The Iron Age 1930-09-11: Vol 126 Iss 11

ers and “Talent” are in Profits AUGUSTUS SMITH ident, Bergen Point lron Work broader subject the great apostle produ ed by wrongfully and wealth artificially touch with him who stl . “Das Kapital,” which has had blichting effect on Clviiization. is much good to be derived from Kar! indictment be fairly studied I believe the immediate instigate envy, wherever his influence has penetrated. BONUS plan, in which stock holders, talent and workers share in profits over and above a fixed return for capital, has been employed for years by the Bergen Point Iron Works, Bayonne, N. J. President Smith tells about it in the accompanying article. lf earned, any surplus over 10 per cent to stockholders, plus certain increments to stockholders and tal ent, is divided as follows: Two ninths to stockholders, four-ninths to talent and three-ninths to em ployees. Essential principle of plan is based on the ‘equity and social advantage of paying a fair price to labor and talent.” ' 1 eet 1 ’ } ‘ { ; ' , mie 1iopted the plan of balancing our books oted year, on July 1 and on Jan. | Cars \ m to pay on the regular pay day Vork t W ¢ i 1 t& pay ¢ gull pay day rket Value Tor services rendered Dy empl -called ‘ ery class as nearly as that can be detern comparison with the wages paid by othe: ted ! ir lines of work By the semi-annual ack directors determine how much mon: n any kind of value the company ‘ mulated or lost in the preceding SIX MOI re It the gains are sufficient, a dividend up 1 1 ’ ent on the total capital invested at the ning of the six months’ period (that IS, at t 10 per cent per annum), ts disburse Ck holders on the ground that this divid e market rate for capital invested in suc ness as the Bergen Point Iron Works, h as the wages disbursed throughout iths’ period were the market rate tor w gains are not sufficient to declare sm ‘ : stockholders, but are sufhx 1 dividend at the rate of 6 per cent more is large a dividend as can § & sed paid to the stockholders, whic! V ork nsidered payment in full for the use of tl ns are insufficient to declare a di te of 6 per cent per annum, the di the 6 per cent rate 1S allowed t itl interest thereon at 6 per cent 1 pre ferred lien against future ¢ f the stockholders ( tne imount necessat ’ y ne« 7) ‘ ? ? 4 4 ‘ tk At the pres« ivt I be eve I ¢ Imstal il evidel 1 Was trading ‘ race hat trade ] | ! ore tnat puver a reed upo! dd to Adam Smith’s fou ‘ I llts tror trading, mol re trading In short, I v Nee , the ere at oY ot ‘ tne elocity of trade { ( de pe nds oO! tne ! I iver and bv seller, t! i? { ind nence tne mos ra 1 must result when the ad ; tne c Ss exact equal to the { ‘ ‘ Duve? yne? ho ' Dal ' l t cle Ne nalog n geometry { mathematical proof. In gen true though I do not claim mather n a field which involves men’s 0} He i} fro ioe September 18. 1930 sm a pamphlet distributed to workers le a dividend of 5 per cent for the first six s, or at the rate of 10 per cent per annum, xcess above 10 per cent is divided into three one part for the stockholders, for capital, e body of the company, so to speak; one or the judgment, foresight, driving force e wits of the company; and one part for the yees, that is, to continue the simile, for the is of the company. ese parts are not necessarily equal and the ve proportion has to be determined by the tors. The underlying principle is to apply ‘arnings according to the merits of the case ler words, to make the punishment fit the directors are supposed to know why the vany made the good showing and must be yn to endeavor to divide the earnings as 1s they can when there are any extra gains dis ided ust be evident from the above explana it any extra compensation thus found to ue to the wits or to the hands of the company tt a gratuity. Nor is it profit in the sense the share of the stockholders is profit and tore subject to the payment of income taxes e Bergen Point Iron Works. It is simply i 1 IX months’ period which cannot be le e ined until the expiration of the period is manufacturing costs go, these contingent 1 i ings of the hands and wits are to be included iS yn the regular pay days rument nevertheless wages well as Surplus Divided With Workers ; s theory is the basis of yntingent-wages plan fluenced by a restraint ised by trade unions, produc ing the service tened unemployment, a workman, yeneral trade union or by the rade union, will virtually it what it costs him t rofit in the transactio1 the advantage of buying italist would be much great advantage of selling would be This is what Karl Marx de: stic system. Modern ec: lack of purchasing power 1! nt stagnation of trade e Bergen Point Iron Works belie s have done a most useful work it situation and procuring for the i yn of the wages contingent on the outcome SO same category as the basic or market wages } rh y oh wr p ’ lyy . Nea nraht rh l nh price » Inciude some pron SK a gy é ig ? the cost of production of the service. We believe n the United States the rates of wages are now siderad above the “cost-of-living.” But we d rely on trades unions for a complete cure. and ict, we believe that reliance on trades unions \ t t ) Tne? ’ ] les itside the Su t his article 34 j ? t ne ¢ I I nat Wwayes n general are We e the 1 é *\ t f ing } t I Ssaryv ¢ s i1l\ ivy, neve! leie@ss Tees ne error W De n the sate side if be assume + +) Y . + + \ o 1? ? lity 1 irk rate Wages IS In reality nhxed a ted s ) Ving, and lf 1t be assumed tha 2 , ‘ ; | irke ri; tor the 1Sé¢ rt ipital is 6 per cent >? I t I y + ; in After setting aside inds to pay the marke ‘ ! il rand 6 pel ent tor tne ise of ¢ ipita neidey } surt is as roper I be divided Four-twelfths to capital. Five-twelfths to lahor. Three-twelfths to talent The Iron Age. September 18, 1930— Spring Wire Specially Heat Treated By R. W. COOK fendin we | ice-President and Factory Manager pears Wallace Barnes Co., Bristol. Conn r springs which have rigi ! ‘ f nh Cannot acquire permanent f ma ition, and which must rebound quickly be made of soft wire and then heat treat eat tougnness is required and little sag or slug ness is permissible, then cold-drawn wire qa Since heat treatment is impracticable on vei re on account of surface damage, I rings are