The Iron Age 1925-01-08: Vol 115 Iss 2

THE IRON AGE New York, January 8, 1925 ESTABLISHED 1855 VOL. 115, No. 2 Inspection Standards for Steel Castings Some of Those Laid Down by a Group of Electric Steel Foundries Based on Research—Meeting Specializa- tion in Purchase Requirements BY W. J. acterized during the last 10 years by many im- portant developments. Among these is the matter of exacting specifications, to which engineers of tests of large railroad systems and metallurgists connected with the steel casting industry started to give concen- trated attention in 1916, in a combined and harmonious effort to more thoroughly safeguard purchasers of cast steel parts used in railroad equipment. The war inter- rupted the program of investigation to which these men were committed. After the armistice was signed this cooperative effort was renewed and given a greater impetus because of the improvement in the art of making steel castings, which was a natural result of their extensive use for military and naval purposes. [' ect manufacture of steel castings has been char- Railroad and Chain Specifications It may not be generally known that the research, in which the railroad engineers and steel foundrymen supplying them participated, was a very comprehensive one, extending over a considerable period of time. It finally resulted in the tentative adoption in 1922, by the American Society for Testing Materials and the American Railway Association, of specifications for *Industrial engineer Electric Steel Founders’ Research Group, 541 Diversey Parkway, Chicago. Final Inspection of Castings Be- fore Shipment CORBETT* carbon steel castings for railroads which had been for- mulated by a committee representing both organiza- tions and which marked a distinct advance over the requirements for steel castings which had been in com- mercial use previously. This was the most significant instance of specialization in purchase requirements for steel castings which had been afforded by action of the American Society for Testing Materials. Prior to the tentative adoption by the A. S. T. M. and the A. R. A. of specifications for railroad steel castings, the former society developed specifications for electric cast steel anchor chain as the result of a serious war-time need, prompting specialized manufac- ture. Purchase requirements for this material were covered by specifications tentatively adopted by the A. 8. T. M. in 1918, which were slightly revised two years later. These specifications were the first to be published by the A. S. T. M., exclusively covering one cast steel product. Except for these, specialization in the specifications of the A. 8. T. M. up to 1922 was restricted to brief supplementary clauses in general specifications, separately relating to castings for ships and to those for railroad rolling stock. General and Federal Specifications The preparation of the so-called railroad steel cast- ings specifications naturally prompted a movement to tw gare en aprenter: wee stern ine heemeres niet tag See ar _ ana sah ety pet I pa sete den ree om s putin! Ace » § andiqrsaes hee slipa ied pipe i sites sat ye aA are een ete vee a ie wicca acme +) i HENS ie THE IRON AGE formulate more exacting purchase requirements affect- ing steel castings for general application. By that time a plan of cooperation between the A. S. T. M. and the A. F. A. had been developed to give the former organization the benefit of more information on this and other subjects through cooperating committees of foundrvmen. After thorough consideration by a com- mittee on which the A. F. A. was officially represented, the A. S. T. M. tentatively adopted in 1923, specifica- tions for carbon steel castings for general use, which embodied requirements afford'ng a much greater degree f security to buyers of miscellaneous cast steel parts than had been assured by commercial specifications based on those former.y adopted as standard by the A. S. T. M. The tentative specifications for general application, issued by the testing society in 1923, were .dopted as standard by that organization in 1924, after being given a satisfactory trial for a year. During the consideration by the A. S. T. M. of re vised specifications for steel castings for general use, the United States Government, as the result of Secre- tary Hoover’s efforts to effect Government standard- ization along commercial lines, through a joint com mittee representing the various consuming depart- ments, endeavored to harmonize the views of bureau fficials and to adopt specifications for steel castings which would meet all the requirements of the Govern- ment departments and which would be as nearly as possible like those in commercial use. After consider- able study, master specifications for steel castings for the Government were promulgated in 1924, and super- seded those that had been in use by several depart- ments, which had substantially differed from each other, ind which had for that reason imposed hardships on producers and on the Government during the war. These Government specifications are in many of the essential details in conformity with the specifications adopted as standard by the A. S. T. M. in 1924. They present, however, another instance of specialization, this time fortunately standardized to meet the views both of the Army and the Navy. The latest development in the A. S. T. M., in the consideration of specifications for steel castings, is one that has been in progress for about a year, and consti- tutes another movement toward specialization in re quirements, naturally following the significant ten- dency of modern steel foundry practice. This most re- cent form of activity regarding specifications for a particular cast steel product relates to valves and fit- tings for high temperatures and high pressures. A committee of the testing society is engaged now in the study of specifications for the material mentioned to be submitted to the membership. Requirements Widely Applied Necessarily Lack Details Those who are familiar with specifications for steel castings are in a position to appreciate the marked ad- vance in the industry which specifications, recently formulated, typify. Necessarily such requirements