The Iron Age 1926-02-25: Vol 117 Iss 8

apt Pe THE IRON AGE New York, February 25, 1926 ESTABLISHED 1855 VOL. 117, No. & The Unseen Business Revolution Powerful Human Forces Are Working to Change the Entire Industrial System of America—An IRON AGE Interview with George M. Verity HANGES have come about in business in the last 25 years that everyone vaguely realizes. Improve- ment in the relations of employer and employes has been marked. The feeling that Big Business is the worst enemy of the ordinary man is well on the way toward thorough dissipation. Corporation baiting is no longer an issue. There have been other notable ad- vances in the relation of business to the everyday life of our population. Learning that George M. Verity, president of th American Rolling Mill Co. and an outstanding repr¢ sentative of the new order in business, had been giving particular thought lately to the progress of humat affairs in the business world, THE IRON AGE has tained from him some observations on the silent bus ness revolution. “IT doubt if the average citizen realizes what a mar velous transformation has been brought about in the last two generations,” said Mr. Verity. ‘We have to go back less than two generations to find that practi cally all large business institutions were owned and controlled by a comparatively few individuals. Thei business standards, as we view them today, needed much reform. When the corporate form of business structure came into wide usage, following the period of financial confusion lasting from 1865 to 1890, tI new form of control brought about many abuses. Busi- ness practices were indulged in that would not now be tolerated by institutions similarly situated. “One of the outstanding results of this condition of restricted ownership and of unsound policies was the creation of a very considerable antagonism between the masses of our people and business that assumed any considerable proportions. Over 15.000.000 Now There are 2,611,000 stockholders “But today there has been unquestionably a com plete reversal of the whole situation. 15,000,000 Shareholders ae corporate business of the country is largely owned by great numbers of individual stockhold ers. In 1900 there were 4,400,000 stockholders in our corporations. In 1923 there were 14,400,090 stockhold- ers owning $71,479,464,925 worth of securities in our orporations. Several million more must have beer idded in the last two years, making a total increase of over 250 per cent in 25 years. “When you consider that there are only 24,350,000 families in the United States you can see what a large proportion of our people are now interested in the or- the ration. : ‘The number of stockholders in many large com- panies, such as the telephone and telegraph, have in reased three times in the past seven years, and all companies authoritatively surveyed have increased at least twice. The stocks and other securities of a very large proportion of the outstanding business institu- tions of the nation are, under modern methods of organ- zation and operation, now available to anyone who + ares to buy them.” Here Mr. Verity referred also to a recent magazine article by Hon. David F. Houston, giving a description of the growth of employee ownership of stock, and then ‘kk up the question of business ethics The Ethical Angle — my mind,” he said, “it is morally certain that, unless there had been a radical change in the al standards and mutual interest policies of com- ‘ t ni (wn Cor porate Shares 966.000 individuals own securitr ravroaa The American Telephone & Telegraph Co. hi 60,0UU name t t holders’ list The We stinghouse Electric & Mtg. ¢ has 279.186 stockholder The United States Steel Corporation had 179,090 stockholders in 192 There are 66.097 stockholders in the General Moto Corporation. The American Rolling Mill Co. has 10,000 tockholders 544 THE ver and above what they were 25 ver could or would have been such irvelou evelopment of the stockholding partner- relation that now exists in the large business l f intry, which represent such a gigan- George M. l] Vill What } ie Thinks that the / of Corporate Co., Corporation Deficits in 1923 Fort Per Cent of Incorporated Companies Showed Losses—One-Fourth of Net Income Paid in Taxes or 165,594 f 398,9 rat United States, failed to ma a prof n 192 c ¥ Y ( ) (, ernn I Stat +} N) ly ( ‘ ‘ } P A Ne y i ( vil I nir ( ] I ! neal pe , , niy ? ruct ? é ent M f h ( per Y » O00 é I rye sty 7 WO.000 re n 1 Ame} n Inco f é wa c o Feder St er? ments, exclusive f special assessment betterment ley t il i ‘ ‘ ‘ i ¢ 1u to 2.2 per cent of their gr } : ent of their net assets, and 61.7 per c ! two third the amount paid to their stockholders in eash dividends, which was $4,169,000,000 in that vear IRON Ve ity, President Radical ( hange i” Own- Nec Wholesome AGE February 25, 1926 strength and their cooperation in the production, distri- bution and consumption of products, have made the well managed corporations of our day a great public asset. “The economic value of mass investment, of mass effort, of mass production, and of mass cooperation, has enabled our cooperative in- = stitutions as now established to make available to the hum- blest worker things, the com- parative possession and en- joyment of which were just a very short time ago avail- = able only to the individual of large means. “The new ethical stand ards of industry today con- cede and demand good homes, full of opportunity for the development of the morally, spiritually, educa- tionally, socially, and recrea tionally. They provide fo: the worker the best possible > wages, good working condi tions, a chance for promo tion, and every opportunity to contribute of his best in the joint interest of stock holders, employees, custom ers—a fair deal to each and all. HMM family, New Requirements 66 HE modern business have ot are requirements American Middletown, Ohio, exact. Standards un R questionably been raised and, rece nt Tre nd irities im as far as the larger coopera- of the are concerned, they who do not these adapt their policies to the and standards of the time are certain to face defeat. the more worthy can hope to survive the larger, sterner and more exacting demands of modern organized busi tive activities nation Hits