The Iron Age 1929-07-04: Vol 124 Iss 1

THE IRON AGE New York, July 1929 ESTABLISHED 1855 VOL. 124, No. Mass Production Methods Used MPLOYING mass production methods similar those long used the automobile industry, the Waco Aircraft Co., Troy, Ohio, has recently put into operation new plant which now turning out more than six fuselages day and which has the capacity for manufacturing ten more day. Since the founding the company 1921, has specialized building three-place open cockpit commer- cial types airplanes. The basic model has always been designed allow for additional improvements and without attempting create yearly models. This method has permitted rapid adoption new ideas and quantity production service parts. being built are the “90,” with 90-hp. “OX-5” motor; the “150,” with Hisso 150-hp. motor; the “180,” Hisso 180-hp. motor; the “165” Straight- Wing, with 165-hp. Wright Whirlwind motor (five-cylin- der); the “220” Straight-Wing, with 220-hp. Wright Whirlwind motor (nine-cylinder); the “220” Taper-Wing, with 220-hp. Wright Whirlwind motor and the “300” Taper-Wing, with 300-hp. Wright Whirl- wind motor (nine-cylinder). The Taper-Wing sport models are powered with either the 220-hp. 300-hp. Wright Whirlwind motor (nine-cylinder). Comprising eight buildings, the new plant has ap- proximately 100,000 sq. ft. floor space, which 80,000 sq. ft. the main manufacturing building. Other structures consist the office and administration build- ing, heat and power plant, acetylene generator building, *THE IRON AGE, New York. Airplane Plant BURNHAM FINNEY* paint and oil storage building, repair hangar, sales de- partment hangar and cafeteria. Adjoining the plant the company’s airport, which sufficient size ac- commodate test the largest planes. has two run- ways, each which 3000 ft. long. One runway 1300 ft. wide and the other 400 ft. The main manufacturing building monitor-type construction and exceptionally free from supporting columns, thereby affording excellent natural light and ventilation. The walls and flooring are concrete, and the columns, trusses and sashes, steel. Rough actinic glass used throughout minimize heat and sun glare. Fire protection afforded automatic sprinkler system, with additional automatic deluge system paint spray booths. 75,000-gal. tank tower provides source water auxiliary the city water system. Stockroom Centrally Located the center the building large rectangular stockroom, from which parts and raw materials out the sub-assembly and final assembly departments. Occupying one complete section the building are wood- working, wing-rib assembly and wing assembly depart- ments. Running the length one side the plant are the machine shop, sheet metal shop, fuselage and tail surface assembly jigs, welding jigs, motor and propeller sections, and sand-blast room. All metal parts, such cockpit cowlings, motor cowl- ings, instrument boards and spinners, are cut out and fitted master molds the metal department insure uniformity fit and provide for interchangeability parts for each airplane specified model. Rough edges are curled over metal wire shaper, which acts stiffener for the beading. Thus, sharp serrated edges are allowed come contact with the pilot passengers plane. The cockpit cowling drilled close intervals around the upper edge, and through these holes are fastened the thickly padded, upholstered leather beading. Stream- line metal covers for the oleo strut are cut out and con- structed the meta] department. Wherever bolt attaches entirely through wooden member, steel plate used cover both ends the hole, thereby its strength. Brace wires, for instance, are connected with jutted wings, which are integral part such steel plate. This method has been — ¥ Fuselage Finished Cockpit Covering, Motor Fairings and Gas Tank substituted for washers wherever they have shown ten- dency grind themselves into the wood. All internal fittings, such brace wires, bolts, screws, nuts, plates and control members, are cadmium-plated prevent rust. Incidentally, all metal parts and fittings are tested and inspected according military standards. Close Attention Detail Rib Construction the construction taper wings, tubular steel mem- bers ingenious design are added for interior bracing. They account, part, for the sheer maneuverability this type wing. the use jigs special design, wing ribs are rapidly fabricated operators who special- ize this one operation. Stock for this purpose pre- pared the woodworking department and conveyed the jig, where placed group small compart- ments close the operator. With glue and sufficient quantity brads his side, the operator quickly as- Final As- sembly Wings Are Rigged and Final Check Made All Parts and Controls 1929, The Iron Age sembles the wing ribs. Jigs are constructed steel blanks mounted solid steel plate, this structure being bolted rigid wood and steel unit waist high the operator. This rigid set-up makes possible uniformity construction each wing-rib. The rib built the manner truss design with two long members spruce, which are attached five shorter members spruce proper cross-sections. each intersection the main and cross members, ply- wood plates are attached with brads. Following the custom bridge engineering, these plywood plates are triangular shape and attach equally three points the rib. Each brad placed strengthen and bind member without causing splits fractures. Over 200 brads are used connecting plywood plates the wing-rib assembly. The brads are special design and weight and are cement-coated and diamond-tipped. addition the cement coating, several ferruled serra- tions are added the shank. Together they act pre- ventives loosening pulling out. Twenty triangular plates plywood are employed the wing rib. Each member glued place before the brads are inserted. When dried, wing ribs are thoroughly buffed remove sharp corners and rough edges. Ailerons are constructed separate jigs with similar accuracy detail. Finished ribs and ailerons are carried the main wing assembly department, where ribs are attached the wing spars. The latter are first-grade, clear- grained spruce. Specifications call for first-cut stock, not routed stock, and latitudes are allowed. Six long ribs are first attached the spars and then six shorter