The Iron Age 1931-01-15: Vol 127 Iss 3

ESTABLISHED 1855 ‘thanges ()*' whe tries to picture the is likely to concentraté in its products. Thus we yf the electrical ent day turbo generator “ ith the ct lighting dynamo 40 years 19 ( ing this sort of qualitative mind | ' , ipproach the matter from the quantit tor example noting that steel productior auring » years, trom one pound pet ? 1 1 ‘ num, to nearly one thousand pounds The | , level “nt oO 1e truly amazing development ¢ + illy occupies the foreground Oo! , 1 1 1 ’ try s evolution But back of the produ ‘ perhaps because of them, one may catc! 1 7 P t ’ slower but far reaching changes 1n tl j T f 1 ganism itself. New cells are being ac | ganism, old cells are being discarded, growtn cont 1 : with only occasional interruption And in 11 ' there is a distinguishable aiteration oO! rangement, sufficient to bring about, periods, decided changes in the patter 1 ism aS a whole One of the major changes in indust manifest some years ago and has been gaining momentum. During the comin may redraw our map of industrial America trend toward decentralization and diff facturing capacity This is the reverse of a major mov years ago, which gave us such highly CC THE IRON ACE industry Dy contrasting iny pik centrated and WILL FACTORY AND CITY PART COMPANY? il centers is Detroit, Brockton, ‘ ' f ' et Availability of power, skill, abun na hinning il > urere me ‘ h na shipping facilities were some or! hicl 1 to industrial oncen é ese factor na en I 1 ] ] try itself, through é j t i l ‘ é I Lay t not ro ictor t é next ioor 1eigti por to é Vt! rt our ist network yf t ! ne na yiven pliant ocation A ty Crattsman hip, handed down trom gen generation, 1! no ionger a command to the ek the community where sk! exist The ' ' ' it of automatic machinery has been gradu ' iting the factor of SKIll And low priced ive done the rest Dy increasing the radius eda worker I ransportation or raw mate- ' ' ‘ inished product is becoming liess and le i gy tactor, since the motor truck na effecte i ' ‘ the ratiroad perience during this depression likely to tne decentralizat on movement { nempioyment were roravated it } » hichl > lized were aggravated in those highly specializec enters where like industries were concen- ne ieast suffering ox curred in communities rsification was evident A regrouping of made po sible by its mew liberty of move- ight be of great social as well as economic ! { 1 + , r > 1 j Both plants and people get the least for their tne Dig cities MODERN TRANSPORTATION AND POWER AID DECENTRALIZATION By A. W. ROBERTSON A. W. ROBERTSON HROUGHOUT it tol in eve reasing manutacturing, the growth of great state-wide é the location of factories ha nd interstate power networks, the full development \mel ! nu f our railroad systems, the perfection of automotive tr transport nd the construction of hundreds of early a BU le factor ’ thousands of miles of paved highways, factories can \ rfal d. in addition. it had t ve placed, as far as physical restrictions are con ed reference ' erned, almost anywhere Furthermore, American ria d lab transportation o abor is becoming more mobile every year. Not so ty of markets. Natural ong ago factories had to be in walking distance of mbe ie] tes was extremely smal the workers’ homes; but now, with more time at their New England, where waterfalls are nume} disposal and aided by modern rapid transit systems es tends entrate whereve r their own cars and motorcycles, workers may ns were specially favorable. travel as far as 25 miles to work. With the introduction of the steam engine at a Consequently, though factories must in general what later date, factories were freed from th« be located in the vicinity of centers of population in rfalls, but their location was still definitely r rder to secure adequate help, their choice of loca- ted D onsiderations of transportation and la tion has been enormously extended and, since lower Hence, factories using steam power als¢ rents and taxes, more attractive surroundings, and na to concentrate, chielly at strat © PUILS ¥ ther advantages can often be secured outside the road lines. congested factory areas built up during the past ectri owe generation, many of the newer factories are being The Iron Age, January 15, 1931 located in suburban districts and « country. Furthermore, the present day merger tender has, in some cases, brought a considerable pe tage of an industry under one control. M r? i agement has learned that beyond a certain point con centrated production becomes unwieldy and is distinct disadvantage against the smaller companies. Modern mana ognizes that for a nationally consumed product t is a commercial advantage matching distribute consumption with distributed production, and tha there is a reduction of business hazard where pr duction units are scattered, because labor troubl local business difficulties, conflagration, floods droughts may seriously affect conditio n one cality but are unlikely to trouble another. Cor quently, entirely aside from the } trically distributing low-priced power, it is now erally recognized that there is a distinct advantag: the decentralization of industry Factory Districts of Future The decentralization moven however, result in the complete scatteri: f fac tories all over the country, for there is VS tendency for people in the same lins group themselves together; but the group no longer be so close as to result in the undesira congestion we experienced in the past. Accordins + to present indications, the “factory districts” of the future will be large areas, such as that part of New NDUSTRY is seeking the open spaces and leaving the congested city factory districts. Today, the factory finds it possible to escape from the city with its high rents and its uncomfortable living conditions. The springing up of state-wide power networks, and the development of auto- motive transportation have given indus try a mobility which it did not have 20 years ago. Most of our new plants are being built in uncongested areas. The indus trial map of today is quite different from that of 10 years past. And the coming 10 years will bring still more diffusion. r ‘ \ ra i i P} el} ictories l i t i vith the he neighbori ind é ict ind