The Iron Age 1926-05-13: Vol 117 Iss 19

a co Y New York, May 13, 1926 ESTABLISHED 1855 VOL. 117, No. 19 Power Is Spur to Southern Industry Hydroelectric Plants Stimulate Manufacturing—Chatta- nooga, a Center of Diversified Production, Shows Rapid Growth in Metal-Working Lines BY GILBERT L. LACHER HE South industrialized! That is the vision wh proves timulating t lust that the further ‘Ts unfolding as advahtages in power, raw m bilities fair:.y capture the imaginatio terials, labor, climate and markets make them selves felt. The steady progress of the Birminghan Large Hydroelectric Plants Now in Service district as an iron and steel producing center has fur In 1913 the Hales Bar Dam was built 30 miles down nished convincing proof of what Southern enterpri the Tennessee River from Chattanooga. At that point an accomplish in the basic industries. The South a hydroelectric plant with 54,240 installed hp “Two also forging ahead in the manufacture of finished prod other developments on the Ocoee River, a tributary icts and its development in that direction, accelerated o¢ the Tennessee Rive r. have a total of 54,270 in Vv the exploitation of great resources In water power! talled hp. These, together with a plant it Great promises to be spectacular. Falls on the Caney Fork River. a branch of the Cumber The hydroelectric plant at Muscle Shoals, becaus land River, are under one management and have a com of its inception as a war-time project, has attracted bined installed horsepower of 144,020. The A luminum attention widely to the Tennessee River as a source of power. This stream, rising in an area of abundant rainfall high in the mountains and plateaus of the Appalachian Range, almost bisects that part of the South lying east of the Mississippi River. The harness ing of its waters to generate electricity is still in its Taking into account a number of early stages, but what has been done thus far has’ in the upper Tennessee River and the plant at Muscle of America has a plant with 96,000 installed hp at Cheoah Dam on the Little Tennessee River, a tributary of the Tennessee River, the power rights of which it controls above its present generating station smaller development Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River, With Chattanooga Shown Lying at the Right. (Above) Hales Bar Dam ; and Hydroelectric Plant, 30 Miles From Chattanooga 132 Oke — ‘anna ne ORE Mate. ON A EN AIO RII Ne, te tO THE d Ir red | ( rré wer-navigation survey Ol possibilities of harnessing the headwaters pper Tennessee River and two of important Tennessee River. In fact, it is estimated that ributari Clinct nd Powe Rivers, privat as much power can be developed on other tribut ver interests believe that a total of 592,500 Installed — syrveys of which have been begun. The developm: ( wa rh these other branches would obviously make th ey, which | been in progress for several yea trol of the river flow even more complete. nder the re f Major Harold C. Fiske, dis The Tennessee River is particularly well engineer, ‘ f kr e hited Stat \rn » exploitation for power purposes because of its Chattanooga The plan outline alis Tor the erecuio! fall In the first 430 miles of its length it d: f dam é ' ertical distance of about 430 ft. The harnessi bl¢ fF 2,000,000 a Our these upper reaches of the stream will have a n 00,000,000 ffect on the cost of hydroelectric power. At pri his extraordinarily large storage will permit Nol’ there are sharp fluctuations in the volume of v ing back the water during the periods 01 rainfa low; at Muscle Shoals during flood stages the qua - Tm =z = ae A cupid ‘ fe 2. \ , — . j i H 809 } lrea Vi } Est Can Be Ev , Se y T eR Hyd Plants y e flow ‘ , ring I n reas . nave a nN 1 hydroelect le ve eY Irs¢ he river J | ( w of the er between period | er greatly reduces the primary po of the power dams, The primar t er which can be generated when there is a minimu w of water in the river, is only 125,000 hp. at M Shoals, as compared with 260,000 stalled Storage Will Double Primary Power at Dams It i estimated that the Cove Creel n templated in the Government plan, wi tl primary power at Muscle Shoal It oul have a similar effect on other power stations on the river. The surve therefore, was of great importance not only because it uncovered new dam sites for hydr electric plants, but also because it provides for th rvation of water now lost in flood seasons, thereby y increasing the effective capacity of power on the river. power possibilities materiall tations The of the River basin are no idle dream, but promise to be de- veloped within the next few years. Pursuant to the Federal Power Act, hearings were held by Major Fiske at Chattanooga last December and bids were submitted on the construction of the 11 dams contemplated. These tenders have been referred to the Chief of Engineers, upper Tennessee United States Army, Washington, who will submit them to the Federal Power Commission. The accept ance of a tender will give the bidder a period of thre: vears to make a survey of the project and to prepar: complete plans up to the point of actual construction work. If the plans are then approved by the com mission, the bidder will be given a license to build the dams. The power rights will be granted for on); 50 years, after which they revert to the Government IRON ed hydro- T borne ams shall be constructed with locks to permit gation. of water passing is 40 times, or more, greater thar 3 AGE May 13, 1926 he entire cost of dam and plant construction by the licensee. It is also provided ti The project, just outlined, does not exhau ¢ yw at low-water periods. This has made it neces supplement hydroelectric plants with standby st tations. Fortunately the region is well supplied eap coal, but even so the generation of power the team adds to cost. lennessee Basin Will Produce Double the Power from Niagara Engineers who have studied the subject estimat Tennessee River can produce from 2,000,0! hp., depending on the variation in tne 1,000,000 Vatel w, or more than double that which can properly b¢ tained from Niagara. Inasmuch as the Tenne River power plants will be distributed over severa lred miles of its length, the territory which they erve will be larger. The approximate