now recognize changes and needs Only ness, with the community so rapidly becoming the owne! and also the one to be satisfactorily served.” Manufas cent of turing companies paid $986,000,000 or 38.4 the total of $2,572,000,000 in Federal, State nd local taxes which came from corporations in 1923; per cent came from transportation and public util- ‘companies; 5.1 per cent from mining and quarrying - 0.9 per cent from construction companies. Manufacturing companies paid in taxes a combined per 4 a% ompanies to 22.4 per cent of their net income in 1925, and quarrying corporations, 93.3 per cent; con- 25.2 per cent; transportation and publie utility companies, 33 per cent. All corporations, taking the fair value of their net assets as reported for capital stock tax purposes 4s the approximate net investment of stockholders, earned n 1923, 9.1 per cent on their investment after deducting all taxes, while cash dividends distributed to stockhold ers constituted 5.68 per cent upon their investment iccording to the conference board’s analysis. sum ¢ qua] mining struction enterprises, To Resume Bethlehem Merger Hearing Soon in Washington WASHINGTON, Feb. The Federal Trade Com- it was announced today, has not set a definite late for resuming hearings in the Bethlehem Steel Co. merger It was said, however, that they will be held here and that they will mark the closing of the ommission’s side. 92 “ao. mission, case, ee TO | a Gain In Employee Ownership Trend Toward Ownership of Corporation Securities by Workers and Customers Regarded as Logical and Wholesome— Day of One-Man Business Is Past WNERSHIP of great corporations by employees and by the public the corporations serve is superseding and will continue to supersede the old system of indi- vidual control of a multitude of small industries, said George E. Roberts, vice-president of the National City Bank, New York, in a paper presented be- fore the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical En- gineers in New York last week. “The day of the one- man business is past,” he said, and added that he thought it was properly past; that the large organization could, in most cases, serve the public better than the widely scat- tered small concerns which formerly made up our indus- trial system. The competitive conditions which exist in mod- ern industry, he said, the same conditions which supply the greatest incentive to indus trial progress by the constant pressure toward lower costs and larger markets, constitute a constant pressure forcing industry into larger and larger molds, under one management. “The business of the country is coming more and more to be done by large corporations,” he continued. “This being accepted as the future trend of industry, it follows that the savings of the people must be in- vested in the shares of these corporations instead of in the ownership of a multitude of small industries as for- merly. It will require no stretch of theory or imagina- tion to foresee these great organizations for produc- tion, transportation and distribution owned by their employees and by the public they serve and the gradual! c.velopment of a higher stage of cooperative society.” Such a control by the wage-earning class, said Mr. Roberts, is both desirable and inevitable but must be reached by slow and sound economic development rather than makeshift plans based on insufficient ex- perience with plans of employee-control. Eventually, he said, it infers a much wider knowledge of the prob- lermhs of financing and managing a business on the part of workers than is at present discernible in wage-earn- ing ranks. J. M. Shore, editor Service Talks, the house-organ of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co., Philadelphia, pointed out how well the plan of employee ownership works out in that company. The largest block of stock in that company owned by any individual is controlled by the trustees of a voting block owned by and under the supervision of the workers employed by the com- pany. Roughly one-third of the $30,000,000 capital stock of the company has been bought by employees under the so-called Mitten plan and these shares are voted as a unit by duly elected trustees. It may be a surprise for the public to learn that the street car con- ductors and motormen actually own the controlling in- terest in one of the largest public utility corporations in the country. Thus far, the management has found that the plan works out to the complete satisfaction of all concerned. It has proved so successf’>. chat the employees are still investing, on the average, $2,000,000 of their wages an- nually in the stock of the company, buying the securi- ties in the open market and adding it to their present shares. GEORGE E. ROBERTS rhe management, on the other hand, is so satished with the way in which the workers back up the policies of the company, after those policies have been properly explained and studied, that the same system is now being placed in effect in other cities where the Mitten system of management is used. The employee owner- ship plan used by the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. has been called “the first Soviet in America,” said Mr. Shore, but it is very far from being an impractical or socialistic scheme. It is better for the community served by an industry-and better for the stockholders in any large corporation, said Mr. Shore, to have the control in the hands of the workers and customers, re- gardless of how much they know of corporate finance, than in the hands of individual owners or of banking interests. Does the Striker Gain or Lose and How Much? A miner or other worker—no matter how much a week he gets—goes on strike for an increase of 10 per cent in wages. He stays out 21 weeks. If he gets the 10 per cent, it will take him just 10 times 21 weeks, equal to 4 years and 2 weeks, to get back to where he was when he struck. If’ he does not get the 10 per cent, where is he then? He may say that he receives strike pay during the 21 weeks. But the strike pay is only his own union dues that he has been paying all along in anticipation of the strike; or else it is a contribution from non- striking union workers, who will expect something from him when they strike at some future time, or for whom he has already contributed in the past. As the arithmetics used to put it: “Does he gain or lose; and how much?” (The foregoing is taken from Robert Grimshaw’s lnudustrial Bulletin, 717 West 177th Street, New York.) Wages and Hours in the Coal Industry Data on bituminuous coal production just released by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistic refer, unfortunately, to conditions as far back as the latter part of 1924. However, some of the outstanding fig- ures are given below. The hours quoted are for a half- month period, earnings being given as an average daily figure. Hours of Work Daily Pay Hand loaders, average... 