The Iron Age 1930-06-12: Vol 125 Iss 24

THEIR New York, June 12, 1930 1855 VOL. 125, No. Chrome-Nickel Alloy Finds Varied Uses Unusual Products GEORGE HERRICK* HEN metal-working shop engaged contract work, large and small, interesting, and times unusual, array products entered the order books. Especially this the shop prepared fabricate from high chrome- nickel alloy steel equipment formerly made other materials. With the corrosion-resisting alloy coming into wider use, companies are experimenting with its possibili- ties for their own product, the equipment they use for produc- tion. tors are not among ticles which high production methods need applied, that among the un- usual orders re- cently executed the Pressed Welded Steel Products Co., Eleventh Street, Long Island City, New York, there appears incu- bator Alle- gheny metal, the chrome nickel duced the Allegheny Co., Brackenridge, Pa. Made for use AGE, New York. New York City hospital, consists glass case with movable panels mounted steel frame and set rubber-tired wheels, appears the accompany- ing illustration. The upper section, occupied the bassinet bear- ing the prematurely born child, consists two glass panels each the four sides, set frames pressed from No. gage sheets. The top covered with series solid sliding panels, cut from No. gage sheets. Movable panels the top and sides permit the gradual open- ing the incu- bator, which the temperature and humidity are the child living the ordinary room atmosphere. ABY Incubator Chrome- Nickel Alloy Steel. Concealed the panels the low- section humidifier, all welded, chrome- nickel alloy om 1735 The lower section, with bakelite panels, equipped with humidifying pan in. in. and in. deep, formed No. gage Allegheny metal sheets. Over the pan fits cover in. deep and with three 2-in. holes the top, into which are crimped collars the same gage sheets for tubing carry the humidity into the upper section. Inside the pan trough with two divisions, built No. gage sheets. The entire humidifier welded throughout. The bassinet, which was formerly woven wire, white enameled prevent corrosion, high chrome- nickel alloy bars for the frame with strips the alloy into basket. light gage sheet was tried for this weaving, but was found necessary use gage strip for the finished product. Each spot welded the frame and the intersec- strips. The frame, appears the stration, formed chrome-nickel alloy angles ill joints are welded, which departure from iginal constructed square ordinary steel the four corners, forming init the upper and lower sections and legs. Units for Shipping Fish long inland journey requires Recently the Atlantic Coast York, ordered number ice for this purpose, made the form large, centerless doughnut with the ice inside, the tside diameter in., inside diameter in. and height No. gage, unpolished alloy sheets were used and the quantity ordered was not large enough stify special die for stamping 15-in. circles 8-in. hole center, the top and bottom Telephone Directory Above Ordinary Steel Sheets With Wood Finish Applied Hand. The clamp, holding the directory high chrome-nickel alloy steel. The pan the right for use X-ray table and welded throughout No. gage sheets with tube the bottom chrome-nickel alloy, in. diameter and No. gage wall 1736—The Iron Age. June 12. 1930 were cut with rotary shears, except for 2-in. hole for filling with acid, midway between the center hole and outer edge, which was stamped. When filled with acid low freezing temperature and frozen, the units are placed the bottom and the top balsam wood containers frozen fish. The design used, instead plain metal drum, provides considerably greater radiation surface, that fish are preserved for hr. during shipment. Large Capacity Film Developers The motion picture industry and its requirements for large scale developing film providing another substantial outlet for this alloy with its resistance acid. Purchases film developing tanks high chrome-nickel alloy the Duplex Motion Picture In- dustries, Inc., Long Island City, have included ity. Formerly glass vulcanized were used, metal quickly corroded developing chemicals. Both capacities, the 12- ft. and the 10-ft. tanks, were all-welded construction, fabricated from No. gage sheets the walls and plate the bottom. The bottom plate was tapped with four holes admit tubes high chrome-nickel alloy, through which the de- veloper pumped into and out the tank. The heavy bottom necessary, the tanks when installed are mounted pedestal, that the bottom supports the entire weight the tank and its contents. The sides were electrically welded and the plate the bottom was beveled the edges and butt welded the sides. For reinforcement, ordinary mild steel angles were used, coated with asphalt paint protection against which might spatter over the top. This provided adequate re- inforcement much lower cost per tank than the use high alloy through- out. Extending between the legs the angles two sides the tank are through-rods, which can tightened means nuts the ends. For longitudinal reinforcement, 3/16-in. ordinary strip steel was used, appears the illustration the completed tanks. strips were all welded the reinforc- ing angles points intersec- tion. Developing tanks high chrome-nickel alloy steel are be- ing extensively used, evidenced the fact that addition those fabricated for the Duplex Motion Picture Industries, Inc., the Pressed Welded Steel Products Co., for use the Fox motion picture interests, other metal-working plants have fur- nished large number fabricated heavier gage sheets War- ner Brothers Pictures, Inc., and +; Preserving fish plenty refrigeration. » \ f { 7 7 4 other film companies for use the Pacific Coast. Covers Made for Mayonnaise Mixers alloy resistant per cent all acids ob- viously unaffected food product, such mayon- naise. Richard Hellman, Inc., Long Island City, Y., manufacturer mayonnaise, recently ordered number covers for its mixers, and although the covers have now been use for about nine months they remain unaffected, while the average life the non-ferrous metal covers formerly used was months. The covers are fabricated high chrome-nickel alloy sheets two sizes. The smaller are flat topped, in. diameter, made from circle sheared