ale ? The Oakley factory colony, of Cincinnati, is a good example of industrial decentralization. The large plant in the middle foreground is that of the Cincinnati Milling Machine Co. In this colony are also Cincinnati Grinders, Inc., the Cincinnati Planer Co., the Cincinnati Lathe & Tool Co., the Alvey-Ferguson Co., and the Cincinnati Ball Crank Co. The Iron Age, January 15, 1931—223 SUCCESS FACTORS THAT BUILT a V & O Press Co Record-Breaking 1930 é ‘ if r co oid nore t ce é ( i i ro lucing ¢ in n n yuught int cialists Kearney & Trecker Gives Reasons for C 2s Aggressive Selling and Market Research in Order ) tl ite ind i nge every i I 1i¢ de] tment to exert its very I } rn iX! ull efto t t hin [he depression of 1930 ha X r| ne Llueé ntensive ( yverage Attention has bee: ) ed etter S¢ ng market t l epl icing expensive { t ‘ 9 id e emerge fron ‘ ng year better trained ar y popped for ' 19 . : . GEORGE L. ERWIN, JR S \1 in oe Rh not retu planning to nacnine hours rr ¢ 1] aids materially in ts and 1n developing ne operators into spe ork on a well I syste! Our oper , ive bee: tion completed in a mannet { ' t yt the t pr yfhitable to both our work f nnot h ) en and elves ‘ CCE é (Lontrar to the general idea ot ‘ i f reduce ventory for profitable f erati ng slack periods, t e ha nd it advisable to é proce maint ide late stock of rin finishes ill times, and rricr el t finished material \X rat tila frequently been in ughly tamiliar with its design te 1 e same men r securing orders ind construction and the proc- r j é t ot! we suld not have esses of its manufacture. This f e re ‘ ( ) 1u¢ lé ed de ivery knowledge enables each repre- nt { irketin tr product, we sentative to secure for his pros- ( tie irt f elected to represent us men pective customers the equipment t nded in the best suited for their particular cutives | fo pro DI n of that product requirements; and to the ability peslslan ty wcrease worl yu f ular field Each of — our salesmen to cooperate meal than to carry a1 ese has also spent sufficient closely with our engineering de- rgean t t tl l t I t Tactoryv to be tl or 224—The Iron Age, January 15, 1931 partment and to their aggressive GOOD BUSINESS IN 1930 A RESUME OF EXPERIENCE OF A NUMBER OF COMPANIES WHICH LOOK BACK UPON PROFITABLE TIMES IN 1930 AND FORWARD TO BETTER THINGS IN 1931 owing of leads secured, we at Reading ChainG Block Corpn ur successf : mina Had Best Year in 1930 ridute in part ) ICC } vine LOoOwIng ° De t ‘ is Our iccounting lepartment a ae ae IST aiSO De recognized a in it ‘ ortant ractor I nat ‘ lave accomplished t na | A mplisti \< ite 5 { ented t inuta irtment ive prove l checking the «¢ L¢ é é ) € rac th , Lé noie A et mmediat \ i é Ip ymmpletion Thomas Spacing Machine Co. Cites Changing “Style in Methods’ OC yD ICK, I Cile counts largely for tne vet Satisfactory volume of Dus s that we received during tl : i 1] ; T . > > r r ear: however, the way to gooc man e! ‘ ‘ ; ‘ IcK must Dé paved with hard e ind persistent work t planned in idvance e ) n 1¢ ye i ma ge 1 +t rod ; r PU ) } } | iSSé the t ‘ i b YT ¢ The b i } gle purp W “ le ) easure he fa , e ec ig 930 rull i rT Vas i rea f n : ii€ ry r >, . » . Ve ¢ part eT “iC . I { levi r ( t y 7 1 — ii pial t! t ¢ ‘ha ‘ ’ x i¢ } t? if é é ear ; na ‘ r . rt ) T e lle ad r it at t ist + the k rd e€ sf . f B L ( © r i l ne iepre ) n ¥ > ry 7 ;EORGI I THOMAS 7 ever Telit and t te ¢ that piar Py The Tron Age, January 15, 1931—225 United Foundry Co. Emphasizes Chcsatiie dak Minti ieee Replacement Policy tee continued with Engineering G el practice may be that « rne | r ) oO l el pmlc 1 ‘ I that « today eacn t ete ne equipment ‘ rains some im? HOWARD tne ist pre 1iou 4 ‘ t ha ng mp ‘ ve nda qua n ne itr té nso e To i ira oft An in ror re I 1odern ry NEI ihey have been pre ‘ ] ee , in 1 ¢h, n ) ' ‘ il t ' ' ’ | ! ' iter ) hy y ' ‘ at i eT t t explained to then why the RCS LADD | 1! vas necessary were fairly wel hed; and today every man in | will tell I he employ will tell you tnat the t turned out to be a good thing iS they h ive had steady ployment and have earned fair - f r | ige This espec ially ipplies to Cut Costs, Improve Quality 1 Iece vorkers; we find they have Go After the Business. Says ceived very neat the ume Waukesha Foundry Co gh alatadabe veihcor alaanmiad stem (that was expensi ) I t ‘ t perate ind which told us at- th l¢ er the job was completed whether ve had made a pronht) te est ite stem Chis consist t I n estimate card for each jol tter t Ving before the iob wa i run | Vy 1 ich the cores can cost te 1 1 og “ icl the molding cal ( st ind ow much the clean nee! t pp ng expe! in be and stil! leave | ty 1 fair margin This informa \ ire a 1 jo tion is passed on to the foremen hot to meet or better the est ( ité I ! the time cards our co ; k ist keeper checks what actual result | November report showe re and passes this information to it OS We the man iger while the job is run t wages and ple ning Any jobs that are not run rK pt! t 1roughout the shot ning ata profit are at once taken er cent. We did not, how up with the foreman and he is er, apply this cut to the depart given every possible help and ad nt foremen (however, we think vice to try to make the job pay yn account of the duratior out. We sometimes find the core een de f the slump that we should hav: boxes need a slight change or a ent progra t the toremen) pattern needs a change of gating rt M We also found we had a few xr a different kind of molding i nen who were not giving us at m ichine, to bring it into a paying ed nest day’s work, and we elimi Tele neers an ted these men, so that wher Our inspection of finished cast ‘n keen! ‘ rot squared away to meet con Ings 1S very rigid We find that t mechanisn lition is they were we had usually it costs no more to make t t ellent men, who after 1 casting absolutely right than it fge. January 15, 193] does to make it so it will just pass. It is only a matter of care ful workmanship, but if castings are a little better than the aver age it is much easier for sales men to get business. Our sales men are out after business all the time and they get quite a lot of orders while the other fellow is waiting for times to get better “after the first of the year,” or “when