63.3 $6.32 Tennessee oon eclae 3.85 Illinois eile cake 8.76 Machine miners, average... 72.9 9.65 Tennessee eae a 4.58 Indiana 12.88 The State averages given are the maxima and min- ima. Possible average yearly earnings of both hand and machine miners and loaders, if they had worked all the days their mines operated in 1924, were estimated at $1,128, with a range from $649 in Tennessee to $1,287 in Colorado Malleable iron castings and their manufacture is to be discussed at a meeting of the Philadelphia Foundrymen’s Association, Friday, March 5, at the Engineers Club, Philadelphia, by H. S. Schwartz, man- ager of research for the National Malleable & Steel Castings Co., Cleveland. F. R. Palmer, Carpenter Steel Co., Reading, Pa., is scheduled to address the meeting on “What Happens When High-Speed Steel Is Quenched?” 545 Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Violet Rays in Metallography, Delta Iron and Hardness of Steel Discussed at Annual Meeting—Symposium on Notable Non-Ferrous Program Open-Hearth Practice developn n metallography throwing further light on the theoretical and practical value of delta iron, an important contribution to the theory of the hardness of steel and several valuable discussions of open-hearth practice were the features of the program of the iron ani steel section at the annual February meet- ing of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers last week in New York, Feb. 15 to 18. For the first time in the history of the Institute of Metals Division of the A. I. M. M. E., four sess ions were held. At these 17 papers on aluminum, aluminum-magnes- im and copper alloys and products were presented and discussed. The high standard set by the annual Howe Memoria! and Institute of Metals lec- W maintained this yea Brief abs he prin papers and discussions by various metallurgists Papers Presented at the Iron and Steel Sessions TINH on and steel sessions at which 14 papers were before tapping. With a very hot bath, the metal has a presented combined practical discussions of open- greater solvent power for ferrous oxide, regardless th problems and theoret of its carbon content. al contributions to physi- With either top or bottom pour, the steel should be irgy. Besides a report of the sub-committee F ; wil 2 papers on furnace practice hot enough to pour cleanly. For bottom pour it must aa Sl a Danie tlie meitaiieees be hotter than with top pour for the same results. It ; is felt that the best quality of steel is obtained when ete ee ee ee resemblance a flat saucer skull is left in the bottom of the ladle. , constituting the program for a ses- Slow pouring is recommended, until 3 or 4 in. of metal American steel treaters—a fact which was fre has accumulated in the bottom of the mold. If the ntly commented upor None of the sessions was full force of the stream is opened up before .this, the ende metal splashes up the walls and chills before the main body of metal reaches it. This makes small cracks, seams and tears. Steel must not be overoxidized but must contain a sufficient amount of CO to produce the rimming ef- Open-Hearth Furnace Session J v. W. REYNDERS, president of the e}-« | £ Institute, Was ne session Wednesday irman of t morning, vs): . . bl B fect. Silicon in the bath protects the carbon from discussio1 open-hearth problems. . . j 3 ’ i thin samen. Miter nf 4 ie H : p oxidation and lessens the vigor of the boil. It thus L¢ apers, “TT ec ot the pel earth rocess : : “rs , neta e ae or limits the amount of CO formed and defeats the pur- + actories, wa withdrawn at the last moment = cas ee the ioint product GCG A. Bol pose. In the finished steel silicon must be down to a pe Wa Lne jon | Oauctlolr ot ' ole > » vs eres : , trace: for soft steel, 0.08 to 0.10 per cent carbon and sing ceramist United States Bureau of Mines, , : oT eee 0.30 to 0.35 per cent manganese are preferred. irgh, IF. W. Schroeder, investigator, Bu- = ener ae | senior Mines, Pittsburgh, ar B. M. Larsen, junior Discussion allurgist, also at Pittsburgh. The paper is to be : red until the meeting next fall. at which time Mr. Reinartz opened the discussion by stating that nelusive results are expected. pig iron with 0.9 to 1.25 per cent silicon and 1% to per cent manganese is especially desirable for this Making Rimmed Steel purpose. The judicious use of fluorspar in controlling aa the fluidity of the slag is very important. In using absence of the author, Carl W. Peirce, supe ore it is best to use large enough pieces so that they ntendent open-hearth steel! works, Mansfield Sheet & will go right through the slag and thus pass directly ‘late Co., Mansfield, Ohio, his paper was read nto the bath. Reinartz, assistant general superintende nt Americar Rolling Mill C¢ Middletown, Ohio. The aper recommended, for rimming steel, a charge con taining not more than 40 per cent of pig iron and vithout iron ore. This was based largely on the fact it the silicon in good rimming steel must be elimi- ated 1 a very high de vTer Good clean should scrap LAKE lj he steel part f the charge, and a sufficent umount of limestone be used to make good mushy lags when boiling loose from the bottom. Uniform- f scrap characteristics another most desirable ature lo prevent too much oxidation while working the eat, the bath temperature and the oxidizing influ ence of the slag must be controlled. In a heat finished vith a slag too rich in oxygen, ferrous oxide is likely be transferred to the metal up to the last moment Clean ingot molds are essential to successful prac- tice, particularly in avoiding the oxides of previous These will