economi ts of direct transmission from plants in the Ten essee River basin, as estimated by Major Fiske, will e most of the South east of the Mississippi River us of Florida, as well as portions of Arkansas Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. Cheap Power Draws Textile Industry to South Will there be a market for this power if it is rnessed? The best answer to this question is that South, containing one-third of the population of United States, makes only one-sixth of the manu factured goods. A large producer of raw materials t South has been shipping them to distant points from which they return in the form of finished products ltimate consumer. The economic loss in transportation has been re striking than with cotton, in the out f wl the South leads the world. Formerly th« ary summer so essential to the growth of cotto! is regarded as a disadvantage from a manufactur tandpoint. Humidifying processes and ventilating ig and filtering systems have now been developed nowever, and textile mills are being operated in south without encountering technical difficulties. The irm climate now is considered an asset because ins lower living costs With fuel consumed s expensive houses needed n ll employees live more cheaply than in colder climes Ther ils, Moreover, a good supply of labor in the white colonial stock which inhabits the Souther: the less othing required and les yr" rc irpged nighiands, These factors, together with cheap powel! nave been and are drawing the textile industry south ward. In 1911 there were ath 11,746,379 spindles in the south; today 17,720,305. ; rhe growth of other industries is also accelerating Chattanooga, a community of 100,000 people there are over aa oe center of that part of the South east » ie Mississippi River and close to hydroelectri p ints, both completed and projected, on the Tennesse River, is highly diversified in its industrial develop ment. It has 381 factories, making 1328 different kinds of products. The leading industry in terms of apital invested is textile manufacture, with 50 mills ul da total capitalization of $25,000,000. Chattanooga s the leading cotton mercerizing center in the South 2 iil EIEN ate Sh ot Re ae AE Hi» 3 May 13, 1926 THE ind is second in the country in the productior siery. Metal Industry Largest Power Consumer in Chattanooga Ranking close to textile manufacture is the meta working industry. In fact, if considered in all it imifications, this industry represents an investment arly equal to that of the textile industry, if not irger. Certainly the metal-working industry lead n the consumption of electric power. In 1925 th Tennessee Electric Power Co. furnished 66,926,533 kwhr. to metal-working plants, or 45 per cent of its otal output for power purposes. To the textile mills t supplied 18,806,293 kwhr., or 12% per cent of th total. The largest individual consumer of power it Chattanooga is the Southern Ferro Alloys Co manufactures 50 per cent ferrosilicon, using » wnhiect 120.000 IRON AGE Tennessee has long been ar ducing center. In the eastern half of the deposits of red iron ore, estimated by the Geological survey at 600,000,000 tons. with brown ore estimated at 225,000,000 tons. In that section also are large beds of bituminous coal, estimated at 25,500, 000,000 tons. The coal lends itself to coking. In fact, Chattanooga has a large modern by-product pla Industry Diversified in Chattanooga Highly These great resources will no doubt be more largel\ exploited in coming vears, but at present deve pment the ( } ittanooga area 1S more ra} d l finished es ! manufacture than in the i dustri The t\ ; rank ‘ d in the United State 1 producer of hich-pre re team | e! It 1 leading ma facture) nd exportel | well drillit machinery I i rt eT 1 ! pre ire t 4 MARBLE BLUFI OD GREAT FALLS DAM 4 OW CANEY FORK RIVER MITE CREEK ALUM/NUM CO OF AMERICA DAM O imc SALE CREEA ee : SHERMAN , ee WALES BA A “@ OCOEE DAN WE2 RIVERTON DAM —— ania : = ' r) A CHA TANOOGA OCOFF DAM Ne/ W/DOWS BAR MUSCLE SHOALS A M ABAMA i ' Hydroelectric Plants, Completed and Proj ed, in Ter S¢ R Ba T he lid « s a tte the emiating dams and the out f ~rcies t - mbraced re t plans to 125,000 kwhr. per 24-hr. day in its electric furnace and is four plants making cast i 1 pipe It The foundry industry is also an important use) tands fir n the South the manufacture of bath There are 26 companies in the city operating foundri tubs and enamelware In tl connection it to he The investment in foundries since 1910 has increased oted that cast iron bath tubs, sinl nd wash bow six and one-half times, now being slight!y more thar are enameled with porcelain in electric furnaces At $19,000,000. In Chattanooga is the only malleable ther important plant, stamped and pressed sheet foundry equipped with air furnaces in the Soutl I metal product and casting e el eled for a also has an electric steel foundry which ne of very variety of us¢ few, if it is not the only one in the country, electrical’) Chattanooga also occupies a leading position In the ) equipped in all departments, including core and mold South in the manufacture of plows, saw mill ma drying and annealing. chinery, gas ranges, shovels, refrigerators, sewer pipe ind undertaking goods. It stands second in the South Sinter from Copper Mines Reduces Phosphorus in and fourth in the country in furniture manufacture ’ Pig Iron It is the second hardwood lumber market in the South rhe pig iron and scrap consumption of Chattanooga and holds second place also in the tanning of leath as measured by the tonnage bought, amounts to 363,000 ‘It is third in the South in cement manufacture. It tons annually. Pig iron, with the exception of tl important producer of wood pulp. : . . : “ an Ri celia aint ahitehod malleable grade, which must be brought in from the 4 number of large industrie have established North, is purchased from Tennessee or Alabama _ plants in Chattanooga within the past few years, among : furnaces. The freight rates on pig iron are $1.02 per them the Crane Co., Chicago, the International Har ' gross ton from Lafollette, Tenn., Birmingham and vester Co., Chicago, and the Somerville Iron Work i Sheffield, Ala., and 62c. from Rockwood, Tenr The Somerville, N. J. The United