The Iron Age 1923-12-20: Vol 112 Iss 25

ESTABLISHED 1855 VOL. 112, No. 25 alii * TES Mt | Machining Methods at Cash Register Plant’ | Special Equipment and Devices for Profiling, Drilling, Milling, Grinding and Press Work—Close Re- ) quirements in Respect to Castings BY L. S. LOVE en et ty National Cash Register Co. at Dayton, Ohio, non-ferrous metals. The iron foundry with 43 molders ANY of the parts of the registers built by the all made in two foundries, one for iron and one for > . are cast. Some of these castings are of gray iron, others of non-ferrous metals, such as bronze, brass, aluminum, type metal, die castings, etc., depend- takes care of 21 tons of iron per day, with an average weight of castings of 1.10 Ib. Patterns used in register work are all of metal. A wood pattern is first made, from which is cast a metal ing upon the particular service required of them. In all there are about 40 alloys used. These castings are pattern; the wood pattern of course made sufficiently large to allow for two shrinkages, that of the metal 3 *Tool making as practiced in ~. age ge py gee ; Pattern and an additional shrinkage in the casting it- maimtemmaes ae poh ope Ra was Gaceneed in the self. Also the wood pattern is made sufficiently large to permit the metal pattern to be machined all over, issue of Aug. 30 and the notable amount and variety of automatic conveyors in use were the subject of numerous 7 : wend ais —" ae including all surfaces, angles, and drafts. This pro- illustrations in the issue of Oct. 25 Das Sections coca of Rope le: OOS Lee, As Many as 32 Spindles Are Used in a Row With Auxiliary Tables to Facilitate Sliding the Jig From One Machine to the Next, So That All Holes May Readily Be Drilled Through One Jig 1639 Py ees } Pe 5. ts % By iL-8 § q “a E het whe ca i,t Ret fae tee Re Bi" 4 7 NESE Ie RE = > is 4 gk ae et ete we | bale ie See tare © Pt @ 3 4 . ee ie : hind § ' se 3 - . ri - * * , o: 3 fi. > » We ae ' “ ta * . ® tes ‘e ‘ . bs + eft, 3 eT 4 * $ : = VSie9 * Nae \ ow MES Tin iatreen neato 1640 duces a pattern which will make an accurate mold. All metal patterns are boarded. On such castings as will permit, special flasks are used in place of the ordinary square or rectangular flask. They conform roughly to the shape of the piece, thereby saving considerable sand and also in weight of mold to be handled by the operator from the molding machine to the floor. A daily chemical analysis is made of pig iron used and also of the scrap from other days’ pour, so that uniform analysis of iron can be maintained, to secure strength and machinability. This analysis is also used on alloys daily. Most of the castings are pickled, two men with the aid of hoists handling 22,000 lb. daily. This reduces chance of breakage and also, reducing scale, makes machining easier. Due to the patterns of machined finish and careful check on analysis, a uni- form machining allowance is made on all castings of 0.040 in. This must take care of any warpage as well as removal of scale. All castings are inspected, not only for appearance, but actually with inspection tools. The castings are placed in inspection jigs or on parallel plugs on a sur- face plate and checked by surface gages to hold ma- chining bosses within the limit allowed. This allow- ance is imperative, regardless of size or shape of the casting. A profiling operation then machines the bosses, this job being easily handled due to uniform amount of metal to be removed. Castings which are to be machined are loaded from the inspection bench in racks mounted on truck wheels, on which they are rolled to the machine department, and when machined are loaded back on the truck to be moved to the assembly floor or assembly stock, so that a counted lot of castings moves in a group from inspection to assembly. Such castings as are to be japanned are dipped after leaving the inspection bench. Wire baskets are conveyed on overhead trolley to the vat, which is mounted on an air hoist. Elevating the vat has proved better than lowering the work, as it saves a break in the track and also generally makes less splash when the work enters the japan bath. Baskets are moved along over a draining trough to the drying oven. This foundry also handles castings up to 2 tons for use of the tool room, in construction of special tools or ma- chines. The care used in making patterns and watching analysis of iron daily has reduced the percentage of waste to an exceptionally low point. In 1921 the loss in the foundry amounted to 3.2 per cent and in 1922 to 3.5 per cent. One week this year the loss went as low as 2 per cent. Loss includes bad castings, breakage and warpage. And inspection is 100 per cent. In the non-ferrous foundry 5000 lb. of bronze are cast daily. Here also the same accuracy is practiced as being absolutely necessary in making so many different alloys and metals. There are two kinds of die castings produced, one with a zinc base and one with a tin base. Reference was made in the description of castings inspection to the loading of frames on trucks having shelves; that these trucks carried the frames to the various machine operations and then to the assembly department. These frames go first to the profilers on which the bosses or pads are surfaced. The method of setting the profiler head for depth or to secure proper height for the various pads is of interest. On each head is an adjusting screw set at a predetermined depth to permit sufficient vertical adjustment to accommodate varying heights of pads. Under these screws resting on blocks attached to the rail are movable step blocks with the number and heights of steps for the different bosses on the frame being machined. The machine head is raised or lowered until the screw rests on the step to give proper height to the particular boss being faced. After the first piece is removed from the machine, following operation on the first side, it is placed in a testing fixture to check parallelism and relative height of the pads. During the run about every tenth piece is so checked to test for wear on the cutter. One specially built machine is used in this class of work. The machine is a 30-in, gear-driven profiler de- signed by the National Cash Register Co., and