800 deg shall steadily develop other combinations FE ead eubmitted to mium with nickel in which I venture to say tl copper-sulphate solu invariably be upward of 18 per cent chromium tion such, for instance, as chromium 25 per cent an 10 per cent; or chromium 25 per cent and 1 per cent in one series; and say nickel 30 per hromium 20 per cent as representative of othe in which either the tendency to transform fr ee condition to another is retarded or entirely elin or on the other hand in which there is alway cient alloy content to negate physical differenc« ong before it had attained the temperature to pro- may be produced by the welding art. duce th lea ondition. Therefore, this explana- It is interesting in looking back over the cl n does undoubtedly justify the present tendency equipment used in various parts of the world rs to heat treat where possible at —_ that the largest installations in the United tt ! re \ n it sible to properly have been made from the straight 16 to 18 p { ! chromium alloy and it is probably only natu Not Pessimistic About Welding find in Europe, which is substantially the birt oe thie av that the author is of the 18 and 8 alloys, that this particular t mee " revard to welding. Max material has been used extensively. contrary is the case Welded Materials Predominate in Europe now OF so ma nstallations - it J veneer ratner With regard to the ever-present argument built of tna! . riveted design that cerning riveted or welded structures, it is aga al Ee SUEag errs ee . a teresting to note that in the United States the bulk ur au r alloys 0! ir of the equipment is of riveted design, whereas i iid be blind folly not t Europe, according to information before me, the th whicl ah of the material has been made from 18 and 8 of \ ! qaesign. as shown that 10 From the author’s experience there has been uN , LO r cent coppel u past considerable trouble with welded structur ; rate 15 and 6 11 18 and 8 due to corrosive attack; by this I m« ruiGe Pp Bron ee to intergranular penetration of the material ad present I ru t it also should be to the weld. I firmly believe that more difficult : la es art been experienced abroad with the 18 and 8 oes t It is a boratol tructures than we have experienced in this oon n. It ; = vith the straight chromium riveted structures i l ! su Dp! { GusStries and ll ie a a | a oh RL However, as repeatedly stated, the author ale as ba ae ee : 7 s we ffering this information with any intention of la ethical demning welding. There is no chemical er 7 who would not in many cases like to have welded Welded Structures Can Be Used tures; such structures would give him smooth [here are many conditions where corrosive solu faces which is an advantage in many process« innot be handled in ordinary mild steel; thers would eliminate the tendency where alternating ire mal nditions of rrosion that would not at- ing and cooling cycles are involved for rivets to welded structures even if carbide precipitation ally loosen and leak, but at the same time one vere pl » that there no reason at all why do other than look at the two possible sow veided structures cannot be used in the chemical it trouble es fo) ariet {f purpose With rivets there is a tendency to loosen In starting out there was a tendency by all to make nvariably this simply means an occasional ins] the broad and sweeping statement that these alloy and recalking. With welded structures, where 1 be welded. Experience has taught us a great granular penetration has a tendency to occur, deal and today we realize that the statement cannot is little to show just what is happening and the be accepted without further qualifications if the ma incipient corrosive attack can continue to the terial I e subjected to corrosive attack vhere failure can become extremely dangerous i article I have endeavored to cover the out apparent indication. chromium series, as well as the chrome-nickel series, This is the author’s frank opinion, looking and it perfectly obvious that the chrome-nickel over what has been done. For a moment, how 1056—The Iron Age, October 22. 