States Cast Iron Pipe & ' 3 Rockwood furnaces, which are the closest going sta heretofore have made high phosphorus pig it is not suitable for much of the work done in Chatta however, the Tennesse¢ nooga foundries. Recently, | Copper Co., Copper Hill, Tenn., has installed a sinter ing plant to recover iron oxide which was former]; discarded as refuse in its copper smelting operatior This sinter is now being added to the ore burden of the Rockwood stacks and, being low in phosporus, 1 reducing the phosphorus content in the pig iron from 1.20 to 0.80 per cent. Foundry Co., which has two plants in Chattanooga, plans to construct a large new foundry on a 37-acre ' 7: tract adjoining one of its present properties. : ; Great Increase in Power Consumption by City’s Industries The rapid growth of Chattanooga’s industries is ; ’ sumption. In furnished ; nd ated by the 1915 the increase in power cor Electric Power Co. Tenn see 11,577,576 kwhr. for power purposes to Chattanooga ndustries; in 1925 it supplied 147,322,398 kwhr. In Terre | FiE- A, Fi k t ) i po te j ) ( . ( {) y f f y } t f (j ’ ’ I f } + rk ’ y 1 ‘ i Les T T t | y fr¢ } y +4 { ’ ’ Y r | Ky ey ( i ony f Ri . SLAG FOR CONCRETE Specifications of Engineers’ Society of Western Pennsylvania ig tor use a in aggregate, ret has been defined in the specifications adopt kengineer Society of Western Pennsylvan rive? n the ubjoined The specification have form and a may undoubtec the society at the William The following extract is take printed in folder copy had by addre ng Hotel, Pitt the burg! pecification Slag shall consi tough, durable piece slag, when tested American Society t of air-cooled blast-furnace non-glassy in character according to the methods « for Testing Materials, Serial o-called, for IRON ‘ ed la beer lly Pen? TY AGE Ma + , - } ‘ < ha raDly i T rt f re fr (y ernment ¢ - - ‘ . Wil Dam at Mu S + 4, y ha ++ 4 I m Cnatta g ur ’ > , Ss [ll Be r t —T = ww } t year M ‘ act f the 1 rt I vv Dam now er f —() #+ mn + #211 in +} t nstruction of Dam N rcome the remaining 50 f I Ss aD e tne si 0 1 (; ernmer ur ? Yr y r 1! ) er ntored y : bwe ( , Tl . f the Hales Bar D I i I es a M + 4, h+ re I Tenns R {) t De L1uSé f r ‘ ” I f \ nimurl f y Tr y e 1 ()} R eT ( lo! ne ae I regarded ( f the 11 dar } > \ Ss Bat (,ul th the y f _ expected é a 4 I y to River I Short Cut by ! airead apt , ] » ; al pel Rivertor I r t pron t » + i et iver a The Riverton dan Cre ercoming one-half of the Tombigbee Rive \ o! whicl nave t tte! e! iv result n < he lif The distance fron S Ojr‘ean vila the Tenne é { 177 miles From Chattanoog { ! 1 Bear Creek cut-off ng of 648 miles. the navigation advantages of tl er dams, flood control will also be su iam project on the upper Tennessee ‘ rely prevent floods, inasmuch as lil pal of the basin, but it is be fluctuations in the rreatly reduce ‘4-21, shall weigh not less than 70 rs iggregates shall be divided into h nd when tested dry with Tyler standard sie per cent retained on sieves shall be within the ng mit by weight: ed crete mail V imes 0 te ot q St { re forced concre Ot é 30 to t Ss to it - 1 iss concrete Sie 0 tk sieve 4 ‘ sieve V Will Hold Machine Tool Show Machine Tool Builders Vote for Independent Exhibi- tion—Providence Meeting Also Starts Afresh on Standardization and Hears New Pricing Basis N independent machine tool exhibit " e staged at Cleveland in the fa 1927, possibly as an annual _institutior By a substantial nanimous and enthusiastic vote, the National Machine Tool Builders’ Association so decided at its meeting Thursday and Friday, May 6 and 7. at Providence. R. Thus has appa ently been added another to the string of shows held in tl ountry connection with trade and technical meetings, but the resolution was adopted as leading the way toward reducing the number of show h machine tool makers need to patronize and at the same time providing a single, nprehensive exposition for the metal work ing industry considered in its broadest t vy assuming responsibility, the a ciation will expect to tur! nte ts treasury, r Turtneral activities in researc! for example, such profits as ma er the expenses of the exposit A fresh approach to standardization as an association activity was acceptably « sidered by the meeting. Failures to get very far in earlier efforts in the same dire tion were touched on, and the new mmittee t e ap] ted must be made uy was emphasized, of representatives already charged with internal plant standardizat jobs, and these committee members must have the backing of company executive joint conferences will be possible. They must focus on a few rather than many matte: and they must not consider, for the present at least est of a controversial nature Among addresses made to t! nvent vi n pricing and profits by W. | Churchill, whose contribution recently n THE IRON AGE aroused wid nterest ar admittedly served to add t tne ithent t al rceent il t f his ntentior relating to the proper basis of figur for profit nd | asst n that ear? should amount to 100 per cent of the manufact t e of tl t of ft materials. Deciding on the Independent Exposition exhibition of its own wa ibstantially ur eX h t pect troniz the one member who voted in the negative t nd ( ‘ m par ng that he would support the ent tior { investigation of the association’s going Into a1 cI t it to the ind sua ceciae tion was in the hands of an expos ‘ : Wa DY ei Wallace Carrel. Lodg & Shipl M 1 i | 11a nt I Lt t tne ! cnt reatul f recent Co., Cincinnati, chairman. The other me : their ainery mittee, which was asked to continu eration, na ; E attractor mittee on the exhibition, are as follow P. E. B While the thought was not definite tated, the ev Warner & Swasey Co., Cleveland; H. W. Dunbar, N emed to be that the independent machi ton Co., Worcester; O. B. Iles, International Mac} ex! tion would draw ¢t t those people high! Tool Co., Indianapolis; E. J. Kearney; « interested in the metal wor production 1 7 ‘ Trecker Corporation, Milwauke¢ bit ‘ e a part of the The committee report showed that ' : — — ind w the question of finances carefully and |} \ I ! n’s \ for ¢ nple overtures by which it might have a ecial King It was enthusiasticall ggested that a macnine t irrangement with such an association as the