ribs, with which are connected the ailerons. each rib set place, nailed the wing spar. prevent its sliding shifting, wedged place plywood buttresses each side, the top and the bot- tom. These buttresses also are nailed place. The wing-walk next added, and then tie rods and ailerons. The curved bow attached the wing end, the leading and trailing edges are set place, and finally the dural intermediate nose ribs are added. The trailing edge double-coppered steel plate. Fitted with wiring attachments and tubular aileron controls, wings pass final inspection and are conveyed 2 _ the paint room sprayed with varnish preserva- tive from moisture. The wing fabric attached when the varnish dry. The fabric rib-sewed strip reinforcing tape running completely around the rib contour. Wings then return the paint room receive number coats until sufficient tautness obtained, when spray guns give them several finish coats lacquer. From this point wings pass the final as- sembly line for rigging and lining the fuselage. Tail surfaces, center section and fuselage fabric covers are treated the same manner wings. Tubing Stockroom Adjoins Machine Shop the metal shop are constructed the oleo struts used the landing gear, propeller guards and spinners, pilot’s and passengers’ seats, fuselage, deck covers, cockpit cowlings, engine cowlings, instrument boards, wing and motor inspection plates, gas tanks, radiator shutters, crankcase covers, exhaust stacks; fire-walls, fairings and other special metal parts. All small parts, such wing and aileron hinges and braces, are manufactured the company’s machine shop. the metal tubing for fuselage and tail-surface control assemblies specially sheer cut. This permits each tube fit snugly against the next member that the welding operation covers the surface both members without having any crevices fill. Certain tube sections are spline-cut addition having the milling operation. They are used wherever more than two members are joined and welded. For the convenience the machine operators, store- room for rough tubing maintained close the machine shop. After being machined, tubular members are placed compartments near the operators the fuselage and tail surface assembly jigs. Side-wall members the fuselage are fabricated and welded three operations. The first operation for the cockpit sections, the second for the motor and gas tank, and the third for the tail surface. Because each these sections performs different functions flight and has separate weight-carrying abilities and stresses, they are constructed tubing different gages. After the side-walls have been fabricated and welded, they are placed box jig, where the cross members are fitted and welded. Tail surface members are fabricated and welded separate jigs designed for that purpose. Three separately-constructed box-like structures are then joined Paint Depart- ment, Show- ing Wing Be- ing Sprayed Spray Booth Background and welded larger jig, and the fuselage complete. Gas for welding piped each jig from central souree and available for the operator the turn valve. Assembly Line for Fuselage The motor mounting drilled and the holes are fitted with metal bosses. The fugelage and tail surfaces are conveyed the sand-blast room, where they receive treatment similar the etching propellers. Immedi- ately after this operation they are inspected and tested and are taken the paint department sprayed with paint. From the paint department the fuselage goes the assembly line and the tail surfaces the covering section receive their fabric cover. the assembly line the fuselage receives the board seats, gas and oil tanks, stick, rudder, tubular con- trol members, tail skid, instrument boards, safety belts, upholstering and doors. The gas tank hung steel wire cables and bound the same manner. prevent chafing and slipping the cables are attached over heavy felt padding. The control tubing extends from the fusel- age the tail and prevent binding operation Three Separately Constructed Box-Like Struc- tures Being and Welded Large Jig, Fuselage The Age, July ~ a carried through fiber tubes larger diameter than the control tubes. The fiber tubes are greased and are situated inspected, replaced greased quickly. Specially designed blocks wood are taped the fuselage intervals. They serve for the use screws bolts attaching the members described above, and also preserve the metal tubing from weakening through the introduction screw bolt holes. After the fire-walls, fairings and special attachments have been added, the fuselage ready for the skeleton frame which fitted the fabric cover. This cover receives the same treatment “doping” and painting the wing fabrics. The painted fuselage then returned the motor department, where the motor added. Here also are attached the laced cockpit padding, wind- shields, instruments, motor cowlings, tail surfaces, center wing section, spinner and prop, oleo struts, landing gear (certain models are equipped with brakes), and fuselage striping. view the fact that motors various kinds are used, several arrangements have been made for mounting them. the case the OX-5 motor, the mounting braced tubular arms welded the main fuselage section, the arms being drilled regular intervals and fitted with steel bosses. Wright Whirlwind motors mounted circular braced steel tubing. Planes Subjected Rigid Tests the final assembly line the wings are rigged and lined and final check all parts and controls made. The plane then rolled the field about yd. distant for test flight. Each plane flight-tested be- 4—July Iron Age bly Line, Looking Down Main Aisle fore delivery. The performance the engine first tested the ground, and notations are made accordingly. All instruments are checked see that they are func- tioning properly. The plane checked for take-off, land- ing and stability the air and put through series maneuvers check the performance. After landing, inspected for oil fuel leaks. The test pilot certi- fies its air-worthiness. The fuselage and tail surfaces, well the landing gear “Vs,” are made S.A.E. No. 1025 mild carbon steel tubing, which readily welded and which gives better strength-weight ratio than S.A.E. No. 1020 low-carbon steel. less expensive than S.A.E. No. 4130 chrome molybdenum steel and can