The Iron Age 1931-06-25: Vol 127 Iss 26

June 25, 1931 Unemployment Relief Measures 2031 Planer Cuts Both Strokes 2036 Building Kuznetsk Steel Plant 2038 Lead Patenting Wire Mill 2042 Properties Seamless Tubes 2045 Aluminum Recovery from Scrap 2048 Electric Locomotives for Steel Mills 2050 Reducing Carburizing Time 2053 Hard Facing for Cutting Costs 2055 Dr. Haney’s Page 2075 New Equipment A. I. Finpiey, Editor Emeritus News 2063 G. L. Lacner, Managing Editor Personals and Obituaries 2072 S. G. Koon MILLER Markets 2079 Construction and Equipment Buying 2104 F. L. PRENTISS Cleveland R. A. Fiskt Chicago T. H. Pittsburg! BRURNHAM FINNEY LIVE LEADS FOR YOUR SALESMEN Washington FRAZAR adjective use describing the appear- ance those five six pages six-point type that comprise Cincinnati the Plant Expansion and Equipment Buying Section, which will found each week the end the editorial pages. West 39th Street But men who sell industry these pages offer more New York, fascinating reading than does No. the six best sellers. Cable Address: For here are found live sales leads, time when sales leads are much appreciated. Baur, General The 125 150 items per week are almost certain PUBLISHERS. properly followed up, sales will result. Just the other day New York, the head certain small company told had kept District Offices separate record the business obtained 1930 following 7338 Woodward and customer list date making the additions, elimina- tions and changes indicated. Now turn page 2104 and find the news nuggets this 381 Bush Street industrial Copyrig 1931, by IkON AGE PUBLISHING (¢ _ iber, Audit Bureau of Circulations 76” Member, Associated Business Papers Possessions, Mexico, Cuba, $6.00 $8.50: Foreign, $12.00 YEAR year Single Copy 25 Cents 4. ipa | 4 : | | THE IRON AGE JUNE 25, 1931 Page Built Stay i751 Multiple Spindle Drill heads built with New Departure Ball Bearings spindles and drive gears stay the job, day in, day out. They are accurate and sturdy. The unit illustrated shows Drill Head Com- pany product which 102 New Departures are used. operation smooth and needs little and economizes power. The generous thrust capacity and compactness New Departures fit them particularly well for all kinds drilling machines. There heap truth the statement: Nothing rolls like ball. The New Departure Manufacturing Company, Bristol, Conn.; Detroit, Chicago, San Francisco. 4 4 | por NEXT WEEK MERICA has built ity for the production consumer goods. Unless can find lasting method dis- posing those prod- ucts will continue suffer from excessive capacity (commonly called overproduc- tion). The way re- store mass consump- tion, according one authority, fur- ther efforts depress costs and increase the buying power the envelope. But the volume business, adds, will not solve all the industrial rela- tions problems now confronting the coun- try. His views will presented our next issue. Industry Fails Meet Unemploy- ment Problems, Legislative Ac- tion Inevitable The history older countries veals that where causes discontent are not effectively removed otner means, 1c vpecomes i issue Page 2034 Public Treasuries Will Drawn Heavily Next Winter for Un- employment Relief, Says Indus- trial Relations Counsel Business depression will almost cer uinly extend into another win Tor hundreds of thousands of workmen Pri tec tribur likelv rt lecrease rivate contridDutions iikely to aqecreas¢ as public appropriations increase This Planer Cuts Going Coming Rocker t ool h ea 1s perm taken on be 1 forw ret 1 strokes. the e start of the cuttir operation the rocker heads are tipped 1 forward that the roughing tools take the cut on the torward move ment. the table reverses, tripper tips rocker heads, lifting the roughing t a bringing the finishing tools into cut ting Soviets Build 250 Million Dollar Steel Plant Siberia with Tem- perature Going Down Deg. Below Zero The plant follows American tice, and 1s being built un ler Amer ican direction First iron scheduled for tapping the latter part year Page 2039 Carburizing Time Cut Electric Furnace Metal retort is set lit ? arts to De treated are piaced in | whicn 15S lowered int AA Mounted the top cover is a motor which turns a fan inside the furnace. oil pot, hand 1 regulated, is attached to the c w n the desired de pth of case ha en reacneé | oil is cut off, the charge Lal } Ss soaked to diffuse carbon unl anc DaSK 1s insferre rp P 20 Hot-Rolled Seamless Tubing Welded, Keep Carbon Content Below 0.35. Burt is the abil lity to we j } ] j irbon material is Gove ioped, JUNE 25, Lower-Price, Low-Chromium Steel Beginning Find Consider- able Favor cent exhibits resistan corrosion, possesses ait hardenin qualities and wide range other physical properties Page 2097 Aluminum Price Situation May Markedly Affected New Development Differential of 6« to If between primary and secondary alu minum may reduced eliminated process which permits highly fined metal of excellent physical prop Low Operating Cost Makes Diesel Engine-Battery Locomotive Well Suited for Industrial Plant Service Diesel and generator fur nish power for yard shift service For peak requirements ring acceleration and the like the hold. Battery recharged when the 1 ocomotive is idle or under light iO id. Scrap Aluminum Converted Into the Equal Virgin Metal Claim Made for New Furnace The molten metal agitated perated which reiease the gases metal then moves througn 1 series OT cham ipers where loy added produce the alloy Don't Specify Tubing with Too Thin Wall Higher physi | properties now tempt buyers decrease the kness of the wall This is danger r re i ‘ corr ion in portant fun ull Page Where Surfaces Are Subject Heavy Wear, Facing with Wear- Resisting Alloys Reduces Cost rd | t 1 al ipp! of weld re eria ipplied wt 1 the r tne me ata ea i n t x ft ‘ er Tt 5 Eee — | | Page 2078 scrap.