A ae ee See rien eagle Society for Steel Treating. A proposal, for exam] held at the time of the a tions exhibition by t that the machine tool builders engage fo1 g k \mer Society of Me , Engineet ee of space to be resold by itself at the t rate t . pm ei \ os : its own members was not accepted rt so ‘ Mi waite tne manag feels that it would have no great difficult n selling New Haven exhil conducted in rece “3 20,000 sq. ft. of floor space, and at $1 e Ni H ect : he Amer ses 3 ft. it would have an income sufficiently ge t et f Mechanical Engineer Yale University, and meet all expenses. Estimates were that at recent « New Haven interests, ha -m Cietng ee hibitions considerably more than 20,000 sq. ft. of spac« with & SnOV b Western < Thus it would be that } was taken by machine tool exhibitors I ne ‘ 1 New Haven show would occur in one year and in th { perhaps twice as much. It also developed t f wing yeal now Turcner ‘wt Une pian in & } cent exhibition of 57,000 sq. ft. cost to operate $22,00 nnection not yet clear rmineg comemprated The point was made in the discussion that machine holding the western show 1! . Ss eS oS > tool manufacturers desiring particularly to reach the aster mecnal ae © At ant : : A - railroad field, for example, will wish to exhibit at thé held ennial the New Haver ext ition would ‘ n the intervening year The f Master Mechanics’ exhibition at Atlantic City \ view ecur was finally expressed that, while the machine tool build- parer emt Lod THE IRON AGE May 13, r ’ wt) a} 1 >} y Vk < tT r ‘ ler th The association’s final decision was to i nj” rine t ght b vention in the fall of 1927 and it selected | “ial center well situated for such To Consider Standardization and Simplification R! WI ne itself as for the production in tern machine was fitted with thre \\ R ring only the three motions for the n Vir. Gleason listed a considerable number of is which could be developed, some alrs the hand f other associations, such as the Am: ! r Manufacturers’ Association, the Grinding W irers’ Association, the Society of Auton neers, the American Society of Mechanica f and the American Engineering Star The } nt vas brougnt out that the standar ement on tee slots and tee bolts had bee ting f ( Y elt s that the matter will s! fication to the mechanical eng 1ilders for transmiss! the engineering standards comn yg é tters which seemed most fruitful for standardization work of the machine t ‘ tion were mentioned drawing room practice, Wor li n of rotation of controls ng also Mr. Gleason pointed out the d: andardization in the matter of the elin ne machine speeds An investigatior I es mad +) machine tool manufacture? : £ ley eeds of single pulley drives showed Wot i 1200 r.p.m., 21 different speeds in a iffice on a list of. preferred speed 500, 600, 800 and 1200. A step u g the lines of the simplification has been given such an impetus by . { ( merce H ver, would make, he said . il nanges A ! (rerman macnine tool manu tandardization was r¢ ngth, but the view was rather g¢ , ta - { id Dee! irried altogether too far ar rey \ M | ; I R | \ h¢ yutlined ) fly ' ! ired at a 44 pel ’ ! hey did not ceas¢ : ’ nt to 30 per ce! “Insuring P1 : £ 1 vithout not . , ae a ! I 1 abe 1 + how nuct : ! He la gre deal of stres , embers of the associatio! tion that a certain thing yee rice basing, is safe and sound; ; l i i } ner t | ine va r , ‘ Cas +} rood f the industry ; oe F e o. ; ; } ef iu n, me irged nothing eT T - T + ee w oe , the ne basis of a given idea, " : 4 Seer mt - nes —_ urn bring about an improve maa So a eee, ele re he thought, he said, must be o1 ' ime above thi nal, there wa , , re henas ak Sect et ; per cent gvair ! the profit Condit , ne iftey ly ; id he: “whet we should ! ed st nucn that in ne case, f cial ne I reased pt was i re! ent for « r cent expansion in volume Relatively large labor Sales Managers Should Not Set Prices ens nignt be in explanation, as with muc}l I | ( ! begwa? } t output, wages are calculated to advance san his address with the statement } . ‘ . isnhamed make profits May 13, 1926 i he quickly came to the assertion that neither sales inagers nor salesmen should have any right to set He admitted that much that he had to say spplied particularly to the manufacturing of stapl ymmodities, but he urged the machine tool buil get behind any propaganda aiming at a rationa xricing method for the good nanufacturer of general commodities is pr hen only can the machine tool builder expect to d ery much business. Buying of machine tools is rarely done except f capital reserves or surplus, and the buyer n money before he can acquire machine t lhe result is that when such companies are not making noney, sales of machine tools have to be limited large! to new enterprises and with new capital. He dwelt also on the situation among manufactur ng plants wherein to avoid buying new equipment r rices. vet reason that whet f nake yairs are constantly made. When he finds that th: ‘epair item averages over 3% per cent of the cost of a new tool, he stresses that the equipment needs specia msideration and has no difficulty in pointing out that he expense of the repair department has not p1 een appreciated or that its inefficiency has not bee ecognized. He discussed several specific cases whic] id come under his ommonly the re airing has been kept up because of the iny money to replace machinery by that of admitted higher efficiency and capacity. observation. { | absence ¢ [Illustrations were also given to point out the pre ence among manufacturers to seek volume rather that focus on profits. He left the impression that many ympanies would better to try to rmount of money per week, say, rather than a definite itput. His talk also was calculated to show the valu f trade associations in eliminating destructive prac ices. For example, he told of one manufacturer bid ng considerably below cost on a given piece of equi] ment, because he knew there was no chance for getting do make a definite 1 1) Al the contract, but that instead the competitor would b« allowed to meet the low price and would undoubtedl) io so and secure the contract, a fact which was actually orne out as expected. The address de veloped active iscussion, bringing out Mr. Churchill’s