purchased large ship- ments without delay. Chrome molybdenum steel, how- ever, used for the axles the planes, because they are subjected high bending stresses. Instrument panels, wheel disks, cowling, baggage com- partment doors, inspection doors, seats, spinners and head streamline are constructed aluminum, which also employed many other places where lightness weight major consideration. The degree hardness the aluminum used various parts determined the bends and the stiffness required. Wings Edged with Duralumin For the leading edge the wings support the fabric between the ribs the tapered wing model, duralumin used. This material has been given the preference over aluminum certain places where considerable stiff- ness and strength are necessary. Fire-walls and fuel tanks are made terne plate, Cockpit Cowling ing Cut Out Master Mold _ : Sidewalls Fuselage, Placed Box-Like Jig, with Cross Members Be- ing Welded which may readily soldered. This especially ad- vantageous the case fuel and oil tanks. The low melting point aluminum precludes its use for fire-walls. Fittings are made almost entirely S.A.E. No. 1025 mild carbon steel. Wherever high physical properties are required chrome molybdenum steel used. Plant Served Spur Railroad Track The plant served spur track the Big Four railroad. This track, suppressed the floor level, ex- tends through 200 ft. heated shipping and receiving sections the main manufacturing building, affording protection materials inclement weather. Electric hoists have been installed one end the platform facilitate the transfer material railroad cars motor trucks, which also are loaded this point. From its inception 1921 the Waco Aircraft Co., until recently known the Advance Aircraft Co., has built airplane which the attainment high aero- dynamical ability economical cost for commercial purposes has been stressed. The founder the com- pany, Clayton Bruckner, president and chief engi- neer. Heading the administrative division, vice-presi- dent and general manager, Lee Brutus. Gas Welding Operation Building Fuselage. foreground cut out tubing en- larged show radial cut al 3 Use Jigs Special Design, Wing Ribs Are Rapidly Fabricated Operators Specializing This Operation by The Iron Age, July 1929—5 Cast Iron Engineering Material Testing Society Stages Symposium Demonstrate Many Advantageous Qualities—How Test Bars May Rep- resent Wear and Heat Treatment ITH the object calling the attention en- gineers the many excellent physical proper- ties cast iron, symposium was arranged for the thirty-second annual meeting the American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City, last week, June 28. The symposium was comprehensive and was made brief papers dealing with various phases this broad field. was organized committee A-3 cast iron. large attendance revealed the keen interest the subject. introduction the symposium was presented Bornstein, director laboratories, Deere Co., Moline, and chairman the committee. There has not been the same progress the classification cast irons there has been steels and also the deter- mination their physical properties, said Mr. Bornstein. Accurate information cast iron has not been widely disseminated the engineering profession. Therefore some suspicion has arisen the value such iron engineering material. Considerable progress has been made cast iron metallurgy and irons high physical properties are now available. Specifications have not kept abreast practice. Cast iron reliable engineering material and knowledge its properties necessary encourage its proper use industry. The purpose committee A-3, said Mr. Bornstein, has been assemble group papers outlining the classifi- cation physical properties cast irons, according plan formulated year ago. The presentation real- ized far from complete. Only beginning has been made. How Gray Irons Should Classified necessary classify gray irons before intelli- gent general study can undertaken, said ton, chief chemist and metallurgist, Lunkenheimer Co., Cincinnati, who introduced the symposium and took his subject “Classification Gray Iron Alloys.” The most logical classification seems primary one according causative factors. These are: 1. Chemical composition—initial, incidental and final Structural and mechanical makeup charge. Melting proces Thermal and mechanical history—furnace spout cooled casting Design and workmanship Mr. Bolton advocates primary classification based chemical analysis and secondary one upon cooling rate. shows how mathematical formula can ap- plied determine relative cooling rates simple shapes. His chemical classification divided into four groups eight subdivisions each, based the carbon and silicon contents respectively. Section and Composition Affect Properties question the effect section and various com- positions the physical properties cast iron was discussed MacPherran, chief chemist, Allis- Chalmers Mfg. Co., West Allis, Wis. The author’s tests were conducted with threefold object: determine 6—July 1929, The Age the effect increased section the tensile strength cast iron; second, determine the effect hardness -of the removal various amounts stock; and third, determine the high-test iron followed the same laws the weaker grades. His conclusions were follows: The effect increasing the section certain types materially and progressively lower strength. Removal extra stock these types progressively accompanied loss hardness. Under cooling conditions similar those described the paper, the high-test iron reported cally equal Brinell hardness throughout the section. The grain the high-test iron somewhat more open as the center of the casting is approached. The tensile strength the high-test iron tends fall off as the section is increased or as the cooling is re- tarded, though not the extent shown the other two types. Correlating the Test Bar with the Casting HAT the test bar does not represent the casting acknowledged the case gray iron. attempt correlate cast iron test bars and castings was metallurgist and assistant metallurgist respectively, Buf- falo Foundry Machine Co., Buffalo. The authors report briefly the work undertaken various investigators and state that few really tangible facts have been established. Investigators agree that more