—Page 2049 | | | | | ¢ | | | | pe ified Page 2048 higher tensil trength than ent 70,000 80,000 Ib. per Page 204¢ THE IRON 25, 1931 Page BILLINGS Hammer DOES the work solid cast lead copper hammer for the mere cost new tips when worn. Renewed indefinitely replacing tips when reduced about one-quarter their original weight. Has solid forged handle with forged cap body; nicely balanced, im- mensely durable. Removing screw and cap releases old tips; inserting new tips and replacing cap gives wew hammer for the price the tips. You'll not continue throw away money throwing away Babbitt soft-nosed hammers. Your mill supply NEW YORK: WARREN STREET Warehouse CHICAGO: 564 RANDOLPH STREET J = New York, June 25, 1855 VOL. 127, No. WHAT CAN LEARN FROM STRUGGLE WITH UNEMPLOYMENT GLENN BOWERS Industrial Relations Counselors, New York but natural that the solutions which hav: may also derived from American experiments been tried for the economic and social problems support these general conclusions. Although the Europe should also proposed for America. following certainly not include all lessons from general, these proposals have not been given available experience, they are among the most impor- serious consideration because the vast differences tant. these basic principles are observed life the two continents. would folly ex- veloping programs unemployment relief the pect that the results legislation industrial prac- United States, there will yet remain ample opportunity tice one country can strictly duplicated an- for the incorporation provisions which satisfy the other. Any study European experience made with real imaginary differences needs this country. the thought close imi- There limit below which unemploy- ment cannot reduced Sir William his classic volume titled, Problem Industry,” tation this country foredoomed The differences politi- cal structure, indus- trial system customs are too great for direct transference successful procedures. estimated that for the hest vear before the the other hand, when war there one encounters time and per cent all worker again the same sequence inemploved. Noel Sar events, and then sees the National approximately certain sequence beginning recur his own country, well heed estab- lished experience. Notwithstanding the peculiar turers, has calculated that for the United States the average un- employment figure through fat and lean combined about each country which pre- per cent. con clude the idea trans- servative guess that planting there are 1,500,000 formulas the United States are found Europe, there are cer- which may from foreign experience. Considerable evidence 2,000,000 employed this country years high industrial activity. vision for the mainte- nance and prompt read- 2031 Association Manufac- — Why 1 | | Z ea ~ justment this reserve supply workers has become recognized necessity. Adequate statistics local for the any organized plan for balanced distribution Vir- communities, States and country whole, are essential workers and for the alleviation unemployment. tually every European country compiles unemploy- ment employment data comprehensive scale. One the most serious handicaps encountered the past winter the United States administering un- employment relief was the almost total absence sta- and character tistical information. When the extent unemployment known, appropriate means may devised for meeting the problem. The transference unemployed workers from one locality where jobs are filled, other points where workers are demand, one the first essential steps prevention unemployment. England, Ger- many and other countries have found this impor- tant means reducing benefits paid. Great reluctance has been encountered getting employees born and industry shift their homes enter There probably greater immobil- United States. Europe than the Organization the labor market for adjusting supply demand will not complete until there logically connected with the created some agency, for vocational guidance. publie schools, the same token, plans need laid for re- those persons who are forced change their that accom- training occupations. Experience everywhere indicates this difficult task, industry avoid the premature discard- The changing but one which must ing willing and capable workers. character industrial has rendered this processes problem particularly acute during the past decade. The employment and unemployment, redistribution la- foregoing demands, namely, bor, guidance young workers into appropriate occu- and retraining older workers, are pations achieved only conjunction with nation-wide sys- The backbone European the Since the first State public employment system was au- 1890, tem employment offices. a A; Ohio legislature States have enacted similar measures. Perhaps one- rendering substantial services. Nation-Wide Employment Service Essential Congress has recently increased the appropriation for the There general recog- the Department Labor bolstering employment service. ition among those who have studied the situation that the coordination employment offices throughout the country urgent. The only serious issue has arisen the Federal Government for the exists over the proposed right into the jurisdiction the States employment offices where none form the nation-wide employment service shall take the United States, will doubtless pro- vide place for industrial, trade and other employ- those fee-charging agencies which are now doing effective work. ment offices, including private important indi- Broadly, therefore, one the most Iron Age, June 25, 1931 this country both employers and employ- ees distrust the wisdom extension ment. The workman wants work, not dole; the employer believes that the best way prevent idleness keep the wheels industry going. But the seriousness the present depression has raised doubts the possibility ever devising effective plan eliminating cyclical unemployment. And not safe ignore the problems arising from widespread industrial idleness, from European experience, trends our own country, that the organization the labor market for contacting workers with jobs, for administration relief when inevitable. fact, the process already strongly under way and American industry will doubtless find itself the years immediately ahead coming into closer and closer adjustment with local and State em- ployment offices operating under national coordination. cations and necessary, There corollary this trend, which cause for genuine alarm, namely, the further regimentation industrial employment, but this problem rather than avoidable alternative. The great task which confronts American industry devise situations which