built by THE IRON AGE December 20, 1922 the Pratt & Whitney Co., having since become part of the line offered by the latter. In this machine both spindles, which are independently adjustable on the rail, are used in conjunction with the step blocks for different heights of pads. One of the unusual features of this machine is the construction of table bearings, in which the sliding friction customary to this type of machine has been replaced by a rolling friction, mak- ing it possible for the operator to move easily as great a weight as 1800 lb. The machine was built to surface the so-called class 2000 register base which is the largest casting in pro- duction at present in this plant. The base itself is not heavy, but requires an exceptionally heavy fixture. In this fixture are incorporated support jacks, which are one of the company’s standardized fixture parts. The casting is laid on registering pads in the fixture and is then supported under the points where cutting pressure is applied by wedge adjusting jacks. These are hardened pins of about % in. diameter ad- justable vertically by means of sliding wedges under them, carried in the fixture base. The wedges are pushed in and clamped by wing nuts at their outer ends. The evolution of these jacks was shown in a previous article. In this manner proper support is secured for the casting without straining it. Other profilers are used with both spindles working on similar jobs, and some are used on the customary run of profiler work, for instance, in form milling quadrant castings with the guide pin following a mas- ter form. The drilling and reaming of many of the surface and side holes in these frames, some of which appear to be honeycombed with holes, is accomplished, when possible, in turret type multiple spindle drills. These machines were designed for this company’s needs and have been in the plant for many years, some of them probably being among the earliest of this kind of ma- chine built. The machines are entirely automatic in operation requiring only loading by the operator, all subsequent operations being controlled by cams. The machine stops automatically when finished, waiting for new casting. One man can care for three. One inter- esting feature on these drills is the fact that side holes are drilled at the same time surface holes are, even where the side holes are at an angle; the drive here being by universal joints. Blocks guiding the drills move to and from the work automatically. Owing to the fact that much of the company’s product comes through in comparatively. small lots, it is necessary to use a large quantity of the ordinary type of high speed drill with suitable fixtures. On these it is not economical to use power or automatic feeds. Machines are so arranged that it is possible for an operator to progress along a line of these drills with special tables on a level, employing as many as 18, 24 or even on occasion 32 spindles on one casting. An example of one frame is what is known as class 2000 printer back frame, which has 108 holes. Some of these holes are so close together that it is impossible to drill all in one jig, so that two are used. The work is placed in the first jig registering from pads on its base. The construction of this jig is of interest as being exemplary of the company’s standardization practice and the making of jigs which will wear long and hold their accuracy. The cover carrying the drill bushings is hinged. The hinge pins are 7/16 in. diameter, hard- ened, straight ground, bearing in hardened and ground bushings. The bushings have collars or end flanges, also hard, to take care of any end wear. The bottom of the cover is faced with hardened pads, which strike on hardened stop posts. All the clamps to hold the work are in the base of the fixture, so that they cannot spring the cover and affect the alinement of the drill bushings. The side location of the work is by means of plunger type of screws pushing it against a hard- ened plug, thereby avoiding the twisting effect of the screw turning directly against the work which causes inaccuracy. All important holes in this jig are double bushed, so that wear can easily be remedied by replace- ment of the second bush. The second jig for this job registers the casting December 20, 1923 from side holes drilled in the first jig. Large two sided jigs such as this one are provided with horns to assist the operator in rolling the jig over. As the first casting going through comes from this drilling operation it is tested on a gage. This gage plate is equipped with hardened bushings. A set of plug gages is provided for testing all holes. They are relieved on the ends, or beveled, and bear only on one side at the front end so that by turning slightly the exact position of any inaccuracy in a hole may be determined. Drilled castings are so checked at frequent intervals during the run. The question here naturally arises as to why the company after going to the expense of making costly jigs, goes to additional expense to make up a lot of costly gages to test work during production. This is done simply because they have found it profitable so to do. Regardless of good fixtures and care, inaccura- cies are bound to occur at times, and it is less costly to test periodically during a run than to make up a lot of parts and find when they are drawn from stock that somewhere s@mething slipped or went wrong causing the whole lot to be scrapped. In the class 2000 base castings there are a number of holes to be drilled in the edges. This work is han- dled in a machine designed by the National Cash Reg- ister Co. but built outside the plant. The machine is THE IRON AGE 1641 a hinged arm-radial drill with direct motor drive using a vertical motor coupled direct to the drive shaft of the machine. The work is held in a jig mounted on a swiveling fixture, so that holes in all sides can be drilled In one set up. On the fixture are locating blocks with guide bushings for the drill. Immediately behind the drill spindle, mounted on the arm is a fixed locating pin with a beveled point. In the drilling operation, this beveled point seats in a hole in the bushing block, thereby automatically centering the drill over the guide