also made of cold-drawn wire. F\ ( rings which must absorb heavy shocks the lowe! n higher manganese analyses would be chose pring Such statements as the above are to be interpret 4 I t most gene ral terms. We are able, through various combinations 01 er sq. in. and which will work at stresses in treme fiber as high as 300,000 lb. per sq. In. W rn it fatigue rupture. Clock spring wire (reall strip) is annealed and cold rolled many times treme to the correct size and then hardened and tempered; this artick music wire is patented and cold drawn to size; te KI} led ered wire” is annealed, cold drawn to size and the! ial] quenched and oil tempered, and so on. a ee lt is apparent that the preliminary heat treat + ment known as patenting and the intermediate trea poas ~~" ments given to music wire, for instance (which 1s 7 , ina drawn from a rod approximately 14 in. in diamete! — =o down to wire as small as 0.004 in. in diameter, having near ndition the trength, elasti i uniform tensile strength at some figure between ; rdn f these ste ncreases directly 900,000 and 400,000 Ib. per sq. in.) must approac! arbe tent [hese properties are en absolute uniformity. It will also be apparent t! namely, by cold work annealing the coils of strip for clock spring wir : ng) and by heat treat must be uniform when it is considered that the ! . vorked r strip has a high ulti terial must be rolled many times to final size, the! th, even higher than can be imparted t quenched and tempered to a tensile strength of 5" veel t eat treatment, but the quenched 000 lb. per sq. in. It is interesting to figure npered wire has a much higher yield point one thousand clock springs might require about ner se i tempered wire would prob- miles of stock, all of which is stressed up to anc 64 The lron ige. Se ple mher 18 1930 d its vield point (250,000 ginal winding and held at th: at stress inside that a single infinitesimal fl Yet this processing is e¢: not over 1] per cent winding. The two manufacturing sses above mentioned entirely different it ind vet each produces material of great fulness and high physi- Patenting sists of passing the (hot-rolled rial from the rod mill properties. een” rods through a high ten ture furnace, then ching from about 1800 Fahr. in lead or alr speed to produce sorbite wire is then cleaned nd cold drawn through und dies, during whicl me the coarse grains D- ined by the heat treatmer ers.” This structure is ighness, particularly when rsion. The processes of uugh a series of dies are the finished size, the wire condition throughout ee oe Ea tas PRING materials having tensile strengths of 400,000 Ib. per sq. in. are produced by combinations of cold work and heat treatment. Spring steel containing up to 1 per cent of carbon may be folded on itself either across or with the grain High-carbon steels susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement are never im mersed in acid. Flat strips are cleaned mechanically by a sand-blasting device in the Wallace Barnes plant at Forestville, Conn. Quenched and tempered springs can not be rust-proofed by a process which requires preliminary cleaning in acid. ré é t SS O¢ iL€ tne wire ater y ALC T i nen aiternate rer y ‘ ? ting ( t ox ? ¢ remalning il } A i} oi a a Annealing pots and furnaces at Forestville The Iron Age, September 18, 1930 —765 66— The Iron September 18, 1930 SPRING STEEL | WATCH ‘ 0.062 MUSIC WIRE Strain Diagrams of Vusic Wire Watch Spring lempered Spring i ive MPERED WIRE i iveé © £ or str mass for a definite temperature schedul carbonization is preve by circulating cit through the pots. Fy highest quality work gas is unsuitable, ft and mo liable t without Any which interrupts ot damage composition content are notice. dent the gas would the alternative is to pack ; ‘we flow contents coils in cast iron Springs which aré¢ treated after coiling ar: ot raye Wire sn (QO.135 dom made n 10 The heat in batches a th. tna treatment Is scooptu spread out on a sheet 1 pan and placed in a | operating wit! of gas. A few utes brings them t furnace eXCeSS and they are quench oil. Subsequent drawi done in rotary muffl naces in a gas atmosphere One seemingly mir heat - treatment operat! has disproportionate high-carbon materials. | Mh strip after cleanings id or ip has more or less mill s in an open muffle also | on page S17) Artificial Atmospheres for Electric Furnaces and Their Application LECTRIC furnaces with hydro- By A. N. OTIS ti, veneuven and chamies gen atmospheres have been rium relations of the mponent 5 . ; Industria Heat Ne Ene neerin vee ; ae used for some years by the Department. Gener. I te grases in the atmosphere mde) reneral Electric Co. for copper braz- Co., Schenectady, N. sideratior ng steel parts together in the manu- For example, the pie acture of certain complicated assem- not Ox1d1ize in a furnace at \ lies, and for annealing sheet steel, strip and lamina temperature Again, if the piece be already oxidized n punchings for electric generators and transforn the oxide v not be reduced or converted back to it rs eS s obtained and the operating techniqu ! ! tn phere tf nhvdroyge! t Vv temperatul Result btained 1 t niqu 1 an atmosphet vdrogen at low temperature \ leveloped indicate that a wider field of application is certain temperature necessary erited. 1 One principal obstacle to this, however, has et lron oxide, Fe | difficulty of obtaining the required gases in ad ditions combines with hydrogen, H,, produ ate quantities and at low cost. <A study of this Fe, and water vapor, H,O, according to the reacti hase has resulted in development of simple apparatu Fe CO tH By 1HO -_ roducing, from readily available materials, suit ry : 5% ee oa ; oe ‘ vases rich in hydrogen, and at a tract I I see a . : ae -. ee —— , : a st of hydrogen produced by the usual met . ; = . rog e hvd e} ed u ! Pay To get a clear conception of the function of a ful an equal \ me f water vapo} ind the atmosnphers ace atmosphere it is necessary first t inderstand vould Y ntain t large a} portior f wate} vhat causes metals to oxidize, or the oxides of metals vano} Tr] extent to which water vapor in be »reduce. The reactions which take place, and the rea veebnek ima wnt weeveuk the vosstion ia tc = i wn tal ) + sons therefore, are known to scientists and metallurs equi riul ndition in the iro? xide-hvdroyen-watel! sts, but they are not well understood by the average te! vman. The subject is presented in three parts: \y +) ies . bo " ' Rad " f matal na ; . ‘ , ’ they fipect } l. Principles involved in oxidation of metals and at which no rea Ke Ace duction of metallic oxides, wit! furnace atmosphere. juilibrium point varies Ww 2. Methods of producing gases required e atmospheres. 