spring trade opens up,” or: after “Congress passes the tariff bill,” or “repeals the Prohibition Act,” etc. The writer believes that wages as well as commodities are con trolled by supply and demand and that it is more sensible to cut wages promptly when necessary and be ready to meet conditions is they are than it is to wait until you have no business because you cannot meet competition It certainly better for a worker to get a little less than to get noth ing. I do not feel that we have dons anything except attend strictly to business, work hard and try to adapt ourselves to conditions a they are Cc. C. SMITH Pres Pratt G Whitney Co. Looks for Pronounced Improve- ment HE first six months of this year we received a normal amount of business, con sisting of substantial orders for various types of machine tools, small tools and gages, and our shipments were better than nor nal, Que to the numbDer oF orders irried over from last year 1 tnere has been a steady de« ne new business. However, the last six weeks have shown a slight but steady improvement, ind, takin; ’ into consideration the fact tl many firms are delaying the pla« ing of orders for new equipment ntil after Jan lead us to be ery hopetul ror a pronounced provement in business tl t f 21 vart of 1931 CLAYTON R. BURT PRI P vp G Rat Ma Blaw-Knox Co. Lists the F.ctors of Its Success ful Performance ‘Kiiead personnel of our E teel that the si ess of engineering de partment, our company is depend The »yvalty and whole-hearted ent upon the diversif enthusiast efforts of every em t “ar ur p oducts: the ployee for the further success ' rsifie held vhick the : the company liict the constant addi To the ibove must be added 1€ improvement of! product de ign, initiative in adapting manu fracturing methods and polic ies to conditions and, lastly and of great importance, the putting of more energy ind more intelligent ‘ T ection into our elling ALBERT C. LEHMAN PRESIDENT ‘Product Improvement Plus Better Selling,” Says Landis Machine Co. HE success of any manufac turer, and particularly a machine tool manufacturer, Lie in improv ed design, increased or new products which widens quality otf workmanship, and our line and gives us a greater more intensified selling and ser market, thereby tending to up vice efforts. We are convinced hold the volume of sales; the that the results which we obtained 1 | ! 1 economies which nave een during 1930 have peen due to the effected in the executive, admin fact that we have endeavored re ‘ ss istrative, sales and manufactur ligiously to follow these three ing efforts of the various com precepts panies which have been consol: The personnel of our design dated with the Blaw-Knox Co. ing and engineering departments 1928 and 1929 has been increased and the re Supplementing the produ sults have been decided improve ' the fields in which we operate ments in design These improvements in design the economy of operation and he engineering development o ind new products have a ided r new products, we feel that the iterially to our results for 1930 success of the company has peen But new produc ts, improved de dependent upon three factors: ign and increased quality in the A balanced executive organiza product wo wld not have obtained tion: ror u the results which we ac The carefully selected and (Concluded on page 254) The Iron Age, January 15, 1931—227 onnage Melting by Coreless 228—The Iron Age. January 15, 1931 By DR. E. F. NORTHRUP Induction a trequency of from eight to 16 times frequency were made available through n and the foresight of the General Elec I) company saw the large commercial po lities this apparatus for the heating and of metals on a large scale and announced it prepared to supply medium and large units at rices that were not prohibitive. Early in 1926, the American Brass Co. put into essful operation at its Waterbury, Conn., plant li twelve 600-lb. furnace units, energized by power ob- h it j tained from two 600-kw., 480-cycle generators which type of could be operated in parallel. The success of this first ommercially operated battery of coreless induction furnaces led this company to increase its capacity of high-frequency power, distributed in different plants, to about 3000 kw. Parallel with this de velopment of high-fre quency generators, the General Electric Co. ex- tended and perfected the design of capacitor units } of a type required for operating the generators at substantially unity factor. We can say now that the elec trical equipment required for the operation of core power less induction furnaces, singly or in combination, is obtainable in power Fig. 1—A one-ton high- frequency furnace of the United States Pipe & Foundry Co. type. im Mn tr HIS is the first of a series of articles on the theory and operation, as well as the uses, of the high- frequency induction furnace by a technician who is a pioneer in this field. As a melting unit for steel, this type of furnace is find- ing increasing application both here and abroad. First used as a laboratory tool, it is now being employed in l-ton and larger sizes by American steel companies. For the larger type units the charge and heating element are housed in a box of mag- netic steel, with the frame- work of ordinary structural steel. Dr. Northrup also dis- cusses certain general prin- ciples which have been established in solving the re- fractory problem. ratings and at prices adequate Power Requirements and Type of Supply If we assume the material to be general form of a solid cylinder, the freq quired to heat it most effectively must the diameter of the cylinder is small, but may high when its diameter is large. For heati cylindrical masses in diameter from a fract inch up to 4 or 5 in., a higher frequ than may be obtained economically fron quency salient pole generator; but that where masses to be heated are s mall t} high-frequency current is needed, the an power then required is not large; for the da is generally small. Under these circumstances, mercury-gap type of converter will m«é most economically all requirements. By operation of a converter, 40 to 60 kw. may from the supply line, and about 70 per cent high-frequency power may be delivered to tor-terminals of the heater or furnace Many considerations have led the writer conclusion that, for power requirements of 50 kw. o1 less, no type of apparatus is available le at present tor Fig. 2.