view as to the asis of profits mentioned at the beginning of this r¢ f his contribution. { Promise of Railroad Tool Purchases oo tendencies which are favorable toward the steady purchase of machine tools by the railroad were outlined by Roy V. Wright, editor, Railway M¢ hanical Engineer, New York. He emphasized, h ever, that no increase of any note was to be expects ver the amounts bought in recent years, pointing out instead the change in attitude in railroad manag ments, which dates from the dislocati railroa service occurring in the war and which means th the mechanical departments now come in for mor‘ consideration than formerly. The tendencies to whic! Mr. Wright referred are in brief as follow The railroads strive to locomotives, in repair shops as short a time as possibi Keep eq lipmen This calls for increased shop production. Efforts are being made to schedule shop operations, and faliure to meet speed in repair work focuses on the weal tures of the shop equipment. A few shops ar terms of unit costs, and there is an intensive stud to get the most on a man-hour basis. There is a dl tinct effort to train foremen and to secure superviso! trained for and capable of leadership. In cases these ’ foremen are sent to other railroad shops, thus to le ar of improved processes or methods, and incid¢ ntall new machines. The question of stabilization of sh employment is receiving attention and has ar lire effect on the shop equipment. Finally some extended reference was made Mr. Wright to the 3- to 10-year betterment progra adopted by a number of railroads, though he remina¢ the meeting that sometimes a road cou . ; awd than. fens returns from a remodeling of a freight yard than 1! replacement of tools in a shop; also he pointed that the railroads cannot charge new machine tool pur THE IRON AGE )* 335 ‘ ses, and can get credit for l whet rie s re placed Reconditioning One's Own Machines fe CONDITIONING 1 resale of one ywwn machine \ tools came in for discussion. The representatin f one company expla 1 tl ets about two-third f the price f the \ 1 ne ‘ the ne that + econditioned, while lys such machines at 25 per ent f re rice ri P | ndit ‘ may I y 7 10 per ee j ‘ ) per cent The view Was expressed U! 4 ra e Wa \ ila ed {Te iversely the 1 ft i alesmer! It was felt that ie} : men nfluenced dul var elling the re nditioned 1 hinery when the night just as we 1 the \ product Or Ul I I I icture! I pre entat uv the mee { aescribed mpany pr edaul It \ take over one old mac! e only for ne new yne I has printed inst1 tions bevond which no al nal Y g I nly a vs the payment up to or xt ne 1! t price f the rresponding re f aching It does not resell t ichine as i purcl the machine mu reconditioned, and it pract that the ale price be two-third f t 1 rent }{ f the ? nding t I} con not concerned with any p e adverse eff ilesmen, for the reason that there a demar f ill the re naitionea t 1 rovide These ma ni dental re ld not with the larantes tnat [ re t 1 new hut nat they eT rm is we von ‘ T} nt made t na e¢ T ) er me ? that ere TY tihning in the point of a facturer’s reconditioning it wn machines in view of the nmon attitude of the uyer’s holding ag t the manufacturer, rather thar against the ne mact any hnortcoming vhich develoy Selling on Deferred Payments qu matter of deferred paymé elling ma ti was d issed by tl epresentative of on ‘ mpal which has had me ¢ erience in tl aire ? It begrar tne n? tice ? Ht» The cor in Te¢ tnat it et iditional busing ! ne practice ; ind that thi Ss not nece arily isl! iken from ympetitor rut instead it re fr ! mpanic vhic} ave ery little f ? nar yr ¢ ] me ] ny The mparl na iffered 1 1 i? ead find tne nand t ict bu ne ett ¢ ) e ¢ iT nat I y ! act int ale The e difficult that 1 ( eeds to be r ned t tne iW T il l tat One ist I Vv I y Tt nandie t i mn eacn case Wt e tne Lif ire made Vit! rie I ect I wt it 1 | i natte mortgage, the ine ied unde t nore ip! u ern f purcha ym ntract which re neverthele records ‘ ial legal fashior The con na not ‘ ed any tnat a pre A rreater tha tu! f iff red inde tne ope i i ] ar Re ) I I e Hee nfreé juent and aer rcumsta t the machine tool builde himself Phe ale re made rar for over ; r r Time vit? T r t ‘ rY ntn OCCA or A ved In the ase ol ule i ! rey ‘ when it is found that the na l rna ver : i rel na I ide t ror ne eT iyment \r irance p ed t ach machine \ $ ve f ¢ ' ‘ r tte? ) i An init al : 4 . we on ; 3 f re it tha r cen required : ) : take vitl eptance f the yntract, although net ‘ ha mounted t ner ent Stre . 3 il tne t tnat it rtant to have all : ‘ i ! emer ea naer It was added fur a r that fair iv ed npar ve bought on ; 4 eferre aayment pla! resumably when there ; j 4 } ‘ er I needs f ict inds as were available 1 HE new assificath ( gether with a giossary nection was offered by r yf machine for exports, to f terms r use in that con ; the mmittes ! elations with eI ne a NN i ae 1336 THE IRON AGE May 13, 192 * resistance to signing such a contract, instead a ’ ie pintod Hi in « n practice is for a proposal to be accepted contain Bow I Rock by C. ] n detail these various stipulations. C ia . Miesieatt 3h N tress¢ He admitted that there are times when thers ; reason for a customer not to go through to j a d, ai etion on the construction of special machinery ( ( ne the less the builder should be protected. He w rope! , e desis titled to a penalty provision providing payment f ti erk, i tha r the amount of work done. Such payment i rt f eased ’ | to cover a proper profit. \ R f Respecting the third class and the thought — ere more or le Ss of a divided responsibility, he rt t t the hat the manufacturer and the customer might w ( a 1 in hand in the matter of the finan Rast ute issed the } ent ndit r} might mean one or two payments preliminary a rt the the point of making a proposal. Where complet f eat f n | ! nes are required, certainly the manufacturer, vs a {me . has the right to expect the customer to bea eC} the vas a ded nee expenses. In the first class, salvage of parts fa resentat eing estal ‘ In the second, there is little or no salvage, a a tr nge t ma f irse substantially no opportunity for recovery f [ ¢ Ame , a t pe n the matter of the third class of spe Expre ne the view of the committee, he