will keep open the channels for individual achievement and stimulate personal initiative, and avoid the stultifying pitfalls system which deals, part, with workers large masses. The answer may lie the further differentiation employee com- pensation according performance and services. Unemployment Insurance country have unemployment insurance, should compulsory voluntary? For more than years England has had compulsory system so- called unemployment insurance. France 1905 in- augurated voluntary State subsidy system. Between 1917 and 1927, other countries inaugurated legislative plans one kind another. European legislation for unemployment relief rep- resents almost every conceivable type, but broadly Ste) > Z | since such policy inevitably results political action, according the author. Employers owe themselves, his opinion, study carefully European experi- ence with unemployment relief that they may insure the adoption measures this country that are the best interests in- dustry. Mr. Bowers’ views, here abstracted, were presented paper read recent meeting the National Metal Trades Asso- Ciation. classed compulsory non-compulsory. Although the countries are about evenly divided between the two, the proportion total population covered vol- untary plans only one-sixth that countries with compulsory systems. Compulsory legislation found England, Ger- many, Poland, Italy and Russia. The most known voluntary systems are Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland. Among these, Switzerland most nearly compares with the United States form government. federation States with local and Federal constitutions, much the same our own. Virtually all other European governments are nation- alistic character. Failure recognize this basic distinction between our government and that Eng- land and Germany, for example, has led many mis- conceptions the adaptability the unemployment insurance schemes those countries the United States. Ours country State governments—a fact which cannot wished away those who would cen- tralize the solution our unemployment problems Washington. The issue involves, however, not merely the right the separate States determine what solutions may tried out within their respective borders. There are questions national importance well. Industrially and commercially the country has al- ready become alined into several State groupings, such New England, the South, the Middle West and the Pacific Coast. The crossing State borders in- dustrial organizations has tended break down some the old barriers between States and point the logic reasonable degree uniformity between State regulations. Surely the experience Europe with her complicated system tariff walls between States should warn against establishing virtually the same system indirectly through wide differences labor laws affecting production costs artificial restrictions the labor market. The time-worn conflict between State and Federal responsibility was never more critical than the present gropings for appropriate and effective organi- for unemployment relief. The changing form our industrial institutions from local national character may indeed accompanied shifting yme the duties government from the State legis- latures the Federal Congress. this process the experience Europe with unemployment insurance has less value than often attributed because differences the conceptions governmental functions the two continents. Meanwhile should noted that there are England more workers covered supplementary vol- untary plans than all the voluntary plans the United States 1930. Compared with workers pro- tected legislative plans, however, they are little consequence. When viewed solely from the standpoint the proportion unemployed receiving protection, must admitted that the compulsory systems are many times more effective than those which rest solely voluntary action. Industry Bears Cost All Systems The most controversial phase unemployment re- lief cost. here that European experience enlightening. There can doubt the fact that borne the end industry, regardless ths Lfl » cost the initial assessment workers, employers and Government. The charge production, whether levied directly upon the employed workers and their employers, indirectly through the tax bill the Government or, might add, through the volun- tary contributions industry unemployment char- ity funds. The frightening aspect unemployment insurance the enormity the cost when recognized unit under national system. The case Germany offers striking illustration the manner which na- tional program can get out control. The German has been rendering effective relief for several million workers for three years, but already being put through reorganization because the Govern- ment’s inability meet the financial demands. The German system was inaugurated October, 1927. April, 1930, the insurance fund rowed from the Reich $370,000,000. 1930 alone the benefits paid exceeded the income $200,000,000, not- withstanding the increase rate charges from per cent the payroll per cent, and later per cent. The Reich lately took the situation hand with decision make the system entirely self- ipporting and grant more subventions after April 1931. per cent, the contributions cov- ering 15,000,000 workers will yield $430,000,000, sum The Iron Age, June 25, 1931—2033 A : , +y | | | \ } sufficient pay unemployment 2,000,000 persons. This compared with 3,100,000 who received benefits from the Government 1930, plus municipalities. the being shifted the charge present transition period the burden heavily muni alities any case must absorbed the cost production German The system resolves itself into gigantic at- mpt redistribute the burden unemployment over ntinue work, well over those ges have stopped entirely. yet uncertain how this item the wage cost affects the general level e rate ‘he cost unemployment the United States has vays been absorbed without systematic preparation worker relief. contrast with this procedure, wise have reserves tide their organi- itions over business crises. many tors even during years operating losses. Industrial Rights, this situation with the following concludin statement The questior vhich faces the country whether the worker