The Iron Age 1925-03-05: Vol 115 Iss 10

o ie) eee ee ee ee a ee ee ad THE IRON AGE New York, March 5, J925 ESTABLISHED 1855 VOL. 115, No. 10 Crank Pin Machining Time Cut in Half Webs and Pins of Oil Engine Shafts Faced and Turned on Special Machine—Noteworthy Accuracy—Novel Features in Its Design BY L. webs on oil engine crank shafts, the De La Vergne Machine Co., New York, has installed a special machine which in three separate operations faces the right and left-hand webs and turns the pin. It is said that the method is a decided improvement over the former practice which was to perform the operations in a lathe with throw blocks. Further, an accuracy of 0.0002 in. is claimed to be obtainable against a for- mer best of 0.001 in. The finish resembles a ground job. Time has been cut in half. The machine used consists essentially of a long bed of lathe type, with flat ways on which are mounted vee-block supports to carry the work and also the turn- ing member or tool head, with suitable driving and feeding mechanisms. The vee blocks are adjustable longitudinally to accommodate shafts of varying lengths and to permit them to be placed as closely as practicable to the pin being machined. In these vee blocks, the shaft, with Ts reduce the cost of machining crank pins and S. LOVE & main journals already turned in an engine laphe, # supported on two of the journals. To co te for differences in journal diameters of titerent al a variety of spacer blocks A, Fig. 1., has been . The different thickness of these blocks compensates for variations in diameter, in each case bringing the main journals to proper height at the horizontal cen- terline of the turning member. The shaft, when placed, is clamped by vee-type hinged clamps. It is held from turning by an adjustable stop block against which one of the webs bears. Fig. 1 shows the stop block bolted to slots in the vee block stand. The upper end of the block may be seen just behind the clamiping bolt at B. For setting up for the first pin and indexing for other pins, the company has devised a dividing plate which is mounted on the end of the shaft with the starting position in the same plane as the center line between the main journals and the first pin. The dividing plate consists of two disks. The outer or pavnvene cannes conan Lee UENARERRREDEND Or NeRs cots ene: ~ 5 “eo : Fig. 1.—The Shaft in the Special Pin Turning Machine Remains Stationary. The tool head re- volves, carrying toole around and feeding toward cen- ter for facing webs. View from front left of operator's position (em ER RUEL Ss ON Se tS ULE, SD EM SY - polation ee Pa ee isa) nb ge THE large disk, in addition to having the starting position plainly marked by two heart-shaped holes, which can be seen in Fig. 2 at C, is so divided around its sur- face, that two, three, four, five and six pin crank shafts may be properly indexed, permitting all sizes of crank-shafts made by the company to be set up and indexed by this one dividing plate. The inner or small disk is recessed into the larger. It has a grad- uation at the edge of its face parallel to two lugs or brackets attached to its face. Lugs are at D, Fig. 2. With the graduation on the small disk set to the starting line on the large disk, the shaft is brought into correct position by leveling with a spirit level resting on the two lugs or brackets on the face of the small disk. In this same manner successive pins are brought into position by placing the graduation on the small disk to the various divisions on the plate and leveling in each case. outer @evvvervenvenersnenenssosnnanrennnennnnnensaenenney nennvennnennernnecensnsanen ni Fig. 3.—Feeding for Web Facing Is Accomplished by Triangular Blocks Which Actuate Feed Screws in a Wheel Feed Device Manner Similar to That View from left rear corner IRON MT Te AGE March 5, 1925 nen VOCED OCU EAR EERO rONORON HeeHENEND Fig. 2.—A Gage for Setting Crankshafts Consists of Two Disks with Gradu- ations. This one gage permits the setting of all types and sizes of crank- shafts made by the company. View from right rear cor- ner of machine The turning member of the machine consists of a carriage with a cross adjustment, having bolted to it a circular housing, E Fig. 1. The cross adjust- ment is for the purpose of setting center of ring to center of crank throw. The housing carries in annular ways a ring on which are mounted the tool holder slides F. The ring has around its periphery, covered by the housing, a ring gear which is driven by a pinion with geared reduction from a jack shaft from G at the rear of the machine. The tool slides consist of two slab bars machined with dove-tail edges to provide adjustment for wear for the tool holders. These bars are bolted to the ring or rotating member, parallel to each other and sufficiently far apart to allow ample clearance for cranks of large size in setting up. Mounted on these bars are the tool holders proper, H. Each slide carries a holder with an extension arm reaching across to the other bar so that maximum CUVCOTULEDLUORLOOELUOREOOELUDDUSONDUGULDOLNDDEDEDEERSDOONNDU TOR DORAEDDDOERHOD OND DU UHED EOUTERONONR ODOR Fig. 4.—A Longitudinal Feed Is Also Provided in the Machine for Turning the Pin. left front of machine of a Star View from HHOCULERENEOCHHEHEOE Linc OeEEONRENSHUEREREEONEEOEONET EET eneOHEOEHTENENREEER March 5, 1925 rigidity is secured by boxed-in construction. holders are adjusted by screws paralleling the slides. By means of right or left hand bent nose tools the left or right hand web is faced. The feeding of the tools down the face of the web is accomplished by triangular feed blocks J, Fig. 3, one on the end of Tool each of the tool holder adjusting screws. The action of these feed blocks is somewhat similar to that of a star wheel feed, except that whereas the star wheel gives the entire feed for the revolution at one jump as it passes a pin, these triangular blocks give a slowly advancing feed. It is obtained by having the blocks ride against cams, mounted on the face of the circular housing, which turn the blocks and screws as the ring revolves. Two of these cams are provided one close to the operator’s position, K Fig 1, the other diametrically opposed. They are hinged at one end and are adjust- able as to