get into the steel if left in the molds and will cause blow-holes around the top. As to noz zle sizes, it is best to play safe, using a large enough nozzle so that there will be no chance of chilling and so that there will be a fair uniformity in temperature between the first ingot and the last. A small skull in the ladle is desirable. Carbon monoxide has been reported to be greatly in the majority in the gases coming out of killed rim- ming steel. Exhaustive studies on this feature, made by Paul Klingert, have been published recently in the Krupp Monthly Bulletin in Germany. In some cases a considerable difference is found in the carbon content between the first ingot and the last ingot of a heat. This condition always connotes neats 546 February 25, 1926 QYLHDLNSGONELUNDONSADNROOUNDNEDENOLOESUEEEONREDOSEONGAUERDERDOANUNHONNONOANALOAEOEADOEDHONED OvAEEOHAseHreesriuntnnEaserEEDEAEEIEOeOs sae teuneoeneRN NLD lurgical Engine ers, metallurgy, Columbia lecture. of the institute. a reaction between FeO and carbon on the one hand and MnO and carbon on the other. The result is an increase of CO with corresponding reduction of FeO and MnO and a slight increase in the proportion of manganese in the steel. What the Gases Are Henry D. Hibbard, consulting metallurgical en- gineer, Plainfield, N. J., pointed out that analyses of gas taken from holes in ingots give most discordant results. From all the evidence he could gather he be- lieves that hydrogen is probably the first and most im- portant of the gaseous materials, carbon monoxide second and nitrogen or ammonia third. The smell of ammonia is quite pronounced in some cases when an ingot has been newly split. The surfaces of blow-holes in such cases give an alkaline reaction. Commenting on one of the photographs in Mr. Peirce’s paper, which showed a split ignot with a small number of blow-holes in it, Mr. Hibbard spoke of its being a surprisingly fine looking ingot for low-carbon open-hearth steel. He pointed out that blow-holes in the lower third of an ingot occupy far too large a pro portion, and stated that they should be confined to not more than 10 per cent of the height. Surface vs. Strength Charles L. Kinney, Jr., superintendent open-hearth department No. 1, Illinois Steel Co., Chicago, pointed out the necessity, for rimming steels, to work the heat down to a very low residual manganese. He thought it should be not over 0.25 per cent (M1 Reinartz figured 0.20 per cent as the upper limit). Physical characteristics of the steel require a higher manganese than this, but the result is to produce surface imperfections in the shape of blisters or scabs It thus becomes a question of physical characteris tics vs. surface. Wilmer E. Buck, metallurgist National Enameling & Stamping Co., Granite City, Ill., emphasized the poorer surface obtainable on a finished plate when there is higher residual manganese. He corroborated the report of great improvement in physical results obtained by the higher manganese. Alexander L. Feild, United Alloy Steel Corporation, Canton, Ohio, referring to the question of gases in the blow-holes, and particularly with regard to hydrogen, stated that the more refined the analysis becomes, the smaller the amount of hydrogen found. He believes that probably no hydrogen as such remains in the steel, as the hydrogen should escape from the meta! as readily as water from a sieve. He pointed out that blow-holes near the outside surface of an ingot have themselves bright surfaces, indicating the presence of a reducing or neutral gas. Deep-seated blow-holes, on the other hand, are not so constituted. Regarding the question of hydrogen, Mr. Hibbard stated that he had found it on many occasions, but that. because of its very low atomic weight, its de- The Annual Lectures for 1926 "(WO American scientists delivered the lec- tures which for several years have become a feature of the annual February meeting of the American Institute Dr. William Campbell, Howe projessoi of University, New York, delivered the third Henry M. Howe memorial Dr. Paul D. Foote, physicist, United States Bureau of Standards, lecturer before the Institute of Metals Division THE IRON AGE 547 WAqUenenn eres i nesnenenenepen pense anne enENEN Teteee ti sects S/OpeeLOLDORDELEPEEORERHOED ORDA ETERDORONENEL HRARERERSDEEFORDORERSCER EET: HeOEsEIOD of Mining and Metal- was the fifth annual DR. PAUL D. FOOTE tection must necessarily be by volumetric analysis. Any attempt to get it by gravimetric analysis would result in obtaining close to zero. Combustion in the Open-Hearth Furnace K. Huessener, president American Heat Economy Bureau, Inc., Pittsburgh, read a paper devoted to open-hearth furnace combustion, with special reference to automatic control. The paper consisted largely of calculations worked out from observations of fur- naces with and without control, the control being by means of an induced draft fan operated through the regenerator chambers. The regulator is designed for automatic operation, subject to such change as the furnace-man may require from time to time. While the author gave a number of results of fur- naces operated with and without his system of regula- tion, and showed the improvement obtained in both output and fuel consumption, when the control was used, he emphasized the necessity of a large number of exact heat balance sheets under varying conditions, laying special stress on the need of particular care in temperature measurements. “Preheating temperatures for the present type of regenerators are naturally low. On new construction particular care should be taken, not only to increase the size of the chamber, but also to obtain equal distri- bution of gases over all parts of the chambers. “Results obtained from an open-hearth furnace depend upon the amount of gas completely burned for a given period and on as low an excess of air as is possible. This necessitates installation of forced draft and induced draft fans and equipment, with automa tic combustion control.” Refractories While the paper on refractories, as already stated, was not read, Dr. D. A. Lyon of the United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, commented briefly on the general topic. In deferring the paper to the fall meeting in Pittsburgh, this