abl ady and willing work, having job which use- il, should entitled equal degree protection vhen laid off because the job temporarily inactive, lue the same vagaries the business niront tne investor This question has been raised for many years The answers advanced there have relieved large numbers families, but have not yet brought Remedies nowhere investors. been tried with more less success, but panacea been Score Unemployment Relief Bills Introduced inborn antipathy Ameri- workers and employers for the social philosophies considerable recent this side the Atlantic adopt methods State regulation somewhat similar those already noted, there has been rising tide social and labor legislation been supported labor groups and some employers. example the latter was the favorable report accident com- pensation legislation the Committee the National Association Manufacturers 1911, after tour inspection European countries which had already had experience with that form social insurance. Just now the country experiencing wave old ige relief legislation. Apropos today’s program, least score States have had introduced 1931 legislatures bills for the adoption study unem- relief. Each these types legislation has risen out Economists bygone day be- lieved that such social and industrial problems, left lone, would solved the natural forces com- pecific problem. petition. The answer this kind prayer has been political control industry through agencies the government. The lot European workers under system social classes became burdensome the post-war period that political con- 2034—The Iron Age, June 25, 1931 FEW MR. BOWERS’ PUNGENT OBSERVATIONS MPLOYERS have the opportunity serves. the extent that these are successful, public action will become unnecessary legisla- tion when adopted will follow industrial pat- tern. The cost unemployment relief and main- taining reserve supply labor the last an- alysis falls upon industry, either through indirect labor costs taxes. Unemployment crises are long established re- currences industry. There reason ex- pect that they will not continue the future. trol was seized most countries through revolution the ballot. according one’s rule measurement, but the lesson which teaches that the legislative method in- variably applied where the causes discontent are not effectively removed through other means. The legislator will undertake that which the indus- trialist fails do. The choice clear one. The result may prove good bad, The other day spokesman for employers’ asso- ciation, public discussion unemployment insur- “A, by /] / ce, x ) Ine y | \| | // / Preventive measures may reduce, but cannot expected eliminate unemployment. The history social legislation the United States, and especially that relating unemploy- ment, points unmistakably some form unem- ployment Adequate statistics local communities, States and for the country whole are essen- tial any organized plan for balanced distri- bution workers and for the alleviation unem- ployment. Organization the labor market for adjusting supply demand will not complete until there created some agency, logically connected with the public schools, for vocational guidance. ance said, “If giventhe opportunity, industry can t) it solution this great critic might retorted that industry has had its opportunity and t taken little advantage it. companies, covering total 8500 employees, experimental plans for Trade unions and employers jointly from 1921 1929 adopted plans for unemployment benefits together with one plan dating from 1894, covered proximately 63,500 workers. Several Between 1916 and 1929 ) unions and least local unions also have plans fecting some 35,000 workers. All these plans con bined, with the addition those adopted since 1929, and the relatively few trade-union out-of-work benefi plans, give limited protection perhaps 125,000 workers this country—scarcely drop Public Works and Other Emergency Remedies Industry has lived through past depressions and seems struggling through the present one after Great effort has been expended speed works, make new work and distribute available work among employees. greatly mitigated the situation. These steps For the first time i? r history, publi WOrKS Nave piven ndication becoming partial remedy rather than accom plice the causes unemployment. constitutes important means achieving balance our onomic stem. not ha t the results. Not only the experience the United States but that European countries tells that cA upe ik ni: \ a! L it not cure-all for unemployment The creation new work would rical tion for unemployment. Many jobs een “created” lately which otherwise might have gon indone. There have even been examples retrogression + rhetitntian 7 h: 1 ow "ker ma hin CNrougen the SUOSTILULION OT Nana workers for macnin- ery, few cases road building. Further intr labor-saving devices has been retarded keep more employees actually jobs. need time taken here point out the futility ind suicidal results such steps. Mechanization ndustry will produce larger amounts goods lower prices for the benefit increasing number people. the long run the make-work will, but that goal distant one and seems only achieved through unemployment, least tempo those thrown out work mechanization Distribution work obviously temporary nakeshift and one seriously looks upon cure thinking. Some experienced ervers pon this the long run regulariza tion where accomplished will great boon dustry. emergency, however, merely aggra ates the situation concentrating available work relatively smaller stable force employees who engaged more weeks the contra ted with larger force which required only for peak period Notwithstanding these admirable and partially tive efforts recent months, few persons have been enough hope that they will ever irely the hazard unemployment. They are means for relieving it, and the problem will still even after the depression ended Some Kind Unemployment Insurance Inevitable Millions dollars have been contributed porations and individuals the relief the unem ployed. Probably there has never been ‘risis which the citizens this country have poured out their personal and corporate contributions public charity generously the present one Demands for relief