pitch from the other end. This adjustment is made by cross slides, one at the front of the machine at the base of the ring housing, L Fig. 1, the other at the top of the ring. The latter is operated by a hand wheel, M Fig. 2, in convenient reach, with shaft to the top of the ring and a pair of bevel gears to actuate the adjustment screw. As the cams turn the tri- Machine Tool Meeting in Chicago The Chicago section of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers will hold a machine tool meeting at Chicago on March 11. An afternoon session will be held at the rooms of the Western Society of Engineers and an evening meeting at the City Club. At the after- noon session there will be three papers as follows: Trend of Machine Tool Design by J. R. Shea, assistant superintendent of development Western Electric Co.; What We Want in Machine Tools by Robert R. Keith, chief engineer motor trucks and buses International Harvester Co.; Die Cast versus Machined Parts by S. A. Hellings, vice-president Stewart Mfg. Corporation, Chicago. In the evening, there will be a dinner meet- ing, followed by a symposium on the finishing of plane surfaces, which will be divided into two sections, one dealing with large surfaces and discussing heavy mill- ing machines and planers, and the other on small sur- faces dealing with light milling machines and disk grinders. Heavy milling machines will be discussed by representaton from the Ingersoll Milling Machine Co., Rockford, and planers for large surfaces by For- rest E. Cardullo, chief engineer G. A. Gray Co., Cin- cinnati. Light milling machines will be discussed by W. W. Tangeman, Cincinnati Milling Machine Co., and disk grinders by F. E. Gardner, vice-president Gardner Machine Co., Beloit. Oil and Gas Power Week Three hundred million horsepower is being gen- erated in automobiles in this country today. Natural gas engines, blast furnace gas engines, producer gas engines, and many kinds of oil engines are daily gen- erating many millions of horsepower for all kinds of purposes. Three million horsepower was built into the Liberty engines in the war for aircraft alone. The total horsepower from oil and gas today dwarfs that from steam and water combined, reversing completely the condition of a quarter of a century ago. The opportunities for conservation of the oil and gas fuel, used in this enormous output, are very great, as only a 1 per cent saving in fuel represents several million cubic feet of gas or gallons of oil. Thus declares Dr. W. F. Durand, president this year of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, which, with 14 other national technical organizations containing a total membership of 75,000, will devote the week of April 20-25 to meetings throughout the coun- try at which the leading problems of conservation of oil and gas for power purposes will be discussed. The THE IRON AGE 683 angular feed blocks and their screws, the tool holders travel toward the center of the ring, facing the web down to the pin diameter. For pin turning a different type of tool is placed in the holder, which is fed in by means of the screw until proper depth is obtained for the desired pin diameter, when the longitudinal feed mechanism is engaged which traverses the entire turning member. t is necessary to feed first toward one web, then toward the other, to clear both fillets. This operation is shown in Fig. 4. After turning, a polishing rig is set up and the pin polished. This device consists of a east holder block which carries a formed wood block. In this latter is packed a lining of emery cloth. The drive to the machine is rather extensive, con- sisting as it does of a number of jackshafts between the motor and the driving pinion. This latter is on a shaft which carries tight and loose pulleys, for stop- ping the machine without stopping the motor. The drive to the tight and loose pulleys is from a drum, placed in the machine foundations, to allow for travers- ing the turning member. The drive to the drum reaches it through other belted speed changes under the floor. Power for feed is also secured by belt from one of the jackshafts mounted in the foundation. participating organizations are the American Chem- ical Society, American Institute of Mining and Metal- lurgical Engineers, American Petroleum Institute, So- ciety of Automotive Engineers, American Society of Naval Engineers, American Society of Refrigerating Engireers, National Association of Stationary Engi- neers, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, So- ciety of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Amer- ican Society of Marine Designers, National Safety Council, U. S. Bureau of Standards, U. S. Bureau of Mines and U. S. Geological Survey. Meetings of Mechanical Engineers Among meetings scheduled by local sections of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers may be mentioned the following: March 11.—Combuation Control Speaker, Benjamin, president Benjamin Engineering Co., Baltimore, H. P land. Birmingham, March 17.—Manufacture and Use of Malle- able Iron. Speaker, George L. Morehead, manager Ewart- Belmont Works, Link Belt Co., Indianapolis Schenectady, N. Y., March 6.—At Edison Club Hall at §% p. m. The Steam Turbine. Speaker, Oscar Junggren, con- sulting engineering turbine engineering department, General Electric Co. Hartford, March 17.—At Hartford Engineers Club at 8 p. m, Industrial Mobilization. Speaker, Major Hobert Somers, Ordnance department, Washington. Plans for Cleveland Meeting of National Metal Trades Association The National Metal Trades Association, which will hold its twenty-seventh convention at Cleveland, as previously announced, will meet at the Hotel Cleveland on April 22. The meeting commands attention for two reasons. First, the place of the convention, which has been at Hotel Astor, New York, for a great many years, is changed. This is to make attendance possible for a larger number of members. Second, the convention proper is to be handled in a one-day session, closing with a banquet on the night of April 22. Other meet- ings, such as the meeting of the administrative council, the alumni and secretaries, will be held on days pre- ceding the convention. The National Supply and Machinery Distributors’ Association will hold its annual convention at the Am- bassador Hotel, Atlantic City, N. J., Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, April 27, 28 and 29. George A. Fern- ley, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, is secretary-treas- urer of the association. 