The Iron Age 1931-01-08: Vol 127 Iss 2

IEMRONAGE W. Macon, . FINDLEY . LACHER E titer dito Managing WRIGHT, News ;. F. Cone Koon MILLER Herrick 8. G . E Ss F. L. PRren Cleve RA T. H TISS ind Fisk! Chicag ( Pittsl BUKNHAM FINN} Detroit L. W Washing GERARD FRAZAR soaton R. G +ERKEN purgn MOFrFETT nyton McINTOSH Cincinnati Inon AGE PUBLISHING Co 239 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y ‘‘Tronage, N. Y.’’ Cable Address: FE J. FRANK, President G. H. GrirritHs, Secretary C. 8. Baur, General Advertising Manager Division of UNITED BUSINESS PUBLISHERS, IN‘ New York, Distric N. z t of caco, Otis Building URGH PHILADELPHIA DETROIT, 7338 Wo 536 VASHINGTOD NCINNATI, 40% FFALO, 616 STON, Room , dward Investme Practior Ellicott N FRANCISCO 230 Contents for January 8, 1931 Inland Waterways Lowering Drop Forging Costs New Cutting Materials Direct Reduction of Iron Ores Conserving Handling Costs Steel Warehouse Situation Dividends and Buying Power Heat Treating Roller Bearings Dr. Haney’s Page New Equipment I ditorials Markets and News Personals and Obituaries Business as Others See It Ww Ww YOU GET 11.4 PER CENT MORE AT NO EXTRA CHARGE ‘ae industrial paper is bought for only one reason TO SUPPLY INFORMATION. It conveys information by means of the printed page. To increase the quantity of information it can convey it must increase the number of pages. The 30 issues of THE IRON AGE published from the beginning of June, 1930, to the end of December, 1930, contained 2287 editorial pages, AN INCREASE OF 11.4 PER CENT OVER THE 2045 PAGES IN THE CORRE SPONDING PAGES OF 1929 We believe there never was a time when the industrial paper’s opportunity to render a valuable service to its sub scribers was greater than right now. Depend upon THE IRON AGE to meet the demands you make of it.—A. H. D 26 THE IRON AGE January 8, 1931 THE WORLD’S LARGEST HIGH SPEED PLANER uses 250 New Departures The G. A. Gray Company, of Cincinnati, has just completed this 500,000 pound planer, probably the largest modern machine tool in the world. A generous use of anti-friction bearings — 250 of which are New Departure Ball Bearings — make it ex- tremely easy to control and accurate in performance. Then, too, the longevity of New Departures matches the inspiring permanence of construction so evident in this work of Gray craftsmen. New Departure is proud of the fact that its bear- ings were chosen to bear their share of the burden of this majestic brute. The New Departure Mfg. Co., Bristol, Conn. ' NEW DEPARTURE BALL BEARINGS 31 Flood Reservoirs Useful in Unbalanced” Dies Cause Drought Hammer Trouble is IN ; The Cobbler’s Children Fer Don't Stop Super-hard Tool ne I { in the Cut January 8, 1931 Heat-treating Costs Cut Pas Price-hammering Endangers Dividends Needless Waste in Forging The specifying ft non-¢ el ' forme ane ee tial limits causes the scray rag ' i] vag ping of good drop forgir The purchaser pays the Saving Costs by Short Travel 7 ‘ Page 152. i . ‘ight a lilding New Cutting Tools Will Will Tungsten Carbide ng platform, bein, Revolutionize Industry Bring About a 1 in transit. P Spectacular Development? ed t Use of machined produ be rreatly increased a o machine metals thre fied ae halle River Shipment of Steel atta: ata P, Gains Rapidly u ultir n wit vider distribution.—Page “08 es Steel jobbers Abandon Speculative Buying Direct Process’ Beneficiates lron Ore Low-cor canal ‘ How to Cut Forging Costs - S can made narging aire pen-hearth | rg j the blast furnace tne n ’ furnact peratior Pag ( 4 gnit NEXT WEEK 3 | How new forces are ; ' pulling the factory away y Carburizing Boxes Emptied on _ from the city will be dis Revolving Screen cussed by A. W. Robert " ine cnieia onic. ‘00 Pressing Without Leaving son, chairman, Westing haped screen until all t Marks house Electric G Mfg. Co S carbur p t All-steel windowless eel dust aré radiat building construction ° } they are discharged { ft free of scr more reliable methods of wall aed tanta. { nd rea iting. —P determining carbon in Page 173 68 rustless steels and ton nage melting in coreless induction furnaces will also be features 28 THE IRON AGE January 8, 1931 e4 DS MaraeZ F In BULLARD Mult Au-Matics” Billin gs i ‘orem gs Support a Basic Principle IN its Fiftieth Anniversary Greeting Card, The Bullard Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut says: “The basic motive upon which this company was founded, was to make 1 the best possible equipment for the i b. . .” The metal-working world knows how this motive has materiallized in ve: “M ie Au-Matics” and vertical turret lathes; in LLARD capacity for sustained ‘high production, Billings forgings contributing. Bullard machines, Billings forgings have qualities in common, but the qualities are not common. May we show your engineers recent developments in close-tolerance forgings with the new “sem/-machined~ tinish—which saves so substantially on machining-costs? NEW YORK OFFIC] , WARREN STREET x CHICAGO, 565 WEST WASHINGTON BOULEVARD <% yt Fae TA See ees eport, make v this es; in iullard amon. with costs? RRA Ak Nel a ARG BH ola = PASE" ss THE IRON AGE New Y ork, january 96, 193] ESTABLISHED 1855 an Oe s _ a ne INLAND WATERWAYS DEVELOPMENT BROADENS, ALSO THEIR USE EVELOPMENT of inland waterways, wit! Monongahe River reach ih a low point particular emphasis on the movement of steel navigatior ild not have beer yntinued had n products and fuels in and out of the Pitts vater from the Cheat River reservoir, originally c burgh district, went forward without abate structed 1! power sel e, been fed into the rive! ment during 1930, with the usual increases in te! regular interva Interruption of navigation on tl minal facilities as well as in new equipment for tl river, b il f which most of the important indu transportation of raw and finished materials by wate tries of t Pittsburg! trict receive their coa Completion of the Ohio River canalization project late in the preceding year focused attention on the : possibilities of river improvement and led t nsid — ‘7 erable prospective development we ~ Along this line the most important ae single project was the Ohio River Fs Great Lakes waterway, which has - reached a point at which Gover ment approval may be expected Ny. within