are intended for broad application and leave important con- siderations to be covered by contract, or otherwise, decided between buyer and seller in the light of infor- mation regarding the particular use for the castings purchased. Specifications adopted by organizations of national scope can therefore be regarded as guides foi general practice, to be supplemented as occasion justi- files by more detailed requirements. None of the specifications adopted and published by large organizations or by the Government have been formulated for the specific purpose of covering the manufacture of small steel castings, in which an in- creasingly large number of foundries are engaged Special methods of production, necessitating extraordi- nary details of inspection, characterize this important branch of the industry. Realization of these facts has induced a group of foundries making smal] steel cast- —s apply inspection requirements speci ated for this class of work iry has fr been made cmuutien thie aaa aoe to many consumers. The writer tr wing ao ae J as for this reason undertaken to supply information regarding this ex ample of self-imposed requirements which vena ally formu- safeguard January 8, 1925 buyers of the product of a highly specialized branch of the steel casting industry. Specifications of Electric Steel Research Group The five companies that constitute the group men- tioned have been prosecuting joint investigations for several years under the name of the Electric Stee! Founders’ Research Group. The companies _ holding membership in this organization are: Fort Pitt Steel Casting Co., McKeesport, Pa.; Lebanon Steel Foundry, Lebanon, Pa.; Michigan Steel Casting Co., Detroit; Nugent Steel Casting Co., Chicago, and Sivyer Steel Casting Co., Milwaukee. Immediately on the organi- zation of this group in September, 1920, the members dec'ded to adopt inspection standards having detailed elaboration, to the observance of which each affiliated plant would be committed. This was feasible because of the similarity of the major processes and the product of the five member companies that specialize in the manufacture of small castings made from electric steel. These inspection standards are applicable only to the product mentioned and present an illustration of the way in which general specifications for the industry as a whole can be supvlemented to the advantage of the producer and consumer. For the following exposition, the writer has selected such portions of the group inspection standards as are distinctly supplementary to the requirements in gen- eral use. The significance of certain details of prac- tice covered by the matter that follows can be appre- ciated only when the nature of the specialized product is kept in mind. Without attempting in every case to quote the exact language used in the group inspection standards, an explanation will be made of several fea- tures believed to be of particular interest, together with reasons for adoption in order to make the matter clear to the reader. Proper Feeding Liquid steel contracts as it cools, and causes shrink- age cavities to be formed in the interior of the casting,. unless its sections are properly fed by reservoirs of metal, ordinarily termed heads or risers. The size and location of these are governed by the design of the casting, according to the foundryman’s judgment. While these risers may be properly proportioned and placed, their good effects may be eliminated by un- skillful pouring. The probable condition as to freedom from shrinkage cavities can be reasonably ascertained by observance of the following instructions from the group inspection standards: Care shall be taken to prevent the shipment of cast- ings in which the heads were not adequately filled when pouring. Inspectors shall scrutinize carefully the appearance of the risers or heads on the flogging floor and shall properly safeguard the shipment of castings whose risers indicate a questionable feeding vperation, The application of various materials, having some of the properties of cement, to remedy the appearance caused by cavities of various kinds was formerly in general use in the steel foundry. In some cases me- tallic fillers have been used only where the surface appearance was affected without bad results on the serviceability of the part. In the belief that the use of such a smoothing compound is liable in any foundry to lead to bad practice by subordinates concerned with a high percentage of rejections rather than with the high reputation of the foundry, the group members elimi- nated the possibility of poor judgment, exercised by any one in the use of such a substance, by the adoption of the following clause: The use of any kind of metallic cement or smooth- ing filler or any casting shall be strictly prohibited. _The uses to which small steel castings are’ put re- quire that most of them have a highly finished appear- ance. This must be secured in the group plants with- out the use of metallic cement. Welding Safeguards The welding of minor defects in steel castings is recognized as a desirable procedure to be followed with ae a Sty) St January 8, 1925 discrimination in the best steel foundry practice. There has been a great deal of advancement made in the art of welding with resulting better effects on the parts so treated. Careful molding practice diminishes the number of surface defects calling for the use of a weld- ing process, but the nature of pattern equipment fur- nished by customers to producers of castings ordered e Steel Castings Sawed Into Pieces for Inspection as to Solidity and Defects Annealing Furnace with Racks Containing Cast- ings to Be Heat Treated in mall lots frequently prohibits manufacture without slight surface blemishes that can be eliminated with perfect satisfaction by careful operators using the elec- tric arc or gas torch. The personal equation is a highly important factor in the welding operation. Realizing this, the group plants eliminated the stimulus to very _— er: Foe kes ag a THE IRON AGE 117 rapid and unskillful welding by the following clause in their inspection standards: | For security against careless work, no welding operator shall be compensated on a piece-work basis or