from angle, rolled diameter in. and spot welded inside the edge. The hopper cone-type covers are in. diameter and require draw in. No. gage polished sheet. The large covers come down over the edge the mixing bowl, which cast iron, tin coated, in. deep. Because the small number bowls required contrast the covers, and the considerable expense making draw in. chrome nickel alloy, has been substituted only the cover the mixers. Pan for X-Ray Table High chrome-nickel alloy finding field special usefulness hospitals. The pan the accompanying illustration for use X-ray table and dupli- g a 7 LL-WELDED High Chrome-Nickel Alloy Motion Picture De- veloping Tanks 225-Gal. Capacity. The tanks the left are without the necessary reinforcement with angles and strip ordinary steel. The three the right are completed and ready for shipment cate the steel alloy brass pan, plated, which was formerly used. formed No. gage sheets, acetylene welded throughout, after which was ground smooth and polished the outside. There are many other instances substitution this corrosion-resisting alloy steel articles formerly made from other materials. Makers blue prints have used substitute their baths for marble, soapstone, vitreous enameled ware, and specially coated wood. the past year about 100 tanks for plate etchings have been pressed and welded Allegheny metal for use newspapers various cities. Reflectors for the new sun lamps have been drawn and copper smelting company has adopted chrome-nickel alloy pails for handling sulphuric acid, entirely arc welded No. gage sheets with the ears the pail spot welded and the bale chromium-nickel alloy bar. Tenth International Congress Acetylene, Autog- enous Welding and Allied Industries will held Zurich, Switzerland, July 12, for which coopera- tion welding associations from America and European countries has been assured. Meetings for discussion will held the Federal Polytechnic School, and various industrial establishments the neighborhood inspected. Headquarters are the office the Swiss Acetylene Association, Ochsen- gasse, Basle, Switzerland, which will reply in- quiries from prospective participants. The Age, June 12, 1930—1737 4 ; Japan Needs Foreign achinery Industrial Expansion Requires High Production ment for Textile, Flour, Oil, Paper Mills and Other Industries WALTER BUCHLER LTHOUGH there siza- ble production iron and steel Japan, de- veloped through tariff and dies, demand growing rapidly, and better grade country should continue largely dependent imported products. Japanese steel pro- The Golden Pavilion Kyoto ducers are active urg- ing the Government impose higher duties aid domestic industry. though there are only few steel companies, they have tremendous influence being powerful enough defeat the party power. An- other important consideration recent years has been the desire the Government make Japan independent possible the raw materials re- quired the iron and steel industry measure national defense. The increasing demand for iron and steel prod- ucts has resulted from the progressiveness the Japanese, who have shown much enterprise gen- eral construction work. The number fine, modern buildings the best materials growing yearly, especially Tokio, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto, and Nagoya. Modern office buildings and other business struc- tures which have been erected Japan recent years, especially since the earthquake 1923, are steel construction, many five eight stories high, re- placing the usual two three story Japanese build- ings, are often used combination offices and dwellings. Rapid industrial development sitated construction more and larger warehouses, which are now made reinforced concrete. While majority Japanese houses are still constructed almost entirely wood, little, any, metal being used, there very decided trend toward Western modes living. the cities higher build- ings are appearing and the residential districts dwellings are being built Western style. The Government seeking rapid industraliza- tion Japan solution its population problem. Iron Age, June 12, 1930 The country now has 65,000,000 people and the yearly increase about 1,000,000. Many industries are still the “cottage” stage development, and aimed substitute modern factories for the home shops, where many hundreds thousands Japan- ese still work low wages and production slow and means uniform. extent the Japanese manufac- turer seeking mass production, for which needs the best and most reliable machinery, and pared pay for it, with quality the principal consideration. Textile Mills Use Foreign Machines The textile industry offers large field for the sale such machinery. The competition this Japan- ese industry has been offering the world’s leading textile manufacturing centers part attributable the progressive policy its leaders installing the most modern equipment their mills. Textile machinery being built Japan, but not con- sidered reliable imported equip- ment. Consequently, chases foreign textile machinery have been steadily increasing, and 1929 consisted 12,486,612 yen ($7,156,- 386.33) worth spinning machines, author, who speaks and writes Japanese, familiar with industrial Japan through personal contact, having been engaged Far Eastern trade and manufacturing for the past ten years. THE IRON AGE April 10, page 1073, dis- cussed the Steel Needs =! | s| 7 637,061 708.13) worth weav- ing looms, 411,283 yen ($203,173.80) tissue finishing machines, 222,222 777.67) knitting machines and $9,222,- 086 yen ($4,555,710.