The Iron Age 1928-03-15: Vol 121 Iss 11

THE IRON AGE New York, March 15, 1928 ESTABLISHED 1855 an can a - = Thetts Employees Fencing Plants, Guarding Exits, Supervision Locker Rooms and VOL. 121, No. * Building Trustworthy Per- sonnel Are Effective Means HEFT workmen plants manufacturing copper other metal products relatively high intrinsic value largely kept check regulating the entrance and exit the employees and building feeling responsibility the worker. This conclusion borne out survey number such plants THE IRON AGE. survey was prompted the experience manufacturer Iowa which had been faced with the problem theft its brass departments. This company’s factory buildings are not surrounded fence, and although employees are expected leave definite doors, there always possibility for exception. Fencing Plants General Practice large number the companies canvassed THE IRON AGE survey have found that fencing the plant, thereby securing control the entrance and egress employees, the most effective means prevent- ing theft. most cases workmen are required have passes for taking packages out the gates. Ex- amination such packages usually left the judg- ment the watchman the gate, and employees sel- dom resent such inspection the company frankly explains the reason. large canning company states that the gate examination “to prevent pilferage from the locker rooms well from manufacturing areas. taken for granted that package will examined, and the employee bearing parcel ap- proaches the watchman opens for inspection.” prohibiting automobiles within the mill inclosure most companies have effectively checked the stealing large pieces. One company reported the extreme case workman’s throwing pig ingot outside the company inclosure during the day and return- ing the evening recover the material for subse- quent sale scrap dealer. The concealment valuable articles dinner buckets has always been rather common form petty thievery. Some companies prevent this not per- mitting employees take their dinner buckets into the work room. Under this plan workmen enter the shop through locker wash room, where they leave their dinner pails, and return this room eat their lunches. One plant which does not have such system seriously considering prohibiting workmen from eat- ing their lunches the work shop. manufacturer brass specialties Los Angeles makes the observa- tion that nearly all its employees bring their lunches work paper sack grocer’s bag, which is, course, destroyed soon the lunch eaten. this company’s employees only one regularly car- ries dinner pail. Rigid Locker Room Practice Preventing workmen from concealing valuable ma- terials their clothes usually accomplished careful supervision the locker room. large manu- facturer plumbing supplies and fittings Phila- delphia writes follows: “Our locker rooms for the workmen all have open lockers without doors, and the rooms are charge reliable men who have super- vision over the workmen. would difficult carry anything into these rooms without being seen.” Other plants require their workmen change their clothing locker room that constantly under supervision and have found this practice very satisfactory one preventing thievery. large brass works Michigan, forced take measures prevent theft, established separate — Rae <9 eat she > ees et locker room into which all men coming the plant leave their street clothes, put their factory clothing and overalls and also leave their dinner buckets. “Dur- ing all the working hours,” the company states, “this room closed and the men cannot reach their street clothes dinner pails. noon and night watch- man the entrance the locker room, and any package article the men bring with them either time must initialed the inspector whose duty that work. When man wishes take his fac- tory clothing home the package O.K.’d the foreman the department which the man employed.” “In the past,” this company relates, “we have found that the taking overalls and other clothing home washed was common excuse for having package, and, course, most anything could concealed such bundle and taken out the plant. over- come this established our own washing machine the plant and wash our men’s clothing required, that the only time they have occasion take out such pertinent state that have never had the least objection our system, and the honest men appre- ciate the fact that there reflection upon them have some method checking those who are Checking Materials Process Another effective method preventing theft the checking materials process. Cleveland brass manufacturing company “accounts for all the castings the molder makes, checking the good castings well the defective ones. The number good castings recorded the foundry and delivered the machine department where the account veri- fied. Any loss through machining the form defective castings recorded the machine shop time This count then passed the next depart- ment, and any losses which may occur this depart- ment are handled the same manner, and through all departments.” “Our storerooms,” writes manufacturer special- ized office equipment New “are very care- fully operated. All our raw materials, parts process and finished machines are carefully accounted for, and about the only things employee could get away with might few small parts the machines which would have real value him.” Nearly all companies send their finished parts the warehouse soon possible, and this helps con- siderably remove temptation where the manufac- tured products are rather high intrinsic value. manufacturer non-ferrous metal products Mil- waukee locks its valuable products and employs trustworthy watchman who responsible for them. also our practice,” the company states, “to ship out all completed castings before the closing the shop the evening. Our last pour left the sand until the men have gone home, after which the castings are taken out under the care the watchman.” Many the companies which employ careful sys- tem for accounting for work process believe that the psychological effect upon the workmen such reduce the likelihood thievery. Selling Stolen Scrap Metal Some companies have suffered considerable losses the sale scrap metal from their yards. large hardware manufacturer