The Iron Age 1922-12-07: Vol 110 Iss 23

ESTABLISHED 1855 gE THE IRON AGE New York, December 7, 1922 VOL. 110, No. 23 Polish Machinery Industry Shows Revival An American Observer Finds Signs of Progress—Some Contrasts Between Conditions To-day and in OMING out of Rus- sia a few weeks ago, I stopped off at Warsaw to visit again those machinery works with which I had _ been familiar before the war. Immediately I was im- pressed on arrival with the clean-up of the streets and the excellent up-keep 1909 Prospects for Export Trade BY CAPTAIN GODFREY L. CARDEN Readers of THE IRON AGE will recall Captain Cer- den’s previous contributions to its columns dealing with the machine tool industry in Great Britain, Germany, France and other European countries, also his reports to the Department of Commerce in pre-war yea vhen he went to Europe as its special agent to investigate machine tool developments. On his return to the United States from Russia, some weeks ago, Captain Carden re-visited Germany and in later articles he will give our readers the results of his observations there. The Germans, I was told, had allotted to eact house concierge the clean- ing to the middle of the street of all roadway fronting his immediate premises. With two con cierges working opposite there was never any ques tion as to that particular portion of the street being f both public and private buildings. It was a new’ kept clean. Whether it was the Germans who were re- Warsaw, a very different city from what I had known n 1909 when the Russians were in control. oat ee ee ee ae ee ; eee Zt Sas tS FEISS ES “EN ES ~~ ene? eS, ae celia’ § SEP 8 IST7TSI7 1S SVs ESE? ES TN) ae ae Ete TITS ie er 1483 sponsible for first cleaning up Warsaw, I do not know, but it is certain that the Polish capital is to-day as clean oe * oe — os ree 2 a < + { i / a 4 A j t 4 « Ey - ees m4 Pie i ane. * CE ST lg on one 1484 as most German cities were before the war, and far cleaner than many German cities of to-day. In 1909 I had occasion as special agent for the De- partment of Commerce to report on the Warsaw shops of Gerlach & Pulst; Bormann, Szwede & Co.; Rohn, Zielinski & Co. and K. Rudzki & Co. The first named was a prominent machine tool works. It was compara- tively new when I visited it in 1909, but before the war came it had made rapid progress, and its prospects for the future were unusually good. The German drive into Poland forced the Russians back and as the latter retreated they swept the works clean of everything. Nothing, I am informed, was left. The plant has never been restored. Typical Machinery Plants Both Rohn, Zielinski & Co. and Bormann, Szwede & Co. are in full swing. They are typical of the Polish machinery industry and for that reason I paid especial attention to them. In 1909 Bormann, Szwede & Co. employed as high as 1000 men. To-day the number is 450. As in previous years, this establishment turns out steam engines and engine fittings, boilers, pumps, blowers and a general line of equipment for sugar re- fineries and distilleries. A standard type of steam en- gine is built for sugar works, and the firm undertakes to construct complete installations for refineries and distilleries. The works originated as far back as 1808, but the present firm name dates from 1875. In 1909, when I went over the shops, it was with Director Maurycy Bormann. This last visit it was with his son, a man of the same charming personality as the father. It is the son who is now the active head of the business. Competent Mechanics Scarce The works comprise a general machine shop, copper smithy, foundry and repair shop. Sugar machinery, copper piping and boiler construction made up the bulk of the orders which I observed in hand. Mr. Bormann spoke in optimistic terms of the prospects ahead. They had all the work they could do for the present; more, in fact, and the greatest trouble was to secure com- petent mechanics. There was a decided tendency among Polish workmen to go to France because of the higher wages now being paid there. All raw material used in his shops, Mr. Bormann said, came from Polish territory. This is something which was not possible before the war. Poland, it must be borne in mind, has gained important mineral terri- tory which during the war belonged to enemy states. For the present the orders coming in are for the most part from Latvia, Lithuania, Esthonia, and home territory. Before the war a very considerable business was carried on in southeastern Russia in sugar machin- ery and it was hoped that the opportunity would present itself to open up business again in Russia. Mr. Bormann was of opinion that the dread of socialistic ideas for Poland had passed by. The Polish workman, he declared, had got beyond that stage and was now to a great extent immune. On all sides at the Bormann, Szwede plant there was evident a gratifying snap and vim, and the sentiment was expressed to me that in due course, unless the un- expected happens, the Polish machinery