than one size test bar necessary where any account taken the variation strength with thickness. Cast iron, produced the modern foundry, really series alloys and any attempt corre- lation test bar with casting futile unless this fact recognized. Through proper interpretation the cooling rate iron felt the authors that the physical proper- ties test bar can correlated with the properties the casting. This does not imply that single size will applicable every case. believed that specifica- tions the future will cover test bars every size and that, with intelligent choice test bar, the properties the casting will predicted accurately from the prop- erties the test bar. Strength Plain and Alloy Iron NOTHER the symposium was en- titled, “Static Strength Plain and Alloy Cast Coyle, research metallurgist, International Nickel Co., New York. the opinion Mr. Coyle the only tests for strength cast iron which are really abso- lute are those for tension and compression. His contribu- tion presents data covering the tensile strength only iron. starts with the Maurer diagram which shows the relation between structure and composition and presents series diagrams, some which are re- produced herewith, showing extension the range composition, which will produce pearlitic structure and maximum strength. The elements, nickel and chromium, are used examples alloy iron. These diagrams should not considered, says the author, sole criterion : J | the production castings. ing characteristics, such hardness and tendency chill, should taken into account well strength, the production suitable castings. Other practical modify- Cast Iron Has Elastic and Fatigue Properties LASTIC properties cast iron were interestingly McKenzie, chief chemist, American Cast Iron Pipe Co., Birmingham. Elasticity that property body which enables return its former shape after undergoing strain, and the elas- ticity, tension compression the quotient stress divided linear strength. 4.50 AURER’S Constitutional Diagram (Right) Cast Iron (F. Coyle’s Paper Static Strength Cast Irons >) Carbon, per cent. 2.0 2.5 3.0 Silicon, per cent. When applied under clearly defined conditions, the modulus elasticity one the most useful indications the quality cast iron. very closely related the analysis when cooling conditions are uniform and therefore good index the casting properties the iron. The results some the author’s work this problem are presented tables and charts the paper, one which here reproduced. Another the engineering characteristics cast iron included the symposium was the fatigue properties. This problem was discussed Kommers, professor mechanics, University Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. His contribution, “Fatigue Properties Cast Iron,” re- ports the results obtained casting four lots cast iron the University Illinois and different cast irons the University Wisconsin. the first case, the fatigue strength cast iron was found markedly increased oft-repeated strength below the endurance limit. Grooves cast iron test spe- cimens reduced the endurance limit only small amount. elevated temperatures there was found great reduction the fatigue, tension, and Brinell hardness tests temperature about 800 deg. Fahr. the other tests, the materials used ranged from low-strength high-strength cast irons and the ratio endurance limit tensile strength showed average value 0.49 and the ratio endurance limit modulus rupture showed average value 0.26. Testing Cast Iron for Impact and Wear Resistance general are interested the impact resistance value cast iron, particularly the case water pipe. contribution this phase the sym- posium was made Bornstein brief paper en- titled “Impact Testing Cast Iron.” There standard test method for measuring the Ferritic Pearl: tic — Silicon, per cent and (Left) Conceived Coyle His Paper tutional Strength Plain and Alloy Iron resistance impact cast iron, said Mr. Bornstein, al- though several methods have been proposed. There need for standard method test. The results most the proposed methods are not general agreement. the consensus opinion, however, that irons high static strength are also high impact value. many cases the shock impact test greater value pre- dicting results service than are static tests, particularly where the casting subjected shock. Another property cast iron for which there general agreement among investigators the best method testing wear resistance. They not only not agree test methods but there are also difference opinion regarding the influence various elements cast iron upon resistance wear. “Wear Testing Cast Iron” was discussed Boegehold, metallurg- ist, General Motors Research Laboratories, Detroit. wear testing the case cast iron automobile engine cylinder blocks, the author describes method test which uses. discusses the difficulties encountered trying conduct test for wear when lubricant present. That the kind cylinder iron used has fluence upon the result because good lubrication be- AST Consti- The Iron Age, July “a | | I “4 a | | White 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 en NX o ES 2.00 tween the piston and the cylinder demonstrated brief description wear test conducted automo- bile engine constructed individual cylinders four different kinds cast iron after running 20,000 miles. Mr. Boegehold declares that universal wear test undesirable but that laboratory wear tests which ser- vice conditions are imitated give valuable data. When lubricants are present, wear test difficult. The larg- est factors cylinder wear are stated grit and lack lubrication. recommended that investigators cast iron wear should have comprehensive knowledge cast iron. The greatest resistance wear found cast irons containing about 0.75 per cent combined carbon ALUES for Plastic Deforma- 400 tion (Set) Six Repeated Loadings Three-Fourths mate Strength Plotted Against Ultimate Modulus Elas- ticity with Trend Strength, 200 Hardness and Graphite Indicated (MacKenzie) Influence Combined Carbon Wear (Boegehold) 30.0 200 10.0 2.0 1.0 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 Combined Carbon, per cent. sand-cast gray iron, according the results series tests and shown one the charts here repro- duced. Corrosion and Heat Treatment the majority cases