points \ it that it is important to have approval of drawing ertified prints ougnt to belong to the pr re will be tangling questions over changes me} ne eX it tract has been signed. r , Dealer, Advertising and Other Relations yr its ‘ «tended program of activities was mentioned ome i ry ge agg Tee Spat, L report of the committee on dealer relations Cy By ; { rlton, Carlton Machine Tool Co., Cincinnati er aw tee chairman, explained that a close work ads ‘ rrangement with the dealers had not been effected the further welding of the dealer organizatior Seeds ress and soon to meet at French Lick N00 000 wart} ring What is planned to be considered by a joint , if the two bodies includes the following: ' rn r clauses covering maker-dealer rela- lauses covering user-seller relations; - nts t hools; disposal of second-hand ot " distribution of machine tools by indus ies; reports of quotations made; data nd-hand tools sold or offered for sale; ring relations between dealer and e! f standard telegrap! the War Department met with y to help establish capacity te f war emergency. Roughly eens ’ that the capacity should represent what I ninteiaciin tim: 3 cca ild make in an 8-hr. day, with its ' " rt ed in accordance with rela f pi r r a period of time. A plant that 1s Lat \ ’ 10-hr. shift would under such a condi f l per cent of the basic idea evel if a sudden war eme! be expected that machine tool building Contracts in Making Special Machinery _ or exan ple, would continue to manufacture MNHE handlit si ia . ; | ne in amounts proportional to the | ' : nand over recent years and at a full rat ( a l rie \ i } iers Were received to the contrary. Mean seeps ne ae ‘aoe emphasized that representatives of the ee m! e, Albert J. Gifford, Leland-Giffor W ent will make an actual survey of each ve Worcester, chairmat M Gifford put ’ ln { er the directior f a district head , 3 a ee _ — : rut ! peration of members in the use ot oye tak ome = etry anata ms : nad permission of the board of directors t % : | | 1 pan ; commission for a design of an asso a al de ss Si athinies and nf ee ae oa. oe . my 7 ' -— = isked by the advertising 1} . whose report in the absence of Chairmar oo of the proper selling price Phi Un 8. Heitcamp was presented by E. Payson egg lo aieabg ee sor Whee = re 1s no preced Db hard, Bullard Machine Tool Co., Bridgeport, “ - ne en ee eal tad : wor — also requested an appropriation ind copy toward improving the effective pe SR DaRENpEEON oe ee ve — ae ts current advertising, and all of these, to wn that contract f — existing show no untfot { ether wit! tems referring to “inserts” and second He emphasized that a fundamental should be pr ind machinery advertising it industrial publicati ns at ich special machinery should not b wmyect 1 ! reterred to the be and of dicectane , - : , ancellation, for the reason that little or 1 made of the parts of such machinery. He stress Changed Attitude of Public Toward Business the importance of the signing of a contract that H. M.] . ; on : sucas, Lucas Machine T . ‘level: i ticularized all the details, but as there is considera i ile eae chine Tool Co., Cleveland, in add > as president of the association. stressed the May 13, 1926 arked change in the last few years in the public’s ttitude toward business and business men. “Only a hort time ago,” said he, “men who did wonderful work organizing cheaper production and distribution wer eld up to scorn in the public press; now they are raised. A growing number of people are now willing subscribe to President Coolidge’s statement tha: frue business has for its main reliance truth, faith nd justice.’ “The first attitude,” continued Mr. Lucas, “was nmon when business men were in the individualistic tage. The later attitude came about when business ecame cooperative in furthering the interests of busi- ess. The trade association has become a bureau of conomic information for its industry, and its secretary has become essentially a consulting economist for th ndustry. “Of course the main object of these associations is o benefit the business concerns who support the o1 anizations. But in attaining this object, there ar nany valuable by-products, such as the change i: public sentiment, that has been so noticeable. Busi ess men spend much time on organization work, b: ause it is good business to serve their community or ndustry in that fashion. They find it good busines: to think in terms wider than their own shop walls; to think in terms of their community, their state, thei ndustry, their nation. Each year such work helps to nake our country a better place to live in than it wa the year before, and also makes it a better place to d usiness.”’ In his report as general manager Ernest F. DuBrul aid he believed that no association work is more valu able than that dealing with the study of business con litions affecting the industry. “Each year more and more industries are beginning to gather and report and ompare facts. This widespread movement is helpings sur industry right now. Leading executives of larg buyers of machine tools are putting their brains t Photographing Strain Lines of Delaware Bridge Parts Some large, cumbersome portions of one of the wers of the Delaware River Bridge were recent tested in the large hydraulic machine at the Bureau f Standards for the purpose of determining ‘yield point” of the material and photographs wer taken which reveal plainly the strain lines in the sPromgss AD pm cnew were tration! cept tor thins ibe wr) ant hal Ue Cimenstone shows tow Specie 4: Web, 14 iochex owe & each piste Sowers 5 Web, me % ech plete LOADING ASD FAILURE Beck qeumce te. ot) bole + tna) ere tive tanh, pe shows By the chert arr Speeece 4: Compre Geer prmerr salen Somcteee 8 Berklee 2 eee “y (bere SETROO The act ak et eee et oe eee, Rewer ny gree tree Be eet eter Wik « af ret ptr + Oe me white Pcvan ware oo. <om Bore. - Per geet of ew ee Decne: Page of the Berene of Sramtents by S 6 btw, OM bee 1 eee ee eee one THE IRON AGE 1337 work on the problems of business stabilization. They are engaging qualified men to study buying, selling and production policies, with that end in view. “As more and more of the large users of machine tools adopt this policy, we shall see more orders