3. Possibilities for ust ol furnaces spheres in the steel ndustry. It is well known that, f a piece of iron is . * heated in the atmos- q | phere, or in a furnace, ‘- ° - s 5 ON a black coating of iron o a - inder definite cor xide will be formed. It - a ( rn of ter erature s also well known that, => : a Ken nd pressut ind if if the piece is again ele heated in an atmosphere = f hydrogen or carbon oo SMB a Rg Ren : : ‘ . re ; monoxide, the oxide will ~~ “Al ; be converted back to 3 : 5 ron. These reactions, while common and a} “~e00 _— oi r Metalli x1d it parently simple, depend emnerature. ; for their effect upon defi- ee ee, nite physical and chemi- IG. 1—Equilibrium Relation of Hydrogen partia cal conditions which in- and Water Vapor at Various Tempera- volve temperature, vapor tures in the Reduction of Iron Oxide by Hy- aie pressures of oxide, par- droge n The lron Age, September 18, 1930 767 106 The Ii sO lron ig ation Pressure ‘’. September I 0 o. I quilibrium 1930 other gases, and that the pressures of the constituent gases present or procurable. llum and Fig. 1 and the relation between ipor in the reduction of iron rved that, if we increase the 1e hydrogen-water vapor mix he free hydrogen will comb This has martial pressure of oxygen e action of the pump in tl re of oxygen is thus lowered nd will continue to remains, provided the hydr phere is maintained above the the formation or reductilo + } he temperature and the pat pressure conditions to form different metals vary widely. eadily in the atmosphere at rela- the oxides of such metals res Other metals, such as xidize even at high tempera increased ires are greatly vapor pressures. Some oxides at relatively low temperatures ; aluminum oxides, ar¢ reauce iws governing these reactions he constants for various metals temperature and pressure, and in combinations of gases, have many investigators tor a netals by controlling the partial I netals from oxidation. lt is theoretically possible to reduce the oxi re of yressu XV ger roducing arrangement has no effect on t} icua or compression, as demonstrated in the mer m ] n sitio? t mosphere This makes oxide experiment, but the practical difficulties S a iring high pressures or vacua are obvious. Th: ( iit can be more readily obtained through the us: 117. Ba a isily oxidizable gas, such as hydrogen or cat . eee mersed in a s r nsisting of 80 parts 1 yxide. nd 20 ie a ee e147 A clearer conception of the significance of this r square To re meta ymenon may perhaps be obtained by considerir ressul xvgen : wered f1 dissociation pressure of oxides. The dissociati ! : e represent norma r at ’ ssures for oxides of different metals varv widel ssure to the ex ! w value represented irse, but the values for iron oxide in Table I v S n pressur for example, iron oxide ng out the point it is desired to emphasize. Thi r} s actual hat takes e in an electric furna eedingly high vacua required, even at relativel) with an atmosphers rh temperatures, are far beyond the attainabk : (pplication of Atmosphere Principles 1.—Dissociation Pressu n Atmosphe? In the r lay f ric furna Le ! Oxide se tacts were 1 ipp! ited, ex t bly femperature, Pressures ntific thinkers rhe ad application th Deg. C Atmosph«e es has 01 recent me wit! the rea 327 Ls (a0) 2 i 527 91x (10) ' 797 20 x (10) Durir recent years electric furnaces have be 927 16 (10) ed nt iry S1zes idaptabie to man Indu 127 -9 x (10) il uses, and have found a ready acceptance by uset 327 2.8 x (10) ich equipment Spe types have bet iit for special purposs It is a striking fact that the presence of a stror pper brazing rocess previously refer lucing gas, such as hydrogen, lowers the partia ressure of oxygen to these exceedingly low values, sy meal f thi ro 1 number of steel part nd in effect is a pump of extraordinary capacity may be nited into a plicated assembly th Thus may be explained the basic principles involved ns of nt it ( ration The proc the oxidation of metals and the reduction of meta rrie t in a tmosphere of hydrogen, or in at x1des mosphert vhich hydroger present in substar Hydrogen is the gas ! portions Phi st commonly used for MIG 2—Continuous Furnace for Copper iii mon ii reduction of metallic kf Brazing, Consisting of a 20-Ft. Heating a Se des, and many metal- Chamber and 40-Ft. Water-Jacketed Cooling hich would be wi irgical processes de- Chamber Continuous with It (Facing Page mpracti able an pend upon its use. Con- a method ersely, it may be used VIG. 3—Oxygen Plant. In right background Fig. 2 is a large con n furnaces to protect fh is shown the fractionating column for sepa- tinuous-type furnace |} rating liquid into oxygen and nitrogen pper brazing \b and oxygen, i quid hydrogen is a uct, and (2) liqu and fractionatio) into nitrogen a gen, nitrogen b: wot by-product. Valve In the ek process two volur hydrogen are g to one volume of and in the liqu process four volur nitrogen are pro one volume of The electrolvt aA consists of a low generator suppl) rent to a grou} containing wat which sodium h is added to ionize lution and inert electrical cond Hydrogen is ¢ ne terminal of and oxygen at th The liquefa consists of WG. 4+—Diagram of Heat Exchanger and stage compressor Y Fra tionating Column for Separating Liquid compress alr lt lir into Oxygen and Vitrogen 3000 Ib. per square from which it passes hrough ai heat fri ting column Here the sudd sul iefies it and it is boiles f} Both processes vield ¢ Protecting Steel with Phosphates out by Jean Cour! - periments ried Bary and described in a note presented Académie des Sciences (Paris) had for e determination of the protection agains ven to soft steel by a covering of met sphates applied by immersing the steel in h entrated solutions obtained with phosphoric acid ron and manganese, manganese