studied, cast iron slightly superior steel wrought iron corrosion-resis- tion the symposium entitled “Corrosion Cast Iron.” The author director the research laboratory ap- plied chemistry, Massachusetts Institute Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Corrosion tests soils point the fact that general the nature the soil rather than the types metal certain classes the factor governing the rate corrosion. There are many cases which cast iron superior other ferrous metals the handling various chemical materials. general, factors affecting the corrosion cast iron include not only the characteristics the metal itself, but also, greater extent, the composition the cor- roding medium and the type protective coating em- ployed. There need for the use proper protective coating before pipe put into service else for treat- ment the corroding medium with chemicals bring about the precipitation protective scales films. Heat treatment cast iron comparatively new subject. One the commendable undertakings com- 8—July 1929, The Iron Age mittee A-3 extensive digest the literature the heat treatement cast iron now being prepared. Coyle discussed this subject briefly, dwelling upon some the important features involved. alloy- ing elements can produce considerable increase the relative values properties steel, inferred that alloying elements should produce like improvement cast iron. This seems true because cast iron essential- steel whose continuity broken free graphite. The intrinsic value alloy steel only brought out heat treatment and reasonable assume that cast iron general should also benefited heat-treating processes. Mr. Coyle states that there are four important factors 70000 ~ = a. > 2 Me o Ss: Hardness Brinell Hardness Number. 000 000 000 000 considered subjecting cast iron heat: Artificial aging, alteration chemical and physical properties, growth, and rustproofing. These factors are considered the author three different ranges temperature for heat treatment. The author believes that systematic investigation this field study will disclose that the applicability heat treatment cast iron will dis- tinct economic value industry general. Views General OME disappointment was evident from the fact that the symposium did not bring out broad range discussion. The length the program militated some extent against this. Mr. Bornstein emphasized the need knowledge machinability and wear gray iron and the desirability some measure these proper- ties. Dr. Richard Moldenke said that all those interested cast iron want wear and machinability the product but one great difficulty the fact that “many kinds castings are poured from one mixture. American prac- tice far behind Europe this respect.” Alloys Are Not Cure-Alls Mr. Coyle called attention the fact that addition alloys cast iron increase the resistance wear and that his files show many special results this kind. is, course, often necessary use different mixtures, but alloying elements are not cure-alls but are great aid for certain purposes. Mochel offered two valuable illustrated discussions, one the question the correla- tion test bars and castings, showing some results which had obtained. also expressed regret that the sym- posium did not include the welding properties cast iron which had done some work. Some his results were interestingly presented. ' UD ' AN) ~ 4 2, Ga: S' 4 N ' 100 q Testing Society’s Largest Meeting Membership Record High—New Standing Committees Bring Total Lecture Feature —Research Inaugurated DDING still more prestige already enviable record, the American Society for Testing Materials held the largest convention its history last week. was the thirty-second annual gathering, held the traditional place, Atlantic City, June 28. This location has be- come fixed policy that attempts break away from have not been very successful. French Lick, Ind., was the place two years ago. Plans were seriously debated last week holding one convention every three years elsewhere, probably Middle West. Chicago being con- sidered for 1930. the recent past the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall was its headquarters. Unusual activity marked the work the very many committees. The zeal and earnestness these com- mittees always keen and can matched other society the world. Starting early Monday, June 24, there were sessions com- mittees morning, afternoon and even- ing and much was_ Each year also witnesses new com- mittees formed and new fields entered for fact-finding specification pur- poses. New high records attendances were made. The total registration Wednesady evening 850 men and 245 women had surpassed all figures for the third day. Final registration totals gave 934 men. This compared with 895 men last year. The previous high record was 905 1926. Marked Progress Reported Executive Committee REVIEW the progress and aims the society contained the annual report the executive committee which was presented Secretary-Treasurer Warwick the annual meeting. Some its important features are follows: New Standing Committees Organized Three new standing committees have been organized within the year: Committee A-10 iron-chromium, iron-chromium-nickel and related al- loys; committee B-5 copper and cop- per alloys, cast and wrought, and committee B-7 light metals and alloys, cast and wrought. Committee A-10 has had assigned most important group al- loys, which there much need coordinated research the corrosion resistance and other properties these alloys. the organization this committee has been necessary consider the relationship its field work that committee B-4, originally entitled “metalic materials for electrical which deals with portion the alloys the iron-chromium-nickel system, used especially for electrical heating pur- poses. Some conflict has developed between the two committees their relative jurisdiction. meet- ing committee A-10 last week settlement this controversy was put the executive committee the society. The temporary organi- zation committee A-10 was voted continue until the régular time for election officers. Jerome Strauss continues temporary chairman, with Mochel temporary sec- retary. The organization the new com mittees B-5 and B-7 part reorganization committee activities the non-ferrous