New England writes fol- lows regarding its solution the problem: “The greatest difficulty have had has been when metal has been sold junk men the yard and they have taken away new metal with the old, the weights have been juggled. This has been remedied putting the sale old metal the hands our purchasing department, where the handling and packing the metal done men who not know whom has been sold.” 724—March 15, 1928, The Iron Age manufacturer metal products Milwaukee reports unusual experience this sort. few years ago,” the company writes, neighboring foun- dry was buying scrap metal from local scrap dealer. The company’s scrap purchases included sprues and gates and other material that would never sold foundry. Realizing this, the neighboring company made investigation and found that these sprues and gates came from our plant. immediately made investigation and found that there was small scrap dealer who had influenced some the men our cleaning room fill their dinner pails with our scrap and receive nominal amount for it, possibly 10c. for material which was worth five times much. This dealer sold this material through respon- sible metal dealers.” This same company also suffered losses when pigs ingots were buried wheelbarrow loads waste and taken out the plant, but has been able stop these practices carefully watching suspected em- ployees and taking particular precautions the hiring new men. company Delaware has been able prevent the theft scrap materials keeping close touch with the police department the town where the plant located. “As are small town,” the company states, “we not believe local junk dealers would take chance accepting anything which they suspected having been stolen from local plants. recall several cases where attempts have been made sell stolen scrap, but they have quickly been reported the police department and the guilty party has been immediately apprehended.” Employing Detectives Unpopular State manufacturers’ association the Middle West states that hiring private detective the plant has often been satisfactory method preventing thievery. Individual companies, however, have not always found this means successful. “Some companies far,” says brass manufacturer Michigan, “as hire private detectives who are mechanics spy the various ones who may have aroused suspicion. This method rather expensive and, when found out, creates ill feeling among employees.” Cleveland company had similar experiences with this plan. “We have employed inside men for the pur- pose checking thefts,” the company observes, the results have not been good and the practice has led several mix-ups. later instructed our foremen the different departments keep sharp look-out for any irregularities this sort and this materially helped solve our problem.” Many companies have found that the prosecution guilty parties helped prevent further dishonesty among employees and, therefore, not stop the mere discharge the men who have been caught stealing. Building Trustworthy Personnel Small companies having low labor turnover are not often troubled with plant thefts. small maker water heaters California states that its policy maintaining its labor force practically constant has virtually eliminated the problem stealing em- ployees. manufacturer office equipment New England with small labor turnover reports that this fact has been largely responsible for its success dealing with the theft problem. This plan placing trust its workmen has been very liberally interpreted Pennsylvania manu- facturer. “We had trouble some time ago with petty thefts,” the company writes, “but have eliminated them letting our men know that what worth having worth asking for. make practice not charge our employees for such things single faucet stop cock, and only charge them actual cost bill goods for use their homes when the bill covers two more pieces. also have cooperative buy- ing plan which purchase things which are needed our workmen’s homes and for which they cannot afford pay cash. For such things charge actual cost prices and allow the men pay small weekly payments. also frequently loan our employees limited amounts money case emergencies, which allow them repay small payments.” Careful selection and training personnel has also solved the theft problems large manufacturer barber shop equipment St. Loujs. “Before anyone employed us,” the company states, careful in- vestigation made ascertain his honesty and in- specialist particular line. most cases the em- ployee becomes real asset the firm and feels that his best interest keep things running smooth- ly. This also reduces the number temporary workers.” brass and metal casting manufacturer Minne- sota has the following say the subject: “The only way have been taking precautions this line having ‘trusty’ foremen and few the older employees keep their eyes open all times. Quite fre- quently this way get information leading the discovery dishonest worker.” Structural Steel and Concrete Bars Steel Market Lost Concrete Estimated Over 2,000,000 Tons Year —Structural Shapes Not Keeping Pace with Ingots termine the steel market has been lost reinforced concrete. Two independent calcula- tions show results close enough each other indi- cate that fair estimate has been made the extent that loss. Some the data are given the follow- ing paragraphs. Production concrete reinforcing bars 1926 was reported the American Iron and Steel Institute 815,829 tons. estimated that per cent this, 571,000 tons, was used the structural part build- ings. When thus used has been estimated that ton analyses have been made effort de- 240 200 PERCENTAGE GAIN, OVER 19/0 Percentage Growth Concrete Reinforcing Bar Production Since 1910 Has Been More Than Three Times That Structural Steel. The latter has not made good showing have ingots concrete bars displaces about tons structural steel. Consequently, the structural equivalent the concrete bar tonnage which went into buildings would 2,855,- 000 tons. deduct from this the tonnage con- crete bars used the buildings, the possible steel mar- ket lost one year concrete 2,284,000 tons. Another method approach based esti- mate that per cent all the structural steel made goes into large buildings. Production structural