The Iron Age 1931-08-27: Vol 128 Iss 9

.. THE IRON AGE... NEW YORK, AUGUST 27, 1931 ESTABLISHED 1855 CEE Ses a ~ WILLIAM BUTTERWORTH Chairman of the Board, Deere & Co and Ex-President, United States Chamber of Commerce where every industrial enterpriss and its aims can find hardest kind of work in improving produ and sales—justification because every n period ended with 1929 1 not engage in excesses. The ynduct to produce artificial st USINESS conditions have rea hed tl! healthful in its history, its manager justincation Willing to try can now perceive opp vork to bring results. I do not intend to intimate tl isual number of unhealthful ente: the case. The opposite depression was not brought rive rise to unhealthful enter] Du VOL. 128, Ne BANKERS MUST SHOW FAITH IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE BSERVATIONS concerning business conditions are of value in proportion to the soundness and breadth of experience of the man who makes them. In the case of Mr. Butterworth, we find the unusual combination of an engineer, a prominent machinery manufacturer, an expert upon agricultural conditions, a banker and a distinguished business leader His statement of views will be read with interest by industrial executives and may also be read with profit by our bankers, to whom industry must look for an added measure of constructive cooperation during the days to come. Mr. Butterworth’s remarks were prompted by his reading of ‘Financing the Recovery” and “Let's Go Back to Arith metic,’ which appeared in THE IRON ACE of June 11, 1931 4 l a nee ‘ vl } The lraw! Our established industries roduction and distribution on a basis ad n reve? | for e whole ‘ } 7 1929 lan: ivement nt! ter I re ré rcet find r ind i and erat ! } i thor Ke eT sul e ¢€ 4 é I eve?! I Ite ra ar r ‘ had iintu ! | ] ement the kind large cities), we discover that sales this spring have ression reached surprisingly near to the volume in the tisement spring of our best recent year. If we look at our r bus manufacturing industries and try to realize what ikely te they mean to the country by reason of the purchas ing power of the wages they distribute, we quickly “ason observe that the total wages now being paid by man typical itacturing industries exceed six hundred millior toda dollars a mont} [If we analyze the data respecting at the our Import trade, we soon realize that some of ow ere ndustries are obtaining raw materials in a volumés tl hat augu for enlarged activities The cirecun stance that most of the figures of foreign trade ws ntry’ see in the press are expressed in terms of dollars rolng tends obscure what is actually occurring The Banker Has a Larger Part to Play Whatever production and distribution may accom ne re plish through devotion to their tasks, their efforts ime an have much greater results if there is assistance ime 11 from the other fields upon which production and dis to it tribution necessarily rely for aid. The most impor la and tant f these fields is banking The real task of lum mank to put their funds to work productively nest (hat means lending their funds to business men and irme} For that purpose they require “satisfac ry borrowers.” Utilization of available funds in ink atisfactory borrowers, i.e., the kind that é ! in be relied upon to repay the money when due, bi yout nditions permitting the stabiliza prices which 30 essential to the welfare of ure and every form of enterprise. : here 1 real opportunity for bankers generally devote t it hard work to finding satisfactory orrowel and to making satisfactory borrowers through advice and guidance Accomplishments it J hat direction will benefit the banks and will promote th; vhole ntr Money Is Accepting Low Wages From Uncle Sam inat the banks have large amounts of avaliable mit ind there nas peen recent evident e ota persuaslve uf kind. When the United States Treasury offered ar $800,000,000 issue of bonds at 3% per cent interest the banks of the country, in good part for their ow) count, offered to buy $6,315,000,000! The countr never had such a demonstration of idle funds | and Just how far the banks were offering to buy thes« some« bonds for their own account there is at the moment ad al 1 i : ( ( L lroac “ ney irn ti = thes yr the ‘ = | Be NWA) FINANCE MUST MARCH SHOULDER TO SHOULDER WITH INDUSTRY HE typical industries of our country are today in a position from which they can advance at the first opportunity. That this opportunity exists is evident from the volume of business actually going forward ‘Notwithstanding the double misfortune of a severe decline in farm product prices and a disastrous drought, Illinois and the six States which adjoin it had business transactions within their borders during May of this year, of over five billion dollars ‘Whatever production and distribution may accomplish, their efforts can have much greater results if there is assistance from the other fields upon which they necessarily rely for aid. The most important of these fields is banking The real task of banks is to put their funds to work productively iscertalning with entlr 44 t noticed that between the spring 930 a i as he! ring of 1931 the banks that are members vil K Of faitn 1 Federal Reserve System hay irtailed the tr the try future To g Dusiness purposes by 3} 0,000,001 i\ D int these A if nel nvestments S27. OOO DOO OO! } a id} é “ rve qd ! he an & I ne t ( i | hemselve iT | i | O b bl . .Oadaineg iron re y (Ca eway rtiy rn S / | ing y roppe j »‘? | eye { | ’ ! ‘ , I al ‘ cl , ny y p a » ‘ 1} ‘ ' ’ , t int ‘ r) (+6 ( nKers Wii et tT I . r . ir Mid \ ntr ana , es ; i inks inds , nt ther é é ‘ } nen ¢ } Ca i i¢ Otr ey} é r a ! ad ] i I lial a ids é f i 0) +} rst ve g } ri} al ebo0 ed $727.000.000 ! . } 1 ’ y é , | } ne \ D-] [ I ‘ ) i eve ink at $0) ne J epLus ; —., CENT PLY \ ' , rod y % PERCE May j j 4 f , AIT The lron Age. August 27, 1931 349 0500 The LUBRICATING GREASES—WHAT Iron PP. fugust 27, 1931] niet Engin By MAURICE RESWICK é eer, Pennsylvania Lubricating Co., Pittsburgh reater histo. mplificatio1 design of machinery—all are he chat tors In favor of grease as the lubricating mediun varr were lubri ; Number of Varieties an Advantage inimal! ana vege . n must have Fluid lubricating oils will probably