will permit those interested to see the laboratory where the tests were conducted and thus learn how the work was done. Gas samples have been taken from the checker chambers and the stack of a 50-ton open-hearth furnace. Observations on the brick of the furnace, together with these sam- ples, have been used in the study of refractories. Super-refractories, to take the punishment of a much higher temperature without distress, are being studied with a view to learning something of their commercial feasibility. Furnace tests in plants in and around Pittsburgh are under way, from which it is hoped to obtain data both interesting and important. Elimination of Metalloids Log of a 100-ton Basic Open-Hearth Furnace Heat C. H. Herty, Jr., research associate Massachusetts Institute of Technology, located in the School of Chemi- 548 THE SAMUEL A. TAYLOR J. V. W. REYNDERS \ ] dent of the Institute and the Retiring President Engineeri Pra é it the Lackawanna plant Bethlehem Steel Corporation, read a paper pre I | elf and J. L. Keats, chemical! é E. | luPor e Ne Co., Wilmington, The test heat, which was made four years ago ina nary furnace at the Lackawanna plant, to such careful checking, both in analysis conduct of the heat, that the authors have r standard for future reference ' made to oth tudying this subject e t o fa ble conform wit] t] ! mparison may be ( ! ! t wen nt the turnace efinite i na composition. Th I ed « ely « t butts from rail heats I ! I ilated fron he anal f ne na e respt ve we ohts of scrap. [wo g iron were used in the charge and two n each ladle was poured. Th } ne - pie W ised as the pig Speed of Elimination Traced By means of a large number of lantern slides, all ed in the original paper, Mr. Herty showed e€ manner, proportion and speed of elimination of each of the several metalloids from the bath. Unusual irrences, such as those caused by the additions of e ladles of pig iron or by the use of ore during the nishir tage of the heat, were explained in run- ning ymment The same procedure traced the har n the composition of the slag during the pro ress of the heat. Wide variations in composition of the bath, as sam pled from one door or another, occur after additions f ore. This made it necessary to take samples from various locations simultaneously and to average them. Under finishing conditions, however, the bath is of uch uniform composition that a test taken from any ne of the furnace doors will represent the entire metal. Desulphurization With large amounts of excess air for combustion nd with coal analyzing 1.18 per cent sulphur, de- uphurization of the bath takes place. The chart hows a fairly steady drop from 0.045 to 0.022 per cent ilphur between noon and the time of tapping, just re 8 p.m. There is a strong probability that the ven off from the decomposition of the limestone ( phurizes the bath. “Erosion of the lining of the furnace is dependent, given amount of slag, primarily on its fluidity nd its silica content. During the working period the ntrolling factors are the fluidity and the iron con tent of the slag ag from the limestone depends, for a amount riven [RON The rate of solution of lime into the AGE February 25, 1926 of slag, both on its fluidity and on its iron oxide and silica content. “Finally, one of the controlling factors in the rat of elimination of metalloids is the fluidity of the slag.” Chemical Equilibrium Manganese, Carbon and Phosphorus Considered in Basic Open-Hearth Process C. H. Herty, Jr., read a second paper giving r« sults of a study of the open-hearth furnace process from the physico-chemical viewpoint. The study in cluded experimentation in small laboratory furnace: and in standard 100-ton furnaces. The behavior of manganese, carbon and phosphorus are explained quan- titatively. The action of residual manganese is dis cussed with reference to its relation to iron oxide dis solved in the metal. Solubility of carbon monoxide in steel and its rela tion to dissolved FeO and carbon are given. The equation for phosphorus elimination has been tested out on a 200-ton furnace and the results are given it the text. The author concludes that the amount of manganese, except when the slag contains over 5 pe cent P, 0:, is controlled by the total manganese charge the amount of manganese volatilized, the iron oxide content of the slag, the slag basicity and volume and the temperature. The amount of iron oxide in the meta! controlled by the residual manganese. The amount of carbon in the metal depends upon the cor centration of iron oxide in the slag and on the tempera The amount of phosphorus in the metal depends upon the total phosphorus in the charge, the iron oxid content of the slag, the basicity and volume of the slag and the temperature. residua is not ture, Heat Treatment and Physical Metallurgy A FEATURE of one of the two steel the - papers for which were largely in the field of phys cal metallurgy, was the presentation of a new develop- ment in metallography. Francis F. Lucas, member technical staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York, whose work in high-power photomicrography ha gained worldwide recognition, presented in abstract a paper entitled “Introduction to Ultra Violet Metallog raphy.” The paper was not preprinted brt was pre sented, by the author, by means of a series of interest ing slides. sessions, Violet Rays and Metallography Mr. Lucas prefaced his presentation with the state- ment that this new development was in its extreme in fancy and that the present paper was largely a report of progress. He also stated that he regarded it as a decided step forward in the application of the micro- scope to the study of the structure of metals and that DR. H. F. BAIN T. T. READ The New Secretary of the Institute and His Assistant 4 tei amin fe beg ae <n Mae: Sa AS as “4 PLM Ma WR Re ss Pinan Fee February 25, 1926 BRADLEY STOUGHTON DR. JOHN A. MATHEWS Chairmen of Two oT the Stee Sessions he had used it in solving a number of problems during the past year. He emphasized its main feature to be the fact that it largely increases the resolution whic] s at present obtainable by methods in use up t time. A brief illustrated abstract of the paper is pr¢ sented on other pages. Dr. John A. Mathews, Crucible