the next year. Another development of the year, the ulti mate importance of which can not be minimized, was the demonstra- tion of the flood control offered by the maintenance of navigabl water on the Monongahela River during ~~ the serious summe} drought by means of the Cheat River power conservation proje Flood Control Possibilities The Pittsburgh Flood Commis sion has long advanced the theory that flood control, as well as th maintenance of uninterrupted nav- igation on the rivers, could be ac- complished by the construction of a series of impounding reservoirs and power dams on certain Kes rivers. During the drought of summer the water level of tl have had verv serious result \ mila. nterested in this movement, their primary considera- nroject is now under consideration for the Alleghen) tion is the opening of the Youngstown district to River, by means of the construction of three dams on river shipments on the Ohio. This would not only the Clarion River, which would create an artificial provide Valley mills with considerable reductions in ) miles long Che two projects would capture the freight rates on coal from western Pennsylvania onal flow of two important tributaries of the M fields, which they have long sought from the railroads, and Allegheny Rivers, and feed it the but would also place Youngstown manufacturers on an steady rate over the entire yea Che im equal basis with Pittsburgh in shipping finished steel cd pment to navigation on the products by water into the Mississippi Valley. QO iver self-evident, and last summer’s The object of the Beaver, Mahoning and Shenango the use Rivers’ Improvement As- mpre sociation is the improve- ana a & ment of these three rivers alu for slack water naviga- miss enn waterways development, together tion, and its first objec- Fede: with increasing use of existing facilities, tive is a bill already in went forward in 1930. New projects are troduced into Congress, . . . . . providing for the exami ae a ee | under consideration, including a connection . | a ; ; 7 ‘ nation and surveys of the Canal from Lake Erie to the Ohio River, which has seein, ‘Wil tall; dete ined WAN IZATION ! been widely indorsed. Work will be re- contemplate a canal. but C , us ti sumed shortly on the Illinois project, which only the widening, deep- Ohio Riv will afford water transportation from Lake ening and slack watering Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico. Move- of the existing streams reds : h by the construction of ment of iron and steel products on the , vere Cal Ohio. M hel d Allech Ri probably five locks and th 10, ononga ela an egheny vers dams on the Beaver and effo increases notwithstanding the sharp decline Mahoning rivers and 9-ft. sta in steel production. Finished steel, pig three on the Shenango. | iron and scrap shipments on the Great Lakes The association believes also fairly substantial that the facts rendering the tri-river improve- rw ww ment necessary are the complete canalization of } the Ohio and the Monon Line arve ncrease I trelgnt rates Ol her steel-making materials since 1914 \ nd the change from the use of Connellsville bee ke in blast furnaces to by-product coke, made prin f n KIN¢ ul it 1S est total movement per vear available rol mproved rivers from Beaver, Pa., to Niles, Ohio, 5 uld be approximately 14,200,000 tons, while, if the mprovement were carried to Warren, Ohio, and to Erie-O] R f 4 the Pennsylvania steel centers on the Shenango River, Fan , Mahonir 5 ee , ible nearly 10,000,000 tons would be added. Even though November! en 1 Pitt ( the construction of a canal through to Lake Erie may 5 r, M possibly be delaved because of the high cost and also Rivers’ i taliiaciteal \ the opposition of conflicting groups, it is believed in | circles that the Beaver-Mahoning-Shenango pro) Mi Vali \ at mact t | go forward immediately. States River Ha} Oia hei River Steel Tonnage Gained | gpl against the Youngstown route for a river- extendin rey t () ih ! T ‘ } aki Canal ( ? t +} y +} ( ae a has already been entered by the Oil 7 ° is Pa., Chamber of Commerce, which advocates a he M : extending from Franklin, Pa., along French v Creek to the lake. While this route is somewhat farther, less actual digging would be required. Inter Pittsburgh shippe1 n the pi t is sts at Portsmouth, Ohio, also advocate a route ex t extension by canal t ake tending up the Scioto River and generally following ally permit the shipment of 1 water route from the river to Lake Erie, which was re by irge from Lake Erie to Pittsburgh dis n existence before the days of railroads. ast Turnace While Valley shippers are als Total tonnage of iron and steel products handled - 150—The Iron Age. January 8, 1931 on the Ohio, Monongahela and Alleghs ny rivers, In April. t]} jones & Laughlin company dispatched within the Jurisdiction of the Pittsburgh office of the its 100th tow of steel products down the Ohio River United States Corps of Engineers, in the 11 months ind next year it may inaugurate more frequent shi} ended Nov. 30, 1930, was 2,318,756 tons. his was ments than heretofore undertaken. During the yea an increase over the 2,279,904 tons moved in the co shipment of steel products from the Pittsburgh d : i i steel Prod Ls | inl [ I SUUER IL as responding 1929 period, despite the sharp decline ir trict was tow far as Rock Island, Ill n tl t ! Wa Wwe as al as LOC! Siahd, Li on Ll steel production. Of the Mississ ppi River ind 1930 tonnage, the Ohio another tow went dow} -iverec ‘ibute 26 2 ) : od Rives contributed 1,186, ae the Mississippi and 503 net tons, the Monon- 5a through the if “a se ‘ ‘ ‘ ae : 7 i i gahela 1,091,978 tons, vs Mexico to Biloxi, Miss a on en, ae and the Allegheny 40,275 eto oF tons. These figures are UA 2 oe pod ie Terminal Construction for both up and down {ctive river shipments, and in- clude a large tonnage of inter-plant materials. EVERAL _ terminal J projects were con pleted or undertaken during 1930. Pittsburg! shippers advocate the The gain in_ ship- ments in the past year construction of two ter minals, one for package freight and the othe: in spite of depressed business conditions may be attributed in large measure to the normal for carload movement The package terminal at Manchester, North