metals group, which has come about through recommenda- tion made committee B-2 non- ferrous metals and alloys. After careful study the stan dardization activities the society, particularly from the administrative viewpoint, and consultation with the standardizing committee E-5, the executive com- mittee has authorized the organiza- tion new committee known committee E-10 standards. believed that the new committee will develop into most important administrative one, particularly with respect the problem extending the society’s standardization work over the entire field engineering standardization activities with those other bodies. Corrosion Work Coordinated coordinating committee cor- rosion has been formed correlate the corrosion studies the four com- mittees the society that are dealing with this important subject applied different groups materials, namely, committee A-5 corrosion iron and steel; A-10 iron-chromium, iron-chromium-nickel and related al- loys; B-3 corrosion non-ferrous metals and alloys, and B-4 high temperature electric resistance alloys. Each committee has appointed two representatives the coordinating committee. With these new organizations the number standing committees brought 48. Executive Committee Enlarged Preliminary modifications the by- laws involve increase the num- ber members the executive committee from 10, which, with the four officers and the last three past presidents, will make membership 17. The other modi- fications provide method for accep- tance and publication proposed new standards tentative standards the interim between annual meet- ings the society, saving time being thus effected. Total Membership New High—4244 Membership the society made net gain for the year ended June 1929, 52. The number new mem- bers for the year was 365, which slightly better than for 1928 although not large that two three years ago. Total membership June this year, 4244 4192 year ago. Activities the Pacific Coast During the past year the executive committee decided investigate plans that had been under consideration for some time for the establishing closer relationship between the so- ciety’s general activities members the Pacific Coast. first step this direction Secretary- Treasurer Warwick visited the members the three Coast States California, Oregon and Washington last fall. comprehensive report has been submitted the executive com- mittee. Among several recommenda- tions one the effect that study made the feasibility devising some means which Pacific Coast members may function group, and means which groups members representing producers and consum- ers may formed into divisions, affiliated with and functioning part the standing committee. was also recommended that the executive committee give considera- tion the possibility arranging for occasional meetings the Pacific Coast members under official auspices, and that local committees society members the Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland and Seattle dis- tricts appointed for the purpose promoting the usefulness and extend- ing the influence the society those districts. The various recom- The Iron Age, July mendations are being carefully con- sidered the executive committee. The New Association Preliminary arrangements for the participating the society the next congress the International Association held Zurich, Switzerland, 1931, are now being made the society’s representative the permanent committee the New International Association for Testing materials, past-president Fulweiler. June 1929, there national association, being com- panies and 205 individual members. Take Part World Engineering Congress The executive committee has ac- cepted invitation for the society participate the World Engineer- ing Congress held Tokio, Japan, this year, under the sponsor- ship the Japanese Government. part the American participation the congress, Prof. Moore, University Illinois, and past-presi- dent the society, has prepared paper “Engineering Materials” for presentation the congress. Marburg Lecturer Brings Physicist and Engineer Closer Together FEATURE the last three years has been the Edgar Marburg lec- ture, founded 1926 memory the society’s first secretary. This year Dr. Saul Dushman was selected deliver the fourth lecture. The choice was eminently fitting, the address bringing out the close re- lationship between the physicist and the engineer. Dr. Dushman assis- tant director the the General Electric Co., Schenec- tady, Educated the Univer- sity Toronto, from which was graduated 1904, was lecturer there before joining the research staff the General Electric Co. 1912. The subject his lecture was “The Nature Cohesive Forces Solids.” abstract follows: The Bohr theory the origin spectra led definite re- garding the arrangement electrons the atoms the different elements. has been shown that the electronic con- figuration and a large number of prop- erties the elements vary periodic manner with the atomic number. least four cohesional properties show this periodic relation with electronic arrange- ment. These are follows: The recipro- cal the melting point the absolute scale, the atomic volume, and coefficients compressibility and Ductility and Malleability Metals Dependent on Structure The crystal structure pure metals also shows similar connection with elec- tronic arrangements, and certain prop- erties, such ductility and malleability, are observed intimately dependent upon the type lattice structure. The fact that atoms are arranged regular lattice formations leads revised views the nature so-called secondary valence forces. Cohesional forces are 10—July 1929, The Iron Age Marburg Lecturer and Dudley Medalists SAUL DUSHMAN SPRING KANTER essentially from chemical forces except order magnitude. While not possible yet for- upon atomic structure, pos- sible the magnitude such forces introducing plausible assump- tions regarding the laws attraction and repulsion between atoms. shown Grumeisen for the case pure metals and Born for ionic lattices (such rock salt), there must exist definite re- lations between the theoretical cohesive force between atoms and such experi- mentally observed values latent heat evaporation and coefficients expansion and compressibility. The cohesive forces, calculated