Steel Co. of Ameri New York, who presided, introduced the speaker by stating that this was the first presentation of a “extraordinary ordinary metallographic development ind that the institute is to be congratulated in having t on its program. Hardness of Steel \ novel and interesting paper dealing wit theory of the hardness of steel was presented y ‘ . Pp P + 17 . . Dr. Albert Sauveur, professor of metallurgy, Harv: University, Cambridge, Mass., under the title, “Current Theories of the Hardening of Steel T Later.” The author’s paper is based upon answers to a tionnaire which was sent to 29 prominent metallurs n this and other countries, 23 of whom replied ly 1896 Dr. Sauveur published his first paper dealing wit! the theory of the hardening of steel by rapid pling and at that time it was extensively discussed. Because f some of the differences of opinion which have advanced in recent years Dr. Sauveur was led to pre pare the present paper. The questions which were asked were: What in your opin and what causes its hardness Z What are the conditi ecessary ormation and the mechanism of that formatior 3 If you believe it to be a solid solution and carbon, or of iron and car Fest what tion do you think the carbon atoms or the carbid molecules occupy in the space lattice f the 4 What part, if any, do y think that lay in the hardening of steel The paper discusses in detail the answers to the various questions, giving at the same time the author’ own reply to the questionnaire. Summarizing the re sults of all the replies the author states that he does not believe it is possible to formulate the prevailing view of metallurgists on the phenomenon of the hard- ening of steel. It is generally, but not universally held (1) that freshly formed martensite is a solution of car- on or of the carbide, Fe,C in alpha iron; (2) that mar- tensite forms and is retained when austenite transform n the vicinity of 300 deg. C.; (3) that on aging, minuté particles of the carbide are thrown out of solution, cor verting the martensite into an aggregate; (4) that th hardness of martensite is due wholly or partly to one o1 more of the causes previously mentioned. It is als generally held that troostite is a very fine aggregate of ferrite and cementite. Comparing the situation today with that of 30 year THE IRON ax AGE 549 ro, the only progress made toward a solution of the problem may be thus summarized: Abandor ent the beliet the existence » X ilysis of iron-carbon alloys hich she hat gamma iron has a face d ilpha i well as th i body d space i Lice ana { ) the be ef that the hardness of marten site mig iused irily (a) by the presence bn ros D ferrite grains or (b) by the distortior he spa sulting from the presence of irbon it e n enforced solid solutions As an appendix to the paper the detailed replies of if the metallurgists are printed Discussion Mathews chat interesting presentation of In introducing the discussion, D1 cterized the paper as ar the knowledge of today on the subject and as offering a rood case for several of the points upon which there s considerable difference of opinion Dr. S. L. Hoyt, research metallurgist, General Ele: tric Co., Schenectady, N. Y., expressed his appreciation the author’s paper and, after discussing certain phases of it, called attention to a new viewpoint of tne subject which he presented at the Sch nectady Se tional meeting of the A. S. S. T. from a distinguished German metallurgist. The paper referred to is one en titled “On Martensite” by H. Hanemann and A. Schra der, the translation of which is printed in the February issue of the Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating \ written discussion by Dr. Zay Jef fries and R. S. Archer, Aluminum Co. of America Cleveland, Ohio, was presented by Dr. Jeffrie Their remarks were in part as follows: rl é bers f ti tute ‘ debted t« S 1 ! nar r I a } nh ’ r r i 1 x } e ‘ } one t answer the d ild 1 € f all scientist r r I t anticipated tha i b w i i } i t 2 yu l vh I ! de ind foundation for fur tigation and to thus progress toward an better under inding f the dening nd hard that £ d wou , r \ put torwal tre the w t rd ar it ded I s mnclu H dea I in the hardening and tempering tes his conception of troostite, and his view nm ta iron as a factor in hardening are at varian ‘ 4 i {f existing evidence In fact Kes |! i I I lle his views with the ] a de I " ers wel! n sted | fess Sa Ur. Lucas, who made public for the first time a progress ‘eport on the results of his work with the iolet ray, has made nota ble contribu- tions to high-power photomicrography. He is connected with the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York F. F. LUCAS 550 THE IRON AGE February 25, 1926 , the s terference theory New Development in Malleable Iron A new development in malleable iron, which was not scheduled on the program, was brought to the at tention of the meeting by L. H. Marshall, metallurgist Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, Ohio, in a paper entitled “A Process for the Prevention of Embrittlement in Malle- ss able Cast Iron.” Reference to this new product was published in THE IRON AGE, Feb. 4, in a brief article entitled “Flecto, a New Type of Malleable Iron.” The present paper gives the details of the treatment to which the iron is subjected to prevent embrittlement and an abstract is published on other pages. ‘ r The only discussion for which there was time at this " session was offered by a representative of the Westing house Electric & Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, who was in lined to criticize the process. He stated that his com- pany had done some work along the same lines but. on very thin section castings, they had found that the composition was of more importance than the heat treatment in preventing embrittlement under the cir Delta Tron and fron Alloys ELTA iron and the iron-tungsten and the iron-chro | mium alloys played a prominent role in the pri gram of one of the sessions. There have been thres important references recently to delta iron and the illoys which give rise to its formation, the first one aving been in December when Dr. Zay Jeffries deliv ered the first Robert Henry Thurston lecture before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in