steel 1926 was 3,911,663 tons, which per cent 2,347,000 tons. reported that about half our large buildings are erected with structural steel frames. the other half are built concrete, the possible structural steel market lost one year would thus about great the amount which used. This figure within per cent that determined the other method. does not, however, take account the concrete bars. Graphic representation the growth the use concrete bars buildings and structural steel buildings appears diagram. For purposes com- parison, the growth steel ingot production shown also. this diagram effort has been made show intervening years between 1910 and 1926. Such years would provide varying figures and give irregular curves, instead the straight lines shown. will noted that the use concrete bars has been more than trebled the interval, whereas the use structural steel has increased only about per cent. Steel ingot production meantime has more than doubled. further light this general subject the re- placement steel concrete, tabulation made some time ago the percentage distribution the cement production the United States may interest. The information available unfortunately inadequate make highly accurate tabulation, but the figures are given for what they may worth. Uses Per Cent Public and commercial 26.0 Houses, exclusive 8.5 Sidewalks and private driveways, exclusive Small town and farm 18.0 Sewerage, drainage, irrigation, culverts and Bridges, river and harbor works, dams and water-power projects, storage tanks and this basis the per cent use cement public and commercial buildings would represent over 40,000,- 000 bbl. year. More than half this amount believed into footings and other “mass” work, without reinforcing bars. and Fownes have given 10,000 shares the preferred stock Spang, Chalfant Co. received them exchange for their holdings the Standard Seamless Tube Co. to-50 men long identified with the Standard company department heads and plant offi- cials. Fownes was president, and Fownes was vice-president, the Standard company, and they held almost all the stock. The par value the preferred stock $100 per share. The Iron Age, March 15, 1928—725 160 Aluminum Foundry Rearranged Double Output with Per Cent Less Molding Floor Space—Routing and Handling Materials Well Planned Motor Car Co., Detroit, made necessary reduce the floor space the aluminum foundry about per cent make room for decided expansion the tore room and the same time virtually double the output castings. After careful study was decided that the installation extensive series power- driven conveyors was not required. Instead, the de- sired expansion production was achieved the selection other materials-handling units. The drags large crankcases are made two production the plant the Packard \ \ Osborn roll-over machines, shown the middle fore- ground Fig. These machines are served over- head cranes which were moved from another depart- ment. The gravity conveyor shown the left background used bring drags, with the crankcase castings them, back the molding department. The cranes pick them from the conveyor and shake them out the sand pile shown front the machines. The sand wet down, cut over, and enough put through riddle serve facing. The castings themselves land the foreground, where the core butts, Fig. 1—In the Crankcase Molding Department the Drags Are Made the Osborn Jar Roll-Over Ma- chines Shown Behind the Sand Pile. The drags are delivered back into the foundry proper carriages which run out from under the machines. Cranes then deliver them down the floors, and the poured molds come back gravity carriers shaken out the sand pile. The castings are knocked out the foreground, and the rods, chills and chunk cores are recovered are assembled, the and the molds are poured and run back 726—March 15, 1928, The Iron Age 2 a 1 rods, are knocked out and put over the inclined riddle shown. The castings then pass the cleaning room and the various materials knocked out the salvage dump, the case may be. The flasks are returned the crane the molding another crane and taken the back end an- other molding floor and placed the position occupied the empty flasks shown Fig. From this point the drags are pushed toward other molding machines. Located between the two sets gravity carriers machines. After drag completed, car which the green sand core department, shown detail Fig. and the background Fig. Green sand Sand Core De- 4 ground pe Fig. 4—In the Oil Pan and Floor Plate Molding Floor the Molds Are Lifted and off Molding Machines Light Overhead Cranes and Are Handled the Floor Gravity Carriers Fig. 5—In the Light Work and Snap Molding Department, Molds Are Made Molding Machines Benches, and Then Are Run Down Gravity Car- riers, Poured off, and Run Back for Shakeout { > The Iron Age, March 15, 1928—727 — cores can seen standing the table the right foreground Fig. and the green sand core boxes are shown the various benches. the drag pro- gresses from where first set the carrier, dry sand and green sand cores are placed position, and then opposite the sand heap shown beyond the core- makers’ benches flat back cope rammed and closed on. The mold then poured and, after the cope shaken out the sand heap shown the end the core room, progresses still further toward the final shakeout shown Fig. For molding oil pans, foot plates and other fairly bulky castings group four machines placed the center the foundry, with gravity carriers ex- tending from it, indicated Fig. this case the mold parts are handled with overhead cranes, while the work transported gravity carriers and subsequently returned point near the molding ma- chines for shakeout. For making small work, raised gravity carriers-are used connection with benches light chines. portion this department shown Fig. The melting department the foundry consists battery oil-fired furnaces arranged along the wall one end but such position that the metal relatively close the pouring point for most the work. The principal gain from the rearrangement the foundry was that judicious selection equipment and careful planning the work increased output and considerable saving the number man-hours en- tering into the product were obtained without heavy capital