- 48) sewing ma- chines and parts. Railroads Buy Less The Japanese Gov- ernment, which owns and controls most the railroads Japan and Chosen, longer inclined pursue policy expansion its lines, apparently preferring use automobile transport feed existing rail facilities. is, however, improving the present railroad system, substituting new locomotives and cars for obsolete equipment and speeding the service replacements heavier rails and locomotives. Except for locomotives and tenders, imports railroad material and equipment have declined re- cent years. While locomotive and tender purchases advanced from 905,264 yen ($447,200.42) 1928 1,062,555 yen ($524,902) 1929, rail imports which were 6,855,743 yen ($524,902) 1927, de- clined 3,768,180 yen ($1,861,481) 1928, and were only 2,807,510 yen ($1,386,910) 1929. Commercial Aviation Fostered aviation the Government has pursued pro- gressive policy, increasing its equipment with modern aircraft and training many military and naval pilots. There are ten important aircraft and accessory fac- tories Japan, chiefly engaged Government orders. Much material and complete aircraft are still purchased from abroad, however, because superior quality. Demand for imported aircraft and material likely grow, for the Government, some time ago, announced its intention spending $11- 000,000 the next seven years financial assistance commercial aviation. Market for Ship Materials half-century ago Japan’s merchant shipping consisted largely junks, plying only Far Eastern ports. the past ten years the number ship- creased, now totaling 362. far, however, shipyards and engineering works Japan have not made prod- ucts high quality the imported, lacking the skill and experience. Their growth has been rapid and quality has been less importance than quick pro- duction. Japan relies foreign supplies for ship- Sunset the Inland Sea building materials and, despite Government aid, still more expen- sive build steamer Japan than abroad. result, Japan con- tinues buy the bet- ter type ship from foreign shipyards, that there good market Japan not only for materials. Replacement sailing vessels with steam and oil driven ships the coastwise trade offers further outlet for such supplies. 1929 Japan’s imports complete steamships declined considerably, but imports dynamos, motors and ship machinery increased slightly. Extensive use electricity Japan provides export market for medium and high-grade electrical products and equipment, particularly for precision and high-speed machinery. These qualities Japan has never been able attain, and has always bought more satisfactory material from abroad. The prin- cipal electrical products for which there good market for American manufacturers and exporters are insulated wire, meters, batteries, telephone and telegraph instruments, including radio receiving sets, transformers and electrical carbon. Japan’s paper industry well organized, and all types paper are manufactured. Foreign machinery used most the paper and pulp mills, the domestic equipment, rule, not comparing quality with the foreign. Japan ships considerable quantities paper China, and increasing ex- ports other Far Eastern markets. Considerable expansion may thus expected Japanese require- ments for paper mill machinery. The flour mills Japan are also mostly equipped with foreign machinery. The oil-milling industry, however, not completely modernized. There are about oil mills with modern machinery, but hun- dreds are using hand-power mills and generally oper- ating primitive methods. Consequently there potential market for high-grade hydraulic presses for crushing soya beans, peas, cotton, and other oil seeds which Japan imports from Manchuria and Shantung. Street Railroads Expanding Electric street cars are widely used Japan. Tokio, Osaka, Kobe and Nagoya are well supplied with street cars, particu- larly the first two, where nearly every main road has electric car line, and most the other large cities have least one electric car system. While other countries are adopt- Attending the Mail Japanese Home ing rail-less electric cars The Iron Age, June 12, 1930—1739 ~ 4 7 J a a 7 ~ 7 motorbuses, extensions are necessary, are abandoning street tirely transport ation, Japan increas- ing the mileage roads cities and suburbs. There excellent market Japan for but great deal depends upon proper marketing. When selling iron and steel large scale, customary for the buyer pay cash the mill and manufacturers Some exporters (especially Germany) sionally ship merchandise consignment. ocCa- This not advisable unless the seller has branch Japan. The market there large and assured that open- ing branch office deserves serious consideration. Even when dealing directly with large Japanese im- porters, often advantage have agent there, the writer’s experience that Japanese are more inclined give business foreign repre- sentatives than brokers their people. Foreign representatives should have some Band from Department Store Shizuoka Announcing Special Sale edge spoken Japanese. This not difficult acquire nor does generally lieved. speak- ing knowledge Japanese great asset, and not only promotes business, but places transac- tions safer basis, the for- eigner able un- derstand Japanese can follow negotiations better, in- stead relying entirely interpreter. Advertising popular, and displays, catalogs and newspaper space should used until name has been well established. most important that patents and trademarks should registered the Japanese Patent Bureau Tokio, there inclination copy foreign products, although the domestic imitation inferior the original. However, despite these difficulties Japan one the best markets the Orient for iron and steel products, and American manufacturers and exporters, these days keen competition, can not afford neglect it. Correlation Blast Furnace Output with Diameter RISING from the discussion the paper Evans and Bailey (Journal, Iron and Steel Institute, 1928, No. page 53), inquiry was addressed all German blast furnace works, with the object eliciting opinions whether the quantity carbon burned front t} iron, that is, whether the combustion capacity furnace correct measure its output capacity. The relation between output and hearth diameter was also particularly inquired into. The replies, studied Eichenberg Archiv das Eisenhuettenwesen, July, 1929, have thrown some light the question the correlation output with hearth dimensions. the tuyeres constant relation with the output pig Replies were received relating 173 blast furnaces and all cases there appeared direct connection be- tween diameter and output. But this relation can means regarded constant. Diagrams were plotted showing the amount carbon consumed per hr. front the tuyeres relation hearth diameter, and this appears always reach maximum with hearth 5.5 (about ft.) diameter. relation diameters above that size the carbon used hr. tends fall. safe regard the quantity carbon consumed given time being constant relation output, but the output cannot safely correlated hearth diameter hearth area. Great Bulk Manganese Goes into Steel O1 steel. BOUT per cent the manganese consumed United States used the manufacture manganese steels containing 1.5 per cent manganese were classed good-grade Bessemer steel, but recently they have been classified alloy steels and have een put the market under various trade names. Such steels have excellent tensile strength and ductility, with high resistance abrasion, and are used extensively caterpillar shoes, truck wheels and other appliances where relatively low cost and high quality are required. Manganese also important and molybdenum steels. constituent nickel Molybdenum steels usually con- per cent Nickel-manganese steel usually contains ap- proximately per cent nickel, 1.5 per cent manganese le tain 0.2 0.4 pér cent molybdenum and manganese. 