New York in which he discussed the iron-molybdenum alloys At the winter sectional meeting of the American So ety for Steel Treating at Buffalo, (THE IRON AGE Jan. 28, 1926) E. C. Bain discussed the same subject nnection with the iron-chromium alloys rhe lron-Tungsten System \t the convention last week the subject was again rought out by W. P. Sykes, metallurgist, National Lamp Works, Cleveland, in his paper “The Iron-Tung ten System.” Mr. Sykes presented a brief and inter esting abstract by means of slides in which he outlined ‘ ; he work which has been done by him over a numbe! nheaimneg and Hardness ol Ingot lron years. According to the author, the iron-tungsten Annealing ( n the Hardne f system comprises ( Wor \ < ip er |t y ( I I metallurgy’ M being lubl i \liy Po) \I j mnresc 1 Irg) ‘ ¢ ent t roon temperature (b) 1 eutectic at ‘ ( esser vi Av ‘ vh a ‘ hi} ‘ ne ‘ t +} ' () { ey 4 + reg role x t 2x i ne n } , nr ed I W l id lut l tung e! l} iy annea a S : s ) the mpound iron-tungstide (Fe,W.) at i ten I AT within the blue os n 68.7 per nt tungsten (d) ey 0 and 42 deg. ©. Samples com } mposition there may be present, if below 1650 f 20,000, 30,000, 35.000 and 40,000 : C ples mpound plu iro? n tungsten soli r ZU, , ; . / | idoplu ! ! Ing l en upon being annealed etweel it f heated above 1650 deg. C. the iror 600 deg. C., but samples compressed under 10,000 ingstide rtly decomposes into iron-rich and tung 0 is d ’ ) ealing The ten-rich phases (e) tungsten dissolving 1.2 per cet! ed throughout was Visme1 n of whic 600 deg. ¢ point Ar, is lowered from 1400 to 1200 | ( ind ! an ym : ;' . : . oo leg. ( ind the point Ar, is raised from 890 to 980 ? hl testing machir ana fterward : : ‘ rv ‘ { Na ii ‘ ifid a 1 1 leg ‘ ly the rddit on of 5 per ee nt tungsten to iror : ued in a Hump furnace The Brinnell and Rockwell hardness of iron in ntinuously with the addition of tunsten Structure of Cold-Worked Metals mounts up to about 50 per cent by weight The hardness of some of these alloys, wate Anothe} paper dealir 9 wit} cold-worked netal juenched from 1500 deg. C ie a ee presented Dy Dr. V N Krivob K, researcn ass ) per cent by aging at 1 mperatures from 600 deg rte bureau of metallurg Ca re earch, Carnegk ly ) deg. ite ol Technology, Pittsburgh, the title of whicl Ir igine it a given temperature, the hardness vas “A Photomicrographic Study of the Process of Rx ches a maximum and then decreases as aging is crystallization in Certain Cold-Worked Metals.” The rrolonged ; ‘ ‘ ‘ } , The higher the temperature of aging, above a iuthor starts with large single crystals of an iron-sili | : tain minimum temperature, the more rapidly the hard ae e _ wi _ _? put through certain processes s increases, but the lower is the maximum hard ld rolling. Various changes in the structure of the ess attained alloy are studied and the author in his presentation The tensile strength is affected by aging in the sed a arge number of photomicrogray hs which als same manner as the hardness, a decrease in ductilit) appear in the paper. An interesting feature is the dis ecompanies the increase in tensile strength Development of secondary hardness in these alloys accompanied by precipitation of the compound Ke, W: The particle size of the precipitate remains submicroscopic until the hardness has passed through ; : ; ts maximum value and has fallen off considerably recrystallization of iron after cold working \ shrinkage in volume takes place during the cussion of the development of Neumann bands Doctor Sauveur, commenting upon this paper, stat + > “4 that it was a pleasure to hear the presentation of such in excellent piece of work, dealing with the mechanism ike February 25, 1926 aging process and, in general, its maximu: is cident with that of the hardness produced by aging An interesting observation by the author was that a notable similar example of hardening by aging is found in the aluminum-copper alloy system. Aluminum alloys of the duralumin type when quenched from 500 deg. C. increase in hardness about 50 per cent by sub- sequent aging. This hardening was attributed, after a thorough study of these alloys, by Merica, Walten- berg and Scott to the compound CuAl., which is pre- cipitated in a finely divided state during the aging process. When aged at temperatures of 150 to 200 deg. C., the hardness of these alloys first increases to a maximum and then decreases. During that aging there has been a formation of fine nuclei of CuAl, followed by coalescence of these particles into one of large size, say the authors, who deduce from these results the fact that there is a certain average size of particle of CuAl for which the hardness of the material is a maximum If in the conclusions just quoted from these authors there is substituted Fe,W, for CuAl., the conclusions GDDEDEeanevenesnennnNnennnonsrereenonneRsennTnsHeNSONenrsrsesernenenteN® DR. ZAY JEFFRIES W. P. SYKES are fully as applicable to the observed performance iron-tungsten alloys upon aging. The Iron-Chromium Alloys After the presentation of Mr. Sykes’ paper, E. ‘ Bain, metallurgical engineer, Union Carbide & Carbon Research Laboratories, Long Island City, N. Y., dis- cussed “Delta Iron in the Iron-Chromium Alloys.” Mr Bain illustrated his presentation with slides. The pape: was in large part the same as the one presented by him at the Buffalo meeting of the Steel Treaters in January, (THE IRON AGE, Jan. 28) but it discusses also the mode of change of gamma iron into delta iron. Discussion The two papers were briefly discussed together. M. A. Grossman, research metallurgist, United Alloy Steel Corporation, Canton, Ohio, emphasized the excel- lence of these papers and stated that they constituted a confirmation of a theory 10 years old. The theory has been proved by the iron-tungsten, iron-chromium, as well as by the iron-silicon and iron-vanadium alloys. There is, he said, a distinct practical] value to the alloys Taking high-speed steel as an illustration, containing 3.50 to 4 per cent vanadium, it was his opinion that a peculiar softness which manifested itself at certain tem- peratures could be explained by the work of these authors. Dr. Zay Jeffries, in discussing Mr. Sykes’ work, characterized it as constituting the beginning of a new