bushing. This method materially assists the operator in quickly registering the position for the tool to drill each hole. A test gage has been provided to check accuracy of this operation. Stepped Stops Are Used on Profilers for Determining Height of Various Frame Bosses. The profiler shown above is of the com- pany’s own design but built by a ma- chine tool builder An Air Operated Clutch Requiring Both Hands Proves An Effective Safety Device, of the Com- pany’s Own De sign, to Safeguard Press Operators The surface holes in this same base casting are drilled in a specially built fixed position multiple spin- dle drill. The machine is also used for reaming, and can be arranged to counterbore some of the holes. It is not used, however, for the latter operation, as it has been found that such holes as need counterboring can be done more rapidly in a hand feed machine. A test fixture of unusually large size is employed to check the accuracy of these drilled holes. In one quadrant type casting known as class 2000 keyframe number 5, there are 30 different operations, one of these being the drilling of 78 holes. The piece when finished carries nine tumbler locks; for each lock nt = . — een Po sad 7 . o< : ee ony SOM pine come: megan MN ea tae eee brite Ge : i * ; + } pee . = tt a Ube sBe t : 3 : y e rth Q ee : i Meee es ef ise trees ed et tly ‘ et t > ye oe ari j « - i’ 4 ¥ ry : raed > : »! S Sim Bay 2 4 page o : <g is . i eo 8 ere Sete 8 . ; ‘ , > he * ©? ta ee - . t « ~ bo ’ , OZ a $ . . 1642 there are three tumblers. The drilling of these holes is handled in a special fixture, under the ordinary type of multiple spindle sensitive drill. The company on small drills follows the practice of grinding drills by hand, claiming that a man doing this work day after day becomes so expert that he can se- cure more uniformity of lip length on drills than is pos- sible by machine. Tending to prove the correctness of this is the fact that on many small holes, for dowels, etc., driving fits are secured without reaming. Where there are so many holes in a casting, it is only natural that there should be considerable tapping to do. To facilitate tapping operations the company has developed a tapping attachment operating four taps and attached to an ordinary commercial tapping machine through a drill chuck. This multiple tapping attachment is satisfactorily operating in daily pro- duction. In the frame department, in addition to the numer- ous drilling operations, there is considerable milling done. There are so many of these operations which are interesting, that it is only possible to mention a few of those which are typical or show high production or the overcoming of some very difficult obstacle. In one case a shaft bearing casting having six ring type bearings is mounted across the table in a fixture on a Lincoln milling machine. The operation is gang straddle milling of the sides of the bearings and slab- bing the ends of the frame. There being six lugs or bearings, thirteen cutters are employed for the opera- tion. The cutters for this operation are ground and set up on the arbor in the toolroom, so that all the operator has to do to replace a set of dull cutters is to place the arbor full of sharp cutters in the machine and proceed with his work. Form milling is largely resorted to, and work of this nature is handled with great accuracy considering that only one cut is taken to secure limits of plus or minus 0.001 in. One example is the milling of backs two at a time. In the milling of keyguide slots in tie bars, 34 cut- ters are employed in the operation in a Lincoln miller and one operator cares for three machines. This com- pany was probably one of the first in the country to use the jump feed and quick return on manufacturing mill- ing operations. Double fixtures are used, one end being loaded while the other is being machined. Class 700 segment frames call for a form milling operation. Three are machined in one set up in a Lin- coln miller. Fixtures employed in this operation, as is also the case in several others, are adjustable for length by means of movable blocks so that different lengths of frames for various models may be handled in the same fixture, thereby saving in the fixture in- vestment. In this operation also one man operates three machines. Certain of these frame parts have a number of shaft bearings in a row. After all milling and other operations have been performed, and the castings are relieved of these strains, a line reaming operation is performed in a special machine. In some cases there are two lines of holes of different size to be reamed in the same machine. A special indexing fixture developed is for milling two widths of slot in one quadrant. For doing this work the milling machine is also equipped with a spe- cial two arbor head mounted on the column of the ma- chine similar to the mounting for an ordinary vertical attachment. This is driven by the machine spindle. Owing to the peculiar nature of this work and the lia- bility for inaccuracies to creep in, each piece is checked in a special test gage as it comes from the machine. Several special milling machines are required for some of the work in this department. One of these is equipped with an indexing mechanism mounted at the side of the machine. It is used for milling slots in side frame quadrants. A milling machine designed and built in the Na- tional Cash Register Co. shops has six milling spindles at different angles for handling a piece of peculiar shape milling six surfaces at once. A gage is employed for checking this work. It has locating pins which are THE IRON AGE December 20, 1923 the same as those in the milling fixture and has a block on which is placed a dial indicator for testing the accu- racy of the work. Another interesting gage employed in this depart- ment is used for testing a class 700 upper back. The casting is registered from drilled holes, and the rela- tion of the milled rib machined in one cut is checked with relation to these holes by means of a pointer gage. The limit is plus or minus 0.001 in: The gage is ad- justable for length of piece to be tested. In addition to the numerous tests and checks of accuracy during production, a final inspection is made by regular inspection department employees before work goes to the assembly department. These inspec- tors while working regularly in this particular depart- ment compose a branch of the main inspection depart ment. In what is known as the lathe department, which is a comparatively small portion of the plant, there are several fixtures of unusual interest. In one case it is necessary to hollow mill portions of a rather odd shaped casting known as a segment frame of the class 700 reg- ister. This casting would be an awkward one to swing on the spindle as the chuck required would be very bulky. It is therefore placed in a fixture mounted on the turret base of a turret lathe. This fixture is so arranged that it indexes as would the turret. The ho!