industries will tome back into their own. Rohn, Zielinski & Co. Works At the Rohn, Zielinski & Co. plant I went about with Mr. Ligarzewski, engineer over the technical depart- ment. This plant is now employing about 300 men, practically the same number as in pre-war days. Now as in former years, these shops are turning out air and circulating pumps of the Worthington type and a line of radiators. Many of the pumps in former Russian warships came from these Warsaw shops. The Ameri- can Worthington pump has always been regarded as the THE IRON AGE December 7, {49 most serious competitor the Warsaw shops had even more so than was Gardner of England, or < of Erfurt, Germany. Prior to the war War: Russian territory and Russian duty’ was exac: according to the Warsaw viewpoint Worthingto from the United States had an advantage in sea over continental freight rates into Russia, and more, owing to the comparatively light weigh Worthington pump, the duty collected was ry: small. Practically all raw material required by th Zielinski shops is obtainable in Polish territory, 4 I believe it is still the practice to draw ‘on sources for lubricators and for sleeves to co portion of the pistons exposed between the ; of high-pressure pumps. Turning Out Machine Tools I noted with considerable interest that th Zielinski shops are attempting to meet some Polish machine tool demand by undertaking o part to turn out engine lathes, planers and slotte: sizes of lathes are made, one size planer, and a Loewe type slotter. Practically all the tools in the shop are ot ) war age, and a lot of new equipment is demanded, but for all that this plant is going ahead and doing things. and even figuring on export just as soon, it was said, as it is possible to increase capital to a point which will permit of putting in new tools. The Slavic border states which were formerly Russian territory garded as a natural export field for their outputs When one considers that this plant passed succes- sively from Russian to German and then back to Rus- sian hands, and finally into Polish hands, and that both Russians and Germans undertook to carry off what they could, it is a wonder that there is anything left of the shops. However, the plant is there to-day and running, and the spirit shown is fine. The Rohn, Zielinski works have branches in London and elsewhere, and before the war they had also a branch in Moscow. The Rudzki shops are as formerly representative of that class of works in Poland which engage in a genera! line of machinery. The plant comprises shops both within the city limits of Warsaw and at Nowominsk. These works undertake bridge construction, railroad frogs, complete water works for railroads and towns, and complete arrangements for gas works, heavy sluice valves and street hydrants. The railroad frog part of the business has always been an important feature of these shops. are re Revival in Metal Working Lines The consensus of opinion obtained in my talks among the machinery men was that there was a considerable revival in the manufacture of iron and steel products, which at one time had practically reached the vanishing point. At least two new plants are recorded since the cessation of the war, for machinery and locomotive building. What has been accomplished so far has been in the face of heavy handicaps, especially so when one con siders that the Germans carried away all available raw material and machinery from the industrial districts of Russian Poland. To re-establish the factories mean the securing of new equipment. I observed in this connection considerable machine tool installations secured under the reparation terms, the tools being transferred to Poland from Austrian shops. Following the termination of the last war with t¢ Soviet Government of Russia, the economic improv ment in Poland has been a steady one. The —_ repara- equipment replenished by rolling stock under the repars tion terms from Germany has clarified the situation a much. The Polish railroad gage now corresp nds ti 3 ent ber 7, 1922 IRON AGE 1485 Seamless Steel Tube Storage at Sosnowiec Works dard European gage. This standard gage ex- ght up to Stolpse on the Russian frontier. Textiles the Chief Industry the metal and machinery industry is im- it must not be overlooked that before the war ent of all industrial workmen were employed textile factories. The normal pre-war annual n in textiles, of which 60 per cent was cotton italed $200,000,000. At Lodz alone there were 1 before the war more than 100,000 textile Polish textile mills were largely owned and 1 by Poles. During the war these mills suffered. Exhibition at First Exposition at Copper and brass parts were taken, also electric motors. So far as equipment is concerned these mills are now in shape to run on about a 65 per cent pre-war basis. The closing of the Russian market makes situation for these mills, until some arrangement can be made whereby they again can serve Russian terri tory. At the present time the