Side, Pittsburgh, n volves improvement of expansion in river ship- ments, which seems to continue in_ spite of outside influences. In creases in short haul existing facilities and railroad freight rates in setae. te te. daeinek the Pittsburgh district assured for the comins also diverted consider- year. The site advo able inter-plant _ steel ated at Hays Statio1 tonnage to the rivers, for bulk shipment which had _ heretofore more indefinite, as the been carried by rail. railroads serving th The sharp gain in iron terminal have their ov and steel tonnage moved on the Allegheny River river shipment faci ties, and many nipper from 2107 tons in the doubt its real need. Te minals in the Pitt first 11 months of 1929 tr) 10,275 tons in the burgh area completed ‘orresponding 1930 pe ellie, Ailes aM) oe om largel) Sears = nstallations, one for tl} table to shipments of « ; NS mee ae ae ‘ nio ir 0 he » . Glenwood ¢ ior ! pig iron to the Allegheny NIFLOW steam-driven towboat Ohio of the Mississippi Valley oe » Pa., Steel Co. from produc- Barge Line Co. pushing a tow of 17 barges on the Ohio River to river transier, al ers located down the at Cincinnati. This company now has weekly barge service to New ther for the Pennsv]l 3 ae ere Orleans. These barges are built so that they dovetail when placed ; Ohio River. The Alle- cogethar in che tow vania at Conway, and gheny company installed another for the Pit unloading facilities at burgh & Lake Erie at Brackenridge, Pa., during the year, and may be ex Monaca er to rail movement The Standa) pected to use the rivers in the future for this purpose Oil Ci f Pennsylvania also completed a terminal at While no estimates of river shipments by products Midland, Pa., while th Gulf Refining Co. added ter are available, the largest gains this year were un nates = ties at Neville Island, Pittsburgh, a1 doubtedly accounted for by line pipe. Pittsburgh dis LOUIBSV! sadeere*inere ene one ee fe trict plants contributed heavily to this tonnage, but oo © SERRE DS LASTED AVON Ey TO some material was also moved by rail from Valley pleted inicipal development, and municipal term ; : as nals were al mpleted at Rock Island, II and mills to Ohio River docks for reshipment by wate! ' ’ Steel companies using the rivers in the Pittsburg! Helena, At area include Carnegie Steel Co., Jones & Laughli1 Outstanding among the new companies organized Steel Corpn., Pittsburgh Steel Co., Wheeling Ste« for river commerce during the year was the Missis Corpn., Spang, Chalfant & Co., Weirton Steel Co., and sippi Valley Barge Line Co., with headquarters at St Allegheny Steel Co. Other smaller companies continu Louis and Cincinnati. This company erected a freight to utilize barge service for delivery of raw materials (Continued on page 176) The Iron Age, January 8, 1931—151 ige. January By EUGENE C. CLARKE n-essential limits *e Allowable varia hinisned surtaces rid limit could be e( , mig nucking points thereb\ appl tne Many tf ryings are further tn te tr OOPERATION of the designing engineer with the drop forger, especially in furnishing full informa- tion relating to machining and subse- quent finishing operations and the use to which the forging is to be put, will aid materially in achieving permanently lower drop-forging costs. From such contact there will ulti- mately emerge forging specifications and limits that can be codified and established as commercial tolerances, to the advantage of all interests, the torger, the purchaser and the ultimate consumer of the purchaser’s product. A timely analysis of factors affect- ing tolerances—and costs—is herewith presented by Mr. Clarke, who is vice- president of the Chambersburg Engi- neering Co., Chambersburg, Pa. i Inspector, t macnining operatio Definite Drop-Forging Tolerances Will Aid in Lowering Costs f a typical specificatior 1{f dimensions controlling 0.010 in. unless otherwise vithout regard to utilization, tial dimensions beyond this interpreted as “controlling finished unacquainted with subse- or overzealous in securing consider all surfaces as possibk “controlling finished surfaces” and erances to every dimension. condemned, some to be re yperations, but mar Vv to he totally and needlessly lost as scrap Naturally the purchase. must pay for the lost pro fuction. Factors Affecting Tolerances To analyze factors affect ng tolerances, assume that the mechanical utilization of a part has determined sizes, location of finished surfaces, the required strength and general shape, together with any limits to mass and bal- ince that may be required a rotating part. The de sign should meet certail general conditions. Since steel forgings art made from rolled or ham- mered sections, it is essen tial that the forging be formed with as little rup ture of fibers as possible Hence abrupt changes of ross section and sharp co} ners are to be avoided. Abrupt changes of sec- if unbalanced by a simi | | ar Change in tne opposite directi tend to throw the dies out of parallel is the hammer strikes. Unless the lie makes allowance for this—a mat ter of forging judgment and trial “null” in dimensions results with a orresponding increase in attentior hammer adjustments. A parting line, that is, a li x tending around the periphery of th forging where the dies can b parted, is necessary. No dimension above 01 below the parting line and parallel to the parting line can be as great as the orresponding dimension on the part ng line. If the parting line is in one plane, die costs are kept at the lowest point. The reduction of dimension above ind below the parting line is known as ‘draft” and 7-deg. taper has been | found economical for the removal of forgings from dies. Draft require nents of less than 7 deg isually in olve greater die wear. Increased Die Life Balances Extra Cost of Subsequent Operations As dies wear the dimensior veight of consecutive forgings minutely increased at the points ot . "ear err \ m l } 1] ‘ l ¢ ] ] } 3 FR ed aA Oe wear. All dies wear, but it has bee bserved frequently that the amount Closer forging tolerances are being met by installation of modern, heavier equipment wear reduces with the use of thi The old and the new machines pictured above are as photographed in a shop having i . : , . replacement