- low mill is carried in the lathe spindle. Air chucks are increasing output as much as 40 per cent. In one case a magazine feeding to an air chuck on the turret lathe spindle handles 850 pieces on a facing and reaming operation in 9 hr. These ar bronze type segments of the class 800 register. The machine operation is performed on a boss which is at the radial center of the segment. Unloading and eject- ing are also performed automatically. A special driving chuck for arbor work has been developed. This permits work to be placed in the lathe or removed without stopping the spindle. In the body of the chuck are two driving pins extending beyond the face of the chuck and lathe center. These driving pins are controlled by a collar and can be withdrawn into the body of the chuck flush with its face by this collar which is actuated by a yoke lever mounted within convenient reach of the operator, this withdrawal permitting removal and replacement of work. Ten of these chucks are saving $2,500 a year on this class of work. In this plant are two press shops. One is devoted to smaller work, the other to larger pieces, such as cabinet parts. In press shop No. 1 there are 16,000 dies for work on 10,000 pieces, among which are dies for several un- usual operations. Probably the most noteworthy exam- ples of achievement in press work is the shaving die operation. There are dies used for truing cams which can be produced to an accuracy limit of 0.0002 in. The work is performed on what is known at this plant as a jogging press developed by the N. C. R. The cam which operates the press has an uneven surface of humps and hollows, which serves to vibrate or chatter as the die is closed, thus producing a clean sheared edge on the work. An interesting example of the use of shaving dies is the cutting of two notches in the class 900 counter transfer bar. These notches must be accurate to plus 0.001 in. or minus 0.001 in. in relation to a pin in the transfer bar on which the bar rocks. This operation is now performed at a cost of 6 cents per hundred as against a former cost of 35 cents for a milling opera- tion. Indicator frame racks are shaved to a point of accuracy which shuts out daylight against a locating gage. An unusual operation was noted in the press depart- ment. This consists of piercing a number of rectangu- lar holes in a quadrant shaped brass casting, used 4s the class 2000 keyframe guard. Swaging is resorted to in a number of instances. In one case a blank for a counter pinion was reduced from % in. thickness to 1/16 in., leaving a hub. The pinion is later trimmed. L Air is used for ejecting in a number of cases, the air December 20, 1923 jet valve being controlled by the oper- ator’s foot, leaving both hands free to operate the press. Throughout the de- partment it may be noted that operators are protected by air operated safety clutches controlling the presses. These were designed and built by the company. They are provided with two levers re- quiring two hands to operate. In the press shop is a repair section for making minor repairs in a hurry rather than to call on the general ma- chine department. When a press is faulty in operation a card hanging on it is turned out displaying a sign “Out of Order.” Press shop No. 2 which handles cabinet and external parts and also the larger internal parts made of sheet is laid out somewhat differently from press shop No. 1. Work in progress is stacked on platforms ready to be picked up by the industrial truck and carried to the press for forming. The truck is also used for carrying dies and bolsters to the press bed or to the die storage bins. ‘I'he truck used is of the tier lift type, which will reach from the lowest to the highest storage shelf or can be set at any inter- mediate height, permitting the bolster and then the die to be pushed directly from the truck platform to position without any man power lifting. All bolster plates, die shoes and punch holders in this department are interchangeable. A complete record of die changes is kept as well as of work in progress, so that a new die may be delivered to the press as the last job on it is finishing. Under each of the large presses is a pit for easy access and adjustment of spring work, etc., when re- quired on forming dies. One very economical practice in this shop is in the making of field and armature laminations for use in the motors which the company makes to operate some of its registers. A strip of steel is run through the press which is equipped with a tandem die. From this strip are pierced, notched and blanked the armature laminations and the portion of the strip surrounding is then blanked for the field laminations. As the finished work drops through the press bed it stacks on upright rods, ready to be used for winding. Immediately adjacent to press No. 2 is a section de- voted to grinding. In this department are several spe- cial grinders performing some interesting operations. One is a special roll grinder provided with hopper THE IRON AGE ‘Mer Lift Trucks Save Much Hand Lifting of Heavy Bolsters and Dies 1643 Considerations of Safety Have Demanded the Use of the Card and Report Blank Shown Above. They are employed in con- nection with minor repairs made locally, without recourse to the general repair department feed. These rolls are tubular, about % in. diameter and % in. long. They are thrown into the hopper feed- ing into a vertical magazine. A sliding feed conveys them to an expanding