Polish textile mills are turning out about 40 per cent of pre-war outputs. The spirit in Poland to-day is remarkably good. There always existed the elements for a strong national! sentiment. Those elements have since crystallized and Poland to-day presents possibilities of marked char- acter. The industrial future just now depends largely on the stability of the present Government. a serious Lwow of Jan Witwicki, of Kamienna ; it ‘ ’ eines a ie ‘a : Bat Pe! fy ig ? f id se 4 4 moh, , #2 5-)% Tt Ox, at eee BS i hide " “ . . : e173. ; *, 7 , : - > ; * : ernie : . : ; Yo? . % rh R.: j i ’ ; , :. , ‘ . a : *; ; 7 ee ; : :~ : ‘ . ‘ , : : . ' : ; , ¢ ey : ‘ ; : , a te i ‘ ' ” ”" oe « ’ ‘- * s 8 Lea * i. ‘4 me _ ‘ « he .P r . , ray a ge » oa t a4 ; ei, ; %, Y , . ’ . * hy E ; i, . > . ’ . : ‘ . * “4 Be ; e ‘ : ‘ _* ’ e"* 7 r2> it e. j » - a - “> € ; of ' “ ° “ » ‘ _* $ . : ! % * . _* s : > 1486 FACING AND CENTERING MACHINE Double-End Semi-Automatic Production Unit for Railroad Axles and Drive Shafts Automatic features are an outstanding character- istic of the double-end semi-automatic facing and cen- tering machine shown in the accompanying illustra- tions. The equipment illustrated was originally de- veloped by the Goodman Mfg. Co., maker of mining machinery, Chicago, for use in connection with a stand- ard shop operation for which, it is said, there was not available a machine to do the work on a production basis. The machine in different sizes can. be used for not only large work, such as railroad axles, but also for properly preparing armature shafts, gear shafts and similar work, for subsequent turning operations on Double - End Semi-Automatic Facing and Centering Ma- chine for Pre- paring Railroad Axles, Gear and Other Shafts for Turning Opera- tions on Lathes Having Multiple Stops lathes having multiple stops. For the latter class of work a uniform distance between bottoms of center holes is very essential and the machine illustrated is intended to take care of this requirement, and also to cut off and face the shaft itself to proper length at the same setting. The heads are arranged so that they can be separ- ated to permit dropping the work in place between them, instead of putting it through one of them. Tra- verse of the heads in either direction is by power, and an automatic stop is provided for either direction. The cutting-off tools have a power cross feed with an automatic stop and automatic reverse, with stop. The centering spindles are operated automatically as a part of the cycle of the cutting-off tools. The centering tools automatically traverse into position and feed into the work as the cutting-off tools are withdrawing; the centering tools have automatic stop when the proper depth is reached, and automatic reverse and stop. Because of the automatic features mentioned one man can operate several machines, the number depend- ing upon the length of time consumed in the machining. Other features include quick-acting universal chucks, quick-setting gage for drill spindles, quick-acting V- rests for adjusting heavy work, and a quick-change feed mechanism which provides four changes of feed. THE IRON AGE Decembe The advantages of the machine from a p; standpoint, may be noted perhaps from an the set-up and sequence of operations. In s for the job the first step is to adjust positio. heads by power traverse and hand wheel, s: cutting-off tools are spaced apart correct) length of the shaft to be cut. The stop on th the machine is then set against the head and 1 moved %-in. away from the stop. The pow clamp on the left-hand side of the head is Finally the heads are separated to a distance to permit the work to be dropped between and t releasing clamp on the right-hand side of h The sequence of operations is as follows: P work on the V-rests between the heads, thro, traverse lever for the heads; when head traver out, turn the handwheel the remaining dista against the stop. Then tighten the universa pull the clutch handle, starting the work to re' and pull out the power feed knob of both heads. Th cutting-off and centering tools then automatically pe! form their functions, return to the predetermined | tion and stop. The machine is then stopped by pushing the clutch handle, the chucks are opened and th power traverse lever thrown in reverse, whereu} heads traverse apart to the automatic stops, operator removes the work. ‘ Some of the principal dimensions of are: swing over the ways, 19 in.; swing ove! slide, 7 in.; and diameter of the hole in the chu The maximum distance, heads apart is 52 maximum distance between cutting tools, hea 7 ft. 8 in. and the minimum distance tetween cuttine tools, heads together, 2 ft. 2 in. The shortest pi can be faced and centered, using double chucks 1s }» in. The length of the bed is 10 ft. 8% width of the shears, center of Vee, is 13% in. 1 space occupied by the machine is approximat ft. A variable speed, 10 hp. 250 to 1000 r. is used. the On a drive shaft 21% in. long and 4 