investment. The Lane Co., Detroit, acted consulting foundry engineer connection with the undertaking, and the work the installation itself was done the construction division the Packard Motor Car Co. Magnet Handles Strip Steel Successfully Two Coils Lifted Novel Manner with Flat Plate Without Uncoiling— Boxed Strip Picked Readily OILED strip steel difficult material handle, for unless the coils are tightly bound together they will pull apart and cause confusion the handlers and damage the steel. strip steel coil, even though se- curely bound, heavy, awkward thing handle and the moving any amount this steel requires gang husky men who must continually cautioned against battering the finished steel strip. The Superior Steel Corporation, Carnegie, Pa., whose product largely cold and hot-rolled strip that shipped both coils and boxed flat, has adopted lift- ing magnets for handling finished steel. Manual labor used only where necessary move the bundles boxes into closed freight cars. this plant they re- cently loaded 200,000 strip steel into box cars with the magnet and four men during 10-hr. shift. 3efore the magnet was purchased, the most that six men could load was 140,000 lb. 10-hr. shift. The magnets usually handle two coils time. these two coils are not placed tightly against each other, one both the coils have tendency fall away from the magnet and held vertical posi- tion. Because the steel must not battered, not satisfactory for the coils dropped their edge. experimenting with the magnets this job handling coiled strip steel, the Superior company dis- covered that thin sheet steel placed over the two coils lifted would spread the flux from the magnet Avoiding the Loosening Coils and Damage Material Resulting from Ordinary Handling Strip Steel Magnets (Upper Right) the Use Flat Plate (Lower Right) 728—March 15, 1928, The Iron Age sufficiently hold both coils flat against the plate. peculiar fact that this plate does not short circuit the flux, but causes the magnet better job than without the plate. The fact that much the strip steel boxed flat does not interfere with its being handled the lift- ing magnet. One photograph shows Electric Con- troller Mfg. Co. lifting magnet moving long box strip steel. This particular package weighed little over 600 while the same magnet handling pack- ages that run high 1000 lb. double-magnet lifting rig, used the same plant for coils wide strip steel, was illustrated THE AGE Feb. 16, page 472. 7 — 4 Systematic View Stainless Steels OZENS brands corrosion-resisting alloys “stainless steels” are now being manufactured many different mills, under variety trade names. only natural that data regarding them may contradictory, incomplete and even inaccurate. Pa. Analysis Heat Treatment Toughness Grain Growth Hot Working Qualities Cold Working Qualities Machinability Riveting Welding Resistance Scale Resistance Strength Elevated Temperatures High-Chromium Steels Classified into Three Groups—Prop- erties Briefly Described and Utility for Various Purposes Noted *Metallurgical department, Carpenter Steel Co., Reading, Group Chromium less than about per cent. Carbon less than 0.40 per cent. May contain small percent- ages tungsten, copper, nickel, silicon molyb- denum. This magnetic. Respond hardening, tem- pering and drawing. Re- sulting physical properties depend analysis. Are structurally dependable. Are not brittle sharp- notched sections under impact. Not subject excessive grain growth incandescent temperatures. Thoroughly dependable any tempera- ture for supporting any load shock within their carrying capacity. Readily forged, pierced rolled. Air-harden cool- ing. Can cold drawn into wire, cold rolled, bent, formed, upset, coined and deep Machine readily with proper- designed tools. Make excellent Not recommended for hot rivets driven above 1500 deg. Fahr. account air-hardening. Can welded oxy- acetylene flame, electric arc resistance. Weld air- hardens. grain growth. Very satisfactory for resist- ing weather, water and many organic and inor- ganic corrodents. Useful for temperatures about 1500 deg. Fahr. Much better than straight carbon steel for tempera- tures 1000 1200 deg. Fahr. FRANK PALMER* After some years’ experience with them, possi- ble classify them into three general groups. These three groups may designated and and the rules which govern this sub-division are funda- mental and important that they may called the Group Chromium more than about per cent. Carbon less than about 0.40 per cent. May contain small percentages copper, nickel, silicon, molybdenum tungsten. The group magnetic. Heat treatment not recommended. Are naturally having Brinell under 200 and seldom over 250. Have low impact resistance especially notched sections. Not dependable for bolts and similar notched parts when used under impact. This group divided with regard grain growth. The simple chro- Grain growth mium irons and reduced use those containing carbon, manga- nese, copper and aluminum are sub- nickel. Some steels ject excessive containing these and dangerous elements are not grain growth and subject grain become very brit- growth all. tle. May forged, rolled pierced. Those steels subject grain growth must heated very quickly. Those not subject grain growth are heated the usual way. Can cold drawn into wire, cold rolled, bent, formed, upset, coined and deep drawn. Not quite easily worked Group with equal car- bon content. Machine readily with properly designed tools. Due low impact values, not desirable for either cold rivets. Can welded oxy-acetylene flame, electric arc resistance. Those metals sub- Those metals not ject grain subject grain growth become growth yield sat- very brittle ad- isfactory welds. jacent the weld. Possesses corrosion-resisting properties superior Group Superior Group A—recommended for temperatures about 1500 deg. Fahr. Steels subject Steels not subject grain growth not grain growth safe high tem- are better than 800 deg. Fahr. The Iron Age, March 15, 1928—729 Each group characterized certain properties Group Contain chromium and nickel make steel austenitic and non-mag- netic. Usually contain twice much chromium nickel vice versa. not respond heat treat- ment. Extremely tough all times. Thoroughly