and zinc and zin ! he corrosive tests were those of salt | water as adopted in French aeronaul ine Die a oa ilies rhe results showed that corrosion began w tes lone after 11% hr., after 5™% hr., when the s! ene Vi covered with phosphate of iron, after 8 with phosphate of zine, and after 22'>5 hr. with ' ( manganese. With combined solutions , nd iron, the corrosion began after 22! hr., wit! , nd manganese after 70 hr., and with manganest : ron after 70 hr. The protection afforded by Pp! ite of iron was shown to be illusory, and tha results were obtained with the mixed solu ; 1 the beginning of the corr 7 retardead i210 The lron Age. Se ptember 18, 1930 Galvanizing Furnace Using Both | Direct and Indirect Heating By HARRY E. GILBERT hairman, Harry E, Gilbert & Son, Inc., Combustion En ines Bridgeport, Conn ONCURRENT use of radia- tion, convection and con- ia duction, in heating a galvaniz- seal Sic ing kettle, is believed to extract der conditions favorable to a study of. th most of the usable heat from problem from a production standpoint He was at the fuel. This description of a hat time employed in a plant operating 23 } it furnace designed to utilize all a possible 24 hr., and production was carried to a three methods of heat transfer maximum. Therefore when, in later vears. the sul shows a unit which has had the ) test of commercial operation. As such, it should be sugges- tive of what can be obtained when one goes after it. OME 20 years ago the writer came ~% practical knowledge of hot-dip valv; t of galvanizing furnaces claimed his attent t was in the light of this earlier and perience, In the plant of Witt Cornice Co., Cineim vas installed four years ago a galvanizing furr the type here illustrated. The kettle itselt rdinary firebox or flange steel, of general dime sions: 42 in. wide, 54 in. deep and 14 ft. long, inside. The general arrangement of the furnace rom tine irce of heat, and to store and diffuse th as illustrated, and the method of firing is as show: neat In the wall, thus to supple nt the he in the sketches. I the Kettle and its content Hot es pass 1} n the Du ‘ Heat-Equalizing Members Used iat : . ng ie ae € sili, PN Protecting and heat-storage walls are of sil heat those walls to incandescence r} pews arbide compound in the form of bricks of stand heat the kettle by radiation. in addition or ard size and shape. This is the first time s nduction in heating the kettle bv the dir arbide compound has been used in this manner and f the hot vases themselves Meanwhile for the same purpose—that is, to protect the kettl nerate n the contents in the kettl Km] om the direct action of the flame or heat cente f all three methods of transmitting heat believed t ! nea ro! the is¢ al ] ey! Resu mpared with all pre is met t} x vI vrite? imiliar see } re y , the — d ‘i ' . : . teeter tt oe ee , ’ r } e been ct nuous inder fi excep ol e snort interval wne! r tne a { e ‘ y na ? tne Ke ttle Va #TY ‘ & ntents ind rye ! erie l $ } vas ry fey +} iftey ' e. : 4 e) During ( re 1} eal Vil ey I exce tr ¢ e and tu! na erated ! ! re ny da Cer nthly ind eal I I reacning n mu 1} i he ea p Lost wher +} ‘ ’ ~ ver r ice Hout ive I nuou r pel - a Sections Through the Furnace, Showing Its bia st ic General Character and Make-up and How the Wally tonnage, UJ r( Hot Gases Are Led Through Various Pas- Weekly tonnage, maximum, up to 200 SaLeES (¢ ) 4 : x : ' ; The Iron Age. September 18. 1930—7% UJnion Heaters—Production Methods an NE useful piece of equipment in a manufacturing plant, although it must be classed as non-productive, is a e. Although cr device for heating, thus making the plant a comfortable place gh cr to work in cold weather and at the same time providing = eee Wm atmospheric conditions conducive to best manufacturing re- compared with mo sults. Manufacturing methods used by one pioneer maker of recent heaters, thi unit heaters for industrial application are briefly outlined in earlier units follows this article. And suggestions are made for greater usefulness 1 sound - principk of such equipment which has been the model of the variou types later develope the ul heater transmits the heat + t eam, to the air which comes in cor radiating surfaces, and circulates this ted air rapidly by mechanical means until a uni perature is obtained through the room. The lischarged at such height above floo1 ne l to 5 (Left to right). Radiation core of pipes covered with thin steel disks; fan wheels assembled on shaft and subjected to static bal- ance; sub-assembly of top cas- ing and fan housings; floor- ‘ype unit heater with motor on bracket; horizontal sus- pended unit for hanging from roof truss or hracketed upon wall or column. ee ee i2 The lron Age. Se ptember 1 1930 By PAUL HOMER WHITE Vechanical Engineer A pplications ! FT, | re, which is illustrated in Fig. 1 Thi sembIi\ OnsistSs Of a nest of y-In. Star steam pipe coils formed into hairpin H welded into a common header plate. sefore sembling, however, each of these « ils is : ered with a series of equally spaced thin disks, which serve to multiply the radiating ! i specially developed proces il Ul yivel in acid bat} to YF yre; nd scal This is followed b vel that it will not come in direct contact with work peration which ats the entire irface b nen standing near, and thereby cause discomfort nd out, thus securely bonding the disks t In approximate figures, a pound of stean nde} iding to their resistance against nto a pint of water. In so doing, it gives up 1000 After the holes are punched into the header 1 B.t.u. of heat to the surrounding air. This heated the latter is placed in a holding fixture while the r, forced to move at a high velocity by the actior ire assembled and welded into pla Phe mplet ff a fan. induces a secondary flow—that is, the all f coils is assembled before the welding begul tream from the outlet drags some of the adjacent al! tne mpiletio1 I Uf peration, the header cay along with it, and gradually the entire mass 0! ded on and tl porting frame attached within the room is brought into circulation. Except mpletes the unit. which is now ready for the } r what is lost through leakage around doors, wil tatic test pp they are marked dows. elevator shafts and other openings, this air