have been unprecedented. Most com inity funds are already getting low and some have been exhausted. Meanwhile, the treasurie have been opened several cities and the its most vicious form has been inaugurated al- ternative further distress for the unemployed new drives for private charity. The resort public treasuries one winter leads further drafts the next and realize it, industry its own in- action deprived the opportunity work out own solutions. (Concluded on page 2078 ) The Iron Age, June 25, 1931—2035 _ ‘ A € A , Us { | | h f / | j / ELEVATOR GUIDES MACHINED BOTH STROKES PLANER rocker tool heads that permit cuts being taken both the forward stroke and the return stroke planer table have been itted Gray Co., 18-ft. planer Thomas Kelly Co., Waukegan, which has been use for num- the shop the This arrangement, ber vears, has been found give smoother job than two tools mounted tandem the same tool ock. used plane the two sides and the top elevator guide tees which form the track for pas- senger and freight elevators. Change Table Travel Speeds The planer table fitted close intervals with means which the rails are held place. lamps These clamps also serve the purpose bringing the rails into true alinement that equal amounts removed from each side the rail. The set-up accomplished means gages tem- porarily attached the heads. changes have 2036—The Age, June 25, 1931 been made the speeds travel the planer table. Each rocker head holds the tools for two rails: two roughing tools, two finishing tools and two corner breakers, for each rail, tools all. When cutting operations are started the rocker heads are tipped forward that the roughing tools, which are mounted the outside face the head, are position take the roughing cut the planer table moves forward. the table reverses trip- per tips the counterweighted rocker heads backward, thereby lifting the roughing tools and bringing the finishing tools into cutting position. The finishing cut made the return speed the planer. The feed both roughing and finishing cuts must necessity the same, because the finishing tool trails after the roughing tool. This cycle repeated until the sides are planed the required depth. The roughing tool takes off 1/16 in. more depending the tolerances held rolling the sections, while the finishing tool removes from 0.003 0.004 in. tools; four roughing tools (the cut being taken the four finish- ing tools and four corner breakers. Independent tools, located back the rocker heads, plane the tops the rails. ACH rocker head holds ~ finishing cut taken the return travel the planer bed. The speed has not been altered from that set the planer manu- facturer. The corner breakers not come into action un- til the side cut finished. While the sides are being planed, four independently mounted tools, one for each rail, are fed across the tops the rails. These tools cut only with the roughing cut. They are equipped with lift- ing mechanism that they will not drag the return travel. Depth cut depends rolling tolerances and feed may va- ried will. Tool bits for the rocker heads are all MILLING machine cuts groove the end one rail and tongue the end second rail. The rails are mounted turn-table which swung through 180 deg. that each rail cut with tongue one end and groove the other end. AM = >* made from square bar stock, ground stand- ard angles except for small variations made neces- sary because slight inaccuracy the angles the tool slots. Each tool dropped into its slot where held cross bar. Set-screws the head hold the tools against the face the slot. Another interesting device use this shop small turntable which two rails are mounted preparatory milling tongue the end one rail and groove the end the other. When this operation completed the turntable swung through 180 deg., giving the effect reversing the rails that each rail has tongue one end and groove the other. This device also saves much time and labor. The Age, June 25, 1931—2037 { TIC WEATHER FAILS BIGELOW Construction engineer, Freyn Engineering NCREASED steel producti one the the program. Besides bending its efforts increase the output existing plants, Soviet ruction several Russia has undertaken the const completely new units, all which are planned along most modern lines. steel-making After thorough survey methods use throughout the vorld, the Soviet Government was favorably im- ressed with large-scale production and advanced labor-saving methods as developed in the United States, that decided its new plants should built accordance with American practice. One the largest the new plants the Kuznetsk project, which was originally planned ¢ bit 2038—The Iron Age, June 25, 1931 the Freyn Engineering Co., Chicago, and which now being constructed, along modified lines, under its supervision. This plant located near the town Kuznetsk the Tom River, the heart the Telbes mineral region. This district lies the foothills the Great Altai Mountains, Siberia, 270 miles south Tomsk. about 2700 miles east Moscow and reached spur railroad line leaving the Trans- Siberian Railroad Novo-Sibirsk. The Telbes district rich both steam and coking, limestone and the raw mate- rials for making fire and silica brick, well ce- is, therefore, quite self-contained from the producing iron and steel products. iron ores, coal, ment. standpoint & ONSTRUCTION two the four blast furnaces was well advanced the end Febru- stoves pretty well up. — | Vim’ | x rN ta ae 4 a om RETARD SIBERIAN STEEL PROGRAM The metallurgical value this district was recog- AST distances sources supplies, nized prior the revolution and plans were even lack local industrial development then under way for its development. and sub-zero weather are among the many The site chosen for the plant such that the obstacles which had overcome longest haul for raw materials about miles. However, for the initial development, ore will building new Russian steel plant, have brought from Magnitogorsk, the Ural Mountains. annual output 1.200.000 tons pig Except for its rigorous climate, the average for the year being deg. C., with extreme deg. below zero, the location well suited economically give the plant major role developing the tre- mendous resources Asiatic Russia. factor iron and 1,450,000 tons steel