mandrel in front of the wheel. All motions are cam operated. The machine turns out 830 per hour or about 100,000 per week. A centerless grinder is used on shafts 15% in. long by 9/16 in. at the rate of 4 per min. This type of ma- chine is used on both rough and finish grinding. An- other special grinder is used on taper pins, making them automatically from the wire. The wheel is con- trolled by a cam as is the cutting off slide. One example of plain grinding is noteworthy in that the shaft is ground to an accuracy limit of 0.0008, in. in one pass over and back, taking 0.007 m. in one cut from a shaft 5/16 in. by 10% in. at the rate of 110 pieces per hour. A tube 0.576 in. rough diameter by 11 in. long is re- duced to 0.561 in. for finish or 0.016 in. in one pass at the rate of 9 per hour. Seven trustees have been named for the newly-created Economic Foundation in New York and charged with the duty of finding facts which bear on social, economic and industrial problems. Various interests will be represented, the object being to bring together a group of men, each of whom shall be expert in his line, thus giving a tone of impartiality to the voice of the group. Thomas W. Lamont of J. P. Morgan & Co. is chairman of trustees and labor is represented by John P. Frey of the American Fed- eration of Labor. The system of election provides for perpetual rep- resentation of such interests as banking, manufacturing, organized labor, the legal profession, colleges, agriculture and economic and social reform movements. ee ne ee ey AND THEIR CARE ROLLS Importance of Avoiding Unequal Expansion and Contraction-—-Rational Use of Water Urged Of all the forces known to man there are possibly no powers greater nor more irresistible than those 01 expansion and contraction. We have learned to con- trol many of the once deemed uncontrollable influences, but these forces have remained among the uncon- quered, according to a writer in “United Effort.” ; Hot mill experts are so cognizant of the powers of expansion and contraction that their routine of opera- tions is governed entirely by them. They have formu- lated a simple law which they try to follow religiously, i.e., avoid too sudden a change in temperature of the To be careless in this respect is to court disaster, for the one certain way to ruin a roll is to ignore this law, either knowingly or otherwise. However, it is to cold mills that attention di- rected. By a cold mill we mean to imply the thought of rolls running and operating in an inexpanded state. This condition is brought about generally by the judi- cious application of water, where and when necessary. To heat and expand the surface of a roll beyond a certain normal rate puts the interior in such a state of tension that it must certainly burst apart, sooner or later. Conversely, to cool and contract the exterior of a roll too suddenly over an expanded interior will just as certainly open up cracks in the surface, which will tend materially to shorten its life, even if cooled uniformly around the roll. And heat or cold applied to one side of a roll will invariably lead to breakage. Granting that a roll in an expanded state is in the most critical condition, recognized by hot and cold mill men alike, there is a call for great watchfulness on the part of the cold mill man, if he would endeavor to keep roll failure at a minimum. Let me reiterate and em- phasize to the cold mill man the law of the hot mill; avoid too sudden a change in temperature of the rolls. This applies to all kinds of rolls, both iron and steel and their alloys. Generally we find the greatest trouble at the roll necks, where small diameters are subjected to the sud- den. heating influence of friction. With the necks out of sight and lost, in the attention given to the bars be- ing rolled, it is natural that they often escape notice until they are very hot. And at this time a great mis- take is often made, water being turned on to the hot neck. A more perfect way to ruin the roll can hardly be found. If that neck is cooled suddenly on the out- side, while the interior is hot and expanded, it will crack or strain the neck to such an extent that it can be expected to break at any moment, possibly at some time when there is not even a bar in the mill. It takes time to slack the screws, stop rolling, tear down the splash boards, let the neck cool down, grease up and get back to proper gage. But it is better in rolls. is Embrittlement of Malleable Iron During ~" . . Galvanizing WASHINGTON, Dec. 18.—Director G. K. Burgess of the Bureau of Standards in his annual report gives a summary of an investigation regarding galvanizing. The research has been completed and covers an inves- tigation on the embrittlement of malleable cast iron during galvanizing. Following is a summary of the work given by Director Burgess in his annual report: Recent investigations have shown that leable iron is often embrittled as the “hot-dipping”’’ method The shown that this change results from temperatures in the blue-heat range plays part The galvanizing is often very striking problem that the varied with different samples of iron was used commercial mal- a result of galvanizing by present study, however, has quenching from certain and that the galvanizing mean heating the material after hot-dip The present study of the magnitude of this deterioration The Izod impact nient means for meas the other no than low-shock the . n iron. resistance of such showed test as a conve uring resilience THE IRON AGE December 20, 1923 many ways to do this than have a roll break and have to change on account of a broken neck. Too often, not only the one roll is ruined but, if the rolls happen to have interlocking tongues and grooves, the other rolls may be spoiled as well. Heating of the necks generally caused by friction alone, while the bodies usually heat up in the pass or passes being used. Knowing that, if a sudden change in temperature is avoided, less roll trouble will be ex- perienced, it is the practice to apply sufficient water to keep the roll cool. But to keep the roll bodies at a normal uniform temperature is not always easy. Some parts of the roll will not be rolled upon at the time and will not come in contact with the