the basis this theory, are found from 100 times greater than the rupture strengths actually observed. explanation this discrepancy, and Smekal suggested the pres- ence fine cracks, crevices inhomo- geneities the crystal structure. ous observations made these and other investigators are found good accord with such assumption The theory has been extended quite re- cently Zwicky and evidence adduced show that the distribution such must governed the lattice structure and that this accounts for the fairly definite values actually obtained technically for rupture strength dif- ferent materials. Most interesting results have been ob- tained from investigations the tensile behavior single crystals. The applica- tion such results the observations the case polycrystalline materials leads similar views those postulated by Griffiths, Smekal and Zwicky. Cohesive Forces and Strength Metals High Temperatures The effect temperature the rup- ture strength discussed length Dr. Dushman. plot the observed data against temperature shows two dis- tinct portions, one below definite inflection temperature which approx- imately linear, and the other, which ex- tends from the inflection temperature upward, shows very much more rapid decrease strength with temperature explanation these observations extension suggested the theory pre- viously postulated Jeffries and Archer with regard the relative strength erystalline and intercrystalline material The inflection point the plot rup- ture strength versus temperature prob- ably identified with the so-called equi-cohesive temperature. Above this point deformation viscous flow, and consequently the rate de- crease tensile strength with tempera- ture dependent upon the rate decrease with increase temperature coefficient viscosity. Analogy with other reactions, both change with temperature the same manner suggests that, from the tempera- ture coefficient the rupture strength, energy required cause relative transla- tional motion atoms grains such occurs plastic flow solids. The values the energy thus calculated are found lie between the heats fusion and evaporation. The nature the previous treatment the metal and other factors affect the value the energy actually observed. Similarly, from the rate grain growth, rate diffusion, electrolytic con- ductivity salts, viscosity glass, rate flow metals, each which changes rapidly with temperature, possible calculate the energy involved the reaction. Thus the study the effect temperature all these phenomena furnishes means determining the particular type cohesive forces which are involved. Two Recipients the Dudley Medal customary each year award the Charles Dudley medal the author authors the paper adjudged the best one presented the previous annual convention. The third award was made this year joint authors the paper, “Long- Time Flow Tests Carbon Steels Various Temperatures with Particu- lar Reference Stresses Below the Proportional Limit.” During the last four years Mr. Kanter, who testing engineer the Crane Co., Chicago, has been engaged the development creep test ap- paratus and investigations this important field high temperature A ~ | LYNCH testing metals. Mr. Spring ac- and other technical societies, and chief chemist and metallurgist the Crane Co. His technical articles chemical and physical testing have been numerous. Presentation the medals followed the Marburg lecture. President Thompson made the pres- entation speeches, and both recipients responded, Mr. Spring outlining some facts leading the work referred the paper and giving some his- tory high temperature testing. Standardization and Good Will his annual address the retir- ing president, Thompson, chief chemist, National Lead Co., New York, took subject “Standardization and Good Will.” Some the chief points made were follows: The President the United States, Herbert Hoover, when was Secretary of Commerce made many speeches and issued many communications the pub- lic the general advocacy standard- ization. While not attempting present Mr. views detail, there one thought that runs through all his addresses this subject which would direct your attention. United States, industries are conducted large scale. order that these industries should profitable neces- sary, far practicable, that the products manufactured simplified number and kind that large produc- tion unit types products can made day and day out. order this the products must standardized meet the demands the consumer. The only limitation this point view that the standards should not far prevent the obtainment the consumer materials that are best suited his needs. there ever was democratic organ- ization the best sense the term, our society one. theory least, and actually believe, our committees are made those who have common ends approached from different standpoints Our committee meetings are principle those the round table where, while you President, Vice-President and Retiring President have nominal chairmen, there is no head nor foot but all sit down the table with equality. ever happened that our committee meetings became in the nature the long table with head and a foot, unfortunate it would be for our society What more, our society has wide- open doors and any consumer, group of consumers, has an interest in the standardization of materials for engineer- ing finds the spirit our society wel- coming him as a member, and the same true with regard the producers. One Great Difficulty Confronting the Society may well speak openly about one the great difficulties that confronts our society. There are large number industrial organizations this coun- try that are inclined resist standard- ization the ground that substitutes something for the good will their organ- izations are trying build the expenditure of large sums of money for advertising. They consider that stan- dardization and the building good will are incompatible. certain ex- tent I sympathize with this view although better sense condemns far relates the standards this society. So far as consumers are concerned, they have specifications their own they are not more generally standardized body such ours Therefore, standardization our society, af- fects the large consumer, substitutes general standards for isolated