The Iron Age 1927-09-29: Vol 120 Iss 13

THE IRON AGE ESTABLISHED 1855 New York, September 29, 1927 VOL. 120, No. Controlling Production Foundry Simple System Employed Cincinnati Plant VERY foundry aims maintain intelligent con- trol over manufacturing operations and syn- chronize buying raw materials with production needs that there always proper relationship be- tween the two. The machinery making such sible should set such way that unnecessarily cate keeping rec- ords and statistics avoided. With these obser- interesting exam- ine the way which Aluminum Industries, Cincinnati, man- ufacturer alumi- has met these problems. Red tape cut. Substituted its place compara- tively simple method which production control effected from the time that raw ordered the pur- chasing department until they from shipping room the form finished products. The system concerns itself also with tionship the com- pany its workmen, starting with the em- ployment the lat- ter and ending with the distribution wages. From man- ufacturing costs can easily computed. standing the way which the system functions, however, can obtained only describing considerable detail. Information regarding the metal consumption the *Resident editor Iron Cincinnati. Synchronize Purchases Raw Materials with Output BURNHAM FINNEY* compiled daily. SALES ORDER Re ISSUED BY FINISHED 3005 vero DATE DEL! js s TOTAL FOREMAN paereo PISTONS SCRA TOTAL ws ey wecerveo TOTAL PISTONS Finis COPY ISSUED BY RECEIVED BY SEMI-FINISHED STOCK ISSUED ~ “Bare QUANTITY ae ENTEREO t COPY REQUISITION Finishing Order Made Out Triplicate. The first copy filed the office, the second going the stockroom where rough castings are stored. The latter then follows the castings through the grinding department the packing room, which point destroyed. The third copy goes the inspectors who pass upon the merit the completed castings awaiting shipment. From these slips summary tabulated and the finished stock ledger kept date. Copies Nos. and are identical except that one marked “Order Department and the other “Delivery Copy” for posting the ledger. 857 company’s piston foundry and its jobbing foundry For use the company’s laboratory, daily report made out triplicate which tells the number pounds metal used each the foun- dries. the report separate column for each kind metal used for proper alloy- ing. The report the foundry also utilized the metal stores clerk mak- ing his daily sum- mary. accurate ac- count kept the scrap produced the piston foundry, the items being divided into the various scrap classifications. Here the report dupli- cate and pally for use the laboratory. The scrap material produced the foundry kept hot inspection re- port, which tabu- tor for each heat run. This sheet posted foundry daily produc- tion report and also goes the cost de- partment for its in- formation. order know where scrap material taken after assorted, the ing any must sign delivery ticket, which sent the cost department. When order received for castings, foundry work order the form small card, in. in., issued the cost department one side are spaces for recording the date, the number the order, the eit Fees No. 140 5M 1.25 THE KANT-SKORE PpisTON co. Ne. “9 + Quacuty | | quantity castings, the castings number, the amount good material and the amount scrap, the reason that the scrap was made and the date the delivery the castings the stockroom. The planning de- partment notifies the foundry what the order calls for and provides the foreman with the order number. the back the card the daily production against this particular order noted. When production completed, the factory foreman informs the planning department, which turn notifies the cost department. Finishing Order Made Out Triplicate The finishing order made out triplicate. The first copy filed the office. The second goes the stockroom, where rough castings are stored, and then follows the castings through the grinding department the packing room, which point destroyed. The third copy goes inspectors, who pass upon the completed castings awaiting shipment. From these slips summary tabulated and the finished stock ledger kept date. summary for reference the production and COST CEPARTMENT SHOP ORDER | OR ACCOUNT NO DAILY SUMMARY STORES DISBURSEMENTS THE KANT-SKORE PISTON CO. DISPOSITION SIGNEO BY STORES KEEPER the various stockrooms throughout the foun- dries records are kept the material received and that issued, together with the amount hand. From the record cards made monthly inventory, which turned the stock clerks the manage- ment. The cards themselves, however, provide per- petual inventory, and the stock hand any time can easily determined. case that department must call upon another de- partment for material, the head the department mak- ing the request must fill out requisition order, which sent the department furnishing the supplies. En- tries office ledgers are made from the requisition sheet, which filed with the stockkeeper. How Supplies Are Bought Any foreman other executive who desires goods bought the purchasing department fills out pur- chase requisition duplicate and dispatches the purchasing agent. After the goods are ordered, the original copy the requisition goes the cost depart- ment and the other the receiving clerk. placing RECORD DATE RECORD Daily Summary Stores Disbursements Kept for Withdrawals Supply Castings, Rough Cast- ings and Semi-Finished Stores planning departments, the cost department prepares daily production record detailing the good material and the scrap coming from every department the plant. Prepare Daily Summary Disbursements from Stock have up-to-the-minute data regarding the dis- bursements stock, daily summary made. small report card used set down the disburse- ments the packing department, and “Kant-Skore” and “Permite” pistons issued from semi-finished stock. For disbursements raw materials, supply stores and rough castings, large card filled out. The sum- maries packing supplies and raw materials are turned the cost department monthly, but those for semi-finished stores, supply and rough castings are reported daily. Keep Perpetual Inventories Raw and Semi-Finished Materials Each day the stores clerk makes out raw material stores inventory sheet for use the purchasing de- partment. This constitutes what might well termed perpetual inventory, for moment’s notice the amount raw material hand can ascertained. the end the month copy this report goes the cost department order check against ledger statistics. For semi-finished pistons only, weekly in- ventory taken for the use the planning depart- ment, which has charge routing material through the plant. 