1740—The Iron Age, June 12, 1930 and 0.3 0.4 per cent carbon. The nickel adds ductility and toughness, but increases the cost. Although information the rates reduction iron oxides rather limited, less known about rates re- duction manganese oxides. The North Central station the United States Bureau Mines, cooperation with the University Minnesota. Minneapolis, under- taking investigation the equilibria among carbon, oxygen and manganese, preparatory later study rates reduction manganese oxides, more difficult problem. Rates reduction manganese oxides and silicates will apply present methods for production ferromanganese and also useful developing pyrometallurgical methods for utilizing domestic deposits low-grade manganese material. 7 id ay = Training Future Business Leaders Engineering Graduates Are Prepared for Positions Responsibility Westing- house Organization Special Course CARL COLER URING the present month some 10,000 young men will graduated from the engineering departments 148 colleges and universities the United States. Half this number will electrical and mechanical engineers, whom about 3400 will hold the electrical degree and 1600 the me- chanical. few years ago these young men would have had considerable difficulty finding positions the country’s large industrial organizations. Now their services are actively sought foresighted com- panies, which are anxious insure their futures means leadership that has been properly trained. uate student course, for which some 400 men are chosen each year from about 100 engineering schools, given year’s training preparatory their assumption positions growing responsibility the company. Colleges Offer Best Material The student training course the Westinghouse company has proved its worth some years administration. was inaugurated because increasing number young men with potential ability were developing these resources college. Most the youths about get their degrees are already employed. fact, graduates leading technical schools undoubt- edly have some difficulty present choosing the association which they wish make, the inducements of- fered are means small. Nor the finan- cial consideration always uppermost. cor- porations have found that the supervised practical training which they are able offer the engineer- ing and business neophyte most often the deciding factor the competition for future executive and engineering personnel. meet this competi- tion the Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, has worked out comprehensive pro- gram, known the grad- NDUSTRY has devoted much attention training apprentices, foremen and others re- sponsible for physical production. With few ex- ceptions the training executives has been left its own devices. The Westinghouse company has been one exception and our author has spent the greater part his business career develop- ing training methods for executive and engineer- ing personnel. native Hackensack, J., Mr. Coler was employed the manufacture and testing electric meters with the Westinghouse company 1906-07. later attended Cornell University, from which was graduated 1911. spent two years the Westinghouse graduate student course and then was engaged manufac- turing production work, secretary the griev- ance committee and secretary the occupation and rates committee. 1917 was made direc- tor trades training and, 1919, manager the educational department. Mr. Coler promi- nently identified with the American Management Associaton, Pittsburgh Personnel Association, American Institute Electrical Engineers, Society for Promotion Engineering Education and the National Association Vocational Education. Ordinary, routine jobs longer appealed men with higher education for, industry became more specialized, they rienced difficulty gain- ing the broad background required for leadership. Many became dissatisfied before the normal process promotion advanced them, adjusted them- selves their surround- ings become specialists —good men for the work they were doing, but not particularly qualified for higher responsibility. The problem large organization having young men ready for po- sitions greater respon- sibility the future thus resolves itself (first) into attracting young men with potential ability into the organization ond), training these men that they can compre- expe- The Iron Age, June 12, | 2 a 2 4 4 | | 7 TRAINING RECORD PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE DURING VACATION E. IN OF AND COLLE S EARNE 4-l-25 MONTHS | hend and evaluate broadly the many phases com- plicated situation; and (third) keeping them the organization until they are needed for position greater responsibility. The solution the above problem obviously plan for the development leaders within the company, and the training program naturally becomes responsibility good manage- me nt Selection Personal Interview The competition encountered the selection en- gineering school graduates for further training the Westinghouse graduate student course may best indicated the fact that increasing number in- dustrial organizations employing more and more electrical and mechanical graduates each year, from supply which remaining about constant. Many concerns have inaugurated training programs very recently and new industries annually require the ser- vices additional men. All are anxious