or Jor lie. In other words, if dimensiona Pe ee eee | atc ; ee ae j lerances were doubled ] IS } Dade j that die life would be tripled. ly 3 | nstances the saving in die charges per I f I l Uy} { Anceé ju { t | ' ve balanced agalnst any extra cost of subsequent ‘ permit irlat I VI I proportl it : ae : f tions, caused bv increased limits, ti ietermine the { ght angle n ft tne ring Her : onomic tolerance. the forgi ( t vide, tl In forging disks, such as pipe flangé tc., where uniform strength is requi periphery of the forging, the stock ntrod the dies in an upright position When the forging Closer Forging Tolerances Secured by Heavier Equipment oughed, ready to go into the finish impre n of the aan ue ae aed lie, the hammerman has no tong to position the sto¢ bel} a omy =a se i . anol is the hammer strikes. Hence any bosses, ril ae vee! ae 4 re +} . a raised surfaces of other than circular shape should be oe “9 | er : Mee edebicee ue + + ned guide e stock, a ’ ‘ a a aca a deep enough in themselves should, when possible, be spaced uniformly around the Jeet a lt i al alll al disk. Lineal tolerances on such a form control th cae ten i leita, hteati. , iccuracy of cutting the prepared CK 1 engt! i aid ; watts . / hle moatior ’ h th} the number of hammer blows required f thick : ad i wi cr a a ness limits. Ordinarily a variatio1 f 1/32 11 ah i i tn the head thickness is met at an economic rate f mit iinet ) ‘ hamme} ” + 4 ome multi-impression dies, is introdu to the dies nstruct makes forgings more accurate with the grain of the stock parallel to the est d etter guiding, mpensates tr roy rger mension of the forging. A fixed relation ( making 1 ! vs, tI ncreasing tween the allowable limits along the two right angle ict Difference the t { f hamn vill lower production and increase die st nossibl. f impact within the hamn Stock for forgings other than disk KCe] ilting enter-lines of the forging. The short mensio! eadilv not n tl . 9 , is made parallel to the line joining he guid i tne yhotog I ne een take! ! ne hammer and the longer dimens!i The Iron Age, January 8, 1931 153 ~ 7 he Iron ige. January 8, 1931 ‘ rey ( ‘ , uit A ss f cl} It ) | Ria ; il i it t ut) yf ’ _ as men ts Moreove}1 ( LAITY super-hard tool. While achine Tool} pj fae fy te By FORREST E. CARDULLO vr" wv VW we must admit that there are difficulties at the present time in the use of tungsten-carbide and similar tools, must expect that these difficulties will gradually pp iven though these difficulties do not disappear e1 rely, ves, even though the improvement in this ma teria ; very moderate, because of their great poss! ities tungsten-carbide tools will continue to gain favor, to be used more and more widely, and to replac n considerable measure high-speed steel tools. It may be interesting in this connection to con ler a certain aspect of the development of the tung ten lamp which might escape attention. The intro iction of the tungsten lamp was at first opposed by entral stations for the reason that the lamps, being more efficient than carbon lamps, used less current. The efforts of lamp manufacturers in the beginning vere centered on producing lamps of slightly greater candle power and considerably lower current consump tion, than the carbon lamps then in use. The actual result of the introduction of the tungsten lamp was not only to make light cheaper, but because of its to gradually increase the demand for it, so neapness that within a short time the lighting load of central stations began to increase much more rapidly than it iad been increasing when carbon lamps were in use. The first fears of central station managers, that the introduction of more efficient lamps would reduce current consumption, turned out to be entirely un- founded. Such lamps soon increased the rate of growth ol Design May Be Widely Affected By New Cutting Materials of central station output in making possible lower rates fi ' tungst ' Stones of the tune extending the use of all nd f ¢ il te? r potentially equally gr: in substituting central-statio i , n generated power, and in bringi a remarkable and spectacular advance ! { ( t of t vho put to wo! and social importance of such } The use of tungsten carbide ting material may make possibk development in the case of the metal-w U Machined Products Will Be Used in Increasing Quantities Price of Cemented Tungsten Carbide an Obstacl If it is possible fast as before, machine: used in greatly increased quant find their way into the market " use will be lowered in ” much wider distributior Art somewhat unsatisfactory will bi ipped at rile) The fir tne NIZA price — period in their life, and the gen for all kinds of metal products t capital goods into the class of imer § l ta ha hm We may expect that in some measure the of the central stations will in the future “[ UNGSTER carbide or some equiva- n the experience of the meta rKing lustri . . . oe aes oa lent cutting tool material may bring This will not be the development { , : rem : or about spectacular developments com- even five year it 18 now more tnar ‘ Inc 4 . the tungsten-filament lamp became an art f com parable in many ways with those follow- merce, and the full results of its introduction and it ing the introduction of the tungsten- provement are still far from being realized, except filament lamp. It is in the same stage he field of lighting. The effects of the introduction ot mo we Aree oe of development that the tungsten. lamp electrical appliances, the increased availabilit was some 23 years ago, and no doubt power, because it can be distributed economically from many of the difficulties now experienced ee arene nee ay ere ee will gradually disappear. anda the development f Ine nower svste ’ rural ; ‘ . Unlike the tungsten lamp, which is iin. tn. ceria eibiaaisiia! hileitaain Ves daeeieamaeal simple and foolproof; the tungsten- of the electrical industry due to the tungst m| carbide tool has potential efficiency and the potential development of the metal-v . only. Its actual efficiency depends upon ee > 56 Tet eee ee the skill and intelligence behind its use, tools. The lamp is a simple thing an ua silted ieee te tn Ania tc ta and upon the knowledge and business scientific laboratory. All of its