ingots. international trade, its effect will negligible, ‘hine shop, boiler shop, forge shop and other shops. considering the handicap thousands miles complete modern town being constructed, transportation seaboard. have population 50,000. The estimated cost The completed project will include four batteries the undertaking $250,000,000. coke ovens with full by-product recovery, four The ultimate annual production set-up, metric blast furnaces with daily output 3500 tons, fif- tons. follow teen 150-ton open-hearth furnaces, blooming mills, rail and structural mill, plate mill, billet mills, mer- Pig 1,200,000 chant mills, and other finishing mills. Steel ingots (80 per cent hot metal) 1,450,000 There will also provided central electric power-generating plant with ultimate capacity The schedule construction calls for tapping 96,000 kw., pump house, brick plant, foundry, ma- the first iron the latter part this year. Approxi aii The Age, June 25, 1931—2039 — > 4 q 7 q de 3 e About 25,000 cu. yd. concrete has been poured the open-hearth department temperatures that range downward deg. below zero. mately half the ultimate capacity now con- struction, and from per cent complete. Although scarcely year since construction work was actively undertaken, the magnitude the work already complished great. Considering the vast distances the sources supply, the lack any preliminary industrial development the dis- rict, and the handicap the cold climate, the energy with which this project being pushed outstand- The illustrations will give some idea the work accomplished the time the photographs were taken, early December, 1930. One view shows the blast furnace plant with two stoves under erection and the two the mantles. Feb. 15, how- ever, the two furnace shells, including the domes, had been erected and riveted, four stoves had been ompletely assembled and riveted, while the other four stoves were various stages erection. Concrete Poured Far Below Zero Another illustration shows the open-hearth foun- dation work, with some the shops while third shows progress the general About 4000 cu. yd. concrete has been poured the power plant and about 25,000 cu. the open-hearth department. Steel being erected the open-hearth department and brick being laid two the 150-ton open-hearth fur- naces. Many the shops, including machine shop, bridge shop, forge shop, pattern shop and carpenter hop, have been completed and use being made them the completion the main departments. The steel foundry building now being erected and Iron Age. June 25, 1931 the fire and silica brick plants will operation this spring. Probably the outstanding achievement the field construction organization has been the pouring many thousands yards concrete sub-zero temperatures. Since the first December the tem- perature has been below freezing. From Dec. Dec. the temperature ranged from deg. below zero (31 deg. below zero). How- ever, concrete has been poured regularly, even when the thermometer registered deg. (40 deg. F., also) below. The ground has been kept free frost the use salamanders. Sand, gravel and water all are heated and the concrete poured tem- perature 100 deg. then covered with felt and surrounded with salamanders. Thermom- eters are placed the concrete and the temperature held well above freezing for least days. this way thousands yards sound concrete have been poured during the winter months. spite the extreme cold, the workmen, dressed heavy clothing, not suffer, there very little wind and the air very dry. Much Machinery Had Imported Every effort being made the Soviet authori- ties provide the American engineers and their families with comfortable and convenient living fa- cilities, enable them carry their work with the best results. addition the exclusive use large hotel, apartments have been provided, with complete modern furnishings. Playground and recreation facilities have been provided, also. expedite the construction the plant mini- tr“tr | mum time, great deal the equipment has been purchased outside the Soviet Union. While the Rus- sians were fabricating the structural steel and plate work South Russia, mechanical parts for the fur- naces were purchased the United States. Bloom- ing mills, rail and structural mill, plate mill, and some the larger merchant mills were purchased Germany. English and German firms are furnish- ing the main mill drives, generating and switching equipment, while the turbo-blowers are coming from Switzerland. Auxiliary motors and control are be- ing manufactured Russia. Some incredulity has been expressed how such gigantic construction job could carried rapidly the face such great difficulties. The remarkable progress date evidence the tre- mendous energy the Soviet Government has placed behind this enterprise, which the first complete project the steel industry undertaken with complete American consultation and direction. Radiography Useful the Foundry ADIOGRAPHY ready and useful tool the foundry for examining castings with view studying conditions that lead defects and avoid- ITUATED 2700 miles east Moscow, the Kuznetsk plant the heart Asia, continent magnificent distances. ing their repetition, according Briggs, who read paper one the steel sessions the recent convention the American Foundrymen’s Associa- tion. The paper the subject detecting casting defects radiography using gamma rays was pre- pared Mr. Briggs and Gezelius, both the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington. Surface defects steel castings have been large- eliminated, said Mr. Briggs, and the principal de- fects now are contraction, cracks porosity. The torch and hack saw were used for the most part past, but better method detecting internal defects the use X-rays and gamma principal difference between the two that the gamma wave length much shorter. Gamma rays enetrate the metal much more deeply. The practi- cal penetration limits X-rays about The speaker showed number tern slides gamma ray radiographs welded stern post casting, used the construction Government cruiser, which serious cracks were revealed after its installation. this case eight radiographs were taken simultaneously. eries lantern slides gamma howed keel knuckle casting. te works (below) construction. left are two blast furnaces and generating station. foreground the reliable mode trans- portation.” 