—Model of a large steel furnace, general te view ! i vhich er! I ip | lator | ll eT nen T ? ] ri ? , reque vith ‘ iy \ est et requireme Che ra ll producer are inte ter ie! I rte nu i ) ler la we r iarye n I ! D Vey! y y ] t y r T »” Pomme ’ rticle } re I eta 1? y Y T r i f for t Sizes of Furnaces ECHNICALLY considered, the size—that is, the a gy capacitv in pounds or tons of a reles Inducti tur yn furnace may be made as great as des d In early designs, the furnace housing consisted of a substantially cubical box of asbestos lumber, stret ened with corner pieces and angle metal selected to be non-magnetic. An ordinary all-stee] metal hous ng of like dimensions was ruled out because it would be wastefully heated by induced eddy currents The Iron Age, January 15, 1931—229 when the holding capacity of a furnace is Me inicaliy considered, a housing of asbesto reater imbe sufficiently rugged for furnace “ doubled. Fig. 3 is a diagram drawn to scale of fur- ity of one or two tons or less; but where naces varving in size from 1 ton to 10 tons. ae i} ; 5 ate Chief Features of Construction of 1-Ton and Larger Units I in Out i made I meet n har 1] requiren ig. 4 is a reproduction of a photograph of the In ¢ ’ 1 aie coaal ide of the furnace housing taken to show the con truction of the inductor when viewed from the back irge and heati? , } er } n ne Turnace ork su housing may It is to be noted that the furnace housing is sub nai ntially cubical instead of cylindrical, as sometimes 1 cted in European countries. A close inspec the | ire wil! show that the inductor con d elin ls of flattened copper tubing. One of these two coils is wound clockwise and the other coun As the 1 n ' ter-clockwis¢ The two halves of the inductor are ! k in parallel. One terminal of the line to the { ) + th} me til } ndensers is at the center of the inductor where the n, and the other terminal goes to a loop , mole { mnects the two extreme ends of the inductor . \s seen in Fig. 4, the number of turns wound to ‘ ! 1 he nductor increases from the cente) the inductor toward each end. In the central zone flattened copper tubing is flatwise wound. Nearer kne ach end a few turns are wound with tubing of the not flattened and general turns at each the inductor are of tubing which has been the me extent as the tubing which is } sod r the entral turns These end turns are, wever, edgewise wound. Thus, we very simply ob- 1} tall ‘graded” coil without vacant spaces between irns tructul I t part tl rurnac ihe end izht in grading the inductor is to give uY f a 30 it ‘ magnetic field within the coil which is more nearly ) | r! a parallel to the axis of the inductor throughout its length. In Fig. 4X is reproduced a 9 photograph of a field of force diagram made with iron ( net truct , he filings of a graded coil, and in Fig. 4Y is shown the , ‘ld of force of a uniformly wound inductor. with sheet pp WI the fu The total number of turns and the dimensions of rtab tne oils are the same in each case. The field of force and; and the percentage f wel vithin the graded coil is straighter, and tests show rligibl rt tructure that “end losses” in the coil from eddy currents in snow the copper are less may be extended, with a graded coil A ° : than with an un- wit t iny im- : iL- portant hange in ‘ graded coil. More- design and with over, solid cylin- ders of electrically conducting mate- 10 or 25-ton fur- rial placed in a The model graded coil will emb | fea a ep heat more uni- ir test and ~ 3} formly from cen- ! at ; ter to ends than ! nter1 in one which is not : : ahead graded. Fig. 5 gives | diagrammatically in 9 . = the circuit ar- I 17% rangements. The tne De : HW3% J ircuit shown in inear dimension < 47%" : Fig. 5 will be fur- ther explained Fig. 3.—Diagram of furnaces of increasing size. when the subject 230—The Iron Age. January 15, 1931 "7 of “stirring” of molten metal is considered The usual practic in the use of furnaces inder one-ton capacity is to drive the cooling water through the in ductor coil under a pres sure of 30 lb. or more For operation of 1 ton furnaces and larger, the water may be drawn through the inductor by suction obtained with a small motor-driven wa ter turbine. The obvi ous reason for drawing water through the in ductor is safety. Should any molten metal es cape and melt a_ hol in the inductor winding the inductor quickly be comes emptied of water, and no great amount « water (as might be the ‘ase 1] water were forced through tne ductor under pressure molten metal. Thus far employed with large furnaces forcing the water through the ‘ — no Fig. 4.—Inside view giving coil construction of the working model furnace ry dange accident to an operator has occurred of CO] matter is practically eliminated It is to be noted by referring the refractory base, on which melting chamber rest, is surrounded floor beneath the furnace Thus, a “run-out” of metal or to become serious by causing furnace parts. The usual practice fi r the condenser leads, and often the so disposed that in case metal shou from the melting chamber, it will ith seriously damaging any part of the furna not to the blade side of heavy knife knife side of the switches like extension attached housing. Thus, when the ui no ele trical condur tors ire Refractories for Large No matter is of greater cern to the metallurgist large furnace than the of using the refractory that form: ber. All else may be perfect; but : } ] + + 1] will not hold metal and last well, a commercial failure. The early full realiz: those who developed the of heating to an extensl\ refractories for use in ing Furnaces Tr ( ( id ‘ é \ an l Stru r ie ri? } ; ? , r) | i ) ‘ } f I result, certain general principles have emerged which, if observed, will eld most satisfying results Thus, it may bye stated ‘ I f ferrous metals is red ind, wher ed nd to | I r te re appr d rive Powdered i l ely re r r y hat } er ‘ nad ed T I rac I r (a r i hur ) ' i ‘ I i T T i Re tr rie ” at , } : ’ il ] , i ¢ ‘ ! i i ‘ y ’ 7 T ‘ ’ li! +, y ; ‘ r Fig | ] y per 4ge, January 15: 1931—231 Fig. 4Y.—Field of force diagram of a uniformly wound inductor. 