858—September 29, 1927, The Iron Age order the purchasing department sends out what termed purchase order, duplicate which filed the department and third copy which sent the cost department for checking against invoices. Upon delivery material the plant the receiving clerk makes out “receiving sheet.” The original copy goes the cost department, and second copy used for the receiving department files, together with the packing slip attached the material. the goods, when received the department which they are con- signed, are not satisfactory, “returned goods shipper” slip accompanies them the shipping department, with the proper shipping instructions. copy the slip filed with the purchasing department. After return shipment the manufacturer has been made, the origi- nal copy the slip sent the purchasing depart- ment, which turns over the cost department for in- voicing for posting the proper credit for returned goods. How Company Handles Returned Goods Whenever the company’s own merchandise re- turned customer, returned goods report made out triplicate the shipping clerk. Blue and yellow copies the sales department, but white copy re- mains with the merchandise. After disposition the material has been decided upon, both the blue and white copies are put with and are marked “O. “inspect and stock,” “junk.” After these in- structions are carried out, the blue and white copies are destroyed. The yellow copy retained the office i 19. WITHDRAWALS SECTION BIN unit ne SYMBOL MATERIAL OR PARTS UAN costs purrs | = for Tools, Repairs from the Tool Room Are Made Out Standard Form Request made YTOCK Cards Are Used For Rooms Maintain Per- petual Inventory. From Dato Wanted these cards monthly in- ventories are made out Request and are turned the management the clerks Planning Dept. charge supplies Engineering Dept Dwg. or Tool No. IRECT Labor Time Cards Are Used All Departments. They the cost department, where they are checked making the payroll CLOCK WO HEN Minimum In- ventory Reached Stocks Finished Parts, Machine Shop Order Goes the Stock- keeper, Who Makes Out Set Route Card for the Cast- ings Machined MACHINE ROUTE and credit memorandum issued the customer. After returned goods have been inspected, “returned goods summary” prepared and sent the cost de- partment for its records. Whenever workman hired the company, employment card made out the foreman the head the department which the workman as- signed. The card goes the superintendent for his approval and then the cost department, where filed. the back the card are recorded the rate increases granted the workman and the dates which the new wage schedules became effective. Direct Labor Time Cards Used All Departments Direct labor time cards are used all departments. They are filled out some instances the men them- REQUEST FOR TOOLS--FIXTURES--REPAIRS NOT USE THIS FORM FOR MOLD CHANGES ORDER NO. Daze of Request. DESCRIPTION NAME DETAILS and SKETCH CARD Sa, | Date selves and are approved the foremen, but other cases the foreman alone responsible for this task. The cards contain spaces for recording the order and clock numbers, the time and the rate each operation, the amount completed pieces, the balance given quota produced and the premium allowed. All the cost department, which enters the time records its ledgers assist making the payroll. Incidentally, the cards are checked against the clock cards for the sake accuracy and bring light any inconsistencies. card similar the one just described utilized record indirect labor, all which must listed and itemized. Those engaged indirect labor include all laborers throughout the plant, inspectors, and depart- ment and company executives. The routine through which this card passes the same that the direct labor time cards. Under the title “payroll distribution” résumé the shop payroll and its distribution tabulated each week. One copy for the accounting department and another for the production department. Following are the divisions into which the plant falls for payroll dis- tribution purposes: Work Work Work Work process-—tool room Repairs process Foundry supervision Machine—-indirect labor Finishing—indirect labor Machine set-up General factory—inspection Foundry— inspection Mac » wl isior Machine—inspection chine supervision Tool room supervision ning General factory—indirect labor Packing and shipping labor Cost department Handling Requests for Service from the Tool Room One the most difficult problems for many plants handle simplified, yet accurate, manner handle requests for tools, fixtures, repairs and for other work miscellaneous nature. Here three forms suffice keeping records and controlling this situa- The Iron Age, September 29, 1927—859 . | Preces + on fine Rate ant Preces = —— rem Prem _ Direct SHOP CARD No. ORDER NAME B SER. 1 | 995 tion. Any executive desiring tools, fixtures repairs the tool room makes out request standard sheet supplied him for that purpose. After approval the superintendent, two copies are dispatched the en- gineering department, necessary, and thence the planning department. They move from the latter the cost department for entry the ledgers and for order number. The original copy sent the tool room and the second copy goes back the planning de- for follow-up. After completion the job, original copy returned the planning depart- ment with notation the back indicating the mate- rial used. Both copies then the cost department, where they are filed for reference. With one two minor exceptions the same process followed having work done the maintenance department. Requests for mold changes also are sub- ject the same routine, and here the executive asking for the change must state specifically what alterations are made and the reasons for making them. Sales Record Used Basis Planning Production For records monthly sales single