effici sed judgment with which the products it ! in the glass and brass which inclose it. ot so tht makes are developed and marketed. tungsten-carbide tool. It } Its actual efficiency depends upon the skill and 11 wens www gence with which it is used, and the knowledge and power distribut I ire + ¥ + , ? TY J ¢ ~ the products it mak business judgment with which The Iron Age, January 8, 1931—155 iechn 156 tn te fe “pre problem confronting the metal- working industry is much larger than merely replacing a high-speed steel tool with one made of the superhard mate- rial. It involves not only the scrapping of cutting tools, but of jigs, fixtures, machine tools, production lines, and in some cases, entire factories. Even then there remains the development of new markets and the finding of new outlets for our shops. The last revolutionary development to affect the metal-working industry was high-speed steel, upon which the entire automotive industry and all the social and economic consequences that fol- lowed in its rise are based. VvTv Vv The Tron ige. January 8, 1931 rk or the chips, off \vain, the mechanic m the cut. till he does uper-hard t its edge will be ust train himself A good mechani otten enough in the course I impe! ne ! ipid e) he +1 { i a i ( «l at t ' re { i ed [ ead } 1 and l y ' ? t re Oo! me, are prevent- er-hard cutting a for themselves. rat at 1po} e de hich the heir } Wider Than Merely Substituting One Cutting Vaterial for Another rs I ittin I al-W rk I | | ca t ut of ar hard tool f r’¢ the po ! W carbon lam] ar The problem was taggering was solved : ' rth of equipment, it d only a few | al « irely I ating innume! wer. It was ber of customers le a is conceptions proceeding on e} ruld be done. The cial and economic new ndards of taste rtifi ght, and even And t end is not yet. to achieve the ar future as the Bu \] I Power social and economik ba wed its rise, are k of Machine Tools \y \ ,() } ['} tr al ! nstru ! [It mé + \ffe y" \ y r) it ? re 7 Tt} 7 y" rk I | ; i a T} ) ab l tl e mal } Kl! I ye ] al aliz pl l ie , LVet i 1 on It lac! tn ing whither t rt as ! a! . r al nN ( t d e] Tt ¢ to The a fn tr EDUCTION of time required for cut- ting has received most attention from both machine tool designers and production engineers. To this end mil- lions have been spent in developing tool materials and more powerful machining equipment. But tungsten-carbide will reduce this element of total machining time to a relatively subordinate position. In the not-distant future the time re- quired to fasten the work in place, to bring the work and tool into proper rela- tive position, or the time required to secure the tool in place—depending upon the type of machine tool and the nature of the work—will receive first consideration. vvyv Effect of These Developments on Machine Too Ww The Iron Age, January 8, 1931 157 158 The fron le persuasion being f tools will recognize their utility and value. required before the purchase rs Reduction of Cutting Time Will Not Be Dominant Consideration At present, as in the past, the purchasers of n enter their attention almost er )] em to c the possip1ilt e this is the tern if determined ies of r 1 of the arith educing the cutting tim: total time which can br netical computation, pr rineers are prone to devote to it an unns ary amount of attention. tnat in any degree When tuns ntion of either the machine-tool builder first thoug! now mucn Since it is the one ele within the control of th it is the one element on whicl stress ste! it 18 to further in attempting to sell his irbide tools are brought concentrate every effort cutting time can be to examine critically, and in great det in 1 regard ! nvinced that this attitude of mind nee In the past the cutting time has nt I tne six terms wnicn C( machining time, ngsten carbide is bound to reduce torn that ll ore C1V In th e first but the introduction o it to a relatively e not-distant future, the consideration will be the required to fasten the work in place, the time re lred ? ' sition ( tne Time . ] : ¥ ‘ ? iré nh piace U { es 0 | oT tire { particular type ol i the nature of the a tn te ANAGEMENT has frequently been remiss in not providing suitable machinery, jigs, fixtures and shop furni- ture for the workmen, and in not direct- ing and assisting in the development of new technique and methods of work. Many shops are equipped with machine tools of old designs, with second-hand tools or cheap models that are anything but efficient. Half-way measures in solving the problems hitherto neglected will place users of machine tools in the position of being marginal producers, likely to be forced out of business at any time by the pressure of men who are willing to give their problem the constant study which modern conditions demand. ~~ we dge, January 8, 1931 e work and tool into proper relative required to fasten the tool se- hese, the one which will give the t cost reduction will depend on machine tool which will be used, work t turre o be don¢ ° lathe working on ba) 4 ] stock c, use of a collet ha long been recognized method which ve quickly fastens the wor! in its proper positior The problem in this ca is extremely easy and n great difficulty is ex perienced in the desig: a suitable mechanisn for the purpose. This a case where there is long established and satisfactory practic which reduces this tim to a minimum. The let is a widely accepted device which replaces the old fashioned meth od of cutting off a piece of the proper length, ‘entering it and driving it by means of a dog. One of the most sp¢ tacular things whic} has occurred in the ma chine tool field in recent years is the rise of the centerless grinder. The great gain which has een accomplished by the use of this ma- hine is due solely to a new method of olding the work while it is presented to the cutting tool, in this case the grinding vheel. Savings made by this means have een startling. May it not be that other n savings equally startling are possible in le ‘ther fields of work when a similarly rad- be cal change is made in the method of hold ing the work and presenting it to the cut ting tool? M The present tendency in machine-tool lesign, except in the case of special ma- cn hinery built for making a specific