9900000000000@@0 through which a steel rod may be passed. This cylinder of steel is used to tempo- rarily support the walls of the asbestos cylinder while the refractory is being tamped in hard. It is afterward lifted out by a crane hook attached to the cross- rod. The refractory sand, with the 15 per cent fines mixed through it, is now packed fr th ¢ : in around the asbestos cylinder to a ae height a little above the level of a full e charge of molten metal. The remaining distance to the level of the top of the fur- nace is filled in with slightly dampened “thermolith” that soon hardens. Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the extreme importance of ramming the re- fractory with a tamping tool very hard around the asbestos cylinder. hess ae A little power is now put on the fur- nace to raise to and hold the steel cylin- dull red heat until all moisture absorbed by the lining from the air or is completely expelled. When the steel cylinder cools down, it may be the der at a elsewhere readily withdrawn, and furnace is ready for its first charge The first charge, chosen of rather small proces ! super-heated st iror pieces of metal, is placed in the furnace and melted A most eff e and inexpensive method has been down. When the metal is all melted, the asbestos he write? r using this material (but cylinder will have completely melted and will float on Je to any dry, granular, pure refrac top of the charge as slag which may be easily re- it employing a pre-formed crucible around moved. No contamination of the first melt results which to pack it The method, as applied to a mul from this procedure; and when the first charge is rnace, may be briefly described as follows poured, a smooth walled crucible is left in the fur- nical cylinder is made of 14-in. thick nace. Repeated melts may now be made. s board (Figs. 6A and 6B The the smaller end It fitted with and sed | 1 14-In. thick asbesto rd d The de dimensions ot n exactly the ame ne chamber desi il ne indu ! 0 [ I nent! nd pi Ss] I oO ( dum brick used he OF } ond vi wel 0 mente } ‘ *\ mer 00 The hamber formed he brit ned ind they Ih vith refra ; nd el wit] desired bot Of t tal cl r. This sand, if Q" 15 nt fines | mixed with it, OY ma nd st ld be packed down hard 0} nd level with ar r or an electric rar Q mi TI d t vlinder is placed gS nmetrically in position resting on this ed of rammed refractory On the in side of the asbestos cylinder is placed a lose fitt y evlinder (open at the bottom) | k sheet steel The top of this steel cylinder extends some inches above the top wall of the fur- nace. Its upper rim is supplied with two holes at opposite ends of a diameter 232—The Iron Age, January 15, 1931 Fig. 4X.—Field of force diagram, made with iron filings, of graded coil. | y Condenser this refracto1 An experiment was tried with a 30 b. furna n which cast iron was melted and then —_— eee superhe ed t 700 deg. | 20388 deg. ec poured »f Incuctor tC an trear water from a hose was squirted Antr-Clockwise ) the white hot furnace until the refractory cooled Wo vn Tt I n perature N cracks whatever dé < 4 eloped e retractor hen this treatment wa \ ¢ 9 ITCE ec 7 j ; ] STC€ ver DECTIO ————_—— —_,-—+ : T Cy/inde > inal a, : . " ~*~ ? ) » é " C low ‘ € vo q ¥ v r , e i} Achoct 4 CA ee SO . ” aoe) fl) ss a a Lube wy Hf yp - * LY Oe " 4 * va ae } 5 ; 1) GCenerator { G , L so EH carborundim p 4 d . . . 4 , >» + 4 : Fig. 5.—Diagrammatic connections of a parallel A RB Srick ( bY Well Packed coil inductor NH g b D- Tom 7 >" 7 | ty L N WAshesk , AP Yi Di ‘) SA q D F a A The tamped- ‘efractoryv be 4 é Bk The tamped-in refractory be HF... eccressarerenMese toll. POY 7 from the metal a certain distance VI ' t} ; ‘ | temperature, number of heats mad a eee hanno from carborundum brick coil liner remaining, the the form of refractory is unalteré a dry powder, it is an excellent of heat in the ft When a v lining fi ke urnace. via : : A+ LNs put in, the unsintered portion of the ref} 4 nal One ERT coverable and may be used over 1 JonMetal Xp A rie . . ‘Dp : . 4 Fig. 6A and 6B are diagrams wil j 4 k ‘ . ch. 4 #:..5 sectional views of a l-ton ste ! B Gea Very Pure § © Tam zircon in the manner d beg 2 and <p Thi thod of lini Rpg (Sa Fine 125% BN 1is method of lining a furna thu Ra i ind eo : ; BA ' an far that years of thought and ex} q 4 3 : oped. It is highly iccessfu nd n | { 4 sp : | advantage to both fur : size. Ah hhh Meidlnihhdlhal Luly 7 r gmall » ficient T XYNaNnSIO? 7 rere e £ rhe small coefficien ‘pans! Figs. 6A and 6B.—Method of making th: recon 1s most striking and important propert melting chamber Steel and Concrete in Combination Framin part have to support |} ? ry : HREE types of structural fran | “ meeed Buckingham Building, Chicago, report parti . reintorced mns and framing Eng ne é ring Ne ws-Re cord TI ] I . ‘ i t includes built-up steel columns of two different t is having both steel framing and neret eam fran ret the H-section steel columi and also reinforced concrete im! : 24 IT } , the: im! beam framing. This combinatioz dopte t . re i! { J GI for the sake of economy and part , , , sizes within prescribed limits on nan Ui n ' 1 De As far as the eleventh floor thers ire lit titut t Al the upper columns of H-section, each composé pl four angles and two cover plates. Thess 16 16 in. overall. Above the eleventh floor the interi . riptiol f ser tinuou he columns to the eighteenth floor are steel of the Gre quipment in the Kawasaki Dockyard | Kobe, Jay type. Above this are specially reinforced IRON A Dec. 25, v ted to the I drict columns. Kr A. ( Essen, Gert he installation wv Six columns, at the utility space containing eleva ma the hinerv div n of the compar tors, stairways, pipe stacks, etc., are of structural Krupp Grusonwerk, A. G steel H-section all the way up. This was necessitated The Iron 15, 1931—233 Age, January EE EES | Era of All-Metal and Windowless Buildings Is Close at Hand. FRANKLAND A WINDOWLESS factory building in Fitchburg, Mass » projected all-metal apartment building in Chicago, and a group f structures for the ‘Century of Progress Exposition,’ to be held n Chicago in 1933, point the way new architectural creations and new applications of engineering