card made out for the use the sales department conjunction with the planning department. When the minimum in- ventory reached, the planning department issues the cost department machine shop order for record- ing the ledgers. This order passes the stock- keeper, who makes out route card and makes the proper disposition the castings called for. Both the route card and the order pass the machine shop foreman, who keeps the latter until the job finished. The former follows the work through the machine shop. Both are checked for scrap after semi-finished in- spection and are sent the planning department for recording. They then pass the chief inspector for checking purposes and the cost department for closing the order. Shipping Orders Made Out Triplicate Shipping orders are made out triplicate the office. The original white sheet remains there, the pink and blue sheets going the head the stock- rooms, who fills the order from the pink copy. The merchandise placed the shipping room floor with the pink copy attached. The blue copy kept the stockrooms for the record files. When shipment the merchandise made, the shipping date and other necessary information are inserted the pink copy, which returned the billing department the office checked against the white copy see that all items have been taken care of. Billing then made from the white copy. the order department the pink copy filed numerically order number, and the white, according the customer’s name. Benefits accruing from the system outlined above are manifold. The necessity for large clerical force eliminated. Accurate and speedy compilation manu- facturing costs possible, and constant and perpetual inventory raw and semi-finished material provided for. The system takes into account also the need for complete supervision all parts the plant. Finally, definitely fixes responsibility for every operation, with the production and planning department the key department. Where Are Going Metallurgy? Progress Has Not Been Scope Alloy Steels Important Work with X-Rays GREAT many people believe, and possibly quite correctly, that, the past, scientific explana- tion metallurgical accomplishment has followed development rather than practical result, having been preceded scientific study. Although this may true, decidedly questionable whether this condi- tion was, is, any more prevalent the metallurgical field than any other line endeavor. Most assured- scientific research metallurgy being given great deal prominence the present time, and every effort being made apply physical chemistry and the other sciences the art metallurgy. Metallurgy Not Years Behind The statement has been made that metallurgy least years behind the other sciences develop- ment. When one witnesses the operations modern producing plant engaged the manufacture steel and steel products, most certainly the conclusion must arrived that such statement ill founded. Science has very recently given new tools the metal- lurgist, and must always the duty anyone engaged upon metallurgical development seek out these new tools and apply them properly, refraining, however, from the development abstruse theories which will never any benefit mankind. has been the author’s pleasure have been inti- mately associated with number metallurgical de- velopments during the past several years, which new tools and methods investigation have been applied. The results may may not permanent value, but they are least interest the present time. Alloy steels were formerly confined very largely production ordnance. Following the World War, this condition was entirely reversed and the alloy steel tonnage was very largely consumed the automotive and other industries. particular interest Toronto Steel and Power Show, Toronto, Canada. The author vice-president Climax Molybdenum Co., New York. 860—September 29, The Iron Age note that Canada the forefront the application nickel steels the railroad industry. Alloy steels have probably always will suffer, certain extent from quack recommendations made those who are not familiar with the effect various alloying elements. this fact, believed that the use alloy steels will con- tinue expand, but this expansion can never permanent and sound economic basis until the con- sumer realizes that quality steel must necessity more expensive than steels so-called commercial quality, and that the plants engaged their produc- tion are entitled just and fair return which will compensate them for their research endeavors. Re- search metallurgy must cease advertising medium and become instead real assistance the manufacture quality products, and the same time bring about this production the lowest possible cost. What X-Rays Are Doing The X-ray machine for detecting defects steel castings, and the X-ray defraction machine for the determination atomic structures, may prove permanent practical value. Certain data are presented which have been ob- tained with equipment this nature with the hope that those hearing the results may able decide for themselves whether these facts can applied their own problems. One the newest applications the modified X-ray tube metallurgy the bom- bardment metals and other substances stream electrons. Evidence was presented showing com- plete recrystallization metals without the application heat. The entire readjustment crystalline struc- ture was brought about the electron bombardment. The author’s frank reply the question indicated his subject, “Where Are Going?” that does not know; but presented certain new facts with the hope that others will able utilize these data arriving the final solution. National Metal Week Detroit Notable Event—Many High Grade Technical Papers—Exposition Sets New Record — URPASSING significance and size its previous conventions, the American Society for Steel Treating brought together gathering American tech- nical men which, way, was epochal. was the occasion the ninth annual convention and exposition the steel treaters Detroit last week, Sept. 23. Associated with that organization were the American Welding Society, the Society Automotive Engineers, and the Institute Metals, that all the over 3150 society members assembled there included 2533 steel treaters, 425 members the welding society, 