secure men who stand the first half their class scholastically, and many place 1742—The Iron Age, June 12, 1930 zverett EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT RECORD ACH Student’s Train- ing Record Main- tained Show the Per- sonal Characteristics and Performance Each Stu- dent Enrolled for Train- ing. this blank are re- corded the opinions the supervisors and executives who have had charge R OF DATE. NAMING MOST RECENT FIRST e ee the activities the stu- WHERE HOW LONG dent during his training period. used con- nection with the final as- signment the his regular work the organization, and de- termining his rate com- pensation. The part the record prac- tically the same the interview record. MASS. Ve high rating extra-curricular activities sort likely develop leadership and self-reliance. Prac- tical experience gained summer employment also held premium, and varying stress placed upon physical qualities, intelligence, leadership, personality and special talents. the first four months the calendar year rep- resentatives the Westinghouse company make per- sonal visits the various schools and colleges from which men are chosen. Blanks provided for fill- ing out interested students require full information regarding college activities, practical experience, out- side interests and, most important all, the kind engineering work which the applicant most in- terested. the other side the blank the applicant rated responsible faculty representative and also the interviewer representing the company. Filling out the student interview blank carries obligation the part the student. merely filed for future reference, case the graduate decides make formal application for enrollment the stu- dent training course. Potential applicants are urged NAME IN FULL = HOME ADORESS Strest, oston, née nh 1994 ? tou 1} DATE oF BintH UCtober 25, 1904 i HEIGHT _O WEIGHT cor one SERIOUS PHYSICAL DEFECTS - - MARRIED OR SINGLE NATIONALITY _ ame ricen 2atired Owned Paner Stock seinec | FATHER’S BuSsiINess _-1eti red Uwnedc Fraper | couece Mass. inet. oF Tech. sve Ses ARSHIP, OUARTER oF CLass Second ACCEPTET Roterts SEGREGATED | SCHOLASTIC HONORS. FRATERNITIES, ETC YEAR PART TAKEN IN ATHLETICS. CLASS ORGANIZATIONS, STUDENT SOCIETIES, ETC OFFICES HELD Freshman Crew Varsity “Few = we ew nec ING REMUNERATIVE WORK KIND OF WORK wiTH Ww team 41 Go Stsam Fitting con Jil Vo. | | | PER CENT COLLEGE COURSE sTaRTED O-i-<7/ € SHOP WORK | APPARATUS ( WF ERENCE GRADES } ar aratue SHOP q Fower Assembly PERSONALITY Aw 1/2 | > TNeonefarmere “eonafarmare (Sharan Z REMARK eters, instruments j#ritten Report +e Lizhtine } rittan Renart S Rend Tren latare i rittan rrv Trenlet l.arce “hwrhines) > ne « i COMMENTS consider all the details the plan carefully before signing the formal application blank, that carries with agreement report for work the appli- cation approved within reasonable length time. Terms Employment UCCESSFUL candidates for the Westinghouse stu- dent training course are required report for work East Pittsburgh convenient intervals dur- ing the six months immediately following graduation. Efforts are made receive few men every two weeks, that all may given individual attention and that the organization may not burdened with large number untried applicants the same time. This plan also makes the training course continuous and assures uninterrupted supply talent for the various personnel requirements the company. During the training period, students may as- signed shop, laboratory office work. Wages are based hourly rate for 48-hr. week. The av- erage hourly rate for the first six months the train- ing course now 63c., having been advanced this year from 50c., while the second half year now stands 70c., compared with 55c. last Membership the Westinghouse relief department provides sickness and accident benefits nominal rate. After six months service, the company takes out insurance policy favor the employee, cost him. Student membership the Westing- house Club also available nominal charge, en- titling graduate students participate all club affairs. This club not only fosters social and athletic activities among the students, but also provides op- tional educational courses along any line which sufficient interest exists justify organized activity. First Job Usually Shop The first job the student usually one the shops. Here becomes acquainted with general shop RACTICAL ence Building and Testing Machinery Considered Most Impor- tant Part the Westing- house Training Program. These students are per- forming tests large machine the floor East Pittsburgh works practice and also becomes familiar with tools and equipment, raw materials and finished machines. finds out the high degree perfection required the company its product, and likewise learns respect the skill the workman. Here also the student taught new sense economy, new respect for ac- curacy and new appreciation for discipline. Assignments the various works and shop sec- tions may vary considerably from the order which they appear the schedules, but typical student schedule might include the following: one month switchboard apparatus; one month transformers; one and one-half months large turbines, small tur- bines and condensers; one month industrial motors; one and one-half months motor tests; one month circuit breakers; one-half month each insulating materials, arc welding, renewal parts, and gears, pinions and trolleys; one month industrial control; one month control tests; two weeks industrial heating, and two weeks commercial school. The length course may some instances extended from two weeks month, coincide with the starting date one the commercial schools, four which are usually conducted each year. Stand- ard literature, descriptive the various lines prod- ucts, supplied students for their information while working the apparatus the shops, and questionnaire pertaining the apparatus furnished with the literature. Weekly Conferences Held With Executives Two hours each week are spent conferences with engineers and executives. Here questions which have previously been assigned the different apparatus are discussed, and the details the job are rounded out into understanding the more aspects the work whole. Meanwhile information