dependable for any type shock service within the capacity their strength. cause grain growth— thoroughly dependable for high temperature service. May forged, rolled pierced. hardened progressively be- low 1800 deg. Fahr. not air-harden. Can cold drawn into wire, cold rolled, bent, formed, upset, coined and deep drawn. Work-harden twice Very difficult machine. This outstanding ob- jection this group. Excellent for either hot Hot rivets may driven high temperature. Can welded oxy-acety- lene flame, electric arc resistance. Weld does not air-harden and very tough. This excellent group for welded products. Corrosion resistance depends largely chromium content. This group will resist some types action that Groups and will not. With chromium over per cent the resistance excellent. The are good better than steels equal chromium Group Better than Group tem- peratures over 1000 deg. Fahr. which are common all steels falling therein. The exact properties the individuals will vary consider- ably depending upon the percentage carbon and chromium, and lesser extent upon special addi- tions other alloying elements, such nickel. does not therefore follow that all steels within given group are interchangeable their application, and must still take cognizance brand names and detailed analyses. the other hand, should emphasized that all corrosion-resisting steels present commer- cially produced fall into one these three groups and therefore exhibit the general peculiarities that group. most common error the disposition many say “pigs pigs” and accept condemn all stain- less steels the performance one grade the performance one group. matter fact, the three groups stainless steel have very little com- mon one with another—one might only say “they are all steels containing chromium and all them have certain corrosion heat-resisting properties.” The three groups should more become confused than should three totally different alloys like nickel silver, bronze and monel metal. Although these all contain copper and all possess corrosion-resisting properties, are not tempted classify them under one head for construction purposes. should just care- ful not comprehend all grades stainless steel any general statement. For the sake brevity the general properties each group stainless steels are presented tabular form. not possible deal fully with all details and exceptions, and furthermore effort has been made extend the table beyond the mere delineation The reason for these variations has been given Bain. See Tue Feb. 23, 1928, page choice brands available each group and they will not all serve equally well for given purpose. The detailed properties any given steel should secured from the manufacturer the brand question, from experiment under the required conditions ser- vice. should noted under “Analysis” that Group has for its top limit about per cent chromium, while Group has for its lower limit about per cent chromium. Steels containing from per cent chromium partake the properties both groups. must understood that these group limits are not rigidly set, but fluctuate with the other elements con- tained the steel. For example, stainless iron with about 0.10 per cent carbon may contain about per cent chromium and still remain Group When the carbon raised 0.30 per cent the chrom- ium can increased even per cent and the steel will still exhibit the properties Group The introduction high manganese nickel will also tend raise the chromium limits Group and the introduction silicon aluminum will tend lower them. With these reservations, the table applies all high-chromium corrosion-resisting steels regardless brand names identity manufacturer. While should scarcely necessary emphasize the term “quality” connection with highly specialized products such stainless steel, word this subject order. There grade steel which reflects more honestly the skill the workmen and the dili- gence the inspection than stainless steel. Quality this class product evident not only narrowness chemical limits and the purity and cleanliness the product, but very conspicuous the uniformity different shipments carrying the same brand label. should emphasized, however, that amount “quality” injected into stainless steel will lift from one group into another. Equilibrium Diagram DISCUSSION several published investigations iron-silicon alloys, including early one his own together with careful studies high silicon alloys, has enabled Murakami prepare complete equi- librium diagram. (Science Reports, Tohoku Imperial University, Japan, May, 1927). His original sugges- tion that the compound existed was doubted Phragmen, but the latter has been able find X-ray evidence its occurrence subsequently well- annealed specimens. Other students postulated gamma alpha change alloys containing free iron. and occurring 800 deg. 400 deg. C., depending upon the silicon content. Murakami made careful X-ray and microscopic studies this point, and finds only the body-centered cubic lattice characteristic alpha delta iron. magnetic change does occur unaccompanied any atomic rearrangement. Studies higher silicon alloys, where agreement various investigators far from complete, were made special melts Armco ingot iron plus measured amounts carbon-free ferrosilicon. These were studied thermal analysis, X-rays, and the microscope. All results are summarized the dia- gram, the meaning the various fields being follows: Area alpha iron with silicon solid solution Line magnetic change iron. Line solidification iron-FeSi entectic. Line entectic mixture iron and FeSi. Area iron-FeSi entectic plus excess FeSi. iron and FeSi. Area saturated alpha solid solution plus Fe,Sis. Line solid compound, Narrow strips about per cent silicon and per cent silicon represent the ability the compounds FeSi and respectively dissolve small amount 730—March 15, 1928, The Iron Age Between and 100 per cent silicon, iron held solid solution. The vertical hand between and mixture FeSi and (each with little silicon solution). The broad area between and per cent silicon and silicon saturated with iron. °C 1600 1500 1400 1300 1100 r 1000 M goo As e 700 \ 600 \ \ 500 400 . 