art which will include the hardening of carbonless iron alloys and the heat treatment of iron alloys in which gamma iron plays no role. Already this work has re- sulted in the production of an alloy which has superior red hardness of high-speed steel. The paper reflects the careful work of the author in the determination of the solidus and liquidus lines, but what is more impor- THE IRON AGE ; ool tant the changes in the solid state have been carefully determined and incorporated in the diagram. “There are a number of points in this paper which could be discussed with profit but I should like,” said Dr. Jef- fries, “to point out in particular the relation of some of Mr. Sykes’ work to the quantitative estimation ot some of the factors which increase hardness by slip- interference.” The details of Dr. Jeffries’s argument, for which there is not room here, will appear in detail in the Transactions of the institute. He concluded his discus- sion with the statement that “it is therefore apparent that these researches, aside from other values, throw much light on the whole problem of the hardening and the hardness of steel Heat Treatment of Carbon Steel A paper dealing with the heat treatment of carbon steel was entitled “Influence of Temperature, Time and Rate of Cooling on the Physical Properties of Carbon HE three metallurgists who are promi- nent in the work on delta iron and the iron-molyb- denum, iron- tungsten and iron - chromium alloys. E. C. BAIN Steel” by Francis B. Foley, metallurgist Lucey Mfg Co., Chattanooga, Tenn., and two other associates [he paper presents the results of an investigation into the behavior of a steel containing 0.75 per cent carbon inder the influence of various treatments by a proper control of the time and temperature factors. The re sults obtained in the treatment of steel containing 0.52 per cent carbon by quenching and drawing are also given. A large number of photomicrographs illustrate the authors’ work. The work demonstrates among other things that higher values for impact resistance are ob- tained with a steel of 0.52 per cent carbon if a drawing at 450 deg. to 675 deg. C. is preceded by quenching in water from temperatures in the neighborhood of 1000 deg. C. than when the preparatory hardening is done from temperatures nearer but above the critical point. This procedure is contrary to the usual process for hardening. If, in order to produce the best impact values in quenched and drawn steel, it is necessary to go to such high temperatures and quench therefrom, considerable advantage will be lost in the case of in- tricately shaped pieces because of the great danger of cracking. Steel Deformation by Explosion Another paper by Mr. Foley, in collaboration with J. E. Crawshaw, was entitled “Effect of Air Gap in the Explosion System on the Production of Neumann 3ands.” The authors state that in order to demonstrate experimentally that the development of Neumann bands was determined by the suddenness of the deformation of the metal in which they were produced, a return was made to the use of explosives as the source of energy, an air gap being interposed between the charge of ex- plosives and the disk. The specimen which had no air gap between it and the explosive showed numerous Neumann bands with an increase in the air space from 552 1 ou There S ttle cnane’s n the appeal u he croscope, say the authors. The num decre gradu ntil with an air gap ands appear at the centel of the spec! : vey four S e, Si he authors, N d eels which have ( rmation unless the e ferrite This necess ! ' the annealed | s o ecupied the ‘ ’ s papel ens Uj I I what they use aS a ! T at ask tee] ess d Mr. | ey, who pre- 11g that the standard has been a eel free from Neumann bands. Cyanide in Iron Blast Furnaces é y paper dealing with the iron blast furnac abstract by the author, Richard Fran iin ameeianie mneeneneeineReN J. M. CALLOW ] the mede ef ty 192¢ president Ferro Chemicals, Inc., Washington, ler the title “Economic Significance of Cyanide Ac n in the Blast Furnace.” The author con that the greatest loss of energy to the blast fur- e fi an efficiency viewpoint is in its failure to ert more than about one-third of the coke carbon from carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. This result usually been ascribed to the necessity of a two to me excess of carbon monoxide in order to reduce the ron. It has, however, been proved that iron is com- pletely reduced by equal volumes of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Hence, contends the author, there is room for the hypothesis that vaporization, as cyan- ide, of accumulated alkalis is a serious primary factor eliminating the ratio of iron ore to coke. The basis for a quantitative explanation of the action of the furnace the observed cyanide vapor concentrations and those measured by the variations of the nitrogen-oxvgen rati: { of the hearth. | Discussion ihe value ol Mr. assumption Franchot’s rather Wet consists in its record of actual facts, said Ralph H. assistant to the vice- president, American Rolling Mill Co., Columbus. Ohio. Do ibtless all blast furnace men will admit that more oKe per ton of pig iron is used than should be. Lat when we find records of only 1580 Ib. of coke per ton { iron for one furnace and as high as 2300 lb. at an- during the same month, we know that there is ich more waste at the furnace the papel than its tartling tser, second than at lirst furnace. The large difference of 720 lb. is not due elimination by cyanides. There were several other Ci uses outside of the furnace. The great trouble with the author's paper is that he does not give the amount Oke necessary to make a ton of pig iron. If a re- THE IRON AGE February 25, 1926 duction of 31.3 per cent can be made without eliminat ing cyanide in the case of the 2300 lb. of coke, is it pos- sible to reduce the 1580 lb. case by 31.3 per cent? | object, as a blast furnace man, to the author’s state- ment “that the blast furnace is a gas producer.” Toward the close of his paper he admits that the blast furnace is only about one-half a gas producer. To say that a blast furnace is a gas producer, or to say that it s a lime kiln is to admit that blast furnace practice at that particular furnace is so wretche