plan involving a premium for quantity production in welding. Recognizing, as do all producers and consumers, “Tr Sandbiast Ap paratus for Cleaning Sur faces of Steel Castings at One of the Group Plants that a great deal of judgment must be exercised in the welding of defects even when the best operators and the most effective apparatus are employed, safeguards have been provided as to the kinds of blemishes which can be eliminated by the welding operation without any possible bad effect on the satisfactoriness of the RT, ORI ts er edinininttnticidiitiain gs Ee. Semantics o3 Fe 3a meu 1fa tog 5 Zz | he * e A ap VEN © ape TO A art. For this purpose the group plants adopted a clause that reads as follows: welding of any defect shall only whe ,suthorized by the inspectors or by sponsible for the strict application fects shall be thorough- welding When practicable all sm¢ and level with adjacent hipping. preferably the former grinding chipping, |} i The requirements, that defects be thoroughly opened and that all foreign matter be thoroughly chipped at before welding, present a novelty as to published practice covering steel casting manufacture. The reason for carefully cutting out every particle of sand, .¢ or other foreign materia! before the melting tem- perature of welding is applied toa cavity is obvious to se familiar wth such operations. A good weld can- e made without the complete elimination of mate- may assume the characteristics of ig that will form a non-metallic barrier, preventing is generally recognized that heat treatment required to give stee] a satisfactory granular struc- ture and to relieve the internal strains sometimes occa- ned when steel solidifies, the group inspection stand- ards require that every casting that is welded be subse- ently heat treated, irrespective of any such treat- ment given the casting prior to welding. Since Heat Treatment The consideration given by producers and consum- ers to the heat treatment of steel castings has been marked since the World War began. It may be kept in mind that the term heat treatment as more recently accepted means any method of applying heat after the casting has been poured, irrespective of the number of applications of heat. The term “annealing” is now generally recognized as meaning heat treatment fol- lowed by relatively slow cooling, as in the oven. The word “normalizing” is used to mean heat treatment followed by an intermediate cooling operation as in room temperature, when the castings are withdrawn from the oven and allowed to cool without any regu- lated fall in the temperature. Definitions substantially in accordance with those mentioned are being promul- gated by societies interested in the subject and are re- celving general approval. Accepting unreservedly the opinions of experienced metallurgists that every steel casting should be heat treated, the group inspection standards require this operation, except when the customer issues specific in- structions that his castings are to be delivered in a “raw” condition, or as cast. The procedure for heat treatment specified in the group inspection standards was adopted after a thor- ough investigation conducted by this research organi- zation, the results of which were given to the industry as a whole through a paper written by H. A. Neel, general manager Michigan Steel Casting Co.. presented at the 1923 convention of the American Foundrymen’s Association. The following clause from the group in- spection standards covers detailed instructions regard- ing temperature: The maximur temperature applied to all carbon castings not exceeding 0.30 per cent carbon shal be no lower than 1600 deg. Fahr. (870 tec deg. C.) nor higher than 1650 deg. Fahr, (900 deg. GC.) After the required maximum temperature has been applied for the proper time all carbon steel castings shall either be cooled in the heat treatment oven to 1000 deg Fahr (940 deg. C.) or lower before removal from the oven y } be permitted to cool in the air mmediately after removal from the oven while the at room temperature er is subjected to the prescribed maxin im tempera The maximum limit of 1000 «as Fahr. (54 leg ahr 4 (.) permitted for the oven « carbon ste determined by pyrometer readings all temporary reddish color result It has been ascertained that the and temperature should not be specified except with relation to each other. Each of these factors must be governed to considerable extent by the sections of the castings treated \ fracture test piece 1 in. thic] 3 the thinnest \ me elements of time at ected by the group plants < THE IRON AGE January 8, 1925 typical of the heavier sections ordinarily produced by them. This specimen provides a valuable supplement to the pyrometer for determining the effect on struc- ture. The time element is provided for by the follow- ing clause: The maximum temperature (between permissible ranges) employed in every heat treatment that is originally intended to produce the desired results with- out supplementary heat treatment shall be maintained continuously for a sufficient length of time to guarantee the proper granular structure. This period shall be determined by the appearance of the structure in a fracture test piece not less than 1 in. thick at the thinnest part, placed in the coldest location in the oven occupied by any casting. It is conceded that modern heat treatment practice must employ the use of recording pyrometers which leave a true record of the fluctuations of temperature. The size of the furnace should govern the number of thermocouples used with each pyrometer. The nature of the product of the group plants is such that rela- tively small heat-treating furnaces are used. It is re- quired in these plants that at least two thermocouples shall be connected to each recording pyrometer. The following clause is self-explanatory: All heat-treating operations shall be accompanied by the use of recording pyrometers. All recording and indicating pyrometers shall be periodically cali- brated and shall always be maintained in first-class condition. Use of Fracture Test Pieces The use of the fracture test piece is obligatory in the group plants largely because, in heat treatment fur- naces of the best design, there are