never be re t he ox-cart placed by greases and compounded lubricants ich applications as the steam turbine and othe) —_ forms of high-speed machinery. The principal ad \ seal Pian vantage of grease is that it is a manufactured prod » Blkae thn vile ict and can be made in an infinite number of vari 3 made in the ties and specifications to meet a wide range of opel B -_ aiid ating conditions were almost Until recently the legitimate field for the com il and more monly known forms of grease was for slow moving tly, equally rapid machinery, subjected to heavy loads, shocks, and nment , tic and reversal of direction of rotation, for the reason that { 1¢ ed as with grease a thicker lubricating film is obtained Another important advantage of grease is the fre ahinere. dom from splashing and dripping, especially whe a Nit lt aiitaal used on overhead machinery and in such industri¢ ere is at pres as paper making, textile weaving, and in bakeri 1s¢ grease as a Where a bearing is equipped with a grease cup o! ne “eo grease well, positive lubrication is assured for ; ; fa coils a long time without requiring frequent attentio. a a er Where high temperatures are encountered a slo 4 , melting grease can be used satisfactorily. te } , and t Grease used for lubrication purposes is a com} ind applicatior nation of mineral oil and soap. A grease is said arinys. the be no better than the mineral oil which it contal { tem | and the better grades of grease contain oils of hig! irge nun lubricating qualities. Almost every known grade a } mineral oil, such as engine, spindle, bright stock ar linder oil, can be used in grease making, wheth«s t be paraffine, asphaltic or mixed base. The col f the grease is largely imparted by the color of 1 . hat a yellow grease will contain genera the red engine oil of light VISCOSITY O! a dist ck of a heavier viscosity, while rade lack grease will contain cylinder st Soap Converts Oil into Plastic Grease aap used for thickening the mine t ! nt last grease, COnSsISt ! nat n ot atl ilkali base { egetabl at hrough a boiling pi v iponificatio he most comm i. 27% TO KNOW ABOUT THEM HE injunction “keep posted” is more pertinent today than ever. To the machine designer and builder, however, this precept is quite complex; it means continually keeping informed of progress in the many tields—chemical, metallurgical, electrical and others—that contribute materials and devices which directly influence, and may even revolu tionize, the design and construction of one’s own product This article, the first of two, affords an opportunity to become posted on developments in an important field: grease lubrication. Mr. Reswick here summarizes the constituents and general adaptability of several classes of greases now available; in the second article, he will discuss lead oleate lubricants, a ‘‘border-line’ material for critical conditions of pressure and speeds Grease Mineral Or; Soa] Vian icture More in Art Than a Science The fron ige, August 27, 1931 wt ~t ~~ The lron Age. August lalk, tale, .etc., should never be a good grade of grease } urposes, a graphite filler is pe provided its content doe not ich vel » per cent ¢ OT tne COMDO t} ’ t ‘ Y Ip rease may ve nada 1] m the ¢ l¢ te Stat (, ernment ecineatior { tT} : east Wi nm are { _rean ve > Gk ‘ MINERAL OI CALCIUM SOAI VATEL ice aoa C, rr ‘ o : iri! KA 5 Per Ce A I m ey iY ‘ Der ( ‘ \ ner grade I rease Kit nas ! I l ¢ raduall usplacing common l} reast xt ‘ l sed Une iu UlVvé nda industria held Vine tne ( ippi1ed mean l pres lvé | rougi ntra © ( 1D? iting tel I ' y reas \ tand uf} inder higher temperature and essure with § le likelinood of separation, and re + rie ta the bearings iongel The essential! lifference between high pressure grease and ord x ' ' . . . iry cup greast that a considerably higher vis { l ised in tne of the forme! VV } é cup vrease i viscositv of ( 100 seconds at 100 deg. F. is permissible, in hig! + 27 re ire greases the of the oil varies fro! . . 1 , 50 to 2500 seconds soth the soap content nad the ( } ; | | - lantit of emulsified water ire es as tne desire ip? t mparted T¢ Tne wrrease Tine nigney ‘ f +h, ised nu ‘ muct I} i . if a typical high pre in me | ed } T Cast \ Ou { rt is l DD , n AT Tr IRA 11GH PRESSURI I] ERA CALCIM\ i rt ' ‘ ' . . GREASI O] SOAI x re Py Ce Per Ce I C¢ | rif rl ~ 7 ) » . aft4 +1 S , } }u 1iCclull DASE yprean¢ l sentilail i mineral 1 slightly thickened with |! ba be used satisfactorily in bearings ri r cnain type ind Ni the advantage Ul doe reep over the shaft and not throw! ' fT l id ent 1 icninel rr oT materia l { ! ! a ire l sala 1 nave a wel Or ‘ . ‘ . 1? tra + si] f the same t ? t} a wy the < YY) t ‘ é te perature Soda Base Grease Next to Lime Base in Popularity y ( ! aa pe e) ‘ ne inutacture I é ‘ f miial 1 tnat I eek L) TT? T lifference eling tT 7 l ead ri¢ t ( ¢ ‘ ai Uil i> 1 « é n Ka dium nvaro ae NaQH Ist 193] > < I ‘ Per ( | ‘ ‘ \ ' t ww 2Ee7 +} ; h, ‘ ‘ ? t t ‘ rT} ’ rp ’ + i requ \ + \\ ( ! me base rrease } +, } } , ‘ay nt x ¢ idj it t vy tt y T is¢ if , 2 y } l ay | ; > ' Q . } ‘ Cold Set and Residuum Greases I Slad ] Prior TO lime L¢ rvs ‘ ‘ T j r ) y ? i u t ( j ’ T ? . ’ ’ l i 7 y ’ ) y eqjTY }e) T re | 4 itu ‘ ns ) (Yn the +} +7 ‘ inal he 1S¢ ere t req ? | f i l ) tT ’ ’ cs 4 T t } ¢ ‘ + A nwt 39% ‘ \ ] ( ( ! Vl i t mernodg ) ‘ ’ ’ 17 ’ 1a f f ] ? ed T — é ‘ _ Y T T ’ ‘ Le ) x 1re é There ' { 4 i « 4 i ij} i ‘ lr'é I me é toh ; . rted re (} } ++ ; ¢ mptete The tron Age fugust 2, 1931 993 BETTER QUALITY OF ELECTRIC AN two steels of equivalent composition but made by differing | C processes possess varied physical characteristics and behavior? This article, based on a paper before the American Foundrymen’s Association, gives preliminary data resulting from such an inquiry. Considerable further improvement in steel castings is declared pos- sible by means of detailed study of steel making, and some interesting suggestions are made on the subject of the influence of non-metallics. | The highest steel standards are unobtainable in the presence of un | controlled non-metallics. Higher standards are being constantly de manded A step into the alloy field may be regarded as an unjustifiable expense until such time as the properties latent in high-quality plain-carbon steel are made fully available by proper manufacture and treatment. \\ Lit a new i I na ! tl ce } the in pla ? Tes vit l l l W a } Improvements ossible Without Alloys rn ! ( } ( ‘ ualit i Aci { a ! H enavil I re I rack! 1 norn Vv o ind a rre \I Mel iid tl xpect n Lt equl\ I wy? es der sla 1 nN ra a nat ! ! 