knowledge. The trend today is toward apartment buildings with well insulated metal walls, steel plate floors, flat roofs and terraced gardens, and factories which are a i aie = windowless, ventilated and illumi _ ¥V as nated artificially 234 The fron Age. January 15, 1931 Che } ne ( World's alr Buildings The Iron ige. January 15, 1931 9 < 3: Manufacturing Foundry With Jobbing By HENRY M. LANE \ ( e, thi alized foundry. But one serious require ot ist be met in all the castings is quality. ( 200 hy Some years ago the company put into its machine Centul mall foundry division equipped with a Pitts S wid riet n castil iryh electric furnace. The melt charge consisted of peclal briquettes or bales, which were made on a man press The base of the mixture was the eel punchings from the lamination tne motors containing a quantity of cast Iron borings was added. The necessary carbon for bring ing the carbon content up to desired amount for the finished product, and the alloys r quired, were put in. Then more lamination punchings were added and the whole mass was pre ssed into a bale. These bales charged into the electric furnace gave the desired composition and made an iron which was costing no more than corresponding cupola metal, but it had about 25 per cent greate) strengt! When the mpal decided to build foundry for its enti requirement question meiting method w the be considered. It was felt at first that t] should be a 100 per cent found) Determine on Cupola Melting STUDY f ft tuation, howe brought out the fact that the existing electric furnace was in use ina rather la) manutacturin plant having a heavy | mand” load from motors and tl the 1 foundry, which was to be built on t site - cle oft the « tv, W suld he | ated whner its power load would have to stand inde pendent of the n ne sno}y ad \ tt] al ilat } ‘ =} Wi > i OOKING down on the core room showing sand-mixing plant at top and method of supplying sand to the core benches below. Monitor skylights give excellent daylight conditions. -" wv 236—The Iron Age, January 15, 1931 | | | Conditions to Meet melting under thes badly handicapped by the demand In addition, the total raw mater juirements would necessitate the outside scrap for meltit } furnace. This would introduce the tion of rusted scrap and a scrap of less uncertain composition A tudy of all these factors showed that rospective cost of molten met he | ild considerably exceed th la metal. Hence it was decided t new foundry as a cupola unit, bu nake provision tor introad f ! nace fo. pnecial met Requirements of the plant also nece tated making castings ranging fron inces eacn to those welgning over 10 ind this introduced molding compli \ ret i] analvs re i] ed ll li i I n } ] tl ! ind irger flask r¢ ! : ry } } \ y i d «i ? Gans rra ( ? n moldy t \s les ! CALE pit and stock bins on charging platform are designed to minimize human effort. On platform at left are briquettes of sheet punchings > a . ANDLING a variety of work, but as much as possible on the mass produc tion basis, a foundry in St. Louis has been designed with an unusual flexibility in oper ating conditions. It is a compact unit and has as much mechanical equipment as has been proved satisfactory for diversified foun dry work. From stockyard to shipping room and from sand bin to shake-out, both the materials going into the castings and those making the molds are cared for, so far as possible, without human touch. The Iron Age, January 15, 1931—237 The Tron r?. Janua ‘ 1S. 1931 AND-BLAST barrel for handling medi- um-sized pieces and scale and rough surfaces. getting rid of isferre¢ uC ei throug i( } Vit? ' \ \ Most of 1 direct d ot the 1 Fairl iuryp ax } Vhiting ™ | r ) } ed n ? the tne meit lv to t S ' re roe na ind i’ _ ny Foundr } ib ets : ’ i bit S ; " AKING large cores with sand sup é mer have e) ++ ae — plied from overhead bins. The ng to do in connection wit! ind rve} d ' largest are made on the floor narging ly tne liusti + HIns f ’ : howing the scale pit a pile rollet rrier floor ' I rial mae | —_ f f ' > ry y X rY Ter i T t ] \ ‘ ? rig nas down te rou ret irned ’ ) , } r ng floor ? ) ? yt y thes ? y ind c r ’ wri? 4] . a f +h, . , Controllin ond Vixin thre Core Sand Pouring the Metal Into the Molds The Tron Age. January 15. 1931—239 Mold ri A con 240) The fron {nits l ge, fanuary fisl RAVITY carrier units for the larger flasks as they come from molding machin ; } TY for SEeCTLICeES t t } ry } ? ‘ } , fram? | ! gynt Irom tne aq tor < ind sed for 19, [931 nvenience rf the le + nany er! pia ral I ind! ‘ . . 3 necess } y ? ( 1) ( ¢( | n nye pou ©)! T re } Ee) | | ‘ ' 1? rY ri¢ rs ; ‘ } } iti rT? ) ) \ i ) Y) tT) I ( } } y ch , ’ er | ‘ f ( ranes. s that be run directly 7 > 1. ng the molds on the mi on C« in who Nat t ? nange { in I e! ’ ’ T Y ; ’ 1) ) ’ «il t to the irriers. In the shake-out system ating mve O} I ith the fl Ol () ) ! e gy ta t , it, takes th \ Tne end OT eac!? ed a re ting inese st [} r a tne t Ss p nster the eanll | ectrie PUCK s and for a ot tne vier Castings made imped over the e1 ratin nrouy! \ ! cipr Tl? } aker } I! A I t I ? r<¢ té rir t tiy 17) é \ ik Here { tn) t in At the y tne Te ner er 1 ] i ’ r Tre¢ ? nuous ) another el Neri? ‘ I} ; 1) , re ifier ron Tr “J : vr iT ) ry r OURINGstation show ing two lines, one of which has moving plat form. A movable fore hearth can serve either cupola and is used for filling the pouring ladles The fron {ge, January (5, (931 2? - #i Diving Bell Made from 5500-lb. Steel Casting Descends to Ocean Depths en supply an ror tne i ‘ i i ( 1400 ft., where the water pressure was 43 t {) yr yor? n Ol 2 he total ec nre l yt) al qiy T ’ ( m ist I Ving elements i nsure a sound casting, an j in risers were used The tests made | lt in Service demonstrated that it ould withstand all of the stress that would be placed ith a sufficient margin of safety, as it was 904 ternal pressure and 2000 Ib. - ght of the sphere equipped is 6600 I} weighed 5500 It he inside diamete1 Wing ample room for two per ? |’ al] é | tl l¢ i 1] ? TY as il tra i i It 1 a\ I ne HE metal-working industries are called upon to do all sorts of things, but perhaps one of the queerest orders was that given by William Beebe and Otis Barton, deep sea explorers, for a