300 a 200 100 One-Ton Acid Open-Hearth Furnace Some Experimental Results Obtained Small Furnace Oper- ating Under Regular Conditions—Unusually High Temperatures Available MEISSNER* new alloy steel analyses widen its markets was the problem facing the Chrome Steel Works the beginning 1927. addition determining the physical properties the alloys under considera- tion, was necessary test their value service. Small melts steel crucible, from which test specimens could made, were insufficient determine more than physical properties. Therefore actual cast- ings and ingots had made before the products could placed service. save further experi- mental work, was desirable that these heats should made “pilot” basis; that is, actually dupli- cating regular open-hearth furnace practice. There- fore acid open-hearth furnace was built. There are special features the design this furnace. Standard acid open-hearth practice fol- lowed, with the reproportioning the dimensions ne- cessitated its small size. Notably, there consid- erably increased length proportion width, get proper flame propagation. After the first heat was made was found that the checkers were insufficient. The checker chambers were increased size and the checker openings were made much smaller. The fur- nace was started late March, 1927, and made heats. The run was resumed November and the furnace still operating, having made additional heats. For the last series there was some rebuilding both the furnace itself and the checkers. Slag pockets were added. Bottom made regular acid bottom sand, using for practical method deciding upon engineer Chrome Steel Works, Carteret, aN. sand paddle. needs little repairing and lasts about five heats. Charging done hand. The charge gen- erally consists about 1800 lb. scrap and 200 pig. Alloy additions bring the charge about 2000 lb. metal. The furnace loss per cent. Alloy losses are not greater than standard fur- nace. All alloys are added the furnace except ferro- manganese, which sometimes added the ladle. Melts can made high carbon desired. our average analyses are high-carbon (0.65 0.90 per cent) alloy steels, ratio per cent pig scrap mostly used. Practice melt about points higher carbon than the final carbon desired and then work down before additions alloys. Ease holding both heat and carbon normal. Carbons low 0.04 per cent have been attained and 0.06 carbon quite easily reached. Slags have been worked very successfuily with iron reduced low per cent FeO. The furnace oil-fired, using light, low-sulphur oil deg. Beaumé. The oil consumption about gal. per ton, which double that normally used the larger furnaces. This greater consumption due greater relative heat losses this small unit. The oil vaporized with compressed air 100 lb. pressure. Standard burners are used. The flame not more oxi- dizing than the larger furnaces. Reversals are made every min. Average time from charge tap normal heats hr. Furnace life can only estimated, but believed that the front and back walls will the first go, around 200 heats. Metal temperatures during tapping have been noted high 3100 deg. Fahr. optical pyrometers. The furnace crew consists first helper Sections the Furnace and One the Ladle. up- per left the size bath shown, with arrangement ports. lower left longitudinal section through bath, showing also the re- generator chamber. Transverse section lower right A Q 7) The Iron Age, March 15, 1928—731 which are common all steels falling therein. The exact properties the individuals will vary consider- abl depending upon the percentage carbon and chromium, and lesser extent upon special addi- ions other alloying elements, such nickel. not therefore follow that all steels within given are interchangeable their application, and must still take cognizance names and detailed the other hand, should emphasized that all corrosion-resisting present commer- nto one these three groups and general peculiarities that group. most common error the disposition many say “pigs and accept condemn all stain- grade or the performance one fact, the hree groups stain little com- all steels containing ill them have certain corrosion heat-resisting properties.” The three groups should more become confused than three totally different alloys like nickel silver, and metal. Although these all contain pper and all possess corrosion-resisting properties, ire tempted classify them under one head omprehend all grades stainless steel general statement For the sake brevity the general properties each group stainless steels are presented tabular rm. not possible deal fully with all details ptions, and furthermore effort extend the table beyond the mere delineation roup characteristics. There is a_ considerable choice brands available each group and they will not all serve equally well for given purpose. The detailed properties any given steel should secured from the manufacturer the brand question, from experiment under the required conditions ser- vice. should noted under “Analysis” that Group has for its top limit about per cent chromium, while Group has for its lower limit about per cent chromium. Steels containing from per cent chromium partake the properties both groups. must understood that these group limits are not rigidly set, but fluctuate with the other elements con- tained the steel. For example, stainless iron with about 0.10 per cent carbon may contain about per cent chromium and still remain Group When the carbon raised 0.30 per cent the chrom- ium can increased even per cent and the steel will still exhibit the properties Group The introduction high manganese nickel will also tend raise the chromium limits Group and the introduction silicon aluminum will tend lower them. With these reservations, the table applies all high-chromium corrosion-resisting steels regardless brand names identity manufacturer. While should scarcely necessary emphasize the term connection with highly specialized products such stainless steel, word this subject more honestly the skill the workmen and the dili- gence the inspection than stainless steel. Quality this class product evident not only narrowness chemical limits and the purity and cleanliness the product, but very conspicuous the uniformity different shipments carrying the same should emphasized, however, that amount “quality” injected