piece, is s to leave to the machine-tool user the ht ntire task of designing the devices for iolding the work. The question of how rl to hold the work has already received much attention in the case of small and medium sized pieces produced in larg: uantities, and to a very considerable ex- tent it has affected the design of special as production machines. This, however, cov ers only a portion of the field of meta of working, and the general solution of th Ly problem of holding medium and large he zed pieces of irregular form still re he ' ains to be solved. e- When a sufficiently large numb identical or nearly identical are to be made, th iser genera he levelops simple fixtures or jigs for |} yn ng the work. When this is not the casi ry nt he production department, if ther ne shop executives, 1f there 1s no p A} luction department, usually pas n to tl ndlvy heads of planers and boring mills, and many similar l ‘ + + y t ' ‘ I A rkman the ta e met} ( ese A ne \ l A ] } ng " rh y ‘ } y : Vort done ! r all tT isu i} ] ‘ é t re re rer mping } ce é erovene é la ) ne + Y ()f } i, ee , i ts, clamps, wed t appl ~~ ‘ y ? rig y $ i ré na ie rK require rea i ns ' ; a 4 st l} We rY VY @XTK na é ? . . led ts of a radical reducing of cutting time will t ind fre t t eth f adjustiz 1 ntrodu yn of ingenious devices for hold ‘ na 3 n regularly-shaped piece in a di pre nd A . + | +} } . } haper, or other similar tool \s : ( f ¢ 1; ] las ] + y : ‘ + + +} a Ome standardized and developed, a é P ° } | + , ' y + , nel rately ou ; a improved forms of them will eventually become ince r irately locating | ‘ Orporated in tne tools on whnicn tne il l ! l itia Af exactly as a collet or a chuck has be me 1 pal ated I I ana i the equipment of a lathe. Methods a1 ley for ra €! cu ) y r¢ f ‘ aing ork W ll certall ¢ ve n : 2S from many machine tool designers and users In the We | re i I eginning on tnis } } ruture In many cases such fixtures will be desigt work tv né We v hov | ] | . . > ? ¥ ' 4 4 . 4 : ‘. » esent the work to the tools in a va! l . ‘oblen ' ‘ lled | , machine h, tions, so that by simple manipulation of the fixtur io not m 1 e very keen about pur g holes may be drilled or faces machined at any r¢ red equipment as an extra not : ingle one to another. pted part of th pment of such ; ' ; P 5 Setting to Exact Angle The problem of fastening ; : \dequate Attention Not Paid to Setting to a g [ : for Accurate Work I Ol-I e! ne ide ea i- rey . : } \ } 4 @ 4 ‘ . Sa 19 these ¢ [fo some extent, fixtures have alread } , it 1 a : far nar? 5 ! I lall ny veloped or tool carriers designed for pert ie +7111 . } + + . tt; ’ ne f re rk ind ¢ ‘ ork. Instances are circular tabies for s le r ; ‘ ‘} versal tables for shapers, swiveling dev LS The Iron Age. January 8, 1931—159 160 Noon time in the tool room. This picture was taken from a crane and is unposed The Iron Age, January 8, 1931 Iron Ores Beneficiated by Direct Reduction and Concentration By DR. GEORGE B. WATERHOUSE a itn thr HIS article is an argument for the HE ‘ecent neet a dl . ° j beneficiation of low-content iron ores ing and round . maintain red yases bande Sinciueines ot by the sponge iron process as developed by CO atnel the iron ore session of the W. H. Smith, thus to render them equal to th tl : that aay institute ie high-grade ores and to augment iron ore ee Mining tngineers at Chi- : . a sate aediaiiah Vines seven Ba reserves. After the gangue is magnetically ssaheiuenh os | tevest that is felt in iron separated, the concentrates are briquetted. anil: Kanes | ore reserves and beneficia- If rich enough in iron, they may form part mater th “agi sn ee or all of the charge in steel melting fur- - ) e ‘or a great Many years : J efore discnarye I William H. Smith, presi- naces. Otherwise they may constitute part is saci Roan dealt dent, General Reduction of the blast furnace charge. It is claimed ipport combust Corporation, Detroit, has that the blast furnace will be greatly aided, heating the retot been paving attenti to 6 . . lh ens tor eek aceon “ as briquetted material taking the place of 4 , S yeneral (¢ estion ¢£ a. 4 are hu n ha while developing his proc fines and low-grade ores. reduce heat ‘ ess for the production oT iitate nandiins ia sponge iron, has also cor Fee oO teria Ther sidered its application t lagg tio! the beneficiating of iro! ingrue r res. This short article will } re may be cl! Ur sults obtained by him in working along the [ ! I Lak ' . . ; } i res from many localities re é The reduction ovens and the Smith ] , all described in THE IRON AGE, April 25, 1929 parison with the blast furnace, low d used. The ore and carbon pass dov | throug) zones which permit Reduced Lake ore, 1'2 in. and under The Iron Age. January 8, 1931—161 after briquetting. Reduced sponge iron C—O ) 1) juetted as also here shown, and is suitable tl re f crus] for steel making, while material containing more | enoug! gangue may also be briquetted. It will be seen from the table that many of the low-grade ores are made rl qual to those of the highest grade, so that iron ore reserves are considerably increased. By this method of direct reduction and concentra- yn of ores it is felt the blast furnace itself can be reatly helped. It can be relieved of handling fines and low-grade ores and their place taken by briquetted iteria f materially higher iron content and lower angue percentage. The charge will be kept more 95 en which will permit of faster driving and greater S4 the re production, the gangue to be slagged off will be less, 0) ‘ushed which will allow of smaller flux additions, which in OU 95 pe turn will lead to lower coke consumption. There is at Such material east probability that the top gases will be richer in lron Content Increase by Reduction and Gangue Separation for Iron Ores of Various Countries I Re ITAI 4 70.50 5.69 83.50 MBOUR( 7.00 59 40 35 5{ 57.20 8.50 64.80 } 1Oo in Hf 69.2( 3.50 ’ EWFOT LAND BE 4.38 EN AND 4.4 1.5¢ PANAMA 84.20 +4 i RI 62.1 89.40 STA 08 74.1 »5.28 65.5 28.74 84.3 4 »8.66 13.6 57.25 90 BF 8 55.34 84.52 67.00 95.00 f ; \ 1 43.00 79.00 55.50 84.10 SWEDEN 65.42 93.60 69.22 95.00 162—The Iron Age, January 8, 1931 re m le re _ e Another form of bri- quetted reduced sponge iron carbon monoxide than