for machine tools placed just when we want them most, and, of course, less orders placed just when we need them least. That, of course, means a more stabilized market for tools, more stabilized employment and pro duction, more stable costs, and more stable profits. Of course improvement in these respects is bound to be slow. We shall never see the time when all machine tool buyers will have consulting economists at their elbows, nor when economists can forecast conditions with absolute certainty So we can never expect to smooth out all the fluctuations in demand. They are too much a part of the very nature of machine tool demand to hope for their elimination. We can only hope for and work toward gradual decrease in their violence, and while doing that, we must learn to run with the tide that we cannot control.” An extended report was presented by the cost com mittee on the determination of a basic period from which to figure normal burden, a subject growing out of the fact that the machine tool industry is sub ject to large swings in its cycles of prosperity and depression. \ paper on the standardization of thread sizes that are cut with self-opening die heads was read by C. W settcher, secretary Eastern Machine Screw Corpora- tion, New Haven. It was well received and a special vote of appreciation was given to the author. The Providence hosts of the meeting provided ex cellent weather and an interesting diversion in the shape of an unusual luncheon and a meeting plac« for one session at the Squantum Club, a club organized solely as a private eating resort, about five miles out ide of Providence Other sessions were held at the Providence-Biltmore Hotel steel subject to the load. The testing mac hine em i ployed can exert a compressive load of 10,000,000 Ib., and is the only one in the country which could be used for the large specimens examined. 4 statement by the Bureau continue If the brittle black mill scale has not been re moved from the plates, this scale will fall off the plates, exposing the steel beneath Engineers have for years carefully watched for this scaling on spec) mens tested in the laboratory. The loads at which “scaling’’ commenced were r¢ corded. To make the scaling more readily visible and to allow this interesting phenomena to be photo graphed so that engineers could study the behavior of the specimens under load, experiments were made with white coatings. When the yield point of the steel underneath the white coating was reached the mill scale and coating fell from the plates leaving a dark line. Thus the strain lines could be readily seen and many photographs were taken showing where high stresses were first reached. A miscellaneous publication of the Bureau of Stand ards, No. 72, which has been prepared showing in one sheet, suitable for framing, two typical photographs with a description of the specimens and the method of applying this coating of “white wash” may be ob- tained from the Superintendent of Documents, Gov ernment Printing Office, Washington, for 5c. There were 208 less merchant vessels and yachts documented in this country during the last fiscal year than in 1924, and 650 less than in 1923, according to a report made public by the Bureau of Navigation, Department of Commerce. The aggregate tonnage of all vessels documented in the United States in 1925 was less by 34,655 tons than in 1924 and 878,832 tons less than in 1923. The explanation of this decline lies largely in the scrapping of obsolete wooden vessels by the Shipping Board, according to Bureau of Naviga- tion officials. Cast House Arrangement Unusua Improved Methods of Handling Hot Metal and Cinder at Indiana Harbor Plant—Furnace Has Six- teen Tuyeres and Capacity of 700 Tons erimposed over the skip pit, and tnere Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Indiana Ha ght double-pocket ore, stone and scrap bins w Ind., marks a vy departure desig} A kets on both sides of the scale car track. Incoming e cast aterial is handled on three parallel tracks on to hich provides protection f the ladik é ns. The center track is situated so that by us¢ ring ast J facilitate handling material f a side-dump car either set of pockets may be filled. it of the cast nouse, a cast nouse cran I inted Motor-driven rotary gates have been provided on the inway spanning the hot metal trac! \ cinde re bins, and the scale car serving the bins is of the lated oO! f ¢ f the hous } te Ul ible-compartment electrically driven type. Coke ack. Cinder may be run directly to pot lelivered from the central bin by gravity to the indi- er track or to a granulating pit ated at lual skip tubs. During its descent the coke passes r of the cast house. The pit and the cinder 1 er Robins rotary grizzlies, which remove the braize. ( f by an ralif U al t { { zlies are mounted on wheels so that they may ten or granulated slag may be removed to ar nt « withdrawn from the chute for repairs. To permit e track. iking repairs to the grizzlies, auxiliary bar grizzlic Cast iron runn with rete foundat ver y be substituted. The braize which passes throug! ed for bot! ag and 1ro} The cast house is 70 e grizzlies is removed by a Beaumont skip hoist and toget r wit tne ast Turnat SN ! re ‘ ited ft in overhead storage bin, which may " a vals to an open-top freight car at ise crane 1 10-ton thre hin irnished by the Morgan Engineering | 4 , ws > Furnace Has Sixteen Tuyeres The entire layout and design of the plant reflect lhe furnace, which was blown in March 23, 1925, is re ‘ : a was iin Bie — sai tel ‘ ‘ 9 5 : . : s . , arrange tne various units In a compact, yt he first large stack in the country to be built with 16 grouped, whole, at the same time allowing ampk tuyere Other 20-ft. and 21-ft. furnaces have but 10 d readily accessible space for operations. Practical 12 tuyeres. There are eight cast iron columns, per- ut listinct elevat e tt metrical spacing and assuring good work- ‘he concrete foundation is of massive de- rd elevation. The cast AS¢ ner pit, stoves, ga gn with nine steel foundation bands encircling the hing system, hoist house and the top of the storage irth and extending above the column base plates. en ee ees e base plates and the lower end of the columns are The Y é ngee 4 nt b . ngie . l ! eqnaed na heavily reinforced concrete beam. < ™ " + =a ~ ae ~ <a) eat td - ~ NDE Cc ‘ Pt i Ay \ A iy Th SCRAP BIN The Cast House Has « Nove Arrange ment \ } ) ; i § . : eta frack yf j . , is commanded by a 10-t: traveling crane Cinds +} } : extending under the cast house roof it nied cindey tract rd a gra? utating pit or to pots on a cinder track. ‘yy a monora ho ef wa highe The mantle is of built-up construction and the shell fabricated of 1-in. plates throughout to protect against tortion and corrosion. dimension Capacity The furnace has a lay and is 95 ft. in height. bly with the largest stacks Ze represents The Cinder Track, Shown in the Foreground, and the Granu- lating P t Lo- cated inthe Cast House, Are Served by a Monorail Crane Hoist In size it compares in the countrv: compromise Cue emma "le gent, 1340 blower was installed, making a complement of three machines for the two furnaces, permitting one to be held in reserve as a spare. The blower is of 4-stage design, driven by a 7-stage impulse turbine and capable of supplying 60,000 cu. ft. of free air per min. at a pressure of 30 lb. The wind capacity of the furnace, of course, has a direct relation to the larger number of tuyeres. The Freyn Engineering Co., Chicago, was retained for the construction of the furnace. On the behalf of the Youngstown company, C. S. Robinson, W. C. Reilly, H. S. Braman, W. B. Gillies, and the late K. Sollie, were most active in cooperating with the engineers. Analyses of Lake Superior Iron Ores Analyses of Lake Superior iron ore during the sea- son of 1925 are contained in an annual analysis booklet issued by the Lake Superior Iron Ore Association, Cleveland. Heretofore, the analysis figures published by the association have, to a large extent, shown the expected analyses for the season. Departing from this custom, the table this year show the actual analyses of ores shipped during 1925. Formerly practically all the analyses published by ore firms were actual averages for the previous season’s shipments, except for new ores; but of late it has be- come more and more customary for the ore firms to publish the expected analyses for the year. As the analysis book of the association is prepared largely for record purposes, the association decided to limit its tables to the actual analyses of each season’s shipments. Analyses of about 200 ores are listed. THE IRON May 13, 1926 AGE Coke Is Screened in Rotary Grizzlies, Which Are Mounted on Wheels So That They May Be Re- moved for Repairs Effect of Titanium on Cast Iron’ Action Similar to Silicon But More Active—Effect on Mechanical Properties ORK carried out in Germany and America from 1896 to 1914 on the effects of titanium in cast iron lead to contradictory results, which the author at- tributes to the following reasons: 1. Use of too rich a ferrotitanium which was but slightly fusible and therefore incompletely absorbed by the cast iron; 2. Use of a ferrotitanium high in carbon in which a considerable portion of the titanium was in the form of nitride or cyanonitride : 3. Premature addition cast iron; 4. Estimation of the effect of the titanium from the amount added and not from the amount actually re- tained in the cast iron; 5. Lack of system in the investigations. With a view to studying the problem more scien- tifically, the author started from a very pure Swedish east iron containing 4.01 per cent carbon, 0.15 per cent manganese, 0.06 per cent silicon, 0.011 per cent sulphur and 0.019 per cent phosphorus, to which he first added various quantities of silicon so as to obtain three classes of cast iron containing 1, 1.75 and 2.75 per cent of silicon, respectively. To each class he added 0.1, of the ferrotitanium to the *Abstracted by A. Papineau-Couture from an article by EK. Piwowarsky in Stahl und Eisen, Vol. xliii, pages 1491 to 1494, 1923. 0 ere ee - - -I Silicon, per cent ........ ; . Be Bae 2s Ti added to iron, per cent.. na er 0.12 0.2 Metallic Ti in iron, per cent ei me Total Ti in iron, per cent.. -.. 0.038 0.08 OE eee .-. 67.9 60.8 Total carbon, per cent........... 3.52 3.88 3.8 EE EO rr 1.89 2.53 3.0 Graphite as per cent of Total C, per cent 53.7 65.2 79.0 Bending strength, kgs/mm?............. 35.7 30.4 5.1 nD MDs 5.5 a+ & + awe ba 6S be o's Lae ae 5.3 6.8 Crushing strength, kgs./mm*..... -.ee 98.6 92.0 84.9 Brimel] DAFENESS .....ccescces Sa Neal 263 225 189 ON Ree ae 1.1 7 Solubility in acids,* per cent.......... 16.2 not det. 19.1 *Solubility was determined on small test bars 5 mm. long and 15 mm. 1 per cent sulphuric acid solution. or ‘= C1 Oo vevenneneenonnnnem Gaanenneenersssncecencnnnneniney HyeDenesteneceneeneceenunnnaneennonneenosenenoneceansenennensuennen enenene HHUELONENEOHONEDEDEEECEDONOEHOONeDOONeESUONONTONOeNOONAnEOOO NOG veneoensnsoeeenneney tnunee avennnenenenensensenesenaesneany aeeeneee ia keibler 0.2 and 0.5 per cent titanium, and to the first one he also added 1 per cent. The ferrotitanium used contained 20.9 per cent of titanium, of which only 1.2 per cent was in the non- metallic form (nitride, carbide, cyanonitride), and 0.15 per cent of carbon. The ferrotitanium was first fused with a small quantity of the cast iron under a layer of charcoal in an electric furnace, and the fused metal was then added to the remainder of the iron previously melted in a graphite crucible in a gas-fired furnace. The contents of the crucible (about 5 kilos or 11 |b.) were then cast into bars 20 mm. (0.79 in.) in diameter and 600 mm. (24 in.) long. The results of the mechanical tests and of the anal- ysis of these bars are given in the table and in Fig. 1. Examination of these results shows that titanium acts in the same way as silicon, but that it is more active. The formation of graphite reached a maximum for a titanium content of less than 0.1 per cent, irre- spective of the silicon content (see Fig. 2). Addition of 1 per cent or more of titanium to the high-silicon iron and of 0.3 per cent or more to the low- silicon iron greatly improves the mechanical properties. — - -II-- —_~ II! — 1.08 1.08 1.71 1.65 1.94 1.73 2.54 2.69 2.69 2.66 0.58 1.16 0.12 0.24 0.58 0.12 0.2 0.58 4 0.327 0.516 .. 0.066 0.119 0.251 ... 0.068 0.118 0.353 43.6 55.6 .-- 45.1 5651.9 56.7 ... 42.9 50.8 39.0 4