1931 forward and ag: OK me-nickel steels see vantages In Many directions i WI1tnIn t! xy three vears the art of welding has mad 1 strides that we are able today to say wit} + . +) +] \ . |? iter confidence than has been possible in t ror many ot the ndustries elded stru - 7s , . 1m. 5 nrome-nicKel Can Sately De ised from ’ = drawn t real troubl S tnat 1t 1S Seldom possi , submitt anutacturer to ado more tna! i Series sulph sully n tests, in syntnet solutions in I'nde? such conditions fte Nic li} ) e been obtained and n rmatiol Tur! is ad faitn has proved to be entire ‘ material has been put into a complex w How Adequate Tests Should Be Made at a point where WV ¢ I ] ; d welded structures it ! 5 it before deciding on we ! { 4 oa Reet eau ‘ ‘ ‘ is alway S$ aadvisa ( i l utions, material nict { represent ] 4 1t a complete installation wou : a es beet a Simple We lded or rivet ¢ ‘ Ci] + is OUCN a es | IY that has been stressed to t extent the ad have to stress it materia nat | I suc] a Way tnat tne VV ¢ a nas é ? T nt} ind Started agaln, as 1 be nece al ilk n¢ iocal neating r represent wnat ry} g hy + nm nt nt , ! pnase Tadrication Ma ( 1Cé¢ I l ructure It is not difficult to construct . f ind one could vO anead rY ’ ‘ th the building of larg t test plece nad shown Satis! ! t 1 in regard to corrosion test isu rrosive attack 1S estimated elt <¢ tne material o1 ts | nm we rection and particularly with sampl ! el types submitted to « er-s hate ie to vo somewhat furthe r tnan t! Uitel ranular corrosion will take | e without Ik marked appearance of att n the the specimen, | cA me} It mitted to some forn mmediaté I tnis tvpe oft rye mes } > ° a2 llustrated in Figs. 4 I ) { I these specimens appeared tft ‘ rfect thdrawal from corros solut On ben é ee} the specimen wi! } Per ery f KF. showed e} rl sint ratior ne specime! wr ' } | ‘ é ne Q eg. F.. without ar lt ; , qd Teat Witt! it } , ‘ . , arbon Content Preferable Aw > . quenc hed deg F 0 deg., and mmatic The October HEAT TREATMENT OF BOLTS AND NUTS By F. O. KICHLINE Engineer of Tests Lebanon Plant, Bethlehem Steel Co ) 1 it I atu urposs tne acto! ot It is evident from thess Stee] tted to stress that the problem of fur rh temperatu continue to ex suitable for any give Phe at ind beyond the initial elastic exten usually much greater thar bolts t tain strengtl n which occu when load is ap pecifying a heat treatment ! and hig ed. Tl low and continuous ex eeing that the method ( crease vith the stre and are such that the pi ! ire to W n the materia T¢ rmly meet the require? I rt nig Thread comparing machine, Lebanon plant The pern le amount pecifications. Tensile strengt! “or ariable that gO\ quoted as a basis of compari f which thi not of itself tell the whol In a high ductility and other propert ample, th be considered A be mall e} n of 2 to 2 ne Elaborate Equipment Required +} a cs - These diverse demand ee ng specifications of modert have called for elaborate « Necessal Characteristics of Bolts on the part of the manufacti the Lebanon (Pa.) plant of lehem Steel Co. the heat-treat i i characterist f bolt partment for bolts and nut then be sur three automatic-type electr treating furnaces, each capa 1 1 lb. an hour. ar Summarized handling 2000 gas-fired furnaces with a capa 1200 Ib. an hour each. Q \ < ns are tanks, circulating and cooling conveyors and other auxilia plete the main layout In there have recently been insta ( e a electric furnaces for drawing Method of Handling \utomatic - type electri are used for large-scale pr rders, while the ga fired f ire for miscellaneous lots whi Fe | by a ever, need individual treatment Ar 1 t nust be peratures are controlled in tl f high t nace for heating, for quenching 1058—The Iron Age. October 22, 1931 itomatically, has grooves = 7 ee] tne DOItTS Separated Ifo! rm neating There ire I n f these grooves, dependi: 14 Bolts ; ils. PUILS alt a with the head facing i piatle l es I la pass f whic! Litt rn oT ne ay ts ] I nen tne eartn | t tne irting posi I nu 4 } or Ti lal ) ! s re l ed Ens ( minal ar ( enching bat} This naliviadua f ( Oil Used for Quenching An electi agitating pum} Oley for the pur r the bath temperatu ‘ n the quenching g ned by the use of three yor chains which give a High-temperature creep test apparatus set up in basement of main laboratory le range of control. »f Bethlehem plant ! ne narrow t at t irnace, everytning ) 1 point on tna | 1 f contact wit! he a ‘ ‘ ’ tne entel ne Turna tay r) si - ‘ A + int t TT y ‘ LLiLU ~ | ' I i il é yy i reauces : " Ir é d i iired, B 14atlol r : i + } + \ » the heat treatir pla ‘ I e IV.) y y's Vv; I I aK I I i le y ind ¢ } . ‘ PAT } { i 2 r ; r . ‘ € é i ! vVhicn the i ‘ ste [The nuts for the i ¢ muarty manu i i I I I wo classes of ! Brinell hard: 700 and | f ine treng ur} | S Wil 00 ner ng and Treating of S ( la rn I ¢ ‘ il require steel. I er of the st oO) ‘ i Vy a are y } I erta iT € re \ € tain ip: ‘ heat t lening from 1750 ick to the l I ne the an Charging rack of continuous electric annealing furnace, Lebanon plant The Iron Age, October 22, 1931—1059 I Stee 1060 The fron Age, Hav October »» High Resist d Shock 2 193] reep” is hay Laboratory al nade fol erlods up to i + tempera- all of ) ( rreé nond Vn n tne inal . la IV.) High-Chromium Steel Heat-Re- sisting Plaskon, a New Synthetic Molding Compound Table Properties of Certain Modern IV.—Tables Showing Purpose Bolt Steels immarized P} ‘ a ‘ é the remall f [ a ( romlu N yy Willia bureau otandal Specifi for ture n VeCl New Production Machine for Honing Motor Blocks oe, UCTION i in hour is claim Graduates Micrometer ae Collar Bevels _- A a An th Asbestos Brake Lining for Industrial Use N inolde a2, 1931 1061 Piston Relief Finishing by New Method A \ ODIE n D ent ries grinds r for I production ra . ; I ( Cincinna Grit lr ( cin Witl i U n »\ e I ms a ) ( I e( b¢ DiStor r hir errir n me a ay lary iri 0 é 4 ; A ariy ! whee ] Ve) ( ‘ riess i) ne ~ I I } r y , y i . 7 } Dow? i nove , rag ’ ¢ X¢ Y y+ T Y Ipnm r a r } ig’! W ; y r 4 ni New Self-Standardizing rrinding the relief per pressure on the work rinding. A cam, which provides 1] vement to the work portions, is also ed by the downward lever move Wo ta I mead Viti an hh ‘ } ut clearance ul n vanometer pointer B, and ar Potentiometer Pyrometer “{o'sned te record pointer deflections y s small as 0.001 in. The recording NCREASED sensit t fastey pen can step act the entire 9 %g-1Nn. Re REE te fe ae h of the calibrated chart in less = a os : : than 2? sex the e f each tep be n are featur th Micromax ee ; n closely related to the extent of Pa ' P} nter deflection. The pen is driven 1 hrou i iple and direct non-slip 1tcr il au l all prevented T pt t , de } 1u attempting n Ul en be . nad ner end ne cale. i ’ ng ( \ Y ; \utoma checking of the poten- nda nstru eter circuit every 45 min. or les itical provided by the new standardizing valancir ra echanism. In addition, this device = . ‘ te 1. lization of the cireni 1 5: oY marked A 3 Y andar! "1 ion OL tne : ircult ‘ +] 1 as alter changing a thermo eta ev vhe) th : B » nl +4 W ; in ¢ * the “act ; Tt ip! l Wa iw ror tne rest of the 45-min. cycle. It is described giving a much closer adjustment han can be obta d by hand: the I a potentiometer 1062—The Iron 1931 Ave, October 22, the cam so that the piston is rel correctly. After reliefs the operating lever is raised stopping the cam-controlled wi cillation and disengaging the are #) Developments in Soderberg Electrodes DD LECTRIC furnace engineers 4inally objected to the round cr section se m, Sdderberg electrode, said American representative of Soderberg Electrode Process, Buffa N. Y., in a paper, “The Electrode, Oblong Electrodes New Developments,” befor 60th general meeting of the Elk Chemical Society in Salt Lake ( Utah, Sept. 7, 1931. They were vinced that oblong or rectang were essential for eff furnace operation, because the duce a larger active hearth, an gases evolved during the furna eration are more evenly distri through the charge. ther ] ’ ele ctrodes round electrode preferred on account certain electrical feat and advantages. In g eral there appears little or no differenc: economy between the long and the round—u proper conditions. The first oblong section Sdderberg elec was put into operatior 1921. Since then ol Sdéderbergs have However, the often to be + been successfully in ferroa and other furnaces. | ing recent years the lo ing of the Séderberg the furnace has been continuous and aut Another recent ment is the bon,” a steel ribbon will stop the electrod« imp! “wisdon Sodderber is slipped far enough. The dust {1 around the upper part of the rode allows a close tempera aa ntrol of the baking operat w binder or paste melts and the particles together withou ng. New flexible cables an ATERIAL col ich are water cooled, having a lectors reclaim netal hose through which the waste; they are easily is circulated. At the same tim: removed for cleaning ables carry the water to th A fireproof ventilat ing unit provides safe operation de holders. The current-carry > at apacity of these cables is mor seven times that of the ordinary ~ = a aA Small Parts Air-Sprayed by Automatic Machine . ETY-SPINDLE automat \ iting and drying machines rom 20 t 50 a Me Fittings for Welded Pipe Connections We LO S pipe fitting esigned T ian ine ttachment by welding are being the weld by the Midwest Piping & welded together e1 1450 South Second Stree ‘ Some of these a ng tl October YPICAL fitting for welded pipe connections: beveled ends facilitate the welding operation 99 ae, 1931—1063 Another macnine Suggested should plan nspection Buick Plant Holds Foremen on a very definite plat tated interval by men ¢ \W k killed in this work. A plan Accountable for Safety Work iins.insctse" sh afety first measure, but ’ result in the detection ! Accident Prevention Efforts Have Greatly Decreased Frequency defects which can usually be 1 and Severity, Safety Congress Is Told * i serie Sesh a vi advantage that it can be incl f pleted tl n tur nd the budget and its cost kno A memorandum to th ons X¢ U1 The following officers were « ' A tating that the re est ha ee! by the National Safety Couns nt ed wit! Bergquist, Chicago, reelected Cc: dent; W. H. Cameron, who oper executi' first offices of the council in ( é Le years ago, was reelected mat Will ¢ ooper, Machine Inspection Necessat iIscu ! rit I ety ‘ I I ilting engineer, Chica rial ifety, A ir M Texas ( New York; fo f fety, Edward Dana, gener: ‘ iver. B on Elevat Ra Boston: for busi idmin i (y l. Hell tn, gene claims y, Ch go, North SI & M R road | Chica for \ ncil John E. Long ly ntendent of fety, Delaware & De ad, Albany ynda, ird B. F Wellcome & Co., Ine.., ng, J. E. } , Bethlehem, P Albert ne manage National ( & Surety Underw \ } ith. Dr; ¢. \ \ ] 1 @ Yale Me al Sc! Bethlehem-Sheet & Tube = '" “'™ bag or tig Merger Called Off De dae eels New Culliney, W. Whitney, E. |, New .; for m Burrou York; I Bethlet a.; ior ¢ Bureau riters, N A. Wir Ha ada ie? Cal {) I ‘ l I ( B ( I nate t UU I na en , \ wn StI & 7 nts da ach oremen Held Ac ible 0, 4 y ' nt was t B ne tla \ . f I i f of T tt ’ as naam ss D , oehler and Bohn Exchange Departments The Doehler Die Casting Co., } \ e Bohn Alumi ‘ Br ( Detroit a nou ing \ 1) ny : B ny? ( a ng y x ( ) t} le! ? Al r) { ( ra I panile v ransac The Tron ive. October 22. 193] 1064 Canada Hopes to Develop a Self-Contained Steel Industry lief in Dominion Is That Country’s Natural Advantages Should Be More Fully Utilized V ASHINGTON, O : forts of Canada to y elf-contalned I ar ‘ f | A. Bo ; Sault Ste. Marie > {) ‘nk a An th Seen International-Stacey Buys Stacey Mfg. Co. ce | , a ae Engineers to Help Solve Depression HE Some Construction Gains 1ada Aims at Self-Sufficiency Reported by Dodge ( a te te Active Technical Program | for Institute of Metals a hee | — i ure i ing Uni S i pub br ), 400 The Iron Age. October 22. 193]1~ 1065 M 1066—The Iron GRAY IRON INSTITUTE REVIEWS YEAR OF ACCOMPLISHMENT \ + } y Cal re ! le@ wet ! er Al r J. Tuscar nual rep He said tha i e( I il de il en I I nda increa I ac ! i rrea ay I [} ? } y and ad at l ( y in at , [ ' } } l i al 1 Ti I an i ( mal nad lat} Influences j i¢ an Sixty-Two Meetings During Y NEW OFFICERS FFICERS elected for the following year were: president A. I Hageboeck, Frank Foundries Corpn., Moline, III.; first vice president, J. L. Carter, Sacks-Barlow Foundries, Inc., Newark, N. J., succeeding Mr. Hageboeck; second vice-president, J. H. Bruce, Bowler Foundry Co., Cleveland; treasurer, R. D. Phelps, Francis & Nygren Foundry Co., Chicago; assistant treasurer, H. C. Wilson, Cleveland Cooperative Stove Co., Cleveland. New directors for three years are: Messrs. Hageboeck and Carter and G. W. Blakes ley, Security Stove & Mfg. Co., Kansas City; H. B. Hanley, Ameri can Laundry Machinery Co., Rochester, N. Y.; R. R. Monroe, Des Moines Foundry & Machine Co., Des Moines, Iowa, and Edward B. Sherwin, Chicago Hardware Foundry Co., North Chicago, I'l 22, 1931 A E HAGEBOECK The lron Age October 22. 1931 1067 October Favor: Ih, O1 one phase of specifications fo1 Mr. Tuscany said in cone astings for engineering purposes had ession that the quicker tl beer l 1 Ch covered heat-re makers adopt a firm one I tir nat are ub ected t the bette) vill be for the r tir ‘ e red heat An hau ; ' een made on Stabilization Plan eewene" ing cast \ resolution indicating : : ae led into thret _ titute favors the adoptior , those ted 1 aneven plan for the abilization i ’ ibjected va presented and ref¢ C11 ind ng and board of directors Thi t t] ne ned ‘ , provided that any stabilizat ne ires adopted should not ! I M1 D a Government depar e or tne I ild be handled by the ! ron In elf through its trade a enera also that a national econo) ! hould recognize board consisting of a few ! Dp t ndenc leaders be appointed by the I I uC nan advisory capa V) en \ roundtable discussion ‘ ron and ther nstitute act iti can Nhe George | Wil the local groups was held Chica; n ar ne! meeting Chursda ! i I merchar Y yrought l hat compara has about com pol produce a feeling of l ( I ruct I ence among memopb rtunit he development of thi f n ( and the feeling of nec I l I I era n were amor tne ¢ W I ( ! ed tT these meeting fT ! ! ( ne ar] vere made by > I former president, and C I ate ! ecretary of the American F I if n men’ Associatior At a y T T¢ i ; ment n ndu try was d Pre Hoo zation on unemployment re sident tabilization « "7 Y eY 1SS¢é Barrett, New York, = Che gril of Rogers B Lavino & Co. Take Over i atts Coankier diaries ie ‘ 25, combined two interests fo1 Pig lron Business eal rominent in the pig irot ni ‘ormer having beer I G [ sher , 880. and the latt y NI Prior to that merg« R ‘ Lavit ‘ t I r Na r & ( al ( € al tal | Brotl a ed Reed R srown & ( ( ame y na ( W. Moor ( Cr , ranizatior H. W. ¢ ell & n | New \ ind Pl L¢ of Link-Belt ¢ I I tail t new , ar be known ne : vill be con Moore Division, Link-Belt 1 Lavino 4 H. Hurd, former} reside : t B PP a 1 re company, na een 1! preside of th Link-B ) : \ arge ol ne ( lwell-M ’ ' I idquarters at 24 ' e ra ] eentn stret (nicag \ ‘ ( : ame ve ! t ( n d Desig? n Industry, a B ly illetin ponsored oint Mr. N Newar ae Pu Lil ! ( ree e Newark Museun n \l ir of pul itior r} b ! yew \ wh innotat irre! eral B I e} ndustrial desig? in it t \. Re I held mplled 349 iten from 186 | { hi ca ering man} eld ! ( ul rte cluded art in industry, ceran PROGRESS REVEALED IN RUSTLESS STEELS AND CLEANER METAL By EDWIN F. CONE iffects of Addition ( Other Vi Some Measure of D tegration Needed The Cr-Ni-Fe Allovs f 4 The Iron Age, October 22. 193] 1068A l068B The ly on ige (cto | ro Nece Market Rese tv oft Stressed Work to Continue INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS REVIEW MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS er 22, 1931—10686 Thawing of Credits Expected to Stimulate Business More Money Will Be Placed in Channels of Commerce—! Interest Rates Also May Help W .\SHINGTON, O 1 De inere a t ) ( ene I a United t rat é ( t en ‘ l Mla ch: I I ere (; ) { 1 ( W ims I ne I le , ’ standard n ne atl It j h e and +} a a * I I< ign Inv ’ He ng ! al al { R S r nl t! i al n 4 768 { . ti } 1 exc } ion R no 1068D The Iron Age. October 22. 1931 GEAR MAKERS DISCUSS BOTH CHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL TOPICS Tip Relief Comprehensiv ely Reviewed 1068 The Iron le . Sido tfcto j r »» mechanical ability that I might men informat show in full what chaser should furnish a bid or ordering any part when I vty + +} the Cc hail of gear. By eliminating « ! ( ndard recom . : a ence made necessary becau 4 < ‘ - : e 4] ficient data, the proposed f = « . . Wiel + a ndard as make for quicker « MM liveries. The library com \I ! lecting samplk ot ex ! I type and will plac: Urges Use of Established Standards a ce of disposal < h¢ ul . neerne ‘Ty 1 B. F. Waterman, engi her 1 are not doing Sharpe Mfg. ¢ Py ‘ rac the and president of tl MLA. and the e and loyal A. G. M. A. representative pa n ! tional Committe on the St a ee ale on of Gear rgani I a I I Dp} dure of the \ S \ yy | tnat tne A.G M \ -O-ce + ua ety ul ’ ylute I rr I ( Y mended A.G.M.A i in na now before th ect.o! me the a clatior y ’ al 7 I mencla re i! re ‘ ractice fo. r in } , genera . nnounced turtner tna ; rocedu vs committ Ib¢ : I helical ge yt | I S neer ith Philadelphia W y 1s I petty A ] ' : | man. has reache . he funda nta] os } rrr re ( ) nizatior and : y ‘ the ; + he pending certain te ca teetn to be conducted T ( Earle Buckingham at Ma ! ly tute f Technology. It ha thers probably w I ( n ¢ a . “a s ” formulas: one a beam formu nm 3) rear n ; 13 4 other a compression tormula i } u I f nta De \ 7 in ; 4. G. M \. Nomenclature |! ‘ ! ee! Laie E ; , . Sectional Committee t] 1 i t | re nenaeda } A. M. A I l por I ra no hich wa l f i rn’ ’ I I } ‘ idie¢ tinge . en y } , he y ‘ . Ir £ y y n ire +} I l I l n roug! } l t } u Wit \\ 1 e¢ n Scient | ! l ( Abb1 I < T ) y ' I erlapping I | rt con \ 4 i A. VI Cal ! nt In y tt ! ur The ( I il ( inicat I 1) lechnical Standardization Going { point « Forward ( i nore l T tt r? ing a (,e! ! } t il rel \ T > . \\ | ' f I il ? t a nN ’ I I t V t ‘ T t v¥ , I ! al t ( req ? iy uy } real D | I U , ij hs ] \ (rear SI ( ~ 1931 hairman ol the A, G. M. A. I iS In tn agenda otf the rallway ‘ nt that the les ’ ind VY lire committee. tallurgical committee headed nairma ft which is t. Kh. x B. Hamilton, Jr., president, ngineer, Nuthall won t We \ Weal Ww M Crilnrie U0.. I ng . i w Mf¢ nada, has been working w ttee VIII of the A. S. T. M. Many Problems Met In Deve loping A 1 tT ] 'T} } vy) . > > A 1 on steel. The mar Standardized Speed Reducers ent of case har ning st | , : I r agiscuss I r r I ? pre T Sais {) | t) ff < nest wnicn tne I ; 020 eel: 0.40 to 0.60 l ‘ “7 0.40 to 0.70 mang , s } I F Irs I ‘ I | ! a nese hou j fa | : ~ i‘) 40) tne ste. y ont e the 0.40 to 0.60 1 : : os i iid t be ope : : r KeT 5 re j , rl 1 rang etal] neer g ad¢ H R \ ise Elect1 & Mfg. ( i the A. G. M. A itin ) at real Vitn a lew t x f the nye necessal i , r é tor Ww r yn vit ne y } , ’ y y ’ ne : f el nd 1 Mr An y ( for 7 n-meé | iri! , y . " . a Limited Freight Rate Increase Granted on ron and Steel, Machinery and Raw Materials \ Y ASHINGTON.,. O 0 I iY $10 ta he ! ‘ int atl { ( I re é 4 y , ‘ , . The fron Age, October 22. 1931 10686 Will Probably Hold Machine »;. Tool Show Next Fall as a maximum 60 pe wages for a period of j 1e minimum period, for on not long been employed, 1 In operation, it was discove the rotation of jobs can be far yeyond expectations | employment manager foun Machine Tool Builders Last Week in Chicago Discussed Also release an othe Iplovee ne wee i Industrial Stability and Swope Plan eee aeee 1G Or me Were l *¢ ( asibl The rT in iverape " } Ole General Manager Erni eported that the cost mar ip by the association would n available for distribut I ara nted out its adaptabilit ne tool users. Extra , #: membe} have been priced ee and to non-members a it pa anit I e¢ new director we a i 1i1C Ula LC ert : a ed on thi pave, ( \ Johnson, presiaent, G A C Mad I W een president tl iss ! ! } past wo years ind I: J retal ind reasure " Gear Shaper ( Springfie rederic V. Geler, { In na Milling Mac n { al ar¢ ! urn ele 1 new R Ch I r I i