14 ~ f } e method meiting i] Lie that « t gives the much 1! t n nen-nearti ! li \ ecause ra Py erence buvel i 14 veen the two 1 ing method Dat were ve rit il vestigat 904 Phe fron Age fugust 27, 1931 AND OPEN- HEARTH STEELS POSSIBEE SHEET STEEL WILL LEAD THE By LEONARD J]. LEWERY rh Keep track of } } eV ‘ T ? { cr (| ered r tnen What Accounts for the Advances \\ } | ause l IY ple KIT I U! ‘ acto! rst tne nee nye quest ot n re e and 2 istant material In this quest eV nstantly offered by steel, after the ultimate p { if other materials are definite] losed; nex ‘ ! e tremendou expansion Of manutacturing ent al { rise f the flow-production type, which are adoptit heet steel more and more readily as the most vers I r tl rovres the automotive ndustry is re ! e in large measure and, to a lesser extent, tl t rt of vitreous enamelins Hand in hand with that na ! goes the marvelous technical progress achieve ecially in the United States, in the development ne indardized grades of sheet steel for special ‘ tern teel special inalysis, and spec lal |! ‘ reatment, and speclai Surtace treatment and combi! U ns of all three that enable us to turn out a divers rades which is on limited by the extent of ‘ rie il rel requirement No sooner do new demands a} rsé I nat i yrade Ol sheet steel an pe offs red ti Tne indie I Nt nis need toa J What ¢ ild l t pe aon vith sheet ster toda\ avy of manufacturing treatment 1s scarcely w al entioning. About the only physical property wl ter f tel innot be Imparted l steel is transpare ‘ ! nles \ ook throug! screen, made ! ( re I ne drawn to § imer texture ess tl ln ¢ 1, O00 ! it cannot ike tne lace of glass tnerw er W tl igt neets « ished stainless steel are 4 vit i } ? TMeé 1rorn mirrors espet ) t¢ re eld ( ryt | nstruments Bev nd TtTnat t é 1 Lu ate Vit 1 Te I rt e. August 27. 1931 The fron A 1~ E WAY TO RECOVERY HE epic story of steel sheets, a remarkable record of rapid expansion and breadth of application, lends weight to the assertion of the author that steel in general—cast and forged as well as rolled—will borrow the impetus to returning activity from a rising demand for sheets. The achievements of today and the promise of tomorrow in sheets bulk formidably and lend much encouragement as to what the future has in store t ? ] r ia [ a iK1] { i ry) « ( blah j ‘ 3 itl! ( \ j } ‘ Srare } n R Amazing Story of All-Metal Ice Boxe : I \ x lent iil Bure | } I ! oO! As ef ¢ i H ( H ? | } re I y : eC! l wa r Y Y ! ? B { lr ! hay i 4 { lval | ne he mar ! TY 4} nu 1OW The Tron Age. August 27, 1931 957 1931 +} + for the passing statement a one large mail-order house . : ; Chicago sold. approximate S15,000,000 worth ot kitche { } ; itensils last yea) There IS no otnel su tal 1 nown to man wnonict osses O man qaiversineda attribute nd WII | nd tse] tT. ict riet 1 treatment is WA Nn e¢ Te¢ ist the ther ¢ Ve Saw a ma Daten of} tee neet Uf OKed ( all 1 voria K@ a pacK OT D r tte papel The vere « t) | ry it ) { ) l¢ , ] tra } Q) é (O00 } h« ere ‘ { } a ] t if ( } rYié ting ) Vy ¢ } t’t t ? i rit voriad ) { — ‘ Lee re by le re ] { qa ‘ in ‘ ‘ emer! nt t TY t T (i¢ nre? ror (5 roe Ste { the Schmidt t st) eT ne ) De? ) mal: me nal eSl1t 4 } \ : ie i | l | ) t} r + + + { y ; { f ‘ I qaeve I ‘ | + } rn + ite } ni } ryye } } il ‘ ‘ ’ he they t é i ‘ i 7 ’ ‘ é , = 4 ? ’ yt) AOU ) D the) ! 325 B durit })) re i\¢ ipt ul] I ~ ’ ) t 1700 1 } | ) } } é in Time ‘ es ; tance 4 ’ ?? ry Demands Designers Yet Will Make rro I ist a IY | ’ I ‘ is 1 ennanced te! if trengt! 1 neat re stance it Wlll De rea f I { Mrrosio! enabdiin a ernea team at YOO ae i it SU 1 thr cor} 7 ve } bal ry ires Uf Can Lnr¢ ip » CALLUS A\ All Li ' 1 ' ’ rapidly t il rger, resulting generall pinging jet of steam or fluid through tl! er] damage nere 1t strikes i ed that the total amount of deformat I be tolerated in modern steam turbine parts must not exceed 0.2? per cent ! Twent rs K ? J the time being, materials Can still Keep } tn ¢ Develops Special Refractories for sign, but mechanical engineers are 1 te definitels High Temperatures 1: ec : ; ; asking for steel blades and parts tf erate pract continuously during ten years or more at pressurs } eee 7 of 2500 to 3500 lb. per sq. 1n. a! temperatures up t ee eee an ween ne, 1000 deg. F., without anv deformation whatevs Suc ae nego goign worsen ™ materials are forthcoming beyond any possible doubt — , a — see , oe In the field of automotive and aerodynamic e | | a ’ | Aiiil mreé (ru I Spe i X1ce I neering, alloy steels are definitely ahx mechanic: iritv. refra ries which are not comn possibilitic Ss. The chassis of Captain ¢ ampbell’s ra t 7 a j | | ra : le rr requentiv required ne t Ul ing Bluebird, which achieved the phenomenal speed the e moder eloctric. 1 empet of 245 miles an hour, was built entirely of nickel steel , . 100 de C. and | e! ; d tain and all the moving parts of the engine, clutch, driving ble ih. Woks a nd 1 a thio e! 3 sed The shaft, both axles and the entire steering apparatu toris rd ; 7 a n alse tn } sa mmercin were made of chromium molybdenum steel At that etals are t ° litable r the meltir terrific speed over the ground only these allov steel : , stoi Bes theae } me , aratit , could have stood the stresses and temperatures ge! i \ eatin s magnesiur +} erated, and they were in fact amply strong enough 1 a aiee . are | lable refra ; Captain Campbell's ‘Bluebird it SMperashcr was built almost exclusively f chrome-nickel-molybdenum steels thstand even higher speeds up to 5001 rd | ) ret rT LO sneet até is cn? ry ln ic Ke IT e¢E e Deen KI Wn ana commercl made ra larvel t a centur but the curve « roduction has bee! OO deg. ( 1000 deg. | . - ¥ , ¥ ? . unting steeply for the past five years, mounting ation of the metal by the refracto: he level of competitive production, hithe inatta ' aig ae ' ‘ 4 [ ipel ne lune number re B ‘ | which i@ i11at h in y “o00) J t aa le, which is just being reached