about the various fundamental divisions the company’s work supplied, and interviews are arranged which “ The Age, June 12, 1930—1743 look toward definite crystallization interest. six weeks two months definite program work arranged for the remainder the year, will lead toward the general objectives agreed pon. Engineering, design, commercial, works man- agement and accounting groups are selected for ad- vanced assigned work these respective tional evening courses, either conducted the com- pany educational institutions the Pittsburgh district, are available More than 500 students are enrolled the hnical courses offered the company, and advanced students the Westinghouse Club put 26,000 man- hours during the past year. Arrangements have been made with the school engineering the University Pittsburgh, whereby students may secure credit master’s degree while attending courses conducted Westinghouse company, well the uni- versity. Some 300 employees the company are now availing themselves this opportunity. Broad Foundation Established months this work, young men.are pre- pared take responsible work more spe- haracter. general, they have selected for the field the greatest interest and the kind ind work which they can best express their technical ability. They have also become familiar with the company’s products, personnel and policies. Later, they develop this work regular employees the organization, those with particular aptitude are selected for executive positions, while others become leaders the various technical fields. Those who have completed the graduate student have established sufficiently broad foundation give them perspective their future development the industry. They are prepared coordinate their understandingly with others. They have bridged the gulf between the classroom and the shop and are ready for advancement the basis merit. itself offers many difficult problems. How May Potential Leaders Held? Much the work selecting and developing lead- ers may little value the organization the men selected and trained are not available when needed. Freedom choice employment American policy, and many companies not ade- quately anticipate their own needs. Probably the first principle holding good men organization the ability the part the management evaluate the ability its employees. next importance are good records personal characteristics and per- formance, and then recognition one form an- ther, including adequate compensation. Potential leaders are volatile. they decide that the future does not offer opportunities where they are, they will elsewhere, leaving the less desirable members the organization carry its work, often unsuccess- Some losses, course, are expected. Because this wise provide liberal margin safety reasonably generous supplying men other organizations, and the same time protect the future interests the company itself. Iron Age, June 1930 Lack competent leaders costs industrial or- much money and the cost their training money well spent. these days specialized ac- tivity, large proportion this cost may recovered the form productive work during training. The remainder, which may amount considerable sum specific instances, represents legitimate charge against the cost the product, insure adequate and continuous service customers, steady employment workers and sustained corporate earning power. The Westinghouse company figures its investment per man for the first year about $2,000, which the cost the company has been about per cent. The remainder paid for the form productive work during the training period. For those students who are being trained highly specialized fields the cost may run considerably higher, and productive work during training must greatly reduced. usually found, however, that the investment not made this way the company forced pay for elsewhere. Engineering Schools Doing Good Job its student training course the Westinghouse company has done much dispel the prejudice against college men frequently existent large industrial corporations. believes the graduates technical schools. Most its principal executives, including its vice-presidents, departmental managers, district sales managers, works managers and engineers entered service directly engineering schools. Engineering schools are performing service ever increasing value industry. They are doing this the face obstacles, political, financial and social, which would prove insurmountable many organiza- tions. Only through cooperation and mutual under- standing between industry and engineering schools will future needs for men qualified handle the grow- ing responsibilities industry met. Support Business Analysis and Statistics the future direction general busi- ness activity and buying power new science, say Silberling Reports. such its results cannot expected perfect; but its justification lies the fact that, performed truly scientific spirit and fortified the technique measurement, can tremendous value displacing the crude and unsatisfactory processes random hunch and guesswork. The history business conclusively proves that, methods and tools are im- proved, their adoption the progressive and enterpris- ing irresistibly forces gradual abandonment fashioned and inadequate devices through sheer competi- tive pressure. Advances along engineering lines, and the even more difficult arts management and organization, soon be- come instruments whereby the leaders business are able further increase their lead over the laggards. There already abundant evidence that the tools now provided economic statistics and the applied science forecasting forthcoming developments are being used, and that result the entire business system has been strengthened the point being capable withstand- ing shocks which years ago would have been generally ruinous, Progress Brass and Bronze EVERAL sessions the Cleveland convention the American Foundry- men’s Association, May 16, were given over non-ferrous mat- ters. three papers were read, which brief abstracts are given below. These covered technical division, Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, Ohio; “Application Ingot Metal Production Brass and Bronze,” William Romanoff and Thieme, technical superintendent and respectively, Kramer