684 Congress Adjourns with Hope of Tax Redue- tion at Next Session WASHINGTON, March 3.—Inauguration tomorrow of Calvin Coolidge to be President “in his own right” will be a comparatively simple ceremony and by reason of its lack of display will shatter tradition, but at the same time it indicates a quiet tone and stability of pur- pose on the part of the White House, which is gratify- ing to the business interests of the country. The end of the inaugural ceremonies will also mark the adjournment of Congress, another event that is looked upon with favor by the country at large. There will be a special session of the Senate, but only for the purpose of confirming Presidential appointments. The present session of Congress has done little one way or the other that has affected business as a whole. The principal matter of interest so far as business interests are concerned at the next session of Congress, when there apparently will be a working Republican major- ity back of the President, will relate to tax reduction. It is partly with this in view that President Coolidge is insisting upon his program of economy. Chairman Madden of the House Committee on Appropriations has already suggested that there be an automatic re- duction in taxes whenever the surplus in the Treasury exceeds $350,000,000. Waste in Industry Placing the money value of the industrial waste in the United States at $10,000,000,000 in 1922, the Division of Simplified Practice of the Department of YOST OF FEDER i TAXES §—-Vovemnuentr AWonrPn PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES PETAIL PRICES GASOLINE 77) Homes V7 TATES ae] | | | tora. YY axe SJ AUrowVoastvone pitti Andlenhuadindaaphelaadlens A Seaneamamanecanne acer mene: rt ts £55 t © Se Billions of Dollars Commerce has compared this amount graphically with the taxes paid to the Federal, State and municipal governments, the sales of passenger automobiles, the sales of gasoline to run the automobiles and the amount expended for homes in the United States. This chart, in a slightly modified form, is reproduced herewith, showing that the sum of the four items above enumer- ated just about equals the estimated amount of the waste. D. L. Meekel, chief engineer Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, recently arrived at Hammond, Ind., for the purpose of hastening filling in and pre- liminary work in connection with the plant site of the company at Hammond. He also conferred with officers of the Indiana Harbor Belt and Pennsylvania lines concerning the expediting of laying spur tracks into the property. The Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City, Ind., is build- ing a foundry 120 x 210 ft. and also a steel constructed warehouse 100 x 240 ft. The company manufactures the Weil-McLain scientific combustion hot water and steam boilers. THE IRON AGE March 5, 1925 New Type of Electric Brass Furnace Made Out of an Old Nearly a year ago the Michigan Smelting & Refin- ing Co., Detroit, which was one of the first users of the Baily electric brass melting furnaces, decided to re- model one of its 105-kw. units, converting it into a 240- kw. unit of the radiant dome type, built by the Baily Furnace Co., Alliance, Ohio. This was accomplished by cutting the shell of the old furnace on a line with the top of the door and placing a self-supporting re- sistor unit of 300 kw. capacity on the furnace as shown in the illustration. To obtain the additional electrical capacity two of the former 105-kw. transformers were connected in parallel on the secondary side. [A de- scription of this furnace was published in THE IRON AGE, Nov. 29, 1923.] The resistor unit being self-supporting, the usual piers for trough support were eliminated and a new hearth, composed of grain magnesite and open-hearth slag was sintered into place. The elimination of piers allowed an increase for hearth capacity from 1500 to 3200 lb. A comparison of the capacity and power consump- tion of the furnace before and after remodeling is given below in the table. The figures are based on 24-hr. operations on substantially the same analysis of metal, which was approximately 70 per cent copper, 5 per cent tin, 22 per cent lead and 3 per cent zinc. On ac- count of foundry conditions, the time for charging and pouring averaged 45 min. per heat but, had it been pos- sible to reduce this time, the capacity and economy of the new furnace, it is believed, would have been fur- ther increased. Capacity and Power Consumption of the Furnace Before and After Remodeling Furnace Before Furnace After Reconstruction Remodeling Electrical input, kw........ 105 240 Avg. No. of heats per day.. 8.15 10 Avg. weight of charge, lb... 1560 3066 Avg. time per heat, min.... 176 144 Capacity per hour, Ib....... 500 1328 Kwhr. per ton while melting 447 308 Kwhr. per ton including heating up over Sunday 503 330 It is to be noted that the capacity per hour was in- creased 2.6 times the former capacity and that the power consumption was reduced 170 kw. per ton. Tak- ing into consideration the heating up over Sunday, the charges on the old type furnaces contained 54 per cent borings while on the remodeled furnace the charges contained 66 per cent borings. Coal Production Increased in January Figures compiled by the National Association of Purchasing Agents show that production of coal in- creased in January about six million tons over that mined in December, most of the gain being made in the bituminous fields. The January production is esti- mated at 58,917,000 tons, of which 51,357,000 was bitu- minous and 7,560,000 anthracite, the association’s esti- mates being based on United States Geological Survey statistics. During the first week of February bitu- minous production showed a decline of slightly less than 2 per cent, while: anthracite production gained about 10 per cent. The estimated consumption of coal in industry of 42,145,000 tons for January represents an increase of almost two million tons over December figures. This