hot metal. No water should be directed upon this part of the roll, the passes being used alone getting the supply. But a copious supply here misdirected is wasted effort. To be used to greatest advantage, water must hit the roll where it can follow around and remain longest in contact with the rolling surface. It is a mistake to direct water into the pass where the bar enters, for water can occasion more actual wearing of the groove than the bars themselves, strange as this may seem. If during the rolling the pass has become extremely hot, due to some untoward circumstance, we have here the same necessity for caution as with the neck; it must not be cooled too quickly. Ideally to keep a roll body at a normal uniform tem- perature, the aim should be as nearly as possible to have a copious flow of water, properly directed, only where and when the bar is in the rolls and at no other place nor any other time; in other words, synchronizing the application of the cooling agent with the heat. There is seldom enough water properly directed on the working passes of rolls, the entire roll body gener- ally being kept constantly in the flow. Less water can be used to better advantage if used ideally. In blooming mills and some other types it is a sim- ple matter to have a device to operate valves in the water supply line, so that when a piece is about to enter the rolls the water is turned on. It can also be ar- ranged in many instances that a copious flow is fed on the rolls only on the pass being worked, either by water pipes on movable side guards or automatically controlled valves in the pipes on stationary fixtures. Necks must be watched constantly, bearing in mind that suet is just as efficient today as ever. Due cognizance should be taken of the fact that roll trouble is greater in winter than during the warm weather. Water can have the chill taken off with steam in the line, causing it to be less destructive and just as efficient. Rolls also can be kept in a warm place to great advantage. Hot steel should not be used to take the frost out of them. Expansion and contraction are the natural enemies of rolls. Water correctly applied and judiciously used will in great measure prevent trouble. These remarks are not made for the sake of the rolls alone, for their cost is little compared to the actual loss occasioned by a mill delay. of the metal. The embrittlement was found to be limited to a fairly definite range of quenching temperatures. Aging after treatment did not appear to affect the results. Th¢ rate of cooling from the blue-heat range was important, how ever. If the malleable iron was slowly cooled instead of quenched from these temperatures, the impact resistance was not nearly so seriously impaired. It was also found that the upper limit of the “embrittlement zone” lay a few hundred (C.) below the critical point. Quenching from temperatures in this upper safety zone increased the resilience of the iron and made it immune to the blue-heat deterioration. The information obtained did not solve the question of the fundamental cause of the embrittlement, but did point out,a convenient and simple method for eliminat- ing it, degrees A competitive examination for an assistant elec- trical engineer to fill a vacancy in the Quartermaster Corps of the Army, Philippine Islands, has been an- nounced by the United States Civil Service Commis- sary, Washington, from which application blanks may be obtained until Jan, 15. Foreign Trade for American Steel President Farrell and Government Officials Address Con- ference in Cleveland—Demand from Japan an Important Factor States Steel Corporation and chairman of the Na- tional Federal Trade Council, and seven division heads of the Departmert of Commerce were speakers, Dec. 12, at the third foreign trade conference that has taken place in Cleveland during the past year under the auspices of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. The meeting was of particular interest to manufactur- ers in view of the fact that the principal topic of dis- cussion was conditions in Japan and the outlook for American trade in that country, growing out of the demands for material for restoration work necessitated by the earthquake. However, European conditions both in respect to the outlet for American goods in Europe and to European competition in Japan, were dwelt on to some extent. Mr. Farrell said that American manufacturers must go ahead with the work of developing foreign markets and with existing conditions in Europe should turn their attention to opportunities in South America and the Orient. It is important, he declared, to make larger use of markets heretofore regarded as secondary and to sell goods in these to offset the decrease of ex- ports to Europe. Even when Europe recovers there is no assurance that her interests will not be antagonistic to those of the United States. Permanent connections must be established in other markets and fields found for our surplus products to keep labor continuously employed. Heretofore the study of foreign trade has not been given the attention that it deserves. He said that German manufacturers now have the advantage over other producers because they have been able to eliminate overhead by paying off their indebtedness with the depreciated mark. y] State A. FARRELL, president of the United Distribution Problems Neglected American manufacturers, Mr. Farrell declared, have developed the most wonderful production methods in the world, but they have neglected the problem of dis- tribution, including transportation and financing. He urged the need of a strong American merchant marine. In this connection, he said that three years ago the Government adopted the policy of doing everything necessary to maintain a merchant fleet under private ownership and operation, the purpose being to transfer the Government owned fleet to private ownership. Al- though progress has been made along that line, the proportion of goods carried in American vessels has been constantly decreasing while the proportion of privately owned vessels has been increasing. The ef- forts of the shipping board to secure cargoes has led to rate cutting which has forced the withdrawal of American vessels engaged