lay ie aed , er Rese % deneribe —— . Just aS tne deve opme nt OL Qray Ili, AIT Pill} i A ne pre ira yn } y nese refractory mate! . : . . +; . . bilit ~ rface properties, and of high magne ermea various shapes that are used for the laboratory melt sheet steels has led to sheet teel invading and ne f e! nure metals The refractory Kick ° . ° : ° « P ° ] + + ‘ ‘ nquering gigantic new fields, as already illustrated mixed with a suitable bonding material amped . +} an ry) I il > fy \iture refrige rator and raqdl "0 } . +} =o Coun 1 4 +} - saat } : 1 the automoblie, Turnitt ‘ ir ls < r an pre ead ery t rmed ) e required nape ndustries, so the additional properties chromiu her ed at a temperature which shoulde be : . . | -+ ] + + ‘ teels promise to open up yet un irted | ne somewhat higher than that at wl h it is subse trial activit ‘ . ised n order t minimize furthe + ‘ ’ , , , > Ac vet de velo n nt seems rather gnif int rinking I 20) ‘ Re y y + 4 Ty ry? ’ ¥ nan in the street ut to thos tne se ng ¢ pre ] fused ; } } , 4 t sheet steel industry great ( } = + . ¥ ‘ ‘ 4 ‘ ncluding live! ex I rk ] } j é t nanufacturing ants ircnitectur I ad ted , ' { engineering ' +} dete , ' : 4 , s reached tl ‘ The ‘ stallatio! ni ¢ ea a | ‘ ‘ th, in +, : ! Uda , , eT ty} } , 71) ' va f ! | nie ‘ . 7 r r T nas he y ? th¢ ( T T i + + + + y mine + é { I ‘ The lron Age. August 27, 1931 HOW DIE CASTINGS MAY HAVE BOTH EYE AND UTILITY APPEAL By L. H. MORIN Chief Engineer, Doehler Die Casting Co THE IRON AGE, Aug. 6) the standpoint, it may be noticed it has been provided ter discu the subject of getting the most with concealed fastening holes. Die casting lends He dealt with the subject itself readily to this. from a strictly mechanical standpoint. Fig. 2 shows two similar knobs. Knob E is used ul nemseives reac to decorative on a fine metal cabinet. It is made of two screw st _— ons t cost muc! machine pieces fastened together; the rod A is driven g and decorat ippearance into the stem B. This piece was chrome plated. It ent Eee is obvious that strictly conventional lines were em \ a common handk From a die ployed in making this piece and we might add that point, it greater problem to make considerable parental influence was transmitted in dle B. | ventional lines have been fol specifying this piece as a die casting, because from a \, but artist ind grace have beet standpoint of appearance the exact shape of the piece B xt? Styl i is originally made was followed s Parvicuial Certain milling operations as indicated at C proved ie casting this piece to be more economical as a die casting, but tne big fact yr »verlooked by the cabinet manutlat re! turer when ordering this piece as a die casting was tha tilit ilu I ! mechanica the factor of improved appearance which could s¢ HE die castings of the radio outfit, after being lacquered 3 dark color, may have parts of the surface scraped to give de sired designs in the silvery ef fect of the die-cast metal * * *& The chair is made principally of die castings 300 The Iron Age, August 27, 1931 ee OR little or sometimes no extra cost die castings may be designed with an eye to the beautiful as well as the utilitarian. The accompanying article essays to show by specific examples what has been done in this direction. In THE IRON AGE of August 6, the author emphasized the mechanical possibilities of die castings, and both this article and that have been written to point out how one may get the most out of die castings. ve ( b F The new design is calculated to make a tremendous differer appearance of the cabinet to which it is attached particularly the envra handle, as indicated at D Why Minute Details Are Warranted ! nnection wit} ne? irtist expres i Hi Vas e¢ \ ‘ ! it¢ if i hardly be een tnree teet Va | led that Th 1utomotive radiator cap is a die casting ( a ! dpoit It } } ‘ It i I ul ne Sry t deta ' tat nh W id regis , . ad an impression of thorougnne nd attent , ent he ‘ ry f furniture nute detail, which in turn would reflect ivorabl ae f this tvne of cha ‘ tine el l! prod / weil I! ny W i é i ‘ ; , 3 Clo! T I ae ; — 1 pe , Fine engraving and intricate deta asily be asting n ¢ particular mbining rporated on dle astings and me } tograpns trengt! met Vitn tne artistry tnat in be ¢ this style of casting are illus ressed i 1) rated herewith Note or the this ase Nave reacned irlous parts the clean-cut, ‘ ’ : : : ; f haped lines and curves that di ’ nie isting makes possible. Not only iture ' ma i they add Superior beauty an i reat tne parts, but vive Tné 4 rn ‘ rs? ) aty etl in Cak Ti 4 ae , ‘ vhicn tne eve looks ’ ’ y : 9 ' 1 r smooth and gracetu } eab tne engraving are po his non eally thro igt die ‘ , ] 4 } Vel ~ ( iKé ] r ( rporatea ~ é [ Wl le ‘ What may look like a bit of fine machine rre ( work is merely a miniature decorative die ; : ' ery deta An I cast model i vel yv } The lron Age. August 27, 1931 56] t hand hand \ bh at +h flugust 2 Strengtn and a hese pieces, but mechanical orporated into them, so that they ir ne both beauty and utility. On the large G rille, all of the leg-supporting connections, the s support, including inside shelves support, toget} / with various other fastening members, have all combined in one single die casting. In this ma > not only have we got the most out of a die castins tistically, but have made the most of it mechanica has evolved from the Die-cast subjects should not only be consid rom the utility standpoint but also from the sta aia i point of eye appeal. It is bound to reflect i: < ere | rapil sé Vel ( t ere the lam nish wa 1G. 3 illustrates how special sur “is face effects may be obtained and a2 Fig. 4 how a piece has the effect of , a combination of a group of parts 59) I t ile of the product to which the die casting dad and in the end costs little more to incorporat a An Mr | New Standards Needed for Rating Engineering Students | ECLARING that new “objective standards’ ; ) which college graduates may be measured wil ails necessary before the training provided by the techni : lait the hools of the country can meet the present requir see elie le nel yf industry, F. W. Willard, of the Weste: aa tle Electric Co., at Kearny, N. J., made suggestions as sedi what these standards must be in an address