diving bell that would enable them to go to the ocean depths in ease and comfort and examine the life there. A steel casting did the trick, and at 1400 ft. under the sea it had successfully withstood pres- sure of 650 Ib. per sq. in. The article tells how the sphere was made. 242 The Iron Age. January 15, 1931 a tn tr N the illustration at the left is shown the diving bell as it was lowered from the deck of a ship, and at the right it is at the surface of the water about to be submerged. The sphere was made from a hollow casting aS eS Aluminum and Magnesium as Non-Ferrous Deoxidizers FTCHE subject of aluminum and magi im a oxidizers for certain non-ferrous meta ind alloy is discussed by Edmund Thews in Metal / (London), for May 23. The chief advantages of alun 3 : A a . ad ffir inum as a deoxidizing agent for copper all are ; fr}] ad ar T iit ar ‘ cul wr au LOLOWS: re r T , reaching deep! nr i | affir oO! er re tf co ist generated t 4 \ pre Wit! t 2 ea agnesium | f greater tnan tnat lt any tner deoxidaize except . on +o } ‘ 4 ‘ l¢ nist roduce dizing age r he melting ' magnesium nr liyet ) ‘ y — ] Ins . ~ all = > Its quantitative deoxidiz ng apacit ea DrOaGUCLIOI pper and n Kei auoys, especiail rass ired by the amount of oxygen taken uj 1 stand nd Geri It has been found that ard unit of this element, is also higher than that of ] The ialitative affinity of magn: iy all other deoxidizers except silicon ger g han that of ar ( ng ] + . . ¢ ‘ .% , ai +« A slight excess of aluminum ir etal creases tne elast Limit, ¢ ngation and st gti I if f I trace er na hr 7O ¢ ll . ntagw ‘ -y y +} al 1 . Dronze alloys, € age nagnesiun r ese alloy 1O¢€ The practical di ivantag " i fF } ror t hese a 1e€ practical disadvantages are 1 At the heat of the melting procs the alun Since etalll magnesiu s highly iilammable ° 1 a+ . Iewie vy ‘ . ‘ ona a ] inum oxide formed does not rise up to the metalli at the or ry temperatu brass melting proc — 4 + } 7 4 r » " ry ry y : y - sqrtall | . surface immediately, neither does it collect in a forn esses, Maple il oppel 1lIOvsS are isualliy er ployed 17 which would make its removal as simple as in tl for deoxidizing purposes, an alloy containing 10 per case of manganese or silicon. cent magnesium being n t generally used. The Iron Age, January 15, 1931—243 Airplane Hangars Offer Large Potential Market for Steel 66 HILE 241—The Iron Age, ne steel used In aviatio! ng “The hangar required 500 tons of structural steel, of in hundred f tor in amount which indicates the potential market for nd f tor t e steel industry in hangar construction. In addi- kyscrape he rapid g n, the doors took 50 tons of steel. Airplane hangar levi ! t ha pen doors, in fact, regardless of design, usually add from d Har > to 10 per cent to the total steel required. \ust mu n addition to the structural steel and steel sash ne ! ( mmon ised at the present time, sheet steel is my house expens hip eing largely used for various types of roof decks. late hangars, and, as the airplane When used for this purpose, reinforcing ribs are much larger than those used at formed in the sheets to enable the steel to span _ be- he tors are having lefinite tween the purlins. Where steel decks are used, they are hop tf ties of ha iniversally carried on steel purlins, and thus an ad ditional ton + nage ol steel is introduced into eonstruct that nat now i pears to ip proximate 120 ft. spans 1 the hangar we have just built a airplane hangar (above) just completed at Los Angeles for the Boeing Division of the at Burbank United Aircraft & Transport Corpn. is said to be the world’s largest. The tendency is thane itoel toward large hangars of this type an aS spans run 100- Hangar doors (below) of the modern type are of steel. This door costs less than those which 100-100 ft.. and carry steel sash, but it does not admit light into the hangar. The door is made of structural weg eneee shapes and plates. Rails in the floor and the overhead tracks are also of steel crosswise January 15, 1931 | | 22" a Oe HOWING a large three-motored plan« ern hangar at Tulsa, Okla A monorail horst 3 part of the equipment With heavier plane trusses of hangars also must be heavier to provide in ft b60-120-60 proper servicing facilities |‘ above ¢ . } 7 +} 1). * ea However, it is eens An interior view (below) of the large airplane hangar : to make clear door « pening at Los Angeles. Another illustration shows the ex th this tvne of construc terior With 77 000 sq tt t floor space and niy et ; , y four columns, the largest airplanes can be easily any desired widtn r iengen, maneuvered in th pa vholly unobstructed. In the Burbank hangar, 12 doo each 25 ft. wide, art ised each side, makit tw oU0 ) r ieal penings Witl this intiieve! I l \ ra st¢ ney could ist i ive ! j SOO) ] ( ' lo or mors an ‘Five Cal cl} a Nanval 7 > ft it Va I I I I { mate t ; Ul LIL)- ered adequate. More recently 100 ft., and now 125 ft G ! QO , has been the accepted width for single al tv pe 1200 ? Ihe entire W rid na rye ! vatcl ) t The Iron Age, January 15, 1931—~-245 Heterogeneity of an Ingot Made 246 by the Harmet Process By DR. ANT. KRIZ e H ngel 2400 mm. (94.5 in. (he compressed \ nne} tion of 1 got may have a height of from 2000 to 4500 mm (6.8 1! to 1l¢?@ in ld up to a height Vuring the compression, the maximum pressurt i200 mn 4 :(.2 1n ‘ I n the plunge} if the lowe cylinder is 790 atn nd t 11,600 lb. per sq. in.); that on the plunger of the nde} kept ' 0 atn (35 it he i t } lre 1S proauced DbDy\ tnree-piston ny r1.4 pump ariven | il lect) 90-hp. mot t} tI mp being ned with an accumulator During the mpl i he bottom plate move vard in the indrical pat the mold and forces he solidifying ingot into the tapered part of the | Phe late serves at the same time to ex ercise a counter-pressure and to resist the formation a “head.” The side pressure exerted during the 650 ( ) f the ingot into the conical part performs the r ral vire-drawing of the ingot. Compression being com- | | et he ingot is stripped by means of the uppe I , “ R © ——f ° Ger ~ sat fo nder——T my | oa 7 ' — oe = if Ky \ | Sf s | ES Y A ROSS-SECTION of = \ the Harmet press 8 °| | = Ingo?t Molda k left), dimension being ~ 0, given in millimeters. As © © 3 —— a scale, the height shown i | tes 5 F as 7960 mm. is 26 ft ae © 136 in Parr fr” » yy 5 At right is a cross-sec i we ; ee —t | h Ke tion of the mold used for ( ow © ie i Y the ingot investigated ' % = aoe —————._{ The diameter at bottom | © BRUINS a wy WRIA 1350 mm., is 53% in Y y Y 7) bbb kde Ae ' IY E j y |. 