at present wit eque! tilities, istrial ar and the al ncrease in fuel value. groups of lliding ind st tur nowed a Vaiue ab No mention was made of flue dust e table equivalent that of 1Y2Y une mewhat anea [his already contains considerable carbo that : : — — : a ; eve ’ bout one-half a has to be added if it is to be treated by the reductior ea : nded ¥ ‘ ‘ 2s, and ery T process. It can be treated very su rully, f jae orl : . derabl t as D sample containing originally 54.9 per cent iro 1998 raised after treatment to 86.7 per cent rt re I ‘ a material is usually fine enoug! that 1 rushing se ao fe 419 ae 0) e cent needed before concentration m tl li ] : t ‘ bye the tw For many purposes the melting and slag a t ectively it 8 and 192 \ Some oned above may also bi irried I \ en! r , n our ex n other types of furnac AKI Thu r cer ; , i? 4 i i 122 ( Kur pe ni 1 I i ir had that d ina ‘ I I I il } i i n ie t Secretary of Commerce Report for 1930 ie a pamphlet of 36 pages th (nother 1 t ring 130 with 19 makes his annual report r t ir €1 Jur al | vs that rt f foodstuffs in tl ) last. It is divided into thi n latte ( n 44 p nt, whereas exports of raw Review, covering 14 pages; E natior W ) materials are up 1] r cent; of semi-manufactured g ages; and Progress in Develo nt of Sa \ ip 54 pe I f finished manufactures, up 90 per cent three pages. The secretary finds, a June, that Import inder all four categories, by percentage anufacturing output was greater than t iverag rangin n the case of foodstuff 3 it he calendar years 1923-1925, ne} itput is about nanufact f Rav iterials and finished mar | the same, railroad freight was off er cent ti ve ture 1] 14 resp production showed an advance « nt ntracts in 37 States we dowr ! tore ales wert ff 5 pe I I ui] houses were up 66 per cet ! e Heydekamp ntitied R R rue r Endu ! In most case roduction 4 : factured and semi-manufactured products and nera we ired in THE IRON AGt sept. 15, went to was less in the fiscal year ended last June n tl} t alter iuthor severed h nnection with eding vear, but more than two-thirds [ Ba k & Wilcox ¢ and the tatement tnerelr greater production than in the year 1927-1925 printed that he is identifi th that mpa! i therefore in error Surveying construction contra Reduced iron ore with gangue after briquet- ting. The Iron Age, January 8, 1931—163 ie ORTH side of press bay of City Auto Stamping Co., showing large double-crank presses at left and small double-crank and single-crank presses at right, the latter in the foreground. Hoods protect the floor openings through which scrap is delivered to a conveyor below. Two of these hoods appear at right. Steel storage and blanking bay is at bottom of next page. Unloading track is at the left and in the adjoining space is the stamping department. Unit heaters are shown along the outer wall under the crane runway In the exterior view of the plant the steel storage and blanking bay is at the right. Stamping department is in the center and assembly depart ment at the left 164—The Iron Age, January 8, 1931 Straight-Line Travel 250 Ft. from Raw Material to Shipping Dock ESIGNED for the economical production of ties, W ide traveling cranes in bays in which large stampings Ol light-gage tee tl heavy mat handled, and ne conveyor line for equipment and its arrangement and the efl the assem} fends ind another for the removal ciency methods followed in the new plant ot of scrap by which means the floor is kept practically the City Auto Stamping Co., Toledo, Ohio, make it a1 free of mater outstanding addition to the list of modern stamping Total widtl f the plant is 240 ft. and the plants serving the automotive indust1 Important straight-line travel of work from a receiving track features of this plant include a short, straight-line inside the plant to a shipping track alongside the flow of work across the plant from the receiving opposite side of the connecting buildings is onl; track to the shipping track, and the handling facili slightly more than the plant width The Iron Age, January 8, 1931—165 Assembly bay, showing at the right the fender conveyor. Fenders move along this for successive operations. In the foreground are assembled front-section units. Bus bars with outlets for electric current run lengthwise, just under the transverse beams. One appears at left, along the columns. nected 1iding lhe ing operations, are in various sizes, the largest teel storage na re ving t cine f nd weighing 360,000 Ib Next comes a row of 11 large : de and doubl ank, single-acting presses and, in a third 96 , are smaller double-crank single-acting presses 204 ft. lo \ de th embly few single-crank presses. The machines in aading dock. Die these two lines are used for forming, trimming and sho} ! e fro nd of this d piercil ne sto. ne lild vs { height and all buildings are well lighted Flexibility Provided for in Use of Machines Steel is received in the storage bay. bundled, in Ten movable presses are provided for intermedi- and is handled with a 15-ton travelins ate operations, these being moved around and set at rane The unloading track, which is depressed, ex the side of fixed-position machines.* A hook at- tends through the greater part tf this bav along the tached to the back of each movable press assists in suter side. There is also a depressed unloading dock handling it with an overhead crane. yr trucks. Dies and press parts are all indled One interesting practice in press operation here he storage bay crane. Blanking and other first s the use of several medium-sized dies in one large perations are done in this bay on blanking presses, double-crank press, for as many as five successive aaEee nears d roller leveler cated ons operations. The piece passes from one die to the e adjoining the press bay next. After each downward stroke of the ram one In the first line of press equipment are nine finished piece is removed, others are moved forward toggle presses, located at the side of the press shop for successive operations and a new blank is placed nearest the storage bay. These, used for deep-draw in the first die. Considerable handling of large . ; stampings from one press to another is saved by a Se eee A eco rr pene $F this method, and this practice also adds to the flexi- 