does not include industrial heating. As the Christmas holidays somewhat curtailed production in industries the figures shown do not seem to signify any real busi- ness improvement for the month of January, as there was only one holiday in January, while December, in many sections, was responsible for three days’ cele- bration. At the January consumption rate of coal there was estimated to be on hand in industries on Feb. 1 a sup- ply sufficient for 34% days, as compared with a 36% days’ supply on hand at the beginning of the previous month. This is a lesser number of days’ supply than has been on hand in industries for a number of years. engineering materials. N iron-carbon alloy, which becomes intensely hard when quenched from a red heat, is commonly Carbon steels can be produced with a really remarkable range in physical properties; in fact, no other binary system is capable of variation in aS many or as useful ways. low cost and all around utility, one might question the need of any other type of steel were it not for the in- creasingly severe requirements placed upon modern These requirements point out at least three basic limitations of carbon steels accord- termed steel. ing to Aitchinson: PO A B General Effects Alloy- in Order of ing Their Action Ele- with Increas- ment ing Amounts Mn (1) (2) (3) (4) Ni (3) Primarily (4) To small degree in commercial Ni steels Co (3) and (4) Cu (3) up to 1 or 2% (6) above 2% Si ( (3) 1.—The impossibility of obtaining moderately high tensile strength with reasonably high toughness Properties and Uses of Alloy Steels Compilation Covering Effects in Heat-Treated Condition. Their Manufacture and Relative Advantages the best heat treatment commercial carbon only be relied around 110,000 lb. per sq. in. and that with low tough upon to give an ultimate ness (impact value). 2.—Even with impact values can be obtained at best ordinary strengths, culty and often not at all. *Auburndale, 1) (4) very slight Mass c Specific Effects in Heat-Treated Condition 0-1.5% Inc. toughness Dec. ductility Sorbitic pearlite 2-7 % Brittle Martensitic Above 9% Austenitic Non-magnetic Tough hardness + High ductility Very difficult to roll and temp. range narrow In commercial range (up to 4%) 1. Inc. T. S., E. L., tough- ness without materially lowering ductility 2. Reduces factor of safety from 4:1 to 3:1 T. S. up to 200,000 Elong. 15% Forms only pearlitic steels, so offers no mechanical advantages over C steel effects but its steel, Nearest Ni in on structural also 1. Gives (27% 2. Inc. resistance to atm corrosion In amts. above 0.86% pro- motes segregation higher Elong (4) decomposes easily Si decomposes Fe C so graphitic tendency 3. Up to 1% %—E. L. inc with ductility constant nor Above 2% ductility drops 4. Inc. magnetic permea- bility 5. Inc. grain size 6. Dec. chem. corrosion LOMA TRERIES SOE UREREN O88 0° HERO HEE TTERETERNRRD REREDEBCOREN OVID, OTR OAD ETE With their relatively steels can regularity in with great and Disadvantages BY R. H. ABORN* ing, only. After making large mass. There are some who believe that carbon steels could be sufficiently improved by refinements in manufactur- ing. Tests conducted by the Bureau of Standards on pure alloys of iron, carbon and manganese, (with no phosphorus and less than 0.01 per cent sulphur and silicon present) indicate that, as the ductility increases, the tensile strength invariably falls off. Furthermore, removal of inclusions primarily aids fatigue resistance With almost any tensile strength from 80,000 to 250,000 Ib suitable uniformity unlikely heat treatment they 3.—Carbon steels suffer from mass effect in harden- throughout parts of The one other possibility of improving the proper- ties of steel is by alloying with new elements. steels have three outstanding advantages: strength of a, Alloy will give per sq. in. with satisfactory impact values. 2—They are capable aiffi ‘ > much more ease and regularity 3.—The mass effect in by a suitable selection D Composition and Uses Up to 2%—main- E Manufacture Ordinary meth- ly for (1) (2) ods (3) For high Mn 10.5-12% = high steel-melt Mn steel Fe-Mn and add Mining and milling equip- ment, safes, frogs, switches, curved rails, helmets Structural steelsa— 3-4% Ni, 0.6% C Used where weight must be reduced without lower- ing strength Long-span bridges High-grade seamless tubes 2-5% used in a May to refined low C steel in fur- nace or ladle By any steel process (Oxidation loss slight) be added at few high-speed any stage of tool steels heat In stellite (60% Co) In some perma- nent magnets 0.2-0.3% used in By any process steels to give No slag loss increased May use monel corrosion metal to give resistance Ni-Cu steel 0.8% will give steel practi- cally 3.5% Ni steel in mechanical properties 0.2% in steels for (1) 2% Si with 0.7% Mn, 0.5% C. for spring steel 3% Si for trans- former and armature cores 1% C, 14% Si for castings for chem. work On acid hearth referably Add Fe-Si just before tapping of composition F Relative Advantages 1. Standard deoxidizer, desulphurizer (High Mn) Great resistance to abrasive wear where stress is not too great 1. Varying, composition, heat tr. Gives wide range of properties suited to many structural requirements Seems to act as stabilizer for erratic elements such as Mo Permits magnets with 4% wt. of W steel mag- nets Compared to Ni steels: 1. Greater duc- tility 2. More resistant to corrosion 3. Cheaper Standard deoxi- dizer in small amounts (Low C) Silicon steel has max. permeabllity, min. hysteresis, min. eddy cur- rent loss of any iron or steel of being heat and treated with hardening can be overcome treatment, G Relative Disadvantages lies to high Mn.) Low YY. P. + high ductility gives de- creased re- sistance to flow under stress (A Scale formed in rolling——very adherent— causes rough, seamy sur- face 1. Except for magnet steels and as stabi- lizer pos- sesses no properties which cheaper ele- ments cannot give 1. Segregation tendency Si-Mn spring steel bes rather low shock re- spring steels 685 Alloy- ing Ele- ment Al Cr w M« Vv B General! Effects in Order of Their Action with Increas- ing Amounts (1) (38) a! 2 ) up to 6% (1), (3), (5) All effects due largely to (5) q3) Has not a great effect on iron, but influ- ence due to relations