105 non-ferrous men and about 100 automotive engineers. The steel treaters’ registered attend- ance was approximately per cent the total membership. high standard characterized the technical programs. developments metallurgy and heat treatment were made public. Several new Imposing its diversity, comprehensiveness and size was the Steel and Machine Tool Exposition, known hereafter the National Metal Exposition. Only the chief features such event can touched the following pages, which treat specifically the steel treaters’ convention and the exposition. Technical Papers Were High Standard interest was manifested all the technical sessions the steel treat- ers, both attendance and discussions. some cases there were 400 500 present, par- ticularly the opening session and the steel melting session. Viewing the program whole, there were two features: Papers deal- ing with steel melting and with tool steels. Besides these, the various sessions included many heat-treating papers and special subjects which heat treatment factor. the forty-four papers, only some the important ones can reviewed this report such stupendous program. Steel Session—First Principles Making Good Steel Cleveland 1925 the first technical session steel melting practice was introduced the pro- gram. the third one, this year, which, incidentally, also proved eminently successful, two papers stand out decided general interest: “Steel Melting Practice for Large Ingots and Heavy and Light High-Grade Cast- White, Duquesne Steel Foundry Co., Coraopolis, Pa., and “The Melting Molten Stage Steel Manufacture with Particular Reference the Deoxidizing, Refining and Contamination Phases” Dornin, Gathmann Engineering Co., Baltimore. Making Good Ingots and Castings the past few years the rigid requirements de- manded the user steel have broadened the knowledge steel-melting practice along with the other metallurgical operations, said Mr. White his paper. The greatest progress has been made through the study slags, superrefinement can only accom- plished through ideal slag conditions. The art not making steel, but making slag the right volume, consistency and composition, the intimate relationship slag steel being the blanket that protects the bath from oxidation and gathers the impurities the steel through chemical reactions that are waiting Skill must begin the stock yard and hold through- out the tapping heat, the charge must selected with the proper balance elements, the melt- ing must done with rapidity and the refining carried the degree that gives the correct slag condition which turn produces the cleanest and quietest heat steel. Slags Have Definite Character The basic electric offers the most work slag making and the white disintegrating, carbide smelling, low iron and manganese slag with FeO and MnO under per cent its standard, while the basic open- hearth rates second and the slag should velvety appearance the furnace, solid and not spongy when cold and dark gun metal color free from iron possible with FeO and MnO under per cent. The acid open-hearth rates third because more less self adjusting. Its slag should creamy appearance the furnace, carrying the character- istic frog eye bubble near the finish heat, viscid when hot, solid when cold, light pea green color and under per cent FeO and Alloy steels such chrome, vanadium and man- ganese will affect the slag conditions, but the art produce slag that will free possible from the metals keeping them the bath where they belong. The last test from the furnace the ladle high- grade deoxidized steel should show ebullition gases, concave the mold spoon, and should solid throughout. Discussion While not agreeing with all the author’s state- ments, Adams, Midvale Co., Philadelphia, char- acterized the paper good, practical one. Between basic and acid electric furnace felt there was little choice; might prefer the acid. was his feeling The Iron Age, September 29, ‘ = | . J \ \ 3 Authors Some the Technical Papers KNERR ROCKWELL that not enough attention paid temperatures the furnace and pouring; quality depends largely temperatures. silicon additions, the author emphatically stated that make good steel the acid open-hearth, the silicon should added the bath min. before tapping, followed the manganese. Steel should made the furnace, tapped the right temperature and aluminum used. Keeping Down the Presence Oxide VALUABLE contribution certain phases steel- melting practice, particularly basic open-hearth, was the paper Dornin. His main emphasis was the extreme necessity and value keeping the percentage iron oxides both the slag and the metal bath low possible. After discussing their bad effects, cites the only known methods for their removal. The three major stages steel making are pointed as: Melting or molten stage Ir t or solidification stage Working or treatment stage which discussed turn. insists that prac- tically all evils steel making can traced the presence oxygen some form the solidified and that the best steel that which contains the least oxygen. roauct Discussing the processes, the author rates them follows their ability make sound, clear steel: Crucible, open-hearth, Bessemer. The electric fur- nace describes type open-hearth. Two written discussions were presented: One White, author the previous paper, and another Dr. Herty, Jr., Bureau Mines, Pittsburgh. part they follow: Ingot Mold Design Important Because deals with the principal cause most steel failures, Mr. Dornin’s paper should appeal steel makers, said Mr. White. Next proper slag making, the most important factor the production high-grade forging ingots ingot mold design, perhaps not duly emphasized the author because his connection with ignot mold company. When heat has been made free from oxides possible, the quicker solidifies the greater the distribution these oxides through the body the steel, thus preventing their collecting any particular location through the center the ingot. This done cold pouring and heavy ingot mold chill. The only way defeat the defect known flakes oxide spots, especially nickel nickel-chrome steels and large and small gun shells, pipe molds and other forgings, study the three major prac- tices making steel: Conditioned slag, correct pour- ing temperature