into stainless steel will lift from one group into another. Equilibrium Diagram DISCUSSION several published investigations iron-silicon alloys, including early one his own together with careful studies high silicon alloys, has enabled Murakami prepare complete equi- librium diagram. (Science Reports, Tohoku Imperial University, Japan, May, 1927). His original sugges- tion that the compound existed was doubted Phragmen, but the latter been able find X-ray evidence its occurrence subsequently well- annealed specimens. Other students postulated gamma alpha change alloys containing free and occurring 800 deg. 400 deg. C., depending upon the silicon content. Murakami made careful X-ray and microscopic studies this point, and finds only the body-centered cubic lattice characteristic alpha iron. magnetic change does occur unaccompanied any atomic rearrangement. Studies higher silicon alloys, where agreement various investigators far from complete, were ir has delta made special melts Armco ingot iron plus measured amounts carbon-free ferrosilicon. These were studied thermal analysis, X-rays, and the microscope. All results are summarized the dia- gram, the meaning the various fields being follows: Area alpha iron with silicon solid olution Line magnetic change iron. Line solidification iron-FeSi entectic. Line entectic mixture iron and FeSi. Area iron-FeSi entectic plus excess FeSi. iron and FeSi. Area saturated alpha solid solution plus Line solid compound, Narrow strips about per cent silicon and per cent silicon represent the ability the compounds FeSi and respectively dissolve small amount 730—March 15, 1928, The Iron Age Between and 100 per cent silicon, iron held solid solution. The vertical hand between and mixture FeSi and (each with little silicon solution). The broad area between and per cent silicon and silicon saturated with iron. § cially produced fall 1600 « Sig 1400 A, E 1200 1100 1000 Ao 600 \ \ 500 300 200 100 re) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 So g9 100 One-Ton Acid Open-Hearth Furnace Some Experimental Results Obtained Small Furnace Oper- ating Under Regular Conditions—Unusually High Temperatures Available EED for practical method deciding upon new alloy steel analyses widen its markets was the problem facing the Chrome Steel Works the beginning 192 addition determinin the physical properties the alloys under considera- tion, was necessary test their value Small melts steel crucible, from which test specimens could made, were insufficient more than physical properties. Therefore actual cast- ings and ingots had made before the products could placed service. save further experi- mental work, was desirable that these heats should made “pilot” basis; that is, actually dupli- cating regular open-hearth furnace fore (2000-lb.) acid open-hearth furnace was built There are special features the design this furnace. Standard acid open-hearth practice fol- lowed, with the reproportioning the dimensions ne- cessitated its small size. Notably, there consid- erably increased length proportion width, get proper flame propagation. After the first heat made was found that the checkers were insufficient. The checker chambers were increased size and the checker openings were made much smaller. The fur- nace was started late March, 1927, and made heats. The run was resumed November and the furnace still operating, having made additional heats. For the last series there was some rebuilding both the furnace itself and the checkers. Slag pockets were added. Bottom made regular acid bottom sand, using no 11 *Development engineer Chrome Steel Works, Carteret (7, MEISSNER sand paddle. needs little repairing and lasts about five heats. Charging done The charge gen- ally con about 1800 !b. scrap and 200 pig. Alloy additions bring the charge about 2000 lb. metal. The furnace loss per cent. Alloy losses are not greater than standard fur- nace. alloys are added the furnace except ferro- manganese, which sometimes added the ladle. Melts can made high carbon desired. our average analyses are high-carbon (0.65 0.90 per cent) alloy steels, ratio per cent pig scrap mostly used. Practice melt about points higher carbon than the final carbon desired hen work down before additions alloys. Ease holding both heat and carbon normal. Carbons low 0.04 per cent have been attained and 0.06 carbon quite easily reached. Slags have been worked very successfully with iron reduced low per cent f The furnace oil-fired, using light, oil deg. Beaumé. The oil consumption about gal. per ton, which double that normally used the larger furnaces. This greater consumption due greater relative heat losses this small unit. The oil vaporized with compressed air 100 lb. pressure. Standard burners are used. The flame not more oxi- dizing than the larger furnaces. Reversals are made every min. Average time from charge tap normal heats hr. Furnace life can only estimated, but believed that the front and back walls will the first go, around 200 heats. Metal temperatures during tapping have been noted high 3100 deg. Fahr. optical pyrometers. The furnace crew consists first helper Sections the Furnace and One the Ladle. up- per left the size bath shown, with arrangement ports. lower left longitudinal section through bath, showing also the re- generator chamber. section lower right Stack 7 Jo 24 Reversing Valve and id The Iron Age, March 15, N. J TT |W j J | AL AAA il | é hhh hd AAA AMM MMMM MAMMA Mh di r 6 ‘33 J th tn issistance from the regular pit gang for charging, Heats small 1000 lb. have been Some the steels have been very low phos- phorus and sulphur. Small ladles previously used for old crucible plant were rebuilt for this furnace. Bot- tom pour was found more satisfactory than the pour. teapot Several tapping, made. as ranges analysis have been worked on, summarized follows: 1 which maw Whnicn nay NEW LIST STANDARDS amples Steels and Alloys Now Available from Bureau Standards Stat United Bureau Standards now pre- High-carbon steels with varying percentages chromium from 0.30 1.00 per cent. Chromium steels with carbon from 0.20 and chromium from 1.00 3.57 per cent. Chromium-molybdenum cent, Mo, 0.35, 0.60 2.50 per cent. cast iron with carbon 2.75 per cent and chromium 