in overseas trade but has not forced foreign competitors to lay up their ships. A system which compels American ship owners to op- erate at a loss is not conducive to the upbuilding of an American merchant marine. In his opinion there should be some relation between the freight rate and the value of the commodity carried, so that carriers would not suffer a loss. ; President Farrell spoke at a luncheon which was largely attended by members of the chamber. Morn- ing and afternoon sessions were attended by Cleveland and other Ohio manufacturers directly interested in the problems for foreign trade. Japanese Demand for Building Materials Luther Becker, chief of the Iron and Steel Division, Department of Commerce, talked about the Japanese market for building materials. He said that the cost of Japanese restoration would probably be paid for by 1645 Japan by spreading the work over a long period, al- though the Government may be compelled to make foreign loans to pay for some of the material. The Japanese program of restoration would probably take 15 to 20 years to carry out. Japan has purchased 300,000 tons of steel since the earthquake for private and Government accounts. The demand during the next few months will be largely for the lighter mate- rials such as sheets and nails. The Japanese demand for steel will be very heavy for many years, but it will probably be a year before the permanent con- struction work is started, as much time will be re- quired in solving the engineering and legal problems necessary before the rebuilding of Tokio and Yoko- hama into modern cities can be started. Several mod- ern steel and concrete buildings withstood the earth- quake with slight damage and probably these types of buildings will be adopted, with wood types for resi- dences. Supplies in enormous quantities will be re- quired for permanent construction work and most of these will have to come from outside of Japan. The speaker said that the iron and steel products that will be needed will include bars, structural shapes, sheets, strip steel, wire rods, nails and wire shafting and piling. American steel is in favor in Japan and particularly our black, galvanized and electric sheets, . nails, gas and water pipes. The Japanese insist on quality in steel and American mills need not fear Jap- anese competition. A large foreign supply of builders’ hardware will be required, although considerable is made locally. Some brass and copper products will also be needed. With the construction of better houses the speaker predicted a wider use of electrical appli- ances. Mr. Becker said that the Japanese demand will probably start in the spring and urged American man- ufacturers to begin sales campaigns without delay. This is already being done by England and Germany. A few American consumers, he said, are well repre- sented in Japan at present by their own organizations or Japanese import houses, and he urged others to have representatives in the field either their own men or by making connections with smaller Japanese importers. He suggested that American manufacturers in non- competitive lines might pool their interests and send sales experts to Japan. The speaker declared that the financial condition of Japan is sound and that the Japanese plan to pay for reconstruction work eut of their own resources. The Machinery Outlook W. H. Rastall, chief of the Industrial Machinery Division, Department of Commerce, discussed the Jap- anese market for miscellaneous machinery. He re- ferred to the fact that sales of American machinery in Japan last year exceeded that in any other country except Canada. He regarded Latin America as prob- ably the best field at present in which to center efforts for sales of American machinery, but declared that the Asiatic group, particularly Japan, is attractive. He pointed out that the Japanese have come to like Amer- ican machinery. Previous to the war, Germany had furnished 45 per cent of the machinery for inter- national trade, but Germany has almost disappeared as a factor. This business formerly taken by Germany is now available to other countries and it is apparent that during the next few years the bulk of the inter- national machinery business will fall into the hands of British and American manufacturers. If no effort is made, much of this business will go to England because of price. The speaker urged American machinery man- ne ane ne em nee en eT ae OGRE SNS DONE Ep EES SPE ee nee o> STUUR ENED aun S EnEENnDIOISmNONS nv mNNS SIN SNORE ang uTO anni - > — nee Pee PPS kE* & Aoi Li ABES | thks 3 hiobie: § bpp Se: ie (Migs! ie i Bp Hi ks | _ ‘ - . : : ~ ’ Re | ' Thin? the : . ‘ -? ’ » * » ; ; +. , y €, a. BA a. Ed Cae eet ' et 2. } * * . 7 be j e ‘ ss % et a 4 foi .) \ By ig . “<4 ‘ . > oe . . - * > a bo - i ee ie Sos 5 7 . by. a ufacturers to be properly represented in foreign mar- kets so that buyers will be taught to give quality proper consideration, preventing them from buying solely on a price basis. Mr. Rastall said that it would be hard to estimate the amount of machinery that will be required in the various stages of rebuilding opera- tions in Japan, but pneumatic tools and air compres- sors would be needed in the construction work. He regarded Japan as a market of tremendous importance for machinery manufacturers and declared that they should arrange to be represented there for an indefi- nite period rather than for the period during which reconstruction work is going on. yet Salesmen in Japan Arthur Hillyer, chief of the Commerce Intelligence Division, Department of Commerce, said that in select- ing sales representatives in Japan the best plan would be to go there and pick out the best available mate- rial. Adaptability and service are more important Manv Inhibitions of THE IRON AGE December 20, 1923 than price and he urged on American manufacturers the importance of keeping spare parts of machinery on hand in Japan for replacements. Mr. Hillyer spoke in favor of such combinations of American and Jap- anese manufacturers as have been made by the Gen- eral Electric Co. and within the past week or two by Westinghouse interests and Japanese electrical in- terests. Alan T. Goldsmith, chief of the Western European Division, said that Germany is out of the competition for foreign markets at present and will not be a factor for at least a few months because of the collapse of the mark and that the same is true to a less extent of France because of the decline of the franc. Our most severe competition will come from England, which has long had a strong foothold in Japan. The United States has made remarkable progress in developing the Japanese trade, but the British are now trying to get back their pre-war position. He urged American firms to use American instead of European representatives. Acts bv Association Attorney General Daugherty Discusses Consent Decree as a Definite Code of Business Ethies WASHINGTON, Dec. 18.