with C giving extremely (5) stable carbide (3) (5) (1) (3) (5) (1) ¢2) (35) (4) Little known as to extent of (3 and (4) (1) (3) (4) Little known as to extent of (3) and (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) Little known as to extent of (3) and (4) (3) (4) Little known as to extent Similar I 9 Hpeenerannesoenerensreneaney Cc Specific Effects in Heat-Treated Condition Lessens harmful effect of occluded gases Tends to decompose Fe.C Above 0.4%, difficult to lap or butt weld 5% Al steel has hysteresis loss Decreases high corrosion low temp Strong deoxidizer Decreases segregation Causes quicker freezing Gives no better me- chanical properties Gives great hardness Gives very deep quench, so efficient heat treat ing of large parts Resistance to chem action Increases tentivity Not dizer magnetic re- as strong deoxi- Si or Mn as to Cr but W increases resistance to tempering action of heat generated by cut- ting tools Gives extremely grain (porcellanic Not so deep quench Greater Mag. retentivity fine Very similar to W, 1 part Mo = 2% Ww Excepting C, Mo is the most potent element in giving hardening quali- ties Tendency to volatilize from surface layers on heating and rolling but parts Deoxidizing agent Hardening agent (so intensive that V addi- tions must be limited to 1%) Higher FE. L. Much higher range and ratio fatigue Stronger deoxidizer than Si When stronger than Mn As alloying element acts as intensifying agent (like V), increasing toughness Above 0.35% induces segregation Deoxidizing agent In ordinary steels U in- creases T. S. and tough- ness, but gives nothing that cheaper alloying elements do not give Over 0.5% gives marked segregation and inclu sions With in over 0.15% desulphurizer is 9 over 2% forging shatters Deoxidizer, but less than A] Desulphurizer added at amounts when end of heat in over 0.5% Marked segregation ten dency when over 0.35% Forms C-B low M. P eutectic at 1150 deg c with 0.1% B, 0.15-0.7% C gives very wide freezing zone Even small adversely properties F* about sO amts on act mech vevrnasaneneniny THE IRON D Composition and Uses Use 0.001-0.05% cor. in) . Other uses in steels are very slight 5% Al steel for some elect. work 20% Al steel for annealing boxes Principal use is as deoxidizer and cleanser- adding 0.1-0.3% Ti 0.5% C—Chisels, drills, files Min. 1.0% C Saws 1.0-1.5% Cr, C—Ball and conical bear- ings, especially for crushing machinery 3% Cr, 1% Cold rolls 15% Cr, 1% C Magnet steels 9-16% Cr, min. 0.7% C—Stain- less steels 1.5-2% W, amt, Cr pet valves gas engines 1-2% W, min. 1% C—High grade chisel steel 5-6% W, 0.7% C Permanent magnets is chief use of W steel 5% W, 0.7% C To small extent as liners for large guns to lessen high T. erosion Cr and W steels nearly always used where Mo steel, because of its proper- ties, might be used (because of disadvan- tages of latter) Greatest use in combination with Cr, V or Ni 1% C— small Pop- in 0.1% for (1) 0.1-0.3% V excel- lent for castings Up to 1% V cut- ting tools Principal use in addition to other steels Little used as yet Used a very little in some tool steels, but of doubtful value Also to slight extent in dies Not used com mercially t« any extent Not employed commercially as yet AGE E Manufacture Added as shot Al to ladle or ingot mold Added to ladle as crushed Fe-Ti In O. H., elect. f’n’ce or cruci- ble use low C Fe-Cr because high C too insoluble Usually add to furnace just before tapping or to ladle Usually in cruci- ble pots (charged cold W on top) Melted Killed Poured Fe-Mo added to furnace at any stage Slight slag loss Added Fe-Va in electric fur- nace or ladle due to slagging losses as Added as Si-Zr alloy gives best recovery, but only 60% Add to stream from furnace Best recovery with low C, high U ferro- alloy, but only 50% Added to stream from furnace \dd as Si mix metal contain ing (Ce, La, Nd, Ph, Sa) just before tan- ping or to ladle Adding thermit Fe-B just be- fore tapping recovers 90% of B March 5, 1925 F Relative Advantages 1. Standard degasifier 2. Ranks with V as best agent for degasifying “wild” steels Used for (1) gives more fusible slag than Si or Al give Use of Cr. steel ball bearings obviates case hardening, as they are self- hardening Greatest value lies in its de- gree of com- bining 1. Cutting hard- ness 2. Reasonable toughness Gives excellent permanent magnet steel 1. Does not seg- regate 2. Better control of development of desired properties by heat treatment a. Requires less drastic quench b. Allows high draw T. with- out greatly reducing T. S. 1. Forms fluid slag in deox- idizing, so cleaner, tougher metal 2. Great ability to inhibit grain growth of Aust. at high T. 1. Active deoxi- dizer 2. Active desul- phurizer 3. Intensifies toughness Active deoxidizer 1. Desulphurizer and deoxidizer 1. Long freezing range makes very plastic ingots for which some use may be found G Relative Disadvantages Graphitizing tendency on continued annealing when used in more than amount needed for degasification Expense as compared to Al or Si Not as efficient Increased nw w as W steels for perma- nent magnets T. S. gives in- creased brittleness, so used only in non-con- struction steels Relative high cost and scarcity Thus far tends to give erratic re- sults Volatiliza- tion tendency Difficult to avoid seams and brittle- ness Ranks with Al as best de- gasifying agent for wild steels Tendency to i. 9 cor 2 ww give Non-metallic inclusions Segregation Low and ir- regular recoveries High cost Excessive loss Tendency to form danger- ous inclusions, as its oxida- tion products are not re- leased by steel Induces segregation Great num- ber of inclu- sions formed cause hair cracks, so low fatigue test value Undesirable mech. proper- ties imparted by B March 5, 1925 THE IRON because, in general, alloy steels produce at high tem- perature a solid solution which is very stable and has but a small tendency to decompose on cooling. They possess in common with carbon steels dis- advantages of manufacturing troubles such as: Piping. Segregation. Oxides and gas inclusions Internal stresses. Surface defects. Low carbon steel may be comparatively free from these defects but, on increasing the carbon and more especially on adding alloying elements, piping becomes saPvensieneverventenneanonnnenonnens