and large ingot mold chill. These spots are not caused forging, rolling treatment. Some the Authors Technical Sessions WOODWARD LONG 862—September 29, 1927, The Iron Age PALMER HOUSTON "he The so-called oxides, sonims, non-metallic areas break the continuity grain growth, and this never welds through forging treatment and later the cause test bar failure. Research Needed Oxidation Two important facts are brought out Mr. Dornin his most valuable contribution: First, the influence iron oxide the slag the contamination the metal, and second, the need for research the sub- ject oxidation, contended Doctor Herty. The three common deoxidizers, silicon, manganese and aluminum, are fairly well understood their deoxidizing power. Quantitative information is, however, lack- ing and there little knowledge the usefulness combinations the three. Silicon-manganese has been used some extent recent years, but one knows that the ratio manganese silicon this alloy the best far deoxidization and removal prod- ucts deoxidation are concerned. There every reason believe that other combinations silicon and manganese, silicon and aluminum, manganese and aluminum and ternary combinations will prove British and American Metallurgists ISTINGUISHED for her work single crystals well other fields, Miss Elam doing special research pure science the School Mines, London, England, where she has worked under Prof. Carpenter, noted British She has fellowship metallurgy there administered jointly the Worshipful Company Armourers and Brasiers and the Royal Society London, now bestowed for the third year, She came Detroit from the excursion the Mining Congress Canada and will visit various American plants—all under grant from Sir Robert Hadfield. Miss Clark metallographist for the Western Union Telegraph Co., New York, and graduate Massachusetts Institute Technology. She was chairman one the technical sessions. Only one other woman member the society. far better giving maximum cleanliness steel. Doctor Herty then goes into more detail discussing certain theoretical principles, such slag oxidation with reference contamination the metal, including some comments certain passages the paper. Electric Steel Equal Crucible German insisted that, properly carried out, electric steel the equal any crucible steel. Most evils are due oxides, making urgent con- sider the electric separate from the open-hearth process. OOL steel was prominent the major part one session, presided over Dr. John Mathews, and there were one two papers other sessions this topic. Types high-speed steel were prominent, well new facts applications other tool steels. New Test for High-Speed Steels use the milling cutter test for evaluating high-speed steel advocated and explained Mudge and Cooney, engineers Western Electric Co., Chicago, paper “Evaluating Quality Heat-Treated High-Speed Steel Means the Mill- ing Realizing that this any other test, all variables other than the steel and its heat treat- ment should minimized the point where results can duplicated, free from adverse criti- cism, the authors present results thorough investi- gation. feature the use recording watt meter for which the authors enumerate nine different advan- tages for the test. Among the conclusions the authors may mentioned: Cutters the same steel and method checked within hardened the that are same limits FRANCES HURD CLARK Classifying the electric furnace phase the open-hearth clouds the issue, said John Arthur, Union Electric Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, written discussion. contamination oxide iron, the basic electric would stand out preeminent. decided importance also the character the ladle lining. Chairman Radclyffe Furness, Midvale Co., Phila- delphia, was urged throw some light the points brought out. agreed that the electric furnace might regarded phase the open-hearth, differing largely application and intensity heat. Its weakness, felt, was the presence, usually, layer molten metal the bottom, caused the lack action the bath. general discussion considerable interest the close the session, Batty, Sheffield, England, offered some very important comment based his experience steel making, particularly with the basic electric furnace for steel castings. His remarks detail will available later the Transactions the society. unquestionable, according him, 4 4 ae AND CONSTANCE ELAM that high-grade castings can made economically that process, all its advantages are observed, American Ingot Iron OME recent and interesting data the well-known product the American Rolling Mill Co. were pre- sented Reid Kenyon, research associate the company Middletown, Ohio, long paper, “Armco Ingot Iron.” Its microstructure, hardness and other properties after various treatments are feature the paper. Tool Steel—New Facts and Applications ficiently close for test purposes; cast cutter has been found give results comparable standard high-speed steel, refined suitable working; cutters hardened patented salt bath processes have not given results comparable standard high-speed steel, hardened the open-fire method, and only very few cases has the cutting efficiency the tools failed increase from the first the third, fourth or fifth grind, with the fourth grind. maximum at the third Particularly significant the emphasis placed the authors the mechanical engineering phases their work, said Jerome Strauss, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, written discussion. The design the cutter and the method testing confirm the writer’s own experience during the last seven years. The general method used unquestionably best for milling cutter tests. The parallelism between carbide segregation and tool performance the author’s earlier tests and the absence such relation the present cutters, which are presumed relatively freer from segregation, point the possible existence degree segregation above which segregation longer the controlling factor tool performance. The Iron Age, September 29, 1927—863 This turn indicates very simple method for the inspection the raw material. was also brought out discussion that the last three years carbide concentration has been measur- ably cut down. High-Speed Steel Now Used for Hack Saws important contribution