166—The Iron Age, January 8, 1931 stead of three of differ- ent thicknesses. Pneumatic cushions are provided for the dies of all presses requiring cushions, assuring an even pressure and elimi- nating the use of springs for cushioning purposes. The larger presses also have counterbalanced safety cylinders. The presses have centralized lubricating systems, sup- plied by Lubrication De- vices, Inc. Air cushions and safety cylinders are similarly lubricated, four units being provided for this i bility of the presses which are of Toledo Bliss and Hamilton makes. Special long pittmans with 24-in. adjustment are provided on the large double-crank presses, which saves in the use of filler plates. One 20-in. r filler plate is used _ in- the 11 large double-crank, Presses are individually a HORT movement of material, to conserve handling costs and group- ing of operations on a single piece, with the same end in view, feature the layout of the City Auto Stamping Co. plant. Add to this the ability to move some of the presses into convenient position alongside one of the big fixed machines, for work in conjunction with it. And scrap, trimmings, etc., drop through the floor to a conveyor, thence to baler and into an outgoing car. Thus is the floor kept free from ac- cumulations, and the work progresses at high speed. wvrTv vv motors, whicl provide igh electrical efficien¢ \ nd improve the power factor A 30-hp. high- ro ue motor arives a arvyve toggle press which ild require a 75-hp Mos machines e ft switc he two rters and r safety rol butte There ! nnect and } conne f a i A i nae t rT S era ) l ent the j rol ert ire ffixed he front of the il ! pre ( Y f l itl ale I yur t t t i Di vy u ill pres Work my al nar a vi than th Scrap is brought to the baler house from the press shop on a conveyor the discharge end of which is shown. Scrap drops from the conveyor to a hopper which delivers it to the baling machine. The baled scrap is discharged upon an elevator which dumps it into an open car outside of the building. equipment. One man attends to the scrap handling and baling The Iron Age, January 8, 1931—167 Dividends as Factor in Consumer Buying Power By D. E. JACKSON 170 The Iron D IVIDENDS from corporation securities have assumed a more important place in the incomes of the American people, and therefore the reduction of corporate earning power because of driving down of selling prices, such as has occurred in steel, for example, is called by the author a shortsighted policy that will endanger the maintenance of the American standard of living. irn 1s ist aS uneconomic as ful waste Buyers in a great many in- \ t tl tances point with pride to certain purchases made, Phe nicn in mat Cast an be traced later to the ultimate n of a source of supply. Kxamination of tl irn on invested capital of irious industries will show the steel industry to the smallest earners. There are reasons competition being one of the principal tac rs Steel prices nave receded to a point where even vears will be impossible. And e Tact a demand was made quite fre nembet the United States Senate, for vestigation of the recent attempt to stabilize 19 i1ustl Without reasonable rices, all f the hue and cry rK frst nine mont} have been listening to recently for the reestat 00,000,000 hment of prosperity calls for the impossible. , e Dividend Reductions Endanger Our Stability N¢ yaper announcements of wage reductions have yncern, but the average reader uught to the announcement of the re dend r their discontinuance. Div nds not only affect the present American condition, ire life in a large way depends upon the Y li d l ‘ retu nvest Many of educational institutions have been e1 trust tunds < mposed if stocks, the re ive en the basis for future ! \ny impairment of this will seriously af t the educational system of our country. Many of the foundations that have contributed much to our Down Prices Curtails Dividend welfare and happiness are operating the same way. Dividends paid each year equal the combined capi- talization of four or five corporations the size of the that will not allow the manufacturer the United States Steel Corp. Imagine the horror {ge, January 8, 1931 fo Maintain Our Livin Stand PRINCIPAL WELDING PROCESSES CLASSIFIED Resistance | | (iter — Brect a Atomic hydrogen Alter nating Direct - = =u a ae Metal 1 Carbon } ela | hermit Pressure Shielded - | N view of the multiplicity of processes and types of equipment now embraced by the welding art this chart classifying the principal processes ani clearly showing functional relationships should be eminently useful. It was originated by F. T. Llewellyn, United States Steel Corpn., who drew it up for use with an article prepared for the next edition of the National Metals Handbook published by the American Society for Steel Treating. Mr. Llewellyn is a member of that society's recommended practice com mittee and is a past-president and a director of the American Welding Society The Tron Age. January 8, 1931- successive operations. Assembly bay, showing at the right the fender conveyor. In the foreground are assembled front-section units. Fenders move along this for Bus bars with outlets for electric current run lengthwise, just under the transverse beams. One appears at left, along the columns. There are three main connected buildings. The first is a steel storage and receiving bay, the second the press shop, each of these being 72 ft. wide and 312 ft. long, and the third an assembly building 96 ft. wide and 504 ft. long. Alongside the assembly building is a covered storage and loading dock. Die shop and offices are at the front end of this build- ing. The storage and press shop buildings are of good height and all buildings are well lighted. Steel is received in the storage bay, bundled, in open cars, and is handled with a 15-ton traveling crane. The unloading track, which is depressed, ex- tends through the greater part of this bay along the outer side. There is also a depressed unloading dock for trucks. Dies and press parts are all handled with the storage bay crane. Blanking and other first operations are done in this bay on blanking presses, squaring shears and roller levelers, located along the side adjoining the press bay. In the f