2480 | 24/03 ep ‘ Z | = | The Iron Age, January 15, 1931 ' ne id of te ng r I at ee eo , HIS article is an abstract of a paper ian Mich Bees gee Nee and discussion at the Prague meeting iring ne iarpel re In’ I sath bnmemieainil. nak Chie of the (British) lron and Steel Institute, wine. the lonwe the werfod of wait September, 1930, and reports on the het pre n lasts, it rdance with t erogeneity of a nickel-chromium-molybde 1 to 7 hr. num steel ingot made at the Skoda Works at Plzen (Czechoslovakia), by the Harmet teeming is finished, v method, based upon the wire-drawing of pper portior the 1 steel during solidification in the ingot mold vhich encircle it. T i? \d ‘ hed 33,409 | { } 0 ks ~ 12.260 After bei . : \ viously heat in! ea I mperatul , uy? ry Mit} leg { L48U i Which Elements Show Strong Segregat ‘ ; Wg : s ) Ay On Tl} YY Y Y —_ {) ISTR h Ww the meta ds in an ingot m which av ht. the phosph PROPORTIONATE SEGREGATION SHOWN I! ARIOUS ELEMEDS s The Iron Age January 15. 193] 247 A Thousand Miles of 24-In. Gas Line Pal IP ae NT ET ee ae ae ae ROM the Texas Panhandle to Chicago, a distance of 1000 miles, a 24-in. welded gas line is being constructed by the Continental Construction Corpn., Kansas City. Of the total of 643 miles of this line awarded to date, 333 miles are being electrically welded a 4 & The pipe is fabricated in 30 to 40-ft. lengths, the joint being made with an inserted ring. & & & HE pipe is lined up on rollers. After tacking, the weld is put on with two F beads. The ‘‘Fleetweld” process, developed by the Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, is i being used. The tensile strength of the 4 finished joint is from 10,000 to 20,000 Ib ool greater than that of mild rolled steel ( a? vr WT VW AN average time of 25 minutes its re quired to complete a joint with this process, on pipe with walls of from 5/16 in. to 9/32 in. thickness. Thirty-six weld ing machines are being used on this work wrTvwryv 248 The fron Age, January 15, 1931 Rotating Jie Bushing Four-Way Machine for Boring and Facing Mower Castings The Iron Age. January 15, 1931—249? Economies Claimed for New Ball- Burnishing Barrel T zs 7 fn tn te FTER burnishing Ain work and the balls are separated matically the work passing ouf af the end. Later, the balls are returned uf matically to the burnishing chamb Improved Type of Universal Molding jueez piston ind a 4-in jolting mechanism The adjustable 250—The Iron Age. January 15, 1931 uu n ' n rn f Y + ; eate! } Y A y TY) ru i I Machine I ( anadiun teel in 1 proot osures. Other features clu ne ilves for } and vibra or control, a pressure regulator fo ‘convenient setting of squeezing pres- ires, an automiatic injection oiler for | he lubrication of pistons and valves, the Parkerizing of side rods and u! de rods » resist rust I l I e¢ the 10 I Z I na which has a 10-in. squeeze n, a 4-11 iting hanism, and i distan f 32 in vetween side rot e lif idjustable up t n \ irgel t! 12 1n.-38 1s i o ‘ } or i I iting ! nd s vetween sid Che idjustable y ! Both re made n idjusts Steering Gears to c De finite Power eal A be made t pre a definite amount of hand powe) 1 to turn the steering wheel, it DV Toledo Preci Inec., subsidiary of the T Seale Co., Toledo, Ohio. By tn Aut Check, called, the 1 * pla f ‘ eering W aete! ined Che ng wh shaft ig’ nnection with an ingenious en gearing tft 1 force-n isul g nd indicating instrume1 Adj nts may the | made » bring i l { red resistance to ir? roper whee ay and the lik American Chain Co... Inc Bridg l Conn has moved ts Bostor ff the Statler Building Helmet supplied with washed air and with window kept clear of dust. Insert shows the washer Pang r? ( mn H \I | Alor 3 ny ¢ il wa I I erator at prac t Sure, The he ni 1 ype DE and the ail 1 I 1: I neimeé pl ( , flesh a r iis 1 is easily 1D¢ th l l i nse I nditior Center Finder Used on Jig Borers and Millers I alr £ I re! in i ind nor ling macl en an! r ion G& & ] ( } n, UI \ ] lia Ca s ‘ l d a ir n I Three or . dial indica Ives ftir entering w rk feeler finger e available Lock Trade-Mark Machine O The / mbossine Iron Age. January 15, 1931 i) wl 252—T he lron {ge . January io, 1931 power - driven butt vero the air yperated pen-end clamps, this welder has practically universal application Stock up te 7 in. in ‘ width can be accom ets modated by the dic ind jaws Fl J ’ , i i y \ erat I ant fy, y , f < , whee 1 -= 3 es nes, “a ee Universal Power-Driven Butt Welder aoe ER - DRIVEN butt equipped with universal - type air-operated open-end clamps is her welder llustrated. Special clamps’ and platens can be applied, but equipped as shown, the machine is suitable for sutt welding certain classes of rims + for welding thin sections of comparatively wid strip or cor stock, densed sections within the capacity the machine. The stock capacity ip to approximately <z< sq n., «ae ending upon the nature of the w nd the cy le of operatio! The machine is built by the Tho on-Gibb Electric Welding Co., Lyn Va I equipped with a 200 kv: vate) d transformer, thorough protected from flash. The air-actuated amps operate through adjustable ggle links, permitting wide adjust nent of jaw opening t ymmodat large variety of shapes. The clam; racket and clamp arn are made ol! cast ste and all pins are bronze isned Dic and \ vill ta | ! vide iv may e 1 T ice ] | mac hard rolle pel i? ! be ( onf rm tr ) i vate? ed } Y ver-drive IT cor I ! r he et oa gear reduction VI I in irn, operates a clutcl tt na reared tne aft car - nen n pust Ip pre Ire Can | i f large diameter i Vide ce tr iring 84 ) ratitr ne ft } nserted in the'dies, t ( imp he ite} ner ripper I na ind tne ict Y y ‘ rns t The elding he clamps then open a itica nda tne later ) ni y | | Swiss Jig Borer for General Toolroom Use Preventing Accidents in Press Room M The Iron Age, January 15, 1931 »- ; 2 ; Success Factors That Built Good ! r trade journal and I have been granted, but ) 03> dewe ‘ ’ ‘ erticing was ‘ Business in 1930 ing