apt to be fluctua- tions of temperature due to the practical difficulty in providing for a thorough heat distribution. The fol- lowing clause was adopted with this condition in mind: To supplement the use of pyrometers, at least one fracture test piece not less than 1 in. thick at the thinnest part shal] be placed in each heat treatment load. At least once every week one such load in each oven shall have not less than six such test pieces distributed throughout the load. The purpose of these test pieces is to determine by nature of the fracture, the suitability of the temperature actually applied to all castings, whatever be their location or partia! insulated condition in the heat-treatment oven as compared with the pyrometer couples. . In practice, this regulation necessitates the reheat- ng of such castings as are shown by the nature of the fractured test pieces to require further refinement of structure. The distribution of heat is often interfered with by placing castings on the bottom of the oven or on the floor of a truck that may be used in conjunction with the oven. If the hot air enters the chamber, as it usually does, above the floor-line, the castings placed directly on the bottom of a truck may have inadequate opportunity to be heated to the temperature shown by the pyrometers. This is provided for in the group in- spection standards by the following clause: There shall be placed under every load of castings to be heat-treated, a suitable number of racks for the purpose of providing air space under the pile of cast- ings to be heat-treated, so that such air space will permit the proper circulation of heat throughout all portions of the pile of castings. External and Internal Examination In ordinary specifications there are general clauses that are of familiar phraseology, regarding trueness to pattern and certain surface defects more or less com- mon. Supplementing these, the group inspection stand- ards prescribe that drawings and suitable gages to maintain working dimensions of castings within re- quired tolerances shall te used whenever the number of castings ordered makes these practicable. It is fur- _ provided that all gages be periodically examined or comparison with drawings or master gages, ac- cording to the frequency of use and the possibility of naccuracy. As the thorough cleaning of small castings, or those ration because of such products, foundries special- having thin sections is a vita] conside most of the uses for pee has oe 7-0 oi ee rao4 Keane ar January 8, 1925 izing in them characteristically devote more attention to finishing operations than do shops making heavy steel castings. Blasting, tumbling and other final oper- ations intended only to improve appearance, are con- stantly given special consideration. The problem of thoroughly cleaning thin steel castings is magnified because of the high temperature required to pour them, necessitating great care in the preparation of the mold- ing sand of high refractory value. The group inspec- tion standards require that within practical limits, adhering sand and the scale formed in heat treatment shall be removed. They provide that the cleaning oper- ations be intensively applied on all surfaces engaging other parts in assembly and in recesses provided for the application of pins, bolts, rivets or other parts. Occasionally producers and consumers have been fully satisfied with the surface appearance of steel castings, only to find as the result of subsequent ma- chin:ng operations that they were useless for the pur- pose intended. There is probably no condition that gives rise to more dissatisfaction by all concerned, when it happens, than the one mentioned. The group inspection standards contain a clause that serves to prevent much of the trouble arising from too much reliance on surface appearance. This clause reads thus: All production jobs shall be accompanied by fre- quent and thorough machining for examination as to internal defects in locations susceptible to them. In practice this means the deliberate destruction for testing purposes, of many castings, to make sure of the satisfactoriness of the heading and gating prac- tice, provision for fillets, and ability of the mold and its cores to withstand the destructive action of the flowing metal. Adherence to Inspection Standards It may be surmised that the plants that have jointly adopted these strict inspection standards have been diligent in providing for their observance. The fact that the companies are actually competitors of each other causes each affiliated plant to demand that the associated foundries use the same degree of zealous- ness in applying what was adopted. The problem of carrying out this intention is greatly simplified by the fact that the research director of this group is in effect a supervising inspector who, on his periodical visits to each plant, personally examines the castings in process of manufacture and on the shipping floor. When he finds conditions are not in accord with the inspection standards, he advises the manager of the plant con- cerned of the dereliction. He may in his discretion notify the managers of the other affiliated companies, of the undesirable condition. The probability that an unprejudiced man will advise all the group members when one of them disregards his joint obligations has an effect on compliance that is compellingly trans- mitted to all shop subordinates concerned. Other Requirements Other regulations of the research group besides those referred to have been adopted, covering such es- sential matters as chemical analysis, physical tests, etc. Detailed mention of these is not made here because of their conformity with requirements recently adopted by large organizations that are reliable sources from which steel casting specifications are issued. Possibility for Further Differentiation It will be clear to the consumer that the strikingly specialized manufacture of steel castings has been at- tended by equally interesting developments, affording protection to the buyer, to which progressive steel founders have voluntarily contributed. It may be pre- dicted that the tendency to adopt requirements for Spe- c‘al application to particular classes of steel