Co., Chicago; “Overcoming Alloy Ingot Troubles the Brass Foundry,” William Paul- son, president, Thomas Paulson Son, Brooklyn. Deep-Etch Test Brass HILE investigation ferrous metals so- called deep etching has been applied extensively recent years, very little has been published this method investigating non-ferrous metals. This paper describes some typical results along these latter lines. session smooth surface metal given rather violent treatment reagents which eat away the points areas discontinuity the structure. Application the authors’ laboratory was confined largely cast red brasses, and the proper reagent use nitric acid. The deep etch said reveal not only inclusions and character metal from oxidized reduced standpoint, but also porosity, laminations actual WILLIAM ROMANOFF THIEME What Deep-Etch Tests Reveal—Sec- ondary Metal Ingots—Live Discus- sions Melting and Other Problems Foundry Convention UTHORS Papers the Session Brass. Graham has been iden- for some years with GRAHAM fissures which are not visible the eye the unattacked fracture. The information gained provides means for the foundryman sur- conditions causing defects and make the necessary corrections his melting and molding practice. Development the use ingot metal from secondary metals has been economic necessity. Improper foundry practice has been the main cause most the troubles arising from the use both virgin and secondary metals. The ingot metal made refining sorted second- ary metals, which removes the impurities, after which the metal built specification and poured into ingots. The same physical properties may obtained from properly refined ingot metal from virgin metal, while considerable saving can secured through the use the ingot metal. ep metal really misnomer, for brass not burnt the same steel. Some the constituents may oxidized volatilized, due wrong furnace atmospheres excessive pouring temperatures. example shown where standard ingot metal was remelted ten times without change the physical properties. Trouble can occur foundry, regardless what metal being used. Overcoming Alloy Ingot Troubles the Brass Foundry alloy ingot was resorted to, meet in- creasing price competition. most carefully selected ingot gave castings which presented machin- non-ferrous industry American Society for Test- ing Materials The Iron Age, June 12, 1930—1745 » H ~ | ing troubles. Specifications excluding all impurities known detrimental did not eliminate the diffi- culty. Finally, ingot metal specially prepared from clean copper scrap and solder metal was secured and pro- duction troubles were overcome. turnings enter into the composition, nor any red-metal alloy scrap permitted. The mixture pre- pared from clean copper scrap and solder metal, with necessary additions tin and lead. The whole bath approximately 25,000 Ib. carefully refined reverberatory furnace. Round-Table Discussion and Shop Operation Course HIGHLY profitable round-table luncheon discus- sion was held during and there were three shop operation courses, led prominent men the industry. Some the chief points these are here reviewed. Von-Ferrous Round-Table Discussion AUSES and results the formation skull crucibles and ladles were discussed some length round-table luncheon the non-ferrous group the American Foundrymen’s Association the Hotel Hollenden, Cleveland, May 15. Many speakers dis- cussed the question cleaning out ladles crucibles, the furnace itself, between uses. The point was brought out that, when particularly hard specifications were met, this cleaning must done. one man put it, however, “when make run-of-mine castings, not clean the pots oftener than once day.” Formation skull came for some attention and description was given one ladle which insula- tion was placed between the steel shell and the refrac- tory material. this case temperature drop deg. min. was experienced, compared with drops with the crucible. With hotter metal, the skull may sometimes melted out the ladle the next fill- ing Cleaning Furnaces and Ladles oil fire was reported have tendency in- crease the building the slag residue within furnace. using blast conjunction with hot flame, this can taken out. And, course, clean furnace means good brass. Sometimes this residue can cleaned out the furnace fluxing with fluorspar. After mechanical cleaning crucible mud- lined ladle, sometimes the complete cleaning can effected inverting the ladle over hot gas oil flame. Any method cleaning likely some- what expensive, but necessary for the best prod- uct. This merely one step along the long road to- ward getting products the highest grade. One speaker reported that the building de- posit ladle will retarded the ladle lined with substance that will soften bit under the high temperature. The deposit was. reported one which highly refractory and which, consequence, somewhat difficult remove ordinary methods. has relatively high melting point, being oxide the base metals. For this reason the effect such deposit ladle upon subsequent metal handled through that ladle nothing like great might perhaps expected. 1746—The Iron Age, June 12, 1930 impossible, said one speaker, obtain second- ary metals free from sulphur. Neither can elimi- nate sulphur would like. This speaker believes that sulphur content not over 0.06 0.67 per cent would have appreciable effect upon the metal. With above 0.10 per cent sulphur, however, “we will almost sure get porous castings. With 0.15 per cent, the metal might well thrown away.” Effect Sulphur Castings Sulphur particularly bad castings which are used under pressure. was reported that the customary 80-10-10 mix will carry more sulphur with- out trouble than will the 85-5-5-5. was pointed out one speaker that continual remelting the metal, such gates and sprues, re- sults adding sulphur the product. For this rea- son ingot metal must necessarily much freer from sulphur than the requirement for the final casting. Sulphur has tendency combine with almost any element present. One trouble that creates the for- mation gas pockets. Also, makes the metal very sluggish action and may result failure fill thin section mold. Offsetting this, part, the good point that sulphur tends refine the grain the metal. Sulphur Hard Remove Attempts