on “H« niche di Industry Rates the Prospective Chemical Enginee \ ati hins efore a conference on Chemical Engineering Edu : . tion at the University of Michigan on July 10 and ] ; “Intellectual accomplishment,” he said, “is at t! : sha o present time the only objective standard by which tl! : en yraduate may be measured—and it is not in itsel! es Not sa " : “ ‘ enough. There should be similar standards by wh | n applied t aptitude and personality can be measured.” Mr. Willard expressed the belief that if such stan D ards could be found and employed at the techni 5 schools of the country, they would “have fewer men | > “Sa, teach and fewer to graduate, but they would find that ‘ e) all of their graduates could be placed in industrial firn { ipon the recommendation of college authorities.” Responsibility for the present unsatisfactory | dling of the college graduate is not all the fault of Mr. Willard said, but is in part that of ind try. By its very nature, he pointed out, industry ha en forced to be ruthless in its treatment of terial, and this ruthlessness has sometimes j ast dey oment i i i FATE OF STABILIZATION RESTS WITH LARGE CORPORATIONS ELATIVELY few large corporations exert a far-reaching influence on the course of industrial activity, according to Ernest F. DuBrul, and it is their manifest social responsibility to regulate their policies in the interests of stabilization. Instead of focusing their attention on immediate gain, they must be more forward-looking adhering to programs that will insure the stability and security of future profits He outlines a plan of business research which, he believes, will protect these large companies from the risk of making egregious mistakes that translate themselves int aS widespread unemployment and sharply reduced business volume » “a I ‘ : Y t tur ! ( heii , eI 7" aa ired | } : ' M: ne |] ' ev I I i i : ‘ ! ( { ' ‘ ] DuBru | tf the 303.000 non-finan a intry own 45 per cent of all 1 ' ? ] ‘ | t ns mntro ma med ry j Social Cost of Mistakes by Large Corporation ' a ? ut ow Ls ‘ é | i i ¢ rnorate ‘ .s k i rporation S eve ‘ hat ‘ it nt } ; *Jt) 4 y T l the nrey T ’ vi ‘ , t ‘ 4 t ? r¢ ’ I mal aly { ‘ if , T ’ ’ ’ tit } rat ? r ? T l ‘ } : ré nypanies T l nt ¢ na é panies, ) ) mer ntrol aire ni tl ‘ 4 : n ' r ‘ | ? ’ ” a er end Sh , : l | é T ’ r T T /4 ne ur¢ ne int Importance of Consumer Goods Industries ‘ aren a ‘ I ] rate ne isproportionace elle I : ’ : ' ass “Control of operation means, of irse, es by large and small corporations, Mr. DuBrul F rts + — ntrnl of ng-time business mpared the Ford Motor Co. with the whole ma npioyment and contro! I I 2 rn ASil npa inning if, as and when thers ; such planning, hine tool industry “A mistake in the Ford Motor a4 Aad ix, i . < < ak vy aa i i ‘ + ‘ : s sserted Mr. DuBrul [The ver oncentration of ( heduls which would result in a shutdown o ° a 4 s . \ ‘ . ’ i ¥ J s ] hi " if } ded o > (yt yntrol which these men have themselves worked ou ( ed on page 609) The Iron Age, August 27, 1931—563 BRITISH STEEL HOUSE METHODS \) ( ] i y ry ) Tr uid pit V\ 1 1 \ I nas peel ( ! r Y ] Fr 7 n xperil Le It f I l S neari | y T . pe l [ i \ } ) il il ryet . e fi ( nous¢ l \ Loch Pipte Gree! the ] ngnar N rat ! Ltd now! 1S¢ g Vel LOO é } li na S i lr-? n ott re WIT! flanged S The flange ipport lat terior, leavil r space lI Irames are 1ro! Newton, Chambers & Co., Ltd., Iron Works, near Sheffield, ha 564—The Iron Age, August 27, 1931 By THOMAS J. FOSTER Chairman, National Bridge Works Long Island City, N. Y ¢ * eel dwelling tion illustrated in Fig. 24. The walls are standard it mention of the cast iron plates faced with a special composition cor in England, Ger- crete before shipment and erected on either concret: land and Germany and built several tnem being one- industria! n Great Britain, cast iron house at operty of the Bir- in Fig. 23. This in good repair. It iron plates for the and plaste r for the the wall. The win ie Thorncliffe ast iron construc- or rolled steel joist foundation. Asbestos sheets or lath and plaster on brick er wood form the in terior wall. The roof is tile on a timbered frame work. In most of the “steel dwellings’? manufactured in Great Britain steel is used only for the external sheathing. This material is sometimes applied to a light steel frame, but generally to a wooden frame Thin sheets of asbestos fiber and cement screwed or nailed to the frame are used for the interior. Steel windows are said to be cheaper than wood i: Great Britain. They are shipped to the building sit ready for erection. Asbestos cement shingles art used for the roof covering. Pipe and electric light fittings are standardized. A good many such houses were fabricated an IG. 23.—Cast iron house at No. 1 Lock, Tipton Green England. This is thought to be the oldest metal house in exist- ence INCLUDE STEEL WALLS ARLIEST of all the metal houses are some of those in England. And the large housing schemes undertaken in the British Isles after the World War went largely into the use of steel as a material of construc- tion. This fourth section of an article dealing with the use of steel for residential construction tells of the way the British have used steel, and cast iron, too, in their attack on a problem which is now very much alive in the United States. Lord Weir, of G. & J. Weir, Ltd., Glasgow, Braithwaite & Co., Engineers, Ltd., West Br ral years ago, but the compa not doing any wich, has a st nstruction which is called the this work at present. “Telford” type hown in Fig. 26 The cata Atholl Steel Houses, Ltd., has a design known a scribes this system as follows “Atholl” house, which is a more expensive and r} prepared and leveled and vier construction than the ‘‘Weir” house, the steel te platform or raft i a. Ti rk furnishing the main support of the structur round floor of the | e and exte ? n frame of steel angle and tee sections is bolted t t <terior Wa Template 1 ther, and a 3/16-in. steel plating coated on the in ed t ate the rrect position of the hold A e with granulated cork is fastene: ie fra 3 vi the bottom fla the exterior. See Fig. 25. Che inter1o} U! Hirst tie! I plate are cured Th r tex attached to a wooden framework, a space be va f the ver stol mplete wit! provided for a slow current of air. Part I ! if celotex, also. Floors are of standard w truction. Ruberoid or felt is nailed to timbe1 he hor ntal steel “stringer lins fastened to steel roof trusses, and finished ted into position, tying all four wa th | asbestos cement tiles t the level of the floor at 1 fi | | t | Fic 24.