—The consent decree entered on Thursday of last week by Federal Judge Knox at New York, dissolving the Cement Manufacturers’ rro- tective Association, charged with operating in viola- tion of the Sherman anti-trust law, has been signifi- cantly commented upon by the Department of Justice. It is far reaching in its efforts to be clarifying regard- ing the activities of trade associations throughout the United States. Expression of this view was made in a statement issued by Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty. He declared that an earnest effort had been made to meet the demands of the business inter- ests of the country for a decree which would be equit- able and fair in all respects. The decree by Judge Knox embodies, Mr. Daugherty stated, the most comprehensive and definite code of business ethics which has been laid down in any case arising under the Sherman act during the period of 33 years that act has been on the statute books. There are several thousand trade associations in the United States, the principal functions of which are to collect and disseminate statistical data with respect to every detail of their business, it was pointed out. The mem- bership of those associations comprise many thousand corporations engaged in practically every line of busi- ness. And the terms of Judge Knox’s decree, said the Attorney General, will be of vital interest to every member of a trade association. He added: “Just as the Standard Oil and Tobacco cases are recognized as landmarks in the law with respect to combinations brought about by consolidation, so will the cement case decree serve as a guiding principle by which trade associations and the members thereof must be governed in their future activities. “The cement case has been the subject of a long and hard fought contest in the United States Court at New York for more than two years.” An opinion was handed down by Judge Knox on Oct. 23, 1923, and the decree entered today (Dec. 13) is in conformity with the law and facts as laid down by that court.” The consent decree entered in the cement case is strikingly similar to the consent decree of the Fed- ral District Court of southern Ohio at Columbus, order- ing the dissolution of the Tile Manufacturers’ Credit Association. While there is a difference of opinion among business interests themselves as to the effect of these two decisions, some prominent attorneys who have studied them declare that they are of a sweeping and restrictive character that deprives trade associa- tions of a vast amount of construction work, including the gathering of vital statistics except at Govern- ment request only. The decree of Judge Knox prohibits the following association activities, but does not apply to any of the defendant companies individually: Reports by members to the association giving details of specific job contracts, showing name of dealer, name of contractor, description of work, quantity sold, the price, quantity delivered to date and balance to be shipped; Reports by members to the association of changes specific job contracts, ie., increases, decreases and cance! lations of quantities previously reported ; Daily reports by the association to its members summar izing the details of all specific job contracts filed with all members : Reports by members requesting further information about contracts taken by other members; Reports by checkers or inspectors giving the results « investigations of contracts about which information is desired ; Reports by the association to its members submitting checkers’ reports on contracts under investigation ; Reports by members expressing satisfaction with checkers reports or requesting further investigation and pointing out possible discrepancies ; Monthly reports by members to the association giving information in detail as to the status of all contracts; Monthly reports by the association to its members giving information in detail as to the status of contracts of all members; Quarterly reports by the association giving the status of all specific job contracts on file with members, showing names of dealers, names of contractors, description of work quantity sold, the price, quantity delivered to date, quantity canceled, and balance to be shipped; Reports by members to the association showing number of bags returned, the number accepted, and the number! rejected ; Reports by the association to its members summarizing data concerning bags returned, accepted and rejected. The decree also prohibits the association from can- celing actual contracts which may exceed actual re- quirements of specific construction work or which are duplicate contracts held by other manufacturers for cement intended for the same construction work, and also prohibits collection and distribution among manu- facturers of cement information with reference to such contracts. The association was also enjoined from making, receiving or distributing reports of the following char- acter: teports by members to the association giving the quan- tity of clinker burned, cement ground, cement shipped, clinker in stock, and cement in stock; Reports by the association to its members showing as to each member the quantity of clinker burned, cement ground, cement shipped, clinker in stock and cement in stock; Reports by members to the association giving total ship- ments during a specified period of time; December 20, 1923 Reports by the association to its members showing ship- ments by each member during a specified previous period of time. As in the