nits ovtnvetserennitrnnnTrinrenesnNenen enti ChORLN# rhAnORREOLERDEREDRSOHRBUEREBBOREA BTHEDOEHNEsAneceeHEPeTeNeenenneren > one Complex AGE 687 crease with the complexity of the steel and therefore they should be and will be used only where the require- ments demand a steel with properties which a carbon steel cannot supply. Modern requirements, however, in certain fields such as automotive, ordnance, machine tools and in many other specialized uses, are such that alloy steels have come to be absolute necessities. In the course of graduate work in metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the writer had oceasion to construct the accompanying table, after being unable to find anything of the kind available in technical literature, and believing that such a brief Steels Aim to combine advantages and eliminate disadvantages of separate elements. Chief Symbol Manufacture Characteristics Comparisons Uses Ni-Cr: = Same as for Ni and High (3.5% Ni) Similar to Ni steels but 1. Armor plate Ni (1.5-3.5%) Cr steels. May 1.5% Cr—Ni-Cr steels 1. Have higher E. L. with 2. Projectiles Cr (0.7-1.5%) add Ni at start. Are not surpassed by same ductility 3. Automotive parts Add Cr at finish any other steel in 2. Harder than Ni steels 4. Lower Ni-Cr steels 1. Dynamic toughness 3. More susceptible to heat cheaper and satis. 2. Resistance to fa- treatment for lighter sections tigue stresses which uire only high static proper- ties Cr-V: Add both at finish Combine Compared to Ni-Cr steels 1. Ranks with Ni-Cr 1.5 Cr of heat 1. Intense hardness 1. Have greater red. of area and Ni-Cr-V as 0.2 V and depth of quench- for given E. L. so can be most useful of com- ing effect due to Cr easier machined plex construction 2. Increased ductility 2. V is deoxidizer while Ni steels and increased resist- is not, so easier to get 2. Chief use in auto- ance to fatigue stres- clean steel mobiles ses due to V 3. Ni prone to give adherent 3. Excellent for leaf scale and seams which are orae largely avoided in V steels 4. Excellent for forg- ings and shafts 5. Thin protective deck late 6. Freimets Cr-Mo and Easily made in Has advantages of Compared to Cr-V steels Largely developed dur- Cr-Ni-Mo: O. H. May charge Cr-V over Cr-Ni 1. As high or higher E. L. ing war for Min. 1.0% Mo. Mo early. Charge Difficulties z 2. Higher red. of area 1. Light armor plate Cr just before 1. Mo volatilization 3. Higher shock resistance 2. High-grade forgings tapping loss giving non-uni- 4. Quenching and tempering High-speed tool In crucible or Elect. form comp’n 2. Forging temp. range is small Theory of properties steels. Usual Fce. similar to Above 1200 deg. C. composition W steel double carbide of Cr in U. S.: Cast — Coarse and and W forms 16-20% W, crystalline Very stable on cooling 2-6% Cr, Heat Treated—Por- and even on heat- 0.7% C. cellanic ing as high as 600 Sometimes Quench from above deg. C. 1% V 1200 deg C. Theoretically, Mo Tempered if desir- should be better than able W, but gives erratic ranges particularly large Compared with other cutting Al! types of cutting tools tools for high-speed Can cut continuously at speeds machining 3-5 times as fast as prac- ticable with other tools, and when the tool is red- hot results. Co now be- ing tried as stabi- lizer for Mo. perc svennnnnnensenanearenenyresen Key to Column B (1) Deoxidizer: Giving cleaner, sounder steel, but also in- creases pipe (2) Desulphurizer: Eliminating red-shortness. Reduces segre- gation (3) Goes into Sol. Sol’n in Fe, thereby (a) Stiffening iron lattice (b) Decreases cementite segregation - ees structure (4) Forms carbide: Thereby giving hardening + embrit- tling effect (5) Forms carbide or double carbides: (1) More stable than Fe ,C (2) Intensifies hardening and embrittling effect (6) Forms separate constituent (In Order of Influence) (In Order of Stability) Deoxidizers Desulphurizers Carbides . Mn At Decompose FesC Zr Ce Ni Ti Co Si Fe Ce _ lous form double M Ww carbides among Cr Vv themselves Mo more and more prominent, and the other defects in- crease to a greater degree as well. This results in greater manufacturing losses such as: 1.—Increased pipe discard 2.—Rejection for variation in (a) Composition (b) Properties (c) Surface conditions In addition alloy steels are more difficult to forge or stamp. Thus, the difficulties and cost of manufacturing tn- PMR, ee et ot th ee Pe sererevescressstere@ outline might help technical men and students to clarify and classify their knowledge of alloy steels—a field which is rapidly becoming complex in itself. The abbreviations used may need slight explana- tion. The numbers in parenthesis in column B are ex- plained in the section called “key to column B.” Thus, on adding manganese the first effect is (1). With in- creasing amounts the effects (2), (3), and (4) function in order, with of course much overlapping. Some of the abbreviations are: Inc. = Increases Red. = Reduction Dec. = Decreases F’n'ce = Furnace T. 8S. = Tensile strength Aust. = Austenite E. L. = Elastic limit Mag. = Magnetic Mech. = Mechanical Chem. = Chemical Elect. = Electric Sol. Sol'n. = Solid solution Y. P. = Yield point Tr. = Treatment O. H. = Open-hearth T. = Temperature Some of the sources on which the compilation is based include the following: 1. Private notes on lectures of Dr. George B. Waterhouse Mass. Inst. of Technology. 2. Hoyt'’s “Metallography,” volume II. 3. Aitchison’s “Engineering Steels.” 4. Hibbard’s “Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels” (Bull. 100, Bur. of Mines). 5. Gillett and Mack: “Experimental Production of Alloy Steels,” Bull 199, Bureau of Mines. 6. Gillett and Mack: Trans. Amer. Electrochemical Society, 1923 7. Saklatwalia 1923 Trans. Amer. Electrochemical Society, 8. Burgess: “Notes on Steel for Engineering Structures,” A.8.C.E.. March, 1923 eb: “Fr eh At erie ats. SFR NY ae my ERIE Sk EM NE ree oe ie Be aren HEE RATS pes = poten ruginenners PU Nerina FTP —~ RR Rey ein endnote SE RNAS EER A i ene eet eae ireermeerarees reneatentnene ere-secse seereetrreere reeene "1 y ere ORs lye . 