new use for high- speed steel contained paper Henry Allen, Henry Disston Sons Co., Philadelphia, entitled “Development High-Speed Steel Hack Saws Cut- ting-Off Saws.” Some interesting properties high-speed steel not usually apparent when dealing with the customary heavier sections are the result hardening process discussed the author. The steel shown plastic for some time after hardening, even when above hardness 62-C. Rockwell. Full hardness not attained for considerable time after becoming quite cold. Mr. Allen presents the relative performance saws made high-speed and low tungsten steels. Adverse criticism the practicability high-speed hack saws was indulged German, who as- serted that some them crack, due brittleness, before being worn out and that the full benefit such saws cannot gained because they are not used high temperatures. Mr. Allen rejoined with the statement that their use increasing very rapidly and that well heat-treated high-speed steel very tough. Doctor Mathews offered the opinion that too early know what develop- ments will this field and cited experience the early days with drills. When High-Speed Steel Quenched NSWERING the question “What Happens When High-Speed Steel Quenched?” Long and Palmer, metallurgists Carpenter Steel Co., Reading, Pa., offered some interesting observations one the sessions. The metallography high-speed steel, when tempered 1100 deg. Fahr. after cooling during quenching various temperatures below 1300 deg. Fahr., the main subject dealt with. The authors find that result their study, high-speed tools tempered (drawn) the first mentioned temperature before being allowed become sufficiently cold the quench are brittle due mixed structures; also that high-speed tools may readily straightened during quenching temperatures between approximately 1300 and 700 deg. Fahr., and they suggest method for de- termining whether such tools had been quenched sufficiently low temperature before tempering. number photomicrographs are offered, well chart, giving the Brinell hardness high-speed steel during quenching and tempering wide range temperature. the general discussion that followed this paper, exception was taken the statement that tools should not allowed become cold before drawing. large production shops, tools often stand over night before they are drawn. The author insisted, however, that cooling room temperature before drawing results losses which are greatest the case large tools. Other points brought light were that, the section high-speed tool becomes larger, the rate increase cooling becomes more important, often forcing the tool maker resort the use air blast baths oil molten salt. Cold-Heading Tool Steel Ball Dies treatment applied the heading ball dies plain carbon tool steel was discussed paper Frank Wright, metallurgist Atlas Ball Co., Philadelphia, entitled High Temperature Quenching Treatment Applied Cold-Heading Ball Dies Plain Carbon Tool Steel.” Doubling the life dies increasing their fatigue resistance, beyond the point the dies wear deform larger, the result increasing the quench- ing temperature from 1470 1620 deg. Fahr., followed suitable tempering treatment, says Mr. Wright. The paper contains comparison the results en- durance tests dies made from six selected bars carbon tool steel with the normality the tool steel determined the carburizing test. The comparison also includes hardness penetration. The detailed heat treatment discussed, well the quenching equipment. Doctor Mathews called attention the importance this paper that the first time this subject has been thus discussed. D’Arcambal, Pratt Whit- ney Co., Hartford, Conn., asked whether dies per cent carbon and per cent chromium steels had been used, which the author replied the negative be- cause cracking, stating that alloy steels are not used. Mr. D’Arcambal confirmed the author’s experience stating that for nuts only five die was obtained from alloy steel dies, while 5000 had been produced with carbon steel. Double Carbides High-Speed Steel SWEDISH contribution, “On the Double Carbide High-Speed Steel,” Dr. Arne Westgren and Gosta Phragmen, Metallografiska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, was read Dr. Zay Jeffries. Special Papers Presented Other Sessions ESIDES the sessions steel melting and those which tool steel papers were pre- dominant, there were several other meetings which many important papers were deliv- ered and discussed. One important session was devoted the carburizing steel which five papers were presented, entitled Critical Study the Bend Test Applied Iron and Steel,” Kinzel, Union Car- bide Carbon Research Laboratories, Long Island City, Y.; “Gas Carburization Steel,” Guthrie and Dr. Wozasek, Hardened Steel—New Light Constitution and Properties TRIKING properties certain carbon and alloy steels were dealt with very important contri- bution Sykes and Dr. Zay Jeffries, General Electric Co., Cleveland, paper entitled “On the Constitution and Properties Hardened Steel.” Some most interesting facts regarding the change volume and other phenomena are brought out this paper, brief abstract which follows: The authors describe investigation the 864—September 29, 1927, The Iron Age Peoples Gas Light Coke Co., Chicago; “Car- burizing Iron Hydrogen and Methane,” Sykes, General Electric Co., Cleveland; “Fatigue Tests Carburized Steel,” Moore and Alleman, Uni- versity Illinois, Urbana, Ill.; and “Studies Normal and Abnormal Carburizing bek, University Minnesota, Minneapolis. Some the other important subjects are reviewed briefly the following columns. changes hardness freshly quenched steel taking place above and below room temperature. order correlate hardness changes with changes certain other properties, some measurements were made electrical resistivity and volume. Freshly quenched high-carbon steel, when main- tained near (zero) deg. does not change measur- ably hardness for several hours. hardens, how- ever, cooled below heated above this temperature. The hardening cooling relatively independent time but dependent upon the temperature reached. This hardening accompanied increase vol- { Chairmen Four the Sessions RADCLYFFE FURNESS DR. MATHEWS ume. clearly due austenite transformation. one alloy steel