castings will be extended, to the distinct advantage of the users of the product and perhaps with considerable advan- tage to the manufacturers. Modern foundry practice has resulted in a greater degree of specialization in purchase requirements and inspection details for steel castings than has been de- THE IRON AGE 119 veloped for any other class of castings. Thus is re- flected, to a considerable extent, the remarkable ad- vancement of this basic industry. Welsh Tin Plate Industry During the first six months of 1924 the Welsh tin plate industry (including terne plates and black plates) experienced perhaps the most prosperous period of its history, Consul A. B. Cooke reports to the Department of Commerce. The output of tin, terne and black plates averaged 70,500 tons per month, compared with 60,600 tons per month in 1923, and with a slightly lower rate of output in 1913, the record pre-war year in the in- dustry. The exports of these commodities in the first six months of 1924 averaged 50,600 tons (72 per cent of the production), compared with 45,900 tons per month (76 per cent) in 1923, and with a slightly lower average in 1913. The passing of the mid-year saw, however, a de- cline from the high mark of the first six months. Sta- tistics as to output in the second half-year are avail- able as yet only up to the end of August, in which month the production was only some 59,900 tons, as compared with 81,100 tons in July and an average of 70,500 per month in the first half-year. Evidences indi- cate that since August and up to the date of the end of the year the tonnage of output has tended to decline still further. Exports for the September quarter averaged 43,400 tons per month, as compared with 50,600 tons in the first six months. In October there was 4 slight re- covery to 45,800 tons. Exports for November, judging from tentative estimates, will be about 40,000 tons. Causes of the Decline Causes assigned for the decline in the trade are given as: 1.—High cost of production, due in part to the rise in price of crude tin; 2.—Competition on world markets; 3.—Development of tin plate industry in other countries—Germany, France, Norway, Italy, India, Spain; 4.—Placing or increasing of import duties upon tin plate, by Belgium and India. The competition of American exporters upon South American markets and those of China and Japan is held partly responsible for the decline in exports of Welsh tin plates to those mar- kets; and the revival of the German tin plate industry is cited as a cause of the falling off in sales to Euro- pean markets. Winter Sectional Meeting of Steel Treaters The sixth sectional meeting of the American So- ciety for Steel Treating will be held at the Hotel Sin- ton, Cincinnati, on Thursday and Friday, Jan. 15 and 16. Thursday will be devoted to technical sessions, one paper in the morning and the rest in the afternoon, while in the evening an informal dinner will be held. Friday will be devoted exclusively to visiting plants in Cincinnati and vicinity under the direction of the Cin- cinnati chapter. The papers to be presented are as follows: “Sample Preparation for High Power Photemicro- graphy,” by R. G. Guthrie, metallurgist, industrial gas department, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago, “High Tensile Strengths with Low Carbon Steels,” by R. H. Smith vice-president, Lamson & Sessions Co., Kent, Ohio. “Wear and Wear Testing,” by G. W. Quick and S. J. Rosenberg, Bureau of Standards, Washington. “Gearing as a Medium fer Industrial Power Trans- mission,” by O. N. Stone assistant chief engineer Van Dorn & Dutton Co., Cleveland. Corrosion Resisting Steels of the Iron-Carbon- Chromium and the Iron-Carbon-Chromium-BSilicon Series,” by T. Holland Nelson, metallurgist, United Alloy Steel Corporation, Canton, Ohio. Net operating income of Class 1 railroads for the first 11 months of 1924 is given by the Bureau of Rail- way Economics, Washington, as $898,257,770, or at the annual rate of 4.32 per cent on their tentative valua- tion. This compares with $913,336,797 and 4.52 per cent in 11 months of 1923. stapsene ¥ “s IO 6) NEE ON LGPL gee. ta We ty ea eg gyn ment ely tyr i meee eee id ceo nas ie mare THE IRON AGE 120 NEW MILWAUKEE MILLERS ; ‘ricti Clutch etor Mounted in the Column Friction ao Siecuas Mall Traverse Among Refinements A line of motor-in-the-base milling = which the driving motor 1s mounted as shown 9 ae accompanying illustration, providing a — ao simplified unit, has been placed on the market : Kearney & Trecker Corporation, Milwaukee. iy ries space is occupied, and utilizing the space in the Kk part of the column and putting the motor out of the ee nay : } . a ¢ s~AVINe wav. protected from dust and dirt, Is stressed as leaving fewer corners in which dirt may accumulate. It is ; | to provide a quieter and more economical nstallation In making this addition to its standard line, the i iia NI > Vill company has adhered to its direct geured drive, no belts ii ipa d ac < i : : : oe or chains being employed The driving pinion 1s mounted on the armature shaft and meshes with the driving gear leading up through the gear train in the column. The motor is placed with the driving pinion toward the front of the machine, the brushes and com- mutator being reached by merely removing the hinged cover at the rear of the column. The entire motor can be slid out of its housing conveniently if any adjust- ments or repairs are required. Adequate lubrication ot the motor bearings is provided for, outside of the machine. Ample motor ventilation is obtained by louvers placed as shown. Other refinements include a new friction clutch and a “built-in” power rapid traverse for the table. The drive is through the new friction clutch, with the control lever extended and brought out to the front of the machine. This lever may be adjusted to any angle de- sired for the convenience of the operator, or may be swung compietely out of the way for very large work. A lever directly at the front of the table engages the power feed in a direction determined by the lever movement. A second lever, conveniently located at the right of the operator as he stands in a normal operat- ing position, may be shifted to determine whether table