5 rec The Iron Age, June 25, q but gamma rays will successfully penetrate in. +- Vi pre ident IES are the critica: points the manu- facture wire, while the strength and endurance the wire depend upon the Dies iron, heat treatment given it. alloys and diamonds are used, with varying re- sults Most still with the newer alloys, with view attaining in- wire makers are experimenting LEAD PATENTING EQUIPMENT PHILLIPS Surface Combustion Toledo, Ohio Two and half pounds for wires running 0.043 in., for those 0.043 and 0.080 in., and Ib. for those above 0.080 in. diameter. The dies are made the company’s own tool and die division. used here, with die weights follows: between Dies alloys the tungsten-carbide series have been tried out recently this plant. far, how- tonnages with decreased die costs. ever, the increase tonnage pulled has not offset Results obtained from the greater die costs any the sizes experimented carried the plant the Union Wire Rope Co., with. These alloys are practically the same are Kansas City, are interesting. This company manu- being used for cutting and turning tools, with the factures high-carbon wire and wire rope for many addition one two other alloying metals. far industrial purposes, including logging, the oil in- different result, however, has been obtained mak- dustry, etc. From raw material the form steel ers soft basic wire, where these alloy dies are be- rods, wires are drawn diameters from 0.014 ing used successfully. 0.148 in. Dies chilled cast iron are Most the plant housed long, narrow ATENTING furnace ft. long, showing wire entering left about strands. Burners located along the side are adjusted through pyrometric control. 7 2042—The Iron Age, June 25, 1931 j 4 | | | 3 FEATURE WIRE PLANT ATENTING wire regularly established practice connection with drawing it. necessary removing the strains set the operation drawing. well designed outfit for this purpose here described, showing methods heating the furnace and handling wire through the furnace. building, with long rows benches arranged Raw material the form lines with aisles between. These benches range hed storage are separate building, 125 350 length from ft., are ft. wide and ft. high. through which spur railroad The bench tops are steel and the dies, set ommanded traveling bridge crane blocks, are fastened along the edges. The rods are first pickled, using equipment Wires rod, wound coils swifts, which set end the building. This consists the floor, are threaded through the dies. They are vats arranged circle with swing post crane then pulled through and coiled motor-driven and hoist the center. The vats contain dilute blocks which set row along the center the acid, water, water under pressure, ull bench. One motor and one drive shaft serve oper and lime coating; the coils are put through ate entire bench blocks. these turn. When wire has been thus pulled, the loaded The lime IS DaKed On, In Ovens, Which block transferred, swift, the next smaller there are three. Each oven ft. long, size die, and until the desired diameter has wide, and ft. high, built sheet steel and been reached. insulated. top the oven separate air XIT patenting furnace, showing foreground the lead bath. Wire which air patented passes above the lead without entering it. | 7 j > ow q q 5 The Iron Age, June 25, 1931—2043 | | | ay = Re i i 5 T Stranding machines for making wire rope iter, constructed steel and insulated, and end are three gas burners which fire directly nto the other end, motor-driven fan ex- austs the heated air and forces into pipe which four ducts, laid the oven floor. These uniformly stribute the hot air throughout the oven. Removing Drawing Strains Sti set the wire during the operation must removed heating patenting. this purpose patenting furnace, designed and the Surface Combustion Co., Toledo, Ohio, used. brick construction, this furnace in- ft. high. designed that either air patenting lead patenting can used, both together. The ead bath outside the furnace, the discharge nd, and held tank ft. long, ft. wide ft. deep. One big burner under this tank, using from the Kansas City Gas Co., serves keep There are gas burners, each side, for long, patenting furnace, firing just above the pressor; and inspirators, the automatic tioning type, are used with the burners. With this equipment, the gas and air can proportioned with ingle valve, for any desired furnace atmosphere. Pyrometric contro] employed maintain auto- matically the correct temperature this furnace. expanding element, set the top the furnace, uates on-and-off valve the gas supply line. valve, however, has small by-pass that the burners are kept lighted until the temperature has tly opened. chart the temperature fluctuations kept with recording pyrometer. the charging end are swifts and corre- Iron June 1931 Each provided with automatic take-up, the rope being wound reel fast finished. sponding number blocks are the discharge end, two long Thus through the furnace time, the blocks being mo- tor driven through single shaft and speed-reduction All wires are air patented and the higher lead When the former process only, the wires travel straight out the furnace and pass over the lead When both processes are desired, bar laid over the are pressed down that they run through the molten lead. set rows. wires are drawn gear train. grades are also patented. using wires and Coils Given Tension and Torsion Tests Air patenting temperatures vary from 1650 1700 deg. F., depending upon the quality and size wire and the work for which intended. The heating periods are variable, but, after the wires are properly treated, the grain structure nearly sorbitic possible get it. The lead bath carried about 700 deg. minimum, and with recording pyrometer. neces- sary patent some rods before they are drawn; others have patented after two draws, and then they are good for four, five six more draws. Every coil wire given tension and torsional tests and some grades are given also bending and Tensions run from 150,000 300,000 9 fatigue tests. lb. or the square inch, according grades, with per cent elongation and per cent re- duction area. the rope department are three lineups, each including spooling, stranding and setups. First come the batteries spoolers, where the wire closing unwound from coils and rewound steel spools. These spools are then put into the stranding ma- 19, and wires are chines. Ropes containing formed, and then these are closed, closing ma- chines, both vertical and horizontal types being used. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OBTAINABLE HOT-ROLLED SEAMLESS TUBES available with seamless tubes. REAT variations choice steel analysis and physical properties are How these may taken advantage read before the Western Metal Congress. Carbon and manganese may higher and rustless alloys used. The author cautions against leaning too heavily anti-corrosion coatings. UTSTANDING differences between seam- less tubes and tubes produced other methods manufacture several. First the fact that the seamless tube without seam weld any point, thus assuring product homogeneous section throughout. Sec- ond the fact that none the other processes now used permit the variation choice analyses and physical properties material that this one does. general, the welded processes, such the lap and butt, are almost completely confined low-carbon material the range 0.08 0.12 per cent carbon. The later electric welding processes have permitted some cases the choice analyses with carbons running high 0.30 per cent and slightly above. the seamless process such restrictions ex- ist and today material being fabricated into seam- less tubing with carbon content ranging from 0.10 0.60 per cent and even 0.70 per cent. addition this, large range alloys now available, not only the usual steels but also the stainless steels, which are capable being made into tubing this method. Considerable quantities per cent chromium and per cent nickel, well some the intermediate grades chromium content, go- ing low per cent chromium, are being quite widely used tubes for the oil cracking and refinery processes. For the same carbon content analysis, the physical properties tubular material will corre- spond with those equivalent solid sections. The only variable any degree which alters this com- parison that due the fact that the inside diam- eter permits circulation air, and thus faster cooling, than can obtained the solid section. might expected, direct measure this variable can found taking the wall thickne into consideration. this connection, the diagram shows the effect wall thickness the physical properties. This diagram shows the relation creasing wall thickness plotted against the percent age change tensile strength and yield point. The physical properties for each wall thickness are referred wall 100 per cent. not realized that this matter wall thicknes considerable importance determining the ensile properties tube given composition. realized, however, that range wall thick- nesses from in. in. not all uncommon, and that such range bears very similar relation ameter, this question variation physical proper- ties can better appreciated. From the diagram seen that the effect ensile strength given change wall thicknes greater for the light walls, and becomes propor- tionally less effective the walls approach the heavier sizes. This same tendency shown with respect the vield point, but the change much reater than the tensile borne general experience heat treatment and an- nealing, the heat treatment increasing the elastic ratio very greatly and the annealing decreasing the ratio. The thin-walled tube can be considered as having had air quench with respect the slower annealing, the heavier wall section Considerable Choice of Qualities Possible such hot-finished material does not per- mit the choice physical properties that can obtained cold-drawn material, some idea may the physical qualities which can btained from hot-rolled tubes. has been shown, physical properties for hot-finished material will The Age, June 25, 1931—2045 *In THE June 11, 190 first art credited to Dr F. N. Speller. al fe Nat . ; ‘ q vary certain extent, depending upon the tubular However, eliminating this variable and taking normal sized tube, the following physical section. properties will obtain for the analysis given: Carbon 0.10 0.20 per cent, conforming 1015, the “as rolled” condition, will have aver- ultimate 55,000 the square inch, eld point 35,000 and elongation 1() nt Carbon 0.20 0.30 per cent. S.A.E. 5 + With 1055 0.30 0.40 per cent carbon met hese cat ontents not furnish the TENSILE FFECT tensile strength and yield point increasing the wall thickness hot-rolled seamless steel tubes. Unity 100 per cent represents the quality tubes with wall thickness, the average physical properties which are given 77,000 Ib. tensile strength, 50,000 Ib. yield point, per cent elongation in. and per cent reduction area. This for steel 0.30 0.40 per cent carbon, 0.40 0.65 per cent manganese, under 0.045 per cent sulphur and under 0.04 per cent phosphorous. pipe. was eliminate any welding roperties and also maintain maximum ductility detrimental effects carbon the the material, obtain the desired tensile strength the carbon. With this combination range physical proper- substitution manganese for the any detrimental effects the welding obtained. For example, the judicious use manganese, S.A.E. 1030 with carbon content approximately 0.20 properties can ob- definite increase the manganese con- slight increase furnishing material carbon permits iging the neighborhood 70,000 80,000 Ib. the square inch. present the manufacturer does not recommend the use higher carbon content than 0.35 per cent when welding used medium for making joints. However, the ability weld higher-carbon material developed, will possible manufacture material with much higher tensile strength, now the case with 2046—The Iron Age. June 25. 1931 drill pipe and casing, where tensile strengths 95,- 000 100,000 lb. are being regularly produced. Development and availability such material with high physical properties has created sit- uation which cognizance must the benefits which are derived from the use such material are retained. That the tendency decrease the thickness the pipe and depend upon the higher tensile strength for service. This, our opinion, the resistance oxidation