remove sulphur from the ingot are usually futile. Tin, lead and will driven off from the metal before the sulphur disposed of. With copper alone, however, the sulphur can driven off without losing metal. One point made speaker the fact that when sulphur added give particular quality the casting, and not oxidized form, nowhere near injurious inclusion residual sulphur. practically impossible remove sulphur oxida- tion, although can taken out copper very small percentage—as low 0.01. Direct oxidation will not remove sulphur from either brass bronze. The metal picks from the fuel about half the sulphur content the fuel. haps half this pick-up can got rid oxida- tion, but the residual amount extremely hard re- move. Barrett Brass Melting Cupola often desirable melt non-ferrous metals cupola-type furnace direct contact with the fuel. when this can done without taking bad elements from the fuel. fixed-carbon fuel has been developed for this purpose and excellent results are reported from the volume melting alternate layers metal and fuel. This fuel very hard and makes little dust. 4 J q q analyzes about per cent fixed carbon, somewhat under per cent sulphur and the rest ash. This type fuel has been used small cupola about in. diameter, lined down in. internal diameter, and taking floor space about in. square. such large-volume melting fuel ratio about has been experienced, and even some occasions Good Recovery Metal Metal recovery this type operation has been found run from 97.5 per cent when charging ingot metal. Light scrap will give 96.5 per cent and bor- ings and turnings per cent. found possible charge more scrap metal with this type furnace and hence get along with smaller amount ingot metal. The cupola gradually refilled the metal passes down through the cent fuel. % Metal losses such furnace, using charge per cent chips and per cent heavier scrap, principally returns the form gates and risers, was reported one speaker slightly under per cent. Under similar conditions there was 2.8 per cent loss when the charge was per cent chips and per cent returns. neither case was any ingot metal used. This speaker reported upon results such charge, which castings weighing 13,571 lb. were made with net fuel expen- costs Melting Red Brass Electric Furnaces the shop operation courses discussions was devoted the melting red brass in- direct-arc type electric furnaces. The experience one speaker showed fuel cost 300 kwhr. the ton metal, average for observations extending over period seven years. This was the basis Four furnaces are use this plant, having capacities respectively 350 lb. (two), 750 and 2000 lb. nominal, the two larger furnaces being ac- tually charged 1000 and 2200 respectively. One man operates the two small furnaces, while one operator and helper take care the two large fur- naces. Thus the labor force made total three men. Electrodes in. diameter are used for the large furnaces, and in. for those 350 The total electrode consumption about for each ton metal melted. Maintenance linings was reported very simple. The 350-lb. furnaces are giving about 2500 Deep etch brass reveals inclusions and character metal well po- rosity and fissures Improper brass foundry practice main cause most troubles from use both virgin and secondary metals to_obtain secondary metals free from sulphur 97.5 per cent metal recovery possible when melting cupola with fixed carbon fuel Economic advantage claimed obtain- ing quick heats, thus making for lower heats before needing relining, some 875,000 Ib. for the lining. The furnaces are giving about 1000 heats 1000 Ib. each, total 1,000,000 The largest furnaces are giving 750 heats, about 1,650,- 000 Ib. Metal loss, based the weight metal the ladle and figured from alloy containing per cent about 0.75 per cent, with 0.4 per cent loss other heats. The overall loss, the inven- tory basis, figures out cent. The metal han- dled lined with clay and hav- ing capacity 250 each. Several ladles full metal come from each furnace heat. One speaker pointed out that essential keep clear oil, cotton insulation and other dele- terious elements entering the charge. Anything this character has ten- dency leave finely di- vided carbon particles the metal. This one thing which will pretty surely result poor metal. Analysis Sources Metal Loss This speaker reported having made two-year analysis losses. placed the melting loss 0.5 per cent; loss pouring into molds, 0.5 per cent; loss sand blasting, 0.15 per cent; apparent loss due extraneous material the metal, 0.25 per cent; loss the recovery plant 0.25 per cent. The total figured out 1.65 per cent average for the first year, and 1.62 per cent for the second year. explained that the losses the recovery plant were those sustained recovering metal from the grindings, skimmings and floor sweepings, designed get back all metal in- advertently spilled. Speed Operation Cost Factor That there economic advantage obtaining quick heats, and thus making low power costs, was brought out one speaker. believes that either the direct arc the indirect-type electric arc furnace better fitted for this purpose than fuel-fired fur- nace. accomplish this result reported having changed over transformer which the furnace maker had designed for 125 kva. 200 kva., with the result helping out the entire program. Another speaker questioned this point. reported getting heats day with 100-kw. trans- former and only heats from one 150 kw. the electric “demand” charge for the larger unit was $50 month more than for the other, thought that the result was more expensive operating basis. (Concluded page 1795) The Iron Age, June 12, : : : * 3 : : * : 4 & : : = : 3 : Wire Cable Compacted Stretching Beyond Working Load SERS steel rope know that when new able absorb heavy impact loads that would break after had been service some time. Sunderland, chief engineer bridges, John Roebling’s Sons Co., Trenton, J., writing Engineering News-Record, May page 714, Says this due the fact that the wires the strands and the strands themselves have been worked into close contact service, reducing the springiness the construction and resulting increased modulus elasticity. “When rope first subjected working tension, its elongation consists both elastic