movement shall be at the feed or power rapid traverse rate. The levers are separated and the movements cannot be confused. Other levers controlling the en- gagement of cross and vertical feeds are located in convenient positions and are separate from the table control levers. The all-geared drive, automatic lubrication of col- umn gearing, double overarm and other features of the milling machines previously marketed } ' ; »y the com- pany are included in the new machines. Eight sizes are January 8, 1925 ohio: a No. 2AS and a No. 2A manufacturing, — No. = and No. 8 plain, No. 2B, No. 2BS or No. 8 universal. The friction clutch is pricy ts on ~ models, and the power rapid traverse 1s standard on a sizes except the No. 2AS and 2BS. Increased Production of Automobile Bodies Products to the amount of $1,013,113,010 were turned out in 1923 by 2122 establishments nape be marily in making motor vehicle bodies, tops, — S, radiators, fenders, windshields, transmissions, mu = axles, steering wheels and other assemblies and parts, but not engines or complete chassis. This is an eee of 148 per cent over the $408,016,532 produced by establishments in 1921. The number of wage — increased from 69,119 to 163,530 and their wages from $96,779,079 to $252,611,632. 3 Horsepower to the amount of 463,603 was employe SEP PUNDOLONRDO EER DEOEE DONOR DERERERERURORERONENT DINNER EnOHRH HEED LHTERINY Location of the Motor Is Shown in Rear View Above. Louvers on the side provide adequate ventilation. Direct geared drive is employed and a new friction clutch is a feature, as well as “built-in” power rapid traverse for table shoes SEOPN ERRE DARE DEN HEE Lan nUn EEE DE NERO NU NRRORRCpmenORnNRERER FenEE HEN: rE in 1923, while the coal consumed amounted to 831,453 net tons. In 1923 more than 200 establishments were located in each of four States, New York having 272, Illinois 212, Ohio 208 and California 201. Pennsylvania and Michigan followed with 175 each, while 39 other States had less than 100 in each case. San Francisco Materials Companies Combined Gunn, Carle & Co., San Francisco, have purchased the Pacific Materials Co., that city. Both companies will continue to function, as the business of the Pacific Materials Co. will be conducted under the management of O. P. Shelley, who will retain his interest in the business and the vice-presidency of the firm. The offices of the Pacific Materials Co. at 525 Market Street will be closed, and consolidated with the Gunn, Carle & Co. offices at 444 Market Street. The Bluxome Street ware- house of the Pacific Materials Co. will be discontinued and stocks transferred to the Gunn, Carle & Co. ware- house at Tenth and Bryant Streets, the capacity of which will be doubled. Since succeeding to the business of Woods & Hub- bart, which was established in November, 1909, Gunn, Carle & Co. have specialized in the fabrication and in- stallation of steel bars and in handling pig iron, coke and ferroalloys, and have also represented manufac- turers of heavy duty industrial trucks and other lines. The Pacific Materials Co., which was incorporated in 1914 as a consolidation of the Lilley & Thurston Co., organized in 1903, and the Waterhouse & Price Co., founded in 1906, handles builders’ supplies. Raps Government Meddling in Business Senator Bruce Points Out Dangerous Tendencies in His Own and Other Parties—Calls for Return to Sound Principles WASHINGTON, Jan. 6.—Senator William Cabell Bruce, Democrat, of Baltimore, has the courage of his convictions and his convictions, as it happens, are that there are such things as legitimate business and wealth. His quick support of these principles and his able man- ner of presenting them, invariably reflecting the thought of a learned lawyer and scholar, have attracted much attention, as has also his readiness to combat po- litical fads and dangerous theories which he says have been espoused by many Democrats and caused the party to lose the confidence of the people temporarily. His views on business and government were inter- estingly set forth in a debate he had on Monday of last week with Senator Pat Harrison, Democrat, of Mis- sissippi, when the Underwood Muscle Shoals bill was taken up for discussion. Senator Harrison had made an attack on the so-called fertilizer trust. “TI, for one, am not to be intimidated by these vague references to ‘trusts,’” said Senator Bruce. “There are trusts, of course, that should be restrained by the strong curb of the law. We all know that. We all know that wealth has its dangers, though no greater dangers than poverty. Many years ago the distin- guished speaker of the House, Thomas B. Reed of Maine, declared that a statesman was a dead politi- cian; and so, when you run it down, you find that one- half of these mythical trusts, these ogres, these octo- puses, these fabled monsters, are nothing but legitimate business combinations that have happened, solely by their skill and close attention to business and good management, to attain an extraordinary degree of success.” Speaking of the Underwood bill, Senator Bruce made known his ideas concerning the Government com- peting with private business. “I am hostile to it (the bill) because I think that the Government has no right to enter into competition with its own citizens in any ordinary industrial line of business,” said Senator Bruce, “and I regard the prop- osition to have it establish a commercial fertilizer fac- tory or factories at Muscle Shoals as the longest stride that has ever been taken in its history toward the gen- eral socialization of industries of all sorts in the United States.” Declaring that he is beginning to think that there is a general movement throughout the United States in the direction of the socialization of all industry, Senator Bruce said: “Before I became a member of this body I had never formed any due conception of the extent to which this process was eating into the very core of our national life. Now, it seems to me, we have reached a point where almost every day of the world we have a clash between the old American ideas with reference to the true functions of the state and these modern ideas about them.” Senator Bruce thinks paternalism in government has reached such a point that