1 appvonatibe, mae ‘ ; 4. a fe oe TUN end alt, Cuatle aTRS WE oe 688 THE IRON AGE Bronze Bust of W. P. Snyder Installed at McKinley Birthplace Memorial A bronze bust of the late William Penn Snyder has been installed in the McKinley Birthplace Memorial at Niles, Ohio. Mr. Snyder was born Sept. 11, 1861, in Hollidaysburg, Pa. At an early age, he went to Pitts- burgh and took as his first employ- ment the position of office boy with Schoenberger & Co., one of the pio- neer iron manufacturing firms of that city. After several years, in 1880, Mr. Snyder formed a partnership with John G. A. Leishman, who had also been employed in the Schoenberger plant. They carried on a successful iron brokerage business. In 1888, when Mr. Leishman was offered an interest in the Carnegie Steel Works, Mr. Snyder purchased his holdings in their partnership and carried on the business under the name of W. P. Snyder & Co., which firm is still ac- tive in the iron brokerage business. In the early nineties, Mr. Snyder’s ability and personality impressed Henry W. Oliver, and they joined forces in the development of Lake Superior iron ores, and in the pro- duction of coal and coke, as well as in Western copper mines. Mr. Sny- der was a pioneer in the smelting of Mesabi iron ores, and showed more courage than others in using 100 per cent Mesabi ore in a blast furnace, when many thought it impossible due to its fineness of structure. In the production of coking coal, ‘next to the H. C. Frick Coke Co., for many years the largest output was accredited to the Oliver & Snyder Steel Co., the annual production ex- ceeding 1,000,000 tons. In 1894, Mr. Snyder was vice-president of the Mc- Clure Coke Co., which position he held until the McClure Coke Co. was absorbed by the H. C. Frick Coke Co. He was president of the Clairton Steel Co. during its construction and until it was taken over by the United States, Steel Corporation in 1906. Although Mr. Snyder was closely associated with many large enterprises, he perhaps obtained the greatest satisfaction from working out and developing the Shenango Furnace Co., to which, after Mr. Oliver’s death in 1904, he turned practically all his efforts. Having acquired extensive ore properties in the Lake Superior region, coal mines, coke works and blast fur- naces in western Pennsylvania, he built a fleet of ves- sels on the Great Lakes to transport his ore from the Northwest to his furnaces in western Pennsylvania. He died in Pittsburgh Feb. 3, 1921. Increased Activity of Ohio Foundries in January The Ohio State Foundrymen’s Association, Cleve- land, Ohio, reports a very satisfactory increase shown in foundry operations for the month of January over the month of December. January indicates a figure of 70.7 per cent of normal or capacity; December was at 63 per cent and January, one year ago, at 74 per cent. The foundries reporting had a melting capacity of 23,358 tons. There was, however, actually produced against this possible production 16,516 tons. Stocks on hand have increased considerably, Jan- uary standing at 94 per cent, while December indicated 76 per cent. January, one year ago, indicated 85.2 per cent. Stocks on hand comprise the total of all of the various grades of pig iron, all of the grades of non- ferrous virgin materials, all grades of scrap, both fer- March 5, 1925 rous and non-ferrous. These total 22,077 tons, which is a ratio of 94 per cent of the normal melt figure, 23.358 tons. ; Stocks received have, also, increased, January standing at 72 per cent. December stood at 57 per cent and January, ene year ago, also at 57 per cent. Fabricated Plate Work in January January bookings of fabricated steel plate work amounted to 30 per cent of capacity, based on reports received by the Department of Commerce from 30 firms. The total, 26,575 tons, is slightly above the average last year of 25,475 tons, but it shows a reduc- tion of 45 per cent from the bookings of December. Following is a table giving the figures for 1924 revised as to the last five months from the table appearing on page 614 of THE IRON AGE of Feb. 26. Fabricated Steel Plate Bookings (Tons) Oil Stor- Blast age Re- Tank Gas Fur- Stacks, Total Tanks finery Cars Holders naces Ete. Jan . 19,675 4.012 729 99 17,934 632 . 6,269 Feb .. 15,498 2,393 895 134 4,700 505 6,871 March.. 21,057 4,757 1,590 425 3,917 334 10,034 April 19,099 6,342 999 366 1,630 710 9,052 May 24,872 5,137 1,322 336 6,448 693 10,936 June 28,511 15,816 879 52 2,606 640 8,518 July 21,248 11,360 850 93 657 461 7,827 Aug . 80,641 15,927 1,031 322 1,996 363 11,002 Sept 19,402 10,286 627 284 1,100 520 6,585 Oct 23,237 7,868 1,352 530 1,660 1,929 9,898 Nov 33,607 13,098 241 8,987 1,876 103 9,302 Dec. .. 48,850 26,449 757 1,345 9,223 2,508 8,568 1924 Total.305,697 123,445 11,272 12,973 43,747 9,398 104,862 1925 Jan -- 26,575 4,349 1,165 1,250 6,529 4,362 8,920 Earnings of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. in 1924 Like other independent steel producing interests in the Youngstown district, the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. report for 1924 is disappointing as compared with 1923. Gross sales declined to $120,859,197 from $187,- 979,700, the preceding year, reflecting the general trade slump as well as the drop in the demand for tubular products, of which the company is the largest inde- pendent maker in the country. Net earnings, after taxes, interest and depreciation, were $7,598,075, equivalent after preferred dividends to $6.68 per share on 987,606 shares of common stock. This compares with net in 1923 of $15,673,750, after all charges, or $14.94 per share on common stock. Last year the company paid $4.50 a share in dividends on common stock, leaving $2,156,971 for surplus, and bring- ing the surplus item to $25,417,934. Despite reduced earnings there was no decline in the depletion and depreciation charges last year, which amounted to $8,715.638, compared with $8,464,099 in 1923. The continued size of these charges indicates how the company is able to conduct broad expansion programs without special financing, the money so charged being available in large part for new construc- tion. The 1924 balance sheet shows current assets are $76,822,843, compared with current liabilities of $13,- 855,284. Last year the company made extensions cost- ing upwards of ten millions, without any particular financing, and at the same time reduced its funded debt. Total bonds outstanding at the end of 1924 