a epaired immediately, after which the rete nallv returns to the fan and is again forced throu \ fte) : ‘ alae are the heating coils. This action can be clearly demo! hed storage trated by introducing a dense smoke into tne all fore it enters the fan, and tracing its circulatior Fans Balanced Dynamically Before Assembly intil the smoke becomes evenly diffused throughou ; Next in import t} iltil ins wv the room. ican echies Stes é' aa be ne vas deed tai Standardized Parts Are Interchangeable ; a . ani I it I i it « i As carried on at the Skinner Brothers plant, the noid each wheel to a nigh degree of accura : manufacturing process Is divided into various , na dual blad re punched a! fort A iter wv i partments, each of which functions independent i the re machine veted to the center : : The Iron Age, September 18 1930 idard bends and as , TT \t are ry aro and tad ed ‘ iY r ; ru ‘ 773 Smtr PO let ABI a ii4 Various Phe Iron WEE SER FR Poe il [ypes Made from ige. Se ple mber 18. Standard 1930 ts es to the < t oe t al ed eTore 4 / G 0 l Right Inverted unit suspended from above Fig. 7 (Left By-pass unit with dampers under thermo- sfatté control, used for venti- lating ; = i¢ j 4 a ha! } a 4 > t ! f ) hy } hept Part arts ‘¥ tere | y ] 4 i I along the walls, or in front of columns or partit Where floor space is ata premium, the horizont inverted types shown in Figs. 5 and 6 are used. be bracketed upon walls or columns or sus may from roof trusses. The detail parts are the san ich type, with the exception of motor bracket suspension arrange ments. onstruction of these heaters, electri When one considers thi vs a large part. ‘ steam-tight ints which must be made, ! at some very dependable as well as nomical means must be employed. Electric arc w l many of the such as fan housings and outlets, electric spot weld ota skill d operator amply fulfills u! lighter sheet metal part yt the complete assembly of the casings, and nme} t the various brackets and other suppo! nembers, riveting is used throughout except n parts which must be removable. For exam] sing with fan housings attached is bolte so the cover plate over the coil opening in t adaptability of these various types makes nost any installation arrangement which mig! e desired. One of the many useful applications inits is in roundhouss heating. Here is a cas large space must be heated to a comforta King temperature A great amount of leakag« intered, and often the structures building is s that it from any nearby (¢ ded on page 827) ' Cold Rolling Raises Fatigue or Endurance Limit By G. S. von HEYDEKAMPFE, Dr. Ing. Engineer of Tests, Babcock & Wilcox Co.. Bayonne Fr. Formerly As O. Foeppl, Brunswi rma URING the last ten years much work on summarized fatigue properties of metals has been dor a ndrical spe at the Woehler Institute, under the directi i hem cold-r« Prof. O. Foeppl, who is head of this laboratory apparatus show technical high school (University) of Brunswick was used an ordinary Germany. Besides the usual determinations of dure jurance limits the elastic behavior of materials | . s that een investigated, paying special attention pre re irface mechanical hysteresis effect for ranges of str hres rdened ste¢ within the elastic and fatigue limits. To this isted le screws f hanical hysteresis effect the names “dynamic du nindle of the lat tilitv’ and “damping capacity” have been applied r A newe} Since 1927 a long series of tests has been carried m that shown in Fig studying the influence of surface and surface damag ntrollin t} yar on fatigue strength. These experiments have led - ns and flexure the development of a new method of machining hig! ipparatu stressed machine parts which is briefly describe 1 ei the present paper. Y By The New Surface-Finishing Method - ' : a This method consists in cold-rolling o1 0.10 ! ama ne the surface of highly stressed machine h of fter, or in lieu of, grinding. The process | i ir pplied, previous to the time Foeppl’s tests, for finishing railroad car axles, and was I first used in Sweden, according Bonte. A similar method Y cold rolling the surface of s the “press-finishing’” fo machine parts the fatigue or smoothing the inner surfac endurance limit can be raised about ‘illed holes to be used as 15 percent. This is the contention earings for pivots. The tw of the accompanying article. It pes of cold work finishing covers the results of torsion and ist_ mentioned are, however, — bending fatigue tests on alloy steel erely intended to reduce the — made by Prof. O. Foeppl in the efficient of friction for bear WWoehler Institute, Brunswick, Ger ngs by means OF a simple an" =r many. More recent tests have hexpensive Machining Process. shown the same favorable effect of fea oF compressing cold rolling on copper, bronze and ee the light metal, Lautal. Ina second a tigue streng nas . . ‘ 7 feel deine tease. a article the author will discuss a re- SA. alee Oaseies Bial markable increase of the dynamic ductility, so called, measured by the mechanical hysteresis under stresses within the range of the fatigue limit. The Iron } } were ' : e i nen w1sMme i Sning mean 1? T} ' ; l i Ss appara lat } ny tr itt ny Ipress irtace eing il t m The GE et f ip re rs na i 1 is le me! ! at j 1] t ul is [ rovers levi ! ised differ ] na I i cle B } try of yn e r'é Ty? shed } m im are r ! Ine irta rked, and | how Wil ’ il ’ ’ ’ ! , (oF 50) pel en 2D.000 } | T} +} irt t; ‘ + ; ' h 0.0] W I mal ] R LOCK if BRS ’ B60 Ir } i il ’ j rie ‘¥ ‘ cy dec (Of tant to Prof lesting Machines Used ige. September 18, 1930 ——- , ashe, CO ee a a ee or ane he SUITS ‘ 176 The . < Sp forsion { Iron Ag 7. I atigue ~* ~~. 4 } , Tests September 18. tii rit V7 02 hy sil 1 rt ;) ine \' ¢ i¢ filvi festing:? a Torsion specimen; en the supports (670 mm t Eade con +oy + t ~ t t ? a i i it 1 I 1] nolisne ! id } b hi LiL} O g the surtace oj cylindrical bars Left Rotating bending speci- /l measures in millimeters ahlwerke Remscheid ( Mark sition Was: specimens were tested “as rece surface); the remaining six sp led before testing by means of the in Fig. 1. The results of these given in the table. The four speci not cold rolled, were run unde} in alternating torsional stress of 48,500 Ib. per sq. in., er rolled specimens Nos. 66, 67, 68 and T iInaer ie numbers of cycles given in th VA ve ‘ \ ‘) an alternating torsional stress 10 per cent higher stress tha! ld-worked specimen), and did not breat ( TY ~ eSS hig a 1930 + g. 3.