he expressed his disgust by saying: “I sometimes think that we should tear down the Statue of Liberty from the summit of this Capitol and place a big black pap bottle in its place. The idea seems to be that the Government is something to which resort is to be incessantly had for the coddling and artificial stimulation of. private interests.” Senator Bruce’s own modest biography in the Con- gressional Directory reveals the training of the high- grade lawyer and scholar who has entered upon politics. His biography does not show it, but he himself said: “I am not connected with any trust or ever any cor- poration, except the Maryland Life Insurance Co., of which I have been the general counsel for many years. I owe no personal obligations of any sort to any busi- ness interests.” Born at Staunton Hill, Va., March 12, 1860, Senator Bruce received his legal education at the University of Virginia and the University of Maryland Law School. In addition to private law practice, he served as head of the Baltimore City Law Department and general counsel of the State Public Service Commission of Maryland. He was a member of the Maryland State Senate in 1894 and was made president of that body in 1896. Asa scholar, particularly of political history, Senator Bruce has become well known. He is author smvomvunnngtea ivanell Pa ee eee oe IVIDE the Democratic party into two wings, the one called “fundamen- talist” and the other “modernist,” and no difficulty would be expe- iets itis ehdinndeniee-tin res Jeliertiehe nes St SV ha TEER Pint. sey ishitepenlieh ett nas it penne tr a ARMED LIT OO 5 RIMM Cag TO ae S aa San eesti a, FY rienced in classifying Senator William Cabell Bruce of Maryland. He clearly is a “fundamentalist,” with no use for mere fads that might appeal to the political imagination. Utterly devoid of anything that savors of demagogism, Senator Bruce has attracted nation-wide attention during the two years that he has been in the Senate his frank views that. are remindful of the rebirth of the principles of such great leaders of his party as Jefferson, Jackson and Cleveland. ged, scholarly and sincere, the Senator from Maryland is outspoken and is ever ready to sound a to his party, which he considers has strayed widely from its original prin- ciples. He has a use for eg Dagens my os claims have ne mto it, and in his opinion have caused the pe to confidence in : His support of legitimate private business against ae ee ment is what precipitated the debate in the Senate on Monday of last week with Senator Harrison, Democrat, of Mississippi. (The photograph is copyrighted by Harris 4 Ewing) 122 of “Benjamin Franklin Self-Revealed,” “Below the James” and “John Randolph of Roanoke.’ Senator Dial Lauds Senator Bruce Senator Bruce of Maryland was lauded by Senator Dial of South Carolina last Saturday. “In all the Muscle Shoals debate,” said Senator Dial, “the Senator from Maryland, Mr. Bruce, is the only Senator who has struck the root and foundation of the issue, the unquestionable, blazing, plain truth that Government ownership and control of utilities in time of peace is absolutely, diametrically and insolently contrary to the fundamental principles of the Demo- cratic party, to the aspirations and craving that gave our Republic birth and the inborn instincts of the American people. “2 “Let us try ourselves in the court of our own com- mon sense. We must find the weight of evidence is all against us. Let us manfully realize the truth that we are beaten because we deserve to be beaten; because by our own weakness and cowardice and errors we have alienated public confidence. “We have fallen into shifty epportunism, seizing every fad of the moment, yielding to every pressure from lobbies and galleries, veering to every wind that THE IRON AGE January 8, 1925 seemed to promise popularity, regardless of the direc- tion from which it blew. We have infected ourselves and our party with political miasma and pestilence, brought here from fetid and sickening atmospheres of the old countries. We have permitted the great Demo- cratic party to be degraded and used by a small alien faction merely as an instrument of annoyance and hindrance to administrations. “It is a mortifying, bitter truth that the quiet and close thinking man in the White House, just elected President as the Republican nominee, is a better Demo- crat in many essentials, more in accord with the foun- dation principles of the Democratic party than many men who have obtained high and honorable places as ostensible Democrats.” Senator Brookhart of Iowa took just the opposite view of the situation. He is for Government operation of the Muscle Shoals plant. Senator Bruce, he said, was opposed “to the Government doing anything that in any way interferes with the business transactions of private parties.” The Iowan, who was recently virtually read out of the Republican party by his Senate colleagues of that faith, said he regarded this Government as the most efficient in the world and he was confident it could ad- minister Muscle Shoals for the public good. MACHINERY EXPORTS FALL OFF November Shipments 9 Per Cent Below October 1924 Shows 11 Per Cent Advance Over 192: WASHINGTON, Jan. 5.—Exports of machinery in November, 1924, were valued at $25,502,430, as against $28,094,797 in October, and for the 11 months ended with November, 1924, they were valued at $294,240,679, compared with $264,501,390 for the 11-month period of 1923. Metal-working machines exported in Novem- ber numbered 3791 valued at $715,327, compared with 5562 valued at $834,806 in October. Imports of Machinery Into the United States (By Value) Eleven Months ’ Ended November -——November—., ‘ otal rie, 1924 1923 1924 1923 Metal-working ma- ae chine tools - $29,689 26,590 317,045 59,516 Agricultural machin- : wae en wane ery andimplements 147,316 75,061 2,139,33¢ 3 7 — machinery ; site a and apparatus 743,749 142,7 7,917 5 5 ale ee 7 7 790 1,117,917 1,591,354 ating machinery.. 5,246 10,702 89,997 1,766,519 Other machinery.... 318149 21295 7,628 2'534°271 Saas anus can. ; 956 3,687,628 2,534,270 cultural .... ; 110,451 112,973 1,716,457 2,553,016 Total .