18 per cent. Chrome iron with carbon 2.75 per cent per to 0.90 per cent steels with from 0.60 0 carbon 0.80 to and 1.45 per Mn from Chrome 9r to 2.5 12 to and chrom 23 iun 27.0 cent. ardizing solutions, calibrating pyrometers, given Bureau Standards Circular No. 25. Summaries analyses the standard samples and general informa- tion are given the supplement Circular No. 25. These can obtained without charge upon application the Bureau Standards, Washington. Detailed cer- irnish the tabulated standard samples, tificates analyses are sent under separate cover old ist which has not been published for the same destination the samples. some years Orders should give both the number and name tory the standard sam- the sample wanted. samples smaller size than ethods analyses, stand- those listed are distributed. ( hed « Weight of Is Nz Sample in Grar per Sample $2.00 Complete 10 2.00 Complete 45 2 00 -Complete 45 2 00 tr Al, Oz) Con ple te 60 2 00 t Al, O-) Complete 60 2 00 7 Al, Ow) ...«Complete 60 2.00 Gl AloO O., CaO, MeO 60 2 00 Mang ..Manganese, availabl Ox 100 2 00 Cre nt iy CaO, MgO 100 2 00 Sibley iron 125 2.00 FeoOsn, et 60 2.00 Mn, Ti, (Cu, Ni, Cr, 150 2.50 Cc ( Mn, P, 8S, Si, Ti, (Cu, Ni, Cr, V) 150 2.50 & I C, Mn, P, 8, Si, Ti, (Cu, Ni, Cr, V) 150 2.50 & C, Mn, P, 8, Si, Ti, (Cua, Ni, Cr, V) 150 2.50 ( t ir C, Mn, P, S, Si, Ti, (Cu, Ni, Cr, V) 150 2.50 N el-ch FOR...» Ca, V> 150 2.50 Ss l, Be & & +. Cc, Mn, P. 8, Si, (Cu, Ni, Cr, V) 150 2.00 Steel, Be ic Cc, Mn, P. 8, Si, (Cu, Ni, Cr, V) 159 2.00 St B. #H.. ( Mn, P. 8, Si, (Cu, Ni, Cr. As) 150 2.00 St B. O. H ( .Cc. Mn, P, 8S. Si. (Cu, Ni, Cr, V, As) 150 2.00 Steel, H., 1.0 Mn, 8S, Si, (Cu, Ni, Cr, As) 150 Steel. A O. H.. 0.2 C .C, Mn, P. 8, Si, (Cu, Ni, Cr, V) 150 2.00 _C, Mn, Si, (Cu, Ni, Cr, V).. 150 2.00 7 Steel. st .C, Mn, P, 8S, Si, Cr, (Cu, V, Mo). 150 3.00 7 Refined s 60 2.00 Ferr ilicon (50¢ silicon) .Complete analysis 75 2. Ferr« inadiu (high carbon) ..Complete analysis 100 ee Ferrochromium (high carbon) analysis 100 Sy releiser ...Complete analysis Bronze. cast analysis ......... 150 Manganese ompk analy - 150 3.00 Zine Melting point 419.4 ( ov 2.04 point 327.3° 1,650 2.0 Cement (normal) Fineness (testing sieves) Cement (extra fine) .Fineness (testing sieves). Renzoic acid ......... and calorimetric values - Yo and saccharimetric values. . 732—March 15, 1928, The Iron Age Unemployment Not Machine-Made Mechanization Industry, According Magnus Alexander, Creates New Wants and New Tasks— Labor Reserve Normally Exceeds 1,500,000 VAILABLE information indicates that employment conditions the country whole have been improving since December, even though public at- tention was not focussed the unemployment situation until late January and February, according Magnus Alexander, president the National In- dustrial Conference Board, speaking before the Fort- nightiy Forum the Park Lane, New York, March 11. characterized the claim that mechanization indus- try responsible for unemployment generally un- warranted contention. “As mechanization industry with its requirement fewer workers per unit production decreases pro- duction costs and prices, the demand for commodities simultaneously increases and causes not only the theo- retically released workers reabsorbed but, ad- dition, calls new workers into Mr. Alexan- der declared. The text Mr. Alexander’s address is, part, follows: all times, barring perhaps periods warfare, there exists unemployment situation and, therefore, unemployment problem. am, therefore, ready admit that our country facing unemployment sit- uation and shall endeavor briefly clarify the issue and present some observations and facts the causes, extent and effects prevailing unemployment the United States. After nearly seven years, since the depression period 1921 1922, unemployment has again found its way the front page our newspapers and, seems always the case, widely diverging guesses and assertions are made the extent this un- employment and its consequences. matter fact, there are our country comprehensive statistics available which would supply adequate basis for measurement unemployment. The National Indus- trial Conference Board, for instance, publishes every month, and has done for many years, figures show- ing the fluctuating employment about 2000 manufac- turing establishments the country employing some- what over three-quarters million people. Long-Time Changes Occupational Distribution Employment These and all similar data reflect, therefore, employ- ment fluctuations selected area employment, but not take into account new individual enterprises new kinds industries that are constantly springing up, nor employment other fields occupation. How interestingly this process change occupational dis- tribution going well illustrated comparing United States Census figures 1920, the latest avail- able data, with similar information for 1870. this 50-year period with its tremendous growth gainfully occupied, from 12,500,000 somewhat over 41,000,000 population respectively 38,500,000 substan- tially 106,000,000, the number farmers and agricul- tural laborers per million population decreased from 152,100 95,100 about per cent, while brick and stone masons decreased from 2300 1300 per cent; blacksmiths from 3700 1850 per cent; and boot and shoe workers from 4400 2900 per cent, with servants, housekeepers and stew- ards decreasing from 25,300 16,300 per cent. the other hand, barbers, hairdressers and manicurists per million population increased from 621 2045 229 per cent, and clerical workers of- fices and stores from 8060 41,260 over 460 per cent. Labor exchanges and employment bureaus all sorts, public and private, are making reports from time time, but even marked increase for certain time applications for work, the same applications for charity charity organizations, while would gen- erally suggest increasing unemployment, would hardly give basis for accurate measurement the number unemployed. Then there are the valuable reports unemployment among trade union members. But in- asmuch all trade union membership the United States represents only about per cent all gain- fully occupied, these data can hardly called repre- sentative. They doubtless indicate conditions highl