—Construction of houses in cast iron seg nts, near Sheffield, Eng d. This takes the form unit’ dimensions for all segments and openings } The Iron Age, August 27, 1931—565 The first-floor [called ‘‘second-floor” in the United special anti-corrosive paint. Further coats of States| beams are laid and from this new level paint of approved color are applied after erec- the second-story outer walls are constructed in tion. The inner walls may be papered o1 a similar manner. painted. When the steel outer walls and roof are in The company has not built any of these hous siti he timber studding to cai the inner for several years. ind tl ! ecured to it, the Dorman, Long & Co., Middlesbrough, built seve) ered With stained wood workmen’s houses near Deal, using a steel-frame c struction. The steel for the frame was delivered nprising t iter steel walls are the building site cut to length and marked for ea | rep t the factory, and dipped in a erection. Slabs of compressed cork were used a Mme Me a | 4 IG. 25.—Atholl steel house, each build ing housing four families. About 650 houses of this type were built in 1926 1927 near Glasgow, Scotland. Outer walls are of steel plate, coated on inside with granulated cork, and supported by steel framing. 1G. 26.—Telford type of steel construc tion (British). Steel plating is asso ciated with asbestos sheets and wood trim in erection units or sections, prepared at the shop FIC 27 Steel fram of a pair of Dorman Long & Co. houses. Con crete walls on wire mesh outside and on com pressed cork inside form the sheathing. There is no cellar vwy | / te , <u ol ; 4 , bd cs gw emt SE 566—The Iron Age, August 27, 1931 ric. 282—Applying Gunite to the exterior wall of a Dorman, Long use, over the welded- ire-mesh_ reinforce- rent. The interior is eated in the same man- over compressed cork n and for the interior 1 ' f concrete sc +} 7 the ’ } : To] : ed with a cement gun. Welded wire-mesh reit frame hous« y ement was attached to the exterior f the frame y , Tre ’ 2 in. of concrete applied to it with a cement gui ‘i - I ly T Do? ’ rt? rel 27 shows the steel frame. TI} ncrete wal . Techy ( mr t \ H i b in Fig. 28. The British Steelwork A of Dec. 22, 1930: ee ee +] “We do not think the success of tl ty} tl ids to the inside Phi struction was as great is ruction warranted, but it in i nole of th \ ) Vnicl Adherence of Vitreous Enamels ne ee ee a to Metals f the enamel, and (2) they do not contain larg Jy more tnan a year a ceram f ; : . nd ne wide } } eng | ineerine Iyneriment tat y . to ~ 7 T ¢ neering experims a sw alii cel . + h<« ; ‘ : + f lay — rsity, having as its obj a fundame! * ‘Y . + ‘ rT he mechanics of adherence of ename ] } Vi been in progress. For the most part ti . . ‘ na ' nfined to sheet steel and cast iron. but the precious metals have not been negiected z , What is hac of the work is de l is f if e 4 ‘ ! hyat har Prof. R. M. King, of the Department of Ce n kes + makac +) ial ‘ | é ‘ neering na recent numbe rt [ ‘ f } ‘ et T { i ‘ ment Stat on N Ss of Tne 1? ~ ; M 1; ‘ + ] + day in enameling ferrous metals a tain tl me adher LECI, We Ca | t © COlila Cllia Cid mI i ’ , + PeY ‘ ' rie egaar coat, sometimes a “slush coat ind the enan ' t iron enamel te ! Ix, ‘ : sen, * . . > , \4 y . + y ’ quently applied “cover coats At press é , lifference isu practice 1s to use ground coats I neet ste ind ‘ natu? r rough surf q . > a0 4 ] + 4 y ; , . rocess cast iron, and SING ( I ry rie ? tihng t t tna . $ Cast 1ron. f ' : von h th} - ) j j ° —_ . ‘ rr ) + st . ‘ : . ss Ground coats used for dry-process cas are i hence the enam« ng more than transparent lead-borax glas A rains and resse + eet steel ground coats differ from sheet s The Iron Age, August 27, 1931—567 DEPRESSION NOT PERMITTED TC Aa ~~ Mt HE training of apprentices under a carefully conceived program, properly carried out, assures future trained manpower. The Warner & Swasey Co. is not willing to permit anything but the most drastic circumstances to interfere with its program of preparing for the future. This company believes in training because its past experiences in training apprentices have proved profitable. Ww . onfronted a Ame} ma ire} netal-wo1 l a [ erliod of reduced present business depre pprentice train irtail ay 1 I pe ds ot depres- em] vers, the Warner & adopted as a definite policy in in its apprentic: work out tr ne l! I i ©] em hold that the l ke ne present e ff reducing factory lirect effect that it has handicap that it I il ‘) It eigh the pene ed apprentice (lé pmel ni systen y +} t+. ] I iu neva liv ; b | t iS r iS] ’ ell Cr Wi I DY? p E I years I QWs ! een ib ed ! ( difications 908 The lron Age, fugust 27, 1931 wv" WwW been made to attain higher standards of trai ing. The purpose of the school is to develop sup visors in production rather than merely to train boy to become a machine operator. Modifying the Training System During Reduced Factory Operations Che problem ot keeping up the number of ap prentices during reduced factory operations wa solved by reducing the working hours of the appre1 ices in the shop to the extent that there would enough shop work to keep all the apprentices bu during the reduced time allotted to them in the sh and by increasing the amount of time they spent the class room. The time assigned for class r work was increased to four times the regular amour and there was a corresponding reduction in the tin spent in shop work. The increase in the time spe! in the class room was brought about by extendi he time devoted to the regular schedule of studi and by adding additional subjects. The apprentices, under the regular schedule lo. in effect, spent four hours a week in the class roo! The tin in the class room on the regular studies v increased to six and the remaining 45 hours in the shop. spent hours and special studies we added, requiring 11 hours additional a week in t} Under the prentice spent 17 hours ass