tested, the resistivity increased when austenite transformed, but the carbon steel the re- sistivity martensite apparently less than that austentite the same composition. The hardening produced heating above about deg. time-temperature phenomenon. The higher the temperature, the shorter the time required for given small hardness increase, least 100 deg. and presumably somewhat higher temperature. deg. C., deg. C., and 100 deg. C., the hardness rises maximum and then decreases with more prolonged aging. The time required reach maximum hardness for any temperature longer, the lower the temperature. The capability “age” hardening above deg. not lost previous hardening, produced cooling below deg. fact, the “age” hardening room and certain higher temperatures greater after hardening immersion liquid oxygen. These two hardening effects not only obey different laws rate hard ening but they are additive. The maximum hardness obtained therefore allowing both changes tak place. higher hardness value obtained allowing the retained austenite transform prior aging than vice versa. This and other observations suggest that the “age” hardening largely the martensite. The “age” hardening room and higher temperatures accompanied decrease volume and electrical resistivity. The maximum Rockwell “C” hardness values ob- tained the carbon steels were 70.1 1.23 per Detroit Representatives Board Directors HERGENROETHER ROBERT ATKINSON cent and 70.2 1.58 per cent carbon steel. These steels were quenched from 850 deg. per cent caustic soda solution kept about deg. They were then immediately immersed liquid oxygen for min. and aged deg. for 150 hr. Aircraft Metallurgy and Heat Treatment ONTRIBUTIONS the increasingly important subject aircraft were presented the first ses- sion heat treatment Horace Knerr, consult- ing metallurgist, Philadelphia. His paper entitled “Aircraft Metallurgy” was interesting summary the latest developments this field. Stating that aircraft construction definitely be- coming metal-working industry and one which calls for the utmost materials, processes, workman- ship and design, the author emphasized that the ap- plication the best metallurgical practice large factor success. The paper outlines the metallurgy involved aircraft manufacture, including discus- sion the choice materials; the specifications for their purpose and inspection; the properties the principal metals used; the processes machining, forming, riveting, welding, brazing, foundry practice and corrosion prevention, well review the methods metallurgical control. Causes failure and their prevention are treated and illuminating example offered the results the application correct principles reducing the rejection metal parts during fabrication. After detailed and comprehensive summary Nominees for President and Treasurer for 1928 The Iron Age, September 29, 1927—865 4 d q the discussion the foregoing main points, Mr. Knerr presented the screen table the results obtain- able the application the principles which dis- cussed, illustrated the heat treatment records large aircraft factory over period four and one-half years. The table, here presented, based Recipient Past- Chairman Meetings and President’s Medal Papers Committee the fact that all work was rigorously after heat treatment unbiased inspector, failure fall within specified rather narrow limits hard- ness, cracks, warping, excessive scale, etc., being causes for rejection. The value the individual parts ranges from about 25c. $250, averaging probably about $25 each. Table Heat Treatment Log Naval Aircraft Factory Total Rejected Parts After Heat Per Cent Period Treated Treatment Rejection fr Half Year Inclusive 1919 72,287 173 0.24 1920 103,921 0.042 1921 249,376 35 0.014 1922 $8,312 1 0.0011 son, allusion was made the extremely striking fact that aircraft metallurgy involves the use not only aluminum alloys and their heat treatment, but also chrome-molybdenum, silicon-manganese, chrome-vana- dium and other alloy steels. William Nelson, lieutenant commander the Navy, alluded the ex- tent which the changing over from wood metal construction emphasizes the metallurgy metals aircraft for the future. Aluminum Steels Case-Hardened With Nitrogen ITRALIZED steel has received considerable atten- tion this country since its first introduction from Germany and one the papers the session chromium and nickel alloy steels contained some inter- esting information this new class steel. Under the title “The Physical Properties Several Chromium- Aluminum and Chromium-Nickel-Aluminum Steels,” Homerberg and Zavarine, Massachusetts Insti- tute Technology, Cambridge, Mass., present study the physical properties steels containing alumi- num alloying element which they contend has received little, any, consideration the literature. The affinity aluminum for nitrogen the am- monia case-hardening process has resulted the manufacture special alloy steels containing alu- minum, together with chromium and nickel. The sub- jection these steels the action ammonia gas comparatively low temperature results the pro- duction very hard surface without deformation the material and without any subsequent heat treat- ment. The paper gives the results investigation the physical properties three steels containing aluminum. 866—September 29, 1927, The Iron Age answer question the form which the aluminum appeared the steel, Mr. Homerberg re- plied that was solid solution and therefore did not result brittleness the case would the alu- minum were present oxide. nitrating there the possibility iron nitrate forming piece this steel nitrated and then exposed high tempera- tures, but this difficulty does not appear when heating 1000 deg. Fahr. not necessary quench this steel after nitrating, being common practice laboratory work simply let the piece cool down the furnace. Penetration hr. has been found about 0.031 in., but the case hard that this depth not necessary and shorter periods nitrating resulting less penetration were recommended. Heat Treatment Heavy Cast Steel Masses STUDY the physical properties large cast steel flywheels leads Merten the West- inghouse company, Pittsburgh, recommend un- usually high and complex heat treatment, and tests (both physical and microscopic) taken