—Cold working the surface is shown in the microstructure: Cold-worked zone; (b) Nor- mal microstructure ‘ if cycles given in the table. Ther per cent increase of stress was applic ip to 59,700 lb. per Sq. 1In., an ter the numbers of cycles pive in the table No specimen wit! stood as many as one millio1 cycles of this 59,700 lb. per in. Stress. The load on specimen No. 75 Was maintained at a nomina value of 53.300 lb. per sq. ll until a fracture occurred afte! about 75 million cycles of stress Due to a change in energy) sorption during the test, spe men No. 74 ran for one night with an _ unintentionally creased stress up to about 58,000 lb. per sq. in., which a counts for its failure after = million cycles of a stress whic! was nominally, but not actuall) 53,300 lb. per sq. in. It seems evident that the endurance limit for the speci mens polished but not cold worked was less than 48,500 lb. er sq. in., and that spe mens shown 1n he endur nit : 1e endurance lir Laem. all oak } the cold- worked es : ed after polishing pecimens was ver) d it will } ter ye to 53.300 lb. per } ‘ : it pe ue in., since several en bevy ne cold-rolled speci : e. 7 t ens withstood several ; ‘ _ ‘ ‘ llion cvcles of stress ther +} fy hy vithout fracture, and ' r} nucle he one specimen which ” n 1in F { fractured at this stress se ie i the specimen No. 73) ran n ver 74 million cycles ur a efore fracture. It i: eel, al seems a _ reasonable progres f t rack onclusion that for the is slower toward the > ‘i > > y | - . material tested the in- Fig. 4.—Bending fatigue failure starts from small in- mpressed, cold-rolled ferior in SIONS: rease of endurance a siileiattaihcaitle part of the er ¢ . nm . 4 ‘ a j j ] limit due to the cold 1) Fatigue break, first state (with the inclusion Hoe a tt hak» tie 1: 2 Fatigue break, second state; 3 Static break we 1 | rolling was between 10 be dP ' tress is highest there - produced by pulling fie partiall vy broken specimens . and 15 per cent. After reaching the The reproductions rface f the er n Fig. 4, show the fractures of three spe , the crack seems to spread faster, as shown by a high quality crankshaft steel. The specimens wet the coarsened grain of the part marked 2 in Fig. 4 of the type shown in Fig. 2b, and in each fra he inclusions which, apparently, are the nuclei three zones are to be distinguished: for the start of the fatigue cracks have a diamete (1) A very light colored, elliptical area wit if 0.003 to 0.004 in., and are located at a distance of small central dot approximately 15 per cent of the radius from th (2) A lens-shaped region surrounding (1) nal surface of the specimens In a specimet slightly darker in color. polished but not cold rolled, the crack begins af the (3) The remainder of the cross-section whic] ace (or possibly a very minute distance below it) still darker. Parts (1) and (<) show ! na int of the very small notches or groove extent of the fatigue cracks 7 ; " grinding or polishing of the The machine is stopped by an automatic release pecime! for the motor switch which was set to operate whe! n the cold-rolled specimens, shown in Fig. 4, the the deflection of the specimen increase d by a Mk fluence of surface notches seems to have beet amount (0.004 in.) from its original value, an eliminated by the cold rolling, and the fatigue crack fore the fatigue crack had spread to complete fra nger starts from the surface, but from a point ture of the specimen. The partially fractured sp: below it Presumably the point where the crack men was then removed from the machine and tarts is from some point of localized weakness, in apart in tension. Usually the fatigue-cracked su probably a small slag inclusion. In a fatigue face is quite different in appearance from the part test a nol d-rolled specimen these inclusion broken by the final tension. eve t the rface, are no more dangerous a FATIGUE TEST RESULTS FOR REVERSE-TORSION TESTS } \ ‘ t ‘ ‘ er G8 in speci! was Ss > ’ } ) t Retest Int k b St me did 1 a re The Iron Age, September 18, 1930-—777 Vhe esults Obtained with Roller Bearings in Rolling Mills fron (Controlling Facto ; ig Se ple rriudve r } . eak, ing | Sel / nhe? ‘ « By G. E. PALMGREN S.A ele apacity of the bearing without al me mentioning the desired life t} s really the case will be seen ! | s shows the relation between bearing ff t 1 nd } ible life in millions of revolutions in cass \ r fa f a certain spherical 1 al i wire rolling mill or strip id is relatively continuous, it is not rl the same specific bearing pressut O! r mill or roughing mill, where the ( ffect aa s snort 2 vil seel rom the above that it rtance know completely the conditi n each cas Since, as a rule, the pressures vith res] to magnitude as well as time, wit} vide limit ve must consider not only certa ximun s but also the variation in pressure S s of greatest importance that the wh ! pplication | arried out in such a way that ne yu I d within the bearing, which has ed in the calculation, obtains in realit ipp tion is made rigid, without any p : r it idapt itself to deflections of the ne ned ; her skew positions, loads will be created in ce) ot the bearings which will shorten the earings, oft lisastrously 1—The desis must be such as permit the use of r necks of adeq diameter 5. To p reve! any wear of the ne¢ and bearing S¢ the bearings must have press fit on t necks. 6.—Changing the rolls must take up more til han when pl! bearings are use 7 It must | POSS rie {91 1dayu : ments of the rolls Relation Be fween Bearing Load and Life oft Dt effected quick f-alining SAE Roller Bearing with Rotating and so that the 1 Ring. One bearing out of ten is reckoned as are guided with ¢ Gown atte numbe) of revolutions indi- tness, They must d lverage life is about three times as long also be adjustabl 1930 nsions of the rolls. 