standards. The large consumer will generally the open market more less competitive basis. may have his preferences and may prefer give his orders certain producers, but this depends largely upon other things being equal, such price and quality prod- uct. I must emphasize, however, that what say has relation only those materials which are bought in relatively large quantities for specific purposes. What say does not relate the pur- chase small quantities material for very indefinite purposes which materials have been found experiment and use satisfy the needs the consumer not for draw the line between these two groups materials and their uses but that there distinction be- tween them is clear. Of course, specifica- tion materials used large quantities will also cover the use these materials in small quantities, which is of advantage the general public. Let think the other hand the effect upon the producer and the good will endeavoring build when has record having furnished some standard product large year in and year out with extreme satis- that the consumer has examined care- fully the products delivered him this producer. The weights and volumes have been checked, analyses have been made the product, and this product has been uniformly found conform standard specifications. Does this add anything the value the good will the producer? sure does add great deal that value All consumers naturally want buy in the cheapest market. This desire exists whether there are standard fications not Suppose there are standard specifications, what will the consumer do? will buy the cheap market just the same, but will more subject those the salesmen with which have past been too familiar It is said that standard specifications are often compromises. As a statement fact this undoubtedly true basis of criticism it is unsound A standard specification, whether good bad, has only the same kind value which attaches to everything els« It is good or bad according to the way it works. All specifications, when study the history them, began with what are called or, some would say, imperfect specifications, using what consider very impropet designation the order progress that what did yesterday should bad and imperfect what today, but must remem ber that what today based upon what we did yesterday Standard Specifications Subject Change Standard specifications are not fixed things; they are constantly subject change. They should not adopted amended prematurely, but they should show constant growth. our society, with our standing committees made up both producers and consumers con stantly studying the problems covered specifications, there quick response the efficiency specifications Sometimes producers and sometimes con- sumers will not use specifications Time only can tell whether they are right or whether they are wrong criticism that standard specifications are compromises, that admit and admit cheerfully that not know anything life that not compromise. Permit sum this talk with these few words. Our society impregnable position, impregnable long perform our functions ra- tionally, justly, and with continuous process development have desire break down any good structure industrial life. Our object far can sound foundations, going only far and fast feel that the circumstances justify. aim move constantly forward, requiring push prod, for our aims are clear and our methods procedure have stood the test time. If, however, our society would live its great purpose its members and none its commit tees must stand the way general progress along the lines proper de- velopment. trust that our future far exceed brilliance our past service which are rendering Th- Age, July q 3 New Directors for Next Year the ture service (A95-28T) was review this symposium printed at largs New Work Some Prominent Committees MONG the committees whose were adopted, several should mentioned. ciety’s largest one, presented new specifications for heat-treated carbon steel helical springs and complete revision the standard specifications for carbon steel forgings for locomo- tives. The immediate adoption tions for carbon and blooms, billets and slabs for forgings and for wrought solid carbon steel whcels for steam railroad service was recommended. Old Contest Revised and Settled Revival old contest was brought the floor the convention. When the advancement standard tentative standard for carbon castings for valves, flanges and fittings for high tempera for adoption, there were decided objections. For six years the question dis- criminating against the converter process for making such castings and adopting definite chemical limits has been debated with some bitter- ness. This year the familiar argu- ments were again voiced. John Howe Hall, Jameson, and Prof. Bradley Stoughton argued against the and Bull favored the adoption. When the final vote was taken, favored the advancement standard with voting negative. Splendid Work Committee Cast Iron Undoubtedly one the most active committees the ferrous phase the society’s work now A-3 cast iron. During the year successfully or- ganized symposium the engineer- ing properties cast iron, which was valuable contribution re- other pages. Too high praise can- not voiced for this effort. Arbitration Bar Adopted After several years investiga- tion and debate, committee recom- mended for adoption standard the specifications for the arbitration test bar and tension test specimen revision standard specification for gray iron castings, cast iron pipe and fittings and high-test gray iron cast- ings. also recommended new speci- fications for gray iron castings for valves, flanges and pipe fittings, well for chilled tread cast iron car wheels, revision the present standard specifications. Tin and Arsenic Harmful High- Speed Steel Report the research committee the effect that tin and arsenic have high-speed tool steel, was that special heats had been made containing respectively 0.40 per cent arsenic and 0.40 per cent tin. Ser- vice tests tools made this steel, Officers and Directors for 1929-1930 President: Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-President: Detroit. Ohio. Executive Committee: Lynch, consulting metallurgical engineer, Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co.,