from full sized prolongations the casting. Otherwise poor proper- ties will found the central portions the mas- sive sections. His specification follows: Heat castings slowly and uniformly under atmos- condition that will cause minimum scaling 2012 deg. Fahr. (1100 deg. C.), hr. per inch minimum dimension the heaviest section approxi- mately the minimum time reach that temperature. Hold this temperature for least hr. per in. width cross section. Cool furnace with door open 1600 deg. Fahr., then air black heat 800 deg. Fahr. Reheat 1600 deg. Fahr., time heating con- sume about hr. for every inch width cross section. Hold 1600 deg. Fahr. hr. for every inch width cross Cool air black heat (800 deg. Fahr.), Reheat 1275 deg. Fahr. and cool furnace 600 deg. Fahr., then air. Major Bull, director Electric Steel Found- ers’ Research Group, Chicago, believed that such The Campbell Memorial Lecturer and the Late Scientist Thus Honored DR. ZAY JEFFRIES PROF. CAMPBELL high heat necessary for the thicker portions the casting, would overheat the thinner portions some 400 deg. Fahr. Mr. Merten said that trouble from this was encountered. Engineers should avoid such de- signs; where they were necessary the main thing control porosity the junction. Eaton, Molybdenum Corporation America, Pittsburgh, emphasized that the sole object testing find out whether the steel will the service re- quired, obvious that test pieces should cut from the most highly stressed part, rather than from lug cast wherever the foundryman finds convenient. Sections cast steel from in. thick have been studied the Allis-Chalmers Co. since 1922, and the conclusion, reported Mr. Stein, that 1650 1675 deg. anneal high enough long enough time given. Hotter temperatures mean more scale and more danger sagging out shape. That company using core drill tests all important castings, and finds double heat treatment necessary meet the strength and miscroscopic requirements. Lorenz, the Bucyrus Co., Milwaukee, em- phasized that the annealing temperature depends upon the quality the steel and its original cast struc- ture. the original structure poor would expect have anneal Merten’s temperatures, but found that good steel casting in. thick would give per cent elongation and Charpy the center after 1650 deg. annealing followed air cooling. Double treatment 1800 and 1500 deg. would increase the elongation, even per cent. Deep Etching Valuable Testing EEP etching means testing iron and steel wide interest and the first session im- portant paper this subject, which describes the types structure revealed this method, was pre- sented Keshian, metallurgist Chase Compa- nies, Inc., Waterbury, Conn. The various factors in- fluencing the results are discussed Mr. Keshian, such the method melting, chemical composition, reduction area, heat treatment, the direction fiber the steel, etc. The value and the limitations the method based the relation various etch structures the performance the steel service are pointed out the result the author’s experi- ence. Mr. Keshian, when presenting the paper ab- stract, displayed large number macrographs and other illustrations gleaned from his experience. Un- soundness and serious segregations steel and iron are pointed being revealed most successfully the deep etch test, although admitted the author that the exact nature the defects the metal not always shown up. The fact that their presence revealed important consideration. secure con- stant results and properly interpret them, the strength and temperature the etching acid and the time immersion should standardized according the author. was pointed out after the presentation the paper that the method liable abused and mis- interpreted. Alvin Davis testified the value deep etching detecting discontinuity metals and said that other methods are not decisive. While fine textures are revealed, the conclusions drawn therefrom may misleading. Another speaker said that deep etching can serve proper guide for the selection suitable tool, and Homerberg pointed out the wide field open this method, prop- erly manipulated. used with the care pointed out the author, its value unquestioned. Dilatometric Heat Treatment ISCUSSING the “Dilatometric Analysis Steel and Some Results Dilatometric Heat Treat- ment,” Woodward and Rockwell, Hartford, Conn., state that result extensive study, certain dilatometric curves sound commercial steels have been obtained and from these certain funda- mental dilatometric constants temperatures have been obtained. For these dilatometric constants proposed classify steels according their proper quenching medium, although further study necessary set the limits for such classification. Heat treatment taking advantage thermal hys- teresis discussed and means shown for further increasing hysteresis and securing the benefits still lower quenching temperatures for certain steels. How Automobile Body Sheets Are Tested WINLOCK and Kelley, Edward Budd Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, have studied the deep drawing qualities automobile sheet. They recognize that the method applying the stress, the friction be- tween die and sheet, the radius the fillets corners, the pressure between blank-holder and the thickness the sheet all affect the ability the sheet successfully drawn. Yet statistical study the phys- ical properties test pieces taken from heats metal working regularly (i. when the die the press and all none the stampings are breaking) indi- cates that trouble will appear the elongation in. not less than per cent longitudinally and per cent transversely rolling, and in. (measured the same specimens) not less than per cent either longitudinally transversely. Averaged re- sults three specimens taken diverse positions each direction are used. such consistent results can discovered when analyzing data elastic limit, ultimate strength, ratio year the Henry medallist was Sykes, metal- lurgist Cleveland Wire Works, Incandescent Lamp Division, General Co., Cleveland. was bestowed recog- nition his paper the iron-molybdenum system last year. Dr. Lan- genburg the Howe medallist last year was difference between these two properties, cupping test (either direct corrected according Erich- sen’s curve), micro