8—The bearings be susceptible to damag: igh breakage of v It should be possibl fit roller bearings to ex- ng rolls and in existing As the SKF manufac- re includes all types irings, cylindrical, taper- gy and_= spherical earings, the company position to choose esign. The reason thout risk of overloading bearings through care- ssness or through heat ex- ae Mme hf MERICAN engineers have been active in fitting anti- friction bearings on heavy ma- chinery, notably rolling mills. Meanwhile, European engineers have not been idle. This article tells something of how they have attacked the problem. > — & spne rical rolle Deal vere chosen was that these bearings, within a cert ivailable space, can be ighest carrying capacity. + rit ) as ( { ¢ reason Wa hat St e¢ edges is type bearing makes an automat M istment, so that the distribution of load in the bear f the rollei ngs under all conditions will be uniform. Theref real carrying capacity and the life, it is evi ist be decidedly superior. lwo-Bearing Design for Ordinary Hot Rolling Mills Ee :; . - ae, INCE the neck diameter be heavy and the against dus roll as a rule should have as small a diameter as he t ¢ possible, the space available for bearings W effects the pres limited. To obtain carrying capacity, it aces of the bei will then be neces- iry to place two spherical bearings ide by side. Fig. 2 shows a roll and a ction through the earings. Radial pressure is : arried by two spher- al roller bearings 7), but a condition naking such an ar- rangement possible is that the bearing usings at the same time are supported n such a way that they can easily ad- ist themselves to the ecks with a mini- mum of resistance. lis is not done, ne of the bearings may have to carry the entire load and the life might there- tore be reduced to a e, The method f placing the bear- +] i rit ing housing in a spherical seating, in the same way as is done with a double- Three-High 14-In Stand. View side on which the bearings effecting lateral guidance are fitted the ‘ Y \ ’ hac £ a } +}3 _ ‘ _ aid tinge < } r¢ ‘rr < i S } } 4 As ! ( Kh ec S , t ai e } ' ere } } ue , ] { Q e( ‘ ) t nt j 1 a Klal dire ! ( f th, ipports ‘) ers t hie } me that tl t the rrespond I ted neavy l Form One Unit nted Y TY ; ether wit} } ime re we pt te ) when rol ire Ci i? el nro tne ! ‘ 4 r preventing + ‘ . ' I Irningy aroul ! r na ! riti i " \ ne ily ossible ‘ ' 4 roke ! i made T al el t een the ct ant I . ; ’ ri 0 re t r eal i ‘ nN ' | T i ’ ny t ’ j ? iced ) } ' Hey dort ! f ! the p. ¢ ‘ ' ng r The t } no ] f nite ’ ‘ er ( ; ? ? ' rior +} } | ne é y ‘ y as ! r r ry? ( els + r ? yy ? +} i , ‘ ney ' ‘ . ige., September 18, 1930 tse ee TIRE iii OY BPN YS be A YR Gh * n Showin ne? (Jid R Phe Iron Bot versd 18, 1930 September tom Roll, th Coupling f Leng theretore also have to carry 2 radial loads which are injurio file’ dle Tt + lop J 1? > Pre SSUN¢é ] wal De Ice an ¢ place Where Another why self-alining th thi ily pecome used IS acting lateral ery ployed, important roller at an “ust yrdinary thrust bearing re bea oral bearing } unevenly loa however, adjustment ta the adopted a: the ining property of the sphe earing is so utilized that rticularly simple and ist bearing housing as Vv provided wit! I is secured by m« hrough it and fixed in a mav be moved ax ) means ¢ idjusting§ s The roll heretors ‘ isted e} n both dire VY means I re screw earing housit xecuting i 2 iry movement round the fixed wher t} , t +) A iring Is Nn / -Bearing ©! i idjus rye eff +] . ‘ of a Bearing Housing for Dealing at One End of the Roll, with for Lateral Adjustment iring housing then revolves around an axis } rl igh running the centers of both the spherical joints. riations in the temperature and longitudinal e nsion of the roll make no difference to the bearing ()t + holding the re ngs are used In the roller-bearin roli-neck 1s guided late TEL LOO xe Rng 4 ne ato Fig. 6—Three-High 18-In. Rolling Mill with SKF Roller B he adjustment of the grooves, w! Bearing Safe Against Roll Breakage ner advantages have been obtained, also a al fracture of the rolls in rolling mills cannot ded. The roll breaks into two parts, and the f1 pte ar . ‘ally obliat Rot} surtTaces are generally oodiique ? move with great force toward the no: 1 in 1 yr rupture some , and In so doing rupture m Heating the Mixer witl } } ? } ry ? i t ry b . use of blast furnace gas for heating f . metal mixer is being arranged for i e new construction in Germany according to Sf r ¢ Eisen, of May 1. In most instances the regene! he By n svstem has been employed. Two cl lilt in a single block. One of thes ised ‘ r for the mixer flame, although or i part It the air which passes tnro igh the nam be ¢ ( D0 he mixer. The remainder is used in the othe! 25! mber to burn cold gas for heating the rh slags ‘ : le cle is similar to that used in a ist furl : ! As the regenerators are not built integral w ! t e mixer, it is necessary to convey tn ‘ means of a lagged and insulated pips rt ‘ nae of the pipe is such that the air temperatur 30 be ed ¥ from 1100 deg. C. (2032 deg. Fahr. The Iron ige. laterally when plain design described, only » bearing on the or ern ee a Jae e (LT eae earings oO rea mre i} earl! retore il num be reakay ’ n y aqarl Ve t ed r) i? ivy l ain I ! ! ; Q f 4 1 ’ T) VI ’ r y 4 ire l l } ; ec é , + ‘ i t il 4 ‘ I \ the | i il I [ ‘' ‘ ¢ ? y | ‘ rer ? ; . ; ] rr ‘ ¢ } } h th ? y iLufre eT! TeT r é a + T* ] i a , ‘ T > September 18, 1930 781 Wy AIREY Se aN ee te ADAPTA! _E AAA AN example of hi 4 handling practi both storage space a dling time. Loading becomes an easy job combination of overh« and special rack Locking up from belo a clearer idea of the which the pipe is han racks. Note the four hook fixture that swing netches on the rack p | 4 AVY duty wler cranes equipped with long “goos« fF way, ecks” helped to build the Z lie A img t! Cy dy ve Ly K her Ce bo » i ct ‘ tt und \ n , on J d S1 t 782—The Iron Age, September 18, 1930 +t ANDLING IDEAS AAA | EPLACING transportation provided by eight men, and saving $8000 per year, this 5- ton hoist serves a battery of fur- naces with rods. (below) wen the converging tracks on this fence post carrier. As the 4 load comes from the drying oven, in rectangular torm, ons side of the carrier advances ahead of the other, the section be coming an angular parallelogram. \ OLDS accumulate on the cross conveyors shown here until the line is filled. Then the pouring plates shown hang- ing from chains are lowered, and a line of molds is ready for pouring. Meantime the _ op- i posite cross-line is being filled. : The apron conveyor at the left carries the poured molds to the . shake-out station. i PR urtesy Star ‘ ‘ The Iron Age, September 18, 1930- Hardening With Oxyacetylene Flam: » cnrface hardening steel, the surface to be hardened and following thi 7 ene A Fr. Shorter. in a cooling jet to quench the heat imparted to t]} Edg Allen News, Shet face. This cooling jet follows immediately behi: ei =” recent vears and neating flame as it traverses the surface of th: | fs ening gear wheels so that quenching takes place immediately th: a | i ed to sim s brought to the critical temperature. \. 