$1,354,600 $581,072 $9,068,374 $9.615.411 Metal-Working Machinery Exports November, 1924 October, 1924 oe See Number Value Number Value NO a0 sink atmtegiind s+» 111 $140,620 61 $103,029 Boring and drilling machines 102 31,218 197 80.057 I laners, shapers and slotters 22 34.381 18 31'907 Bending and power presses. . 46 44,672 75 1789 5 DD 6s Wa phe ease ss 53 74,728 6 OTe, Milling machines .......... 36 557,937 47 ett Thread cutting and screw % wee ee we meg, MT ee 60 52 Punching and shearing ma- — - satan nee RT ee 14 20,069 16 6.086 ower hammers ...... anes 17 27,813 147 044 *Sharpening and _ grinding oe ” omens DE |. ose tkee anions 92 124,123 330 166.238 Chucks, center, lathe, drill ee and other metal-working SERRE ae 2,010 $32,455 3.179 5 RRO Pneumatic portable teols.... 1,228 74'667 11449 Trane eee ahh ’ ee ‘ - 44,004 DNS oc 855 eo Fe 3,791 $715,327 2 $834 800 5,562 $834,806 *External and internal grindin orn g m: sharpening and grinding machines” — weight instead of by number. hines only: “other are reported now by Imports of machinery in November were valued at $1,354,600, compared with $604,226 in October. For the 11 months ended with November they were valued at $9,068,374, as against $9,615,411 for the correspond- ing period of last year. TC COUPE EUEEEDOEEC CETTE) PERE EEEU ETON NEUEN ERENT Machinery Exports from United States (By Value) Eleven Months Ended November, November, November, November, 1924 1923 1924 1923 Locomotives ae $485, 820 $460,082 $5,068,818 $3,996,262 Other Steam Engines. . 40, 142 105, 440 946,417 1, 132,027 Boilers. . ‘ 120,075 163, 297 1,822,317 1,291,749 Accessories and Parts... . 226,757 128,966 = 3,459,471 1, 253, 668 Automobile Engines......... 419, 905 285,705 3,164,312 5,061, 861 Other Internal Combustion Engines........ ; 741,895 578,420 6,949,321 6,357, Accessories and Parts for... . . 228, 636 274,741 3,278,657 3, 168,391 Electric Locomotives... . . 14,440 51,624 2,200, 185 3,062, 489 Other Electric Machinery and " Apparatus..........., 565, 676 832,214 7,299,501 7,989,396 Excavating Machinery. . . 211,738 136,182 2,202,692 1,483,319 Conerete Mixers... . . 41,740 55,568 591,358 511, 980 Road Making Machinery. 68,112 90,134 1,123,798 860, 972 ameter and Elevator Ma- ; ; OT ccc cckacn 140, 630 ‘ 7 Minin ais ibectee tae: 310,370 1,797,734 3,114,595 GMMETY ... 0.025. an 742,708 976,724 4,219,1 , 256, Oil Well Machinery. ..... 476,940 661,559 6040; 300 8199; 318 : ape ppalakiute 622,089 702,033 6,729, 948 6, 842,561 Lathes. casks .--» 140,620 151,003 1,102,025 1,011,525 soring and Drilling Machines 31,218 75, 555 532, 468 665, 631 Planers, Shapers and Slotters. . 34,381 19,500 288, 514 232, 846 Bending and Power Presses 44,672 64,000 461,446 «= «83.59, 926 le tin te Tin “Cating aS (937 36,871 = 882,787 «422, 009 Machines....... 52,7 ir ny and Shearing Ma- — a ous — chines . 2 Power Hammers... . ee sen os 1 ee Rolling Machines. 202.8 oo 9,346 100/875 28,195 Sharpening and Grinding Ma- : , ‘ chines... ... Othe Meal “Working va 124,123 130,381 1,619,879 970,979 chinery and Parts of 339, 077 392, 634 seattle secuinery v 670,971 317609 berger 8'34n aaa Sewing Machines... $84,882 704,206 7,752,128 8, 202, 885 Plour- Mill and Gristmill Ma- one S05 18 15 , chinery.... ‘ 53,234 52,785 7 Sugar-mill Machin ; : d 7.0 (100 Pape ae Pulp Mill Ms- 994, 385 817,970 8,040,844 5,540,701 J OT a 164,049 119 one Machinery : 95, 302 33°079 rie t 77 702 Pert Woodworking Machinery 110,063 118,041 1, 198,076 i efrigerating and Ice Making : pr am Machinery... 120,284 175 Air ( : ,020 2,001, Te Compressors 1, 88-498 248,113 2°700,166 9,395,368 Power Laundry Machinery "$3,204 ee ara a at Typesetting Machines... . 561,713 398,839 3, 286,393 a rt} Agoura! Machinery and 096,508 400,720 4,200,487 4,196,978 mplements........ <- C0 Total —— $25, 502,430 $25,244,428 $294, 240, 679 $264, 501,390 secnerenngen u svertecauvccuvovuonuveververenssnvasnuvocevensenrvernnvsnevoeeveenestanesus osrensuunvaseeesseuvoesvenvouesseenene Eira eae pec ceaa eto ed a3 January 8, 1925 Combination Surface and Disk Grinder with Hydraulic Table Feed Employment of an Oilgear hydraulic table feed, pro- viding flexible control of table travel, is an outstanding feature of the No. 1 surface grinder recently brought out by the Gardner Machine Co., Beloit, Wis. The machine as shown in the illustration is equipped also for disk grinding, the left-hand or far end of the machine being provided with a steel disk wheel and universal lever-feed table, for various work usually done on a single-end disk grinder. The right-hand end of the machine is for large work requiring heavy cuts, and is also effectively used on long parts which cannot be handled to advantage on a disk grinder. Unusual Flexible Control] of Table Travel by Means of the Oil- gear Hydraulic Table Feed Is a Feature. The left- hand or far end of the machine, shown in the insert, is provided with a steel dash wheel and universal lever feed table of im- proved design. The right-hand end is for large work re- quiring heavy cuts and for long parts which cannot be handled to advant- age on a disk grinder versatility and the wide range provided by the combi- nation machine are stressed by the makers. The Oilgear hydraulic feed used in effecting the longitudinal travel of the table permits of close regu- lation of the rate of table travel to suit the require- ments of the particular work being ground. Control of the table travel is by means of a convenient hand lever at the front of the machine. Freedom of wear of parts is an advantage also claimed for the Oilgear mechanism employed, as well as reduction of fatigue of the operator and consequent increase of production, because of the automatic longitudinal movement of the table. The table is operated by a double-acting hydraulic cylinder mounted on the compound slide and connected directly to the table. Oil pressure is supplied to the cylinder by a variable-delivery Oilgear pump mounted inside the base, and driven by belt from the machine spindle. A flexible hose connects the cylinder and pump, the latter being entirely inclosed and self con- Proposed Reduction of Rates WASHINGTON, Jan. 5.—In a report by Attorney- Examiner Arthur R. Mackley, last week, he recom- mended that car load rates on plates, shapes, bars, and rods from the Pittsburgh dist