were $69,331,000, as compared with $71,246,000 at the close of 1923. The company was in strong cash position at the close of the year, having $7,135,000 of cash and United States securities, and in addition accounts re- ceivable totaling 20 millions. Gross assets are con- servatively valued at $259,607,822; reserves aggregate $60,875,7 17. The value of plants, buildings and equip- ment is given as $128,717,000. Magnetic and Physical Hardness Variations in Alloy Steels Caused by Different Quenching Media—Possible Solution of an Unsolved Problem BY DR. JOHN A. MATHEWS H vensrae described some of the unique physical characteristics of a group of alloys which are of great interest to the chemical, mining and engi- neering professions because of their properties, I should like to discuss austenite itself, rather than austenitic steels for the few minutes remaining. The latest authoritative definition of austenite is perhaps that of Jeffries and Archer": A solid solution of carbon in gamma iron. The iron atoms have face-centered cubic arrangement. The carbon is atomically dispersed. The carbon atoms may be substituted for some of the iron atoms in the face-centered lattice, or more probably occupy positions between the iron atoms. Austenite is relatively soft and ductile. This definition differs from the older ones in that it adds the evidence of the X-ray. Most text-books of metallography tell the student how he may prepare steel to show the “austenitic structure.” He is told to select a very high carbon sample, preferably high in manganese also, to heat it to 2000 deg. F. and quench drastically in iced-brine. After polishing and etching, he sees not austenite but a mixture of austenite and martensite. From this experiment he gains a very strong and lasting impression that austenite is a very rare thing, and so it is in visible form. A little later he may see a specimen of fully hard- ened high-speed steel. He sees distinct polygonal grains interspersed with carbides and is probably told that the grains or crystals are austenite. To be sure, the resemblance to the earlier specimen is not very striking, yet this particular structure is generally re- ferred to as “austenitic.” However, if we accept the evidence of the magnetic test, we cannot conclude that this material is free from alpha iron. In fact, it shows - t “The Science of Metals,” page 443, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1924. a very strong magnetization considering that it is only about 75 per cent iron to begin with. We are all familiar with the iron-carbon diagram and recall the areas marked “Austenite.” I fear it is sometimes overlooked that this is an “equilibrium” diagram. We like to think that quenching from a cer- tain temperature produces martensite, and tempering martensite produces troostite and we have a mental picture of these changes proceeding in a perfectly or- derly and circumspect way. Recent work with the X-ray and the high-power microscope shows that these changes are not as orderly and complete as most hard- eners or steel treaters believe. Dr. Styri, F. F. Lucas and others have shown free ferrite, martensite and aus- tenite existing in a hyper-eutectoid steel, with possibly a little troostite included for good measure, yet accord- ing to most of the instruction we have had that is im- possible! Three Assumptions I wish now to present the results of certain obser- vations and experiments and in what follows I shall proceed upon three assumptions: First.—That in all normally hardened medium or high-carbon steels, and the usual engineering alloy steels, gamma iron, or austenite, is always present with the martensite. I think all of those who have studied the volume changes which hardened steels undergo by tempering will readily agree with this assumption. The work of Howard Scott, M. A. Grossmann,” Heindlhofer and Wright and others strongly point to the reasonableness of this view. Second.——That in a wide variety of alloy steels, notably those capable of hardening readily in oll, there is more austenite retained after the oil quench than after the water quench, in normal hardening. This assumption will not be readily accepted; it is contrary to general opinion and belief. In metal- Awarnnn sy cyuuigneyeaequnyensugucugnqqyegnorneyneesacasuaqagteneryyee ved A greNeveemeeees 3AM STE NOAA eA AREER RO OUTO RESALE TAERO TRUER TRASSEM OTE ‘NHE annual Henry M. Howe Memorial lecture delivered by Dr. John A. Mathews at the annual winter meeting of the American Institute of Mining.and Metallurgical Engineers on Feb. 16, entitled “Austenite and Austenitic Steels,” was divided into two parts. The first part, which dealt with austenitic steels, was a presentation of a cross section of the field in which are found those steels of maximum general resistance to corrosion, maximum physical properties at actual high temperatures and maximum resistance to scaling at elevated temperatures. Four types of steele were discussed; first, the high nickel steels containing 25 per cent and higher; second, the high chromium steels; third, the high chromium-nickel steels in which chromium is usually higher than the nickel and, fourth, the high chromium-nickel steels in which nickel is usually higher than the chromium and to which a substantial amount of silicon has been added. Paying a high tribute to F. F. Lucas for his work in high power metal- lography, the lecturer threw on the screen a few slides of photomicrographs specially prepared for the occasion by Mr. Lucas. In the second part of the lecture, an abstract of which is here presented, the lec- turer gives the results of some recent research work undertaken to answer a question raised by himself some ten years ago. In introducing the lecturer, Dr. Mathews paid a worthy tribute to Dr. Howe, describing himself as a humble disciple at the feet of a master. He also testified to his good fortune to have sat at the feet of another great teacher, Sir William Roberts- Austen. Having been a student under both of these leaders he said that “on looking back 25 years, I realize that it was an inspiration and not information which I received from my contacts with them; not so much from routine lectures as from personal ob- servation of the men and their methods, their