1 ee desirable For plain carbon steels, water provides a sat ; ee I quench the volume and rate of applicatio eering it varied to suit the mass to be quenched. Ther Machine) ertain steels, however, which cannot be Sentember. 1927, a ienched without producing surface cracks. ter some f the alloy steels require to be quenched in auieintiieiiita the 1 |, but as it is hardly feasible to employ oil b Sy xvacetylene flame, provision has been mad rears ‘ 1eET | a jet of nitrogen or air instead of w > _ : Shorter Hardening Proces Some Results on Two Steels wing table shows the results produc carbon and a nickel-chrome steel: bo o.7¢ Pe Cent Va t [ ase the determinations after grinding to ( s below the surface. The 0.55 per cent car teel test was taken on a 3 diametral pitch Kel-chrome on a 4 diametral pitch gear too uso interesting to note that in the former ng I hardness of 592 was obtained at in. f bow balance of the crank- shaft and the flywheel is checked at the River Rouge plant of the Ford Motor Co. in closed rooms the tempera- tures of which are maintained at 68 deg. Fahr. These rooms were recently completed in the motors building. September 18, 1930 surface hardness was taken and Miniature Golf—A New Outlet for Steel By L. W. MOFFETT HE popularity of miniature golt evident evervone, but few appreciate that tl has created new uses for steel. And from the rapid spread of Tom Thumb courses throug it the land, the amount of steel that they are these links may be as a permanent outlet for steel especially small pipe and sheet steel, remains en, and is dependent upon whether or not this diversion does or does not prove to be only a short duration. James B. Lockwood, of the Textile Division, Depa ment of Commerce, has just published the results « survey dealing with the possibility of increased use ot otton products by the ‘wee ming is growing to sizable proportions. What S } here are } y 40,000 OU UUU ] é é I ite State ? irse ’ \ oy) t ny ' ‘ f { isons te Tal \ te! ind r ! > ‘ S I vet ( qa and I \ vill t! r accompa! ng discouragements to regular exer s f reater part of the past eason na been ¢ } eu terrupt ns ft pla eX’ T T? rY l! { . iSual Ne during the day Phe roblen I now t xtend the seven-month season in the East and North Mr. Lockwood pointed out, arises in this case as inevit has in the building trades It raises the t It lestion whether outdoor golf becomes indoor golf, iking unto itself new, expensive quarters, possibly occupying spaces now used for theaters, gymnasiums, winte! inks.” The figures he cited vere rather startling. It was show places, et stimated that the value of the little courses was $125,- 000,000. This total excludes real estate involved, which was said to be showing a return ipon a valuation of hundreds f millions of dollars in addi- ion. The survey estimated the number of courses at 25,000, which was considered to be conservative more than month ago. What the total is now, or will be a month from now, is at best conjec- IPE used for electric light standards in existing courses represents an in- vestment of more than $1,500,000. Forged steel putters in use on Tom Thumb links number more than 1,500... 000. of the larger type, listed miniature golf uurse to Pipe is employed to edge the fairways. new, second hand or for rent, Large quantities of pipe will be required it was stated, can be bought for framing if canvas coverings for out- at prices ranging from $500 500 for ca oan 1 > f door courses come into vogue. for “tops” to Courses are frequently inclosed with P#c'ty installat steel fence. } ; ; tion of the shed-root type, : , ording to the survey, can The Iron Age. September 18, 1930 The survey found the peculiarly adapted to benef by installing canvas coverings 1 one form or another. Tent lhe tions of the pest grade An awning installa PO: aa The Iron Machine Deter mines ige, September 18, 1930 t S1.900 Tl l S1Ze | inaara by r tna l ni? . ) 25000 Many courses have a patented pip: lives of the is struck it is deflected so as to remain on fairway so constructed that w! id of jumping over them. Galvanized stee] made into pipe, such as used in gut nstalled underground leading from t} putting greens. Then, too, th: rs have forged steel heads. There are a se » that, again on the basis irses With 60 putters each, this wou 500,000 such putters. In this connection { ybserve that the manufacturers scaped the depression and hay julrements. Ss ron in the torm of heating ap rofit from the pony golf industry. It t that a overed course would : r apparent reasons, the present da t ncovered course usually ave) 45 ! tne iv’s total The past en profitable to the golf will not soon be repeated Ra ver than the verage tor the previ l A } ‘ d rainst snow for t t, does not necessarily mtort of a compl roba repay the investn t Increasin \ fmount of Metal to Be Removed and Phen Removes It ti OT? buUllaINg Oo them are brought sTONS which have been finished, except that they Iightiy overweight The Operator determines tne nt of overweight on a delicate scale and then set j j j ichine scale to a reading corresponding to tl overweight [he ee | "RED, ron — scale contacts wit a chip cup. After the placed in the piston chine, metal chips are bored from inside and drop into the When tl diameter cup. weight equals the amount of over weight, the bor ing stops auto matically and tl piston is removed The entire opera tion takes about 20 seconds and the weight is a curate with two grams. be counterbalanced They Off-Center Work an f losed system type, there be T) ROBLEMS of stress d