room. rearranged set-up the a week in the class room er one-third of his total time, compared with f: hours previously, and his work in the shop was duced from 45 to 32 hours The extra time spent in class room work did result in any change in the time for completing t! courses. In other words, ft class room regular four-year schedule was not interfered wit Instead, the scope of each subject was enlarged a! the apprentices were given a more thorough traini! in order to make them more competent to fill the pos ( ) es INTERFERE WITH TRAINING OF APPRENTICES for which they are being trained. Neither d ( ( hedule additional time in the class room result in a1 ; eep all the apprentices durins , nge in the pay of tl apprentice They received cle ict tie have had ft tf e same rate per hour for class m Wo! as a imong ne apprentice i | p work, as has always been the ( ne I ippreciated | the i tr ne ae ied t exte! d tr la ! School Has Been Conducted With Enlarged Scope the appentices, the company proceeded to select sul The Warner & Swasey apprentice training scho yr the enlarged course that would pertain 1 been conducted with the enlarged scope during n the plant and that would give the appren r oT } ) t? ' ' Ty e school year which has just closed, and the man ’ ” , : a yement is highly pleased with the results. The erage of 380 boys in the school has been main Five new subjects were added to the 12 ined, which would have been impractical without were included in the regular schedule. The specia e addition of class room work. Conditions were re- subjects were indry practice, shop tool design eved in the shop by reducing the amount of shop production planning, factory cost, and time study me spent by the apprentices. Work went to th The regular subjects were scheduled er the four egular shop men that would have been done by the year period in proper sequence, with three studie prentices had the shop hours of the latter not during the first and second years and four during en reduced. the last two years, thus dividing the ipprentice The apprentices were given a more thorough tral » four groups according to year fo1 roon that would tend to give them a broader out ndustry as a whole and make them better fitted However, the four classes were ined in one responsible positions. yroup for the five special courses and were given They gained greater knowledge of industry as a multaneous instruction None of the ibjects s¢ hole and had an opportunity to learn a great dea ected is such that it was essential for an apprer ut inter-department cooperation, which wo ild be tice to first take any one of the regular studies as advantage to them in the work of superviso1 f indwork to enable him to proper ry While they lost some shop time, this can be made u get the full benefit of the special course. Const te? f the plan of merging the four HOP tool design is an important element in the Warner & Swasey school of instruction. Apprentices aa & are shown at work in the design department ie The Iron Age, August 27, 1931—569 one for the special studies has worked out very The foundry practice course, I week, W vel the foundry of the Cleveland Trade Scho where the apprentices received in- ruction and practical shop work in various foundry making molds, melting, pouring el mak each of the other four subjects instruction Vas given one nour a week Dj the head of the de partment doing the kind of work covered by the ect The department heads, who served as spe- nstructors, hearti cooperated in the work. Preparation of their subjects and writing of out that were the basis of their talks required cae San Fi poor: considerable time, but the department heads gladly Production Planning and Course on Tool Design Included In the production planning course talks were the various phases of the subject covering defi yn and origin of production planning and inalysis of the planning system used in the War- & Swasey plant. The shop tool design course ered roughly the design of tools and fixtures. It ided a study of the principles of locating, clamp a study of the tool specifications the requirements and standards of the tool design department of the company. Instructions on factory costs included a study of the fundamental general accounting and instruction as 570—The Iron Age, August 27, 1931 taking seven hours to how to actually determine factory costs and how to distribute costs. This was followed by a stud) of the company’s accounting and cost systems. The study of factory costs was carried to a point that it became easy for the apprentices to start an analysis of factory costs in the Warner & Swasey plant. The time study course included instruction cov- ering the development and purpose of time studies, the qualifications of time study men, analyses of job formulas and their application to time studies and an analysis of the company’s time study system. Each applicant was required to make practical application of the instruction received in the special courses. Using the knowledge gained in the tim study course, each apprentice made a complete time LTHOUGH the Warner & Swasey Co. has under present conditions of employ- ment reduced the time that apprentices spend in shop work and has_ increased class room instruc- tion, the students are given essential train- ing in the shop. Here they are making final inspection of com pleted machines ae study and estimate of costs of a lift truck, which was dismantled to permit a time study and cost esti mate on each part separately. Applying the in- struction in tool design, each apprentice was re- quired to make a tooling layout of a given part. Instruction under the enlarged plan started last November and continued until the close of the school vear. The foundry course was completed a few weeks earlier and the remainder of the period as- signed to that course was spent in field trips to other metal-working plants in Cleveland. All the apprentices were sent by the compan) this summer to the Citizens Military Training Cam} at Fort Benjamin Harrison for a month. Hereto- fore a selected group of apprentices has been sent to the camp each summer. s | EARNINGS OF , MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Age PROFESSIONAL earnings in 1930 mechanical engineers in the United States nam HE maximum profess th ne typical mechanical enginee} $7.60 per annum. Such is one of the fi nee} Committee n the E ! : ( neer, appointed some time a t} \r levy f Me har ical Engi e! Retu I ‘ mpha / that t} ‘ gg r rere : j ET aie el - 4 ; engineers and indicat ' ade tt er 192% m T earl lT powel ré ' i 4 4 i \vera nN t! r prote na p ‘ é t } : rie ive ? med 1 7 é ! ithe ‘ 4 +} tT} r? 4 Che ymmittes "y 5 That the age of maximum a . ) : ] . — 4 t » ' al mechanical engineer is 55 arily not declining se} IS] Ul e€ ¢ nt HI ns nart OV . That the differences ir? | ! Lwe paid men and men in the 1 11 strikingly great, the | cent at its maximum bi 2 the maximum of mediat le maximun I media a fe hh r T y ’ t a aial re ( ( | that the New York metr t t ; largest perce ag I i y I 50 t a yood educatior g apa tron ralll the differences amot ! pportunities are not I I ttnea ffey nee nN ¢ \ I} a ] é t } 1" 1 : ne with their tech The Tron Age, August 27, 193] 571 High-Production Machine for Facing and Forming Operations LeBlond Machine Tool Co., Cincinnat qgeveloped tne special automat here illustrated. Of simple on I I ne ar né designed rol re n work a maxi! rat 4 nimut { ffor ‘ ( ! t ) igt ! n IT e! ( I I I or hif lever | eed ecnan r thi ? TY l Oe, [ é Wi a I nstantly tail ng the feed char ‘ l D The Teed rans} i he feed b thy or} haf geal rive ha I \ r Y Iron Age, August 27, 1931 | 2s. ger 4 age pri “o cam drum mounted on_ rigidly-sup- ported bronze bearings in the oil-tight ase G. The reduction ratio from the ed shaft # to the cam drum is 10 to thus a powerful drive free giving from torsional vibration under heavy its The cam acts directly on a I er mounted on the lower side of the cross-slide. This construction not only simplifies the machine, but elimi- nates lost motion and the resulting in ccurac Having the cam drum run ama ALL joints on lower end of shifter levers are rough and finished formed of 50 an hour rear view below and close-up right at rate Front view is above of work is at lower in a bath of oil prevents wear on the cam and roller and thus appreciably increases the life and accuracy of the lathe, This machine is entirely automatic in its operation, the only duties of the operator being to load, unload, center, chuck the work and press the spindle start lever H. The tool-slide AK (rear view) is traversed cycle of automatically to the cutting position for the rough forming tools L. The rough forming cut is then taken at a suitable feed and the tool-slide is traversed to the cutting position for the finish form tools M. At this point a cam mounted on the end of the cam drum actuates a switch which shunts out part of the resistance in the shunt of the driving motor and reduces the spindle speed. field circuit thus The machine then feeds to the cutting po sition and takes a very light finish six-speed Timken forming cut at a very reduced cutting geared head, and s} speed, an arrangement emphasized as 1000 r.p.m. are obtain greatly increasing the tool life with ever-operated quick out reducing the production of the tock designed t machine, since the finishing t r facilitate lo very short. for the achine When the cut is completed a1 e1-ly] tailstock, « cam causes the shunt across the perated, can sistance in the shunt field circuit Production yn cut out and the spindle speed return wn in the illusti to the normal rate. The tool-slide y 50 pieces an traversed to the loading position a1 n a the spindle trip dog on the cam di nish grooving of p automatically stops the pind crank han the coolant flow. facing and a, tn tr New Cutting-Off Machine theme mounting and control of ‘ for and the method of feeding the re flow chiy work are features of a new cutting-ofl he et itting; t machine brought out by the Ricker Shafer Co., Erie, Pa. Although hers shown tooled up for use on pipe n ples, the machine may be eas a a a adapted for cutting off rods n tuning. | OOL-HOLDERS are Instead of being carried on a cros mounted on cam slide as in the usual pract the to holders of this on oscillating arms that are controll by adjustable thereby any length of cut and feed might be desired. In cutting pipe nip ples a “V” forming tool makes a pri liminary mounted machine are mounted i cams, giving which cut roller cutte and opposite a + t side, con on the pletes the operation This produ amfe n the nipple, such iired y Ss eral nipple manuta I el Using a roller instead \ rt ng | also saves metal, wv importance where large quan pipe are cut daily In being mounted tangential The n acn controlled oscillating slides, instead of on a cross-slide Any length of cut and feed is obtainable x n a ne nad y ( i £ i 1 + ran ey rn? t On tr ro te y r ng i Z ‘ eed pre pipe, tube or fed through the hol low spindle by an ef fective feed roller ar rangement The Iron fugust 27, 574- “of PALEM Macrmer roe Se aS Develops All-Electric Center-Feed Drilling Unit OE a ra Ce it US RULE Se a ae Face 1 1 A V4 : it mt | : | ae od oor I | § > Ed + ft i Ti : ¢€ oi» | ea i ‘sou a | “am . o|@ r Li Scans — The Iron Age, August 27, 1931 EW ea ngle drill iny of ! rd 1 d ng head ’ ! ! per changed by p i il ng I peal ( and D Phe vi ( Spring changed hanging pickoff the real i mounted o1 ‘ hine ned shaft so that changing them 2 , t n require taking off the cover, for enti hich is fastened by two screw ng t to be noted that the feeding | t il ire ( ectl n the center I I col ! ng area and accomplished 4 iY rotat n of the feed nut # a patented feature that is said rw nave pr ed e! nently satisfactor) ! th rave n this and other units on which it ha f n at instant wi! en used The head may be manual = running Lil erated f ustment by ap I I i a crank t he end of screw Ff I I 1 ‘ VMovemen f I ea tl - l t al I Dp ac! I re rT ind the ; " I 1ICK accurate ad- I Ta rit A eal the dogs G and H., € arral pp Adju I ded at / for tak- I the hin an ear ¢ he feed thi companving vie I nplishec vithou disassen ng i ig! | | ine, pre I the dr fro HIS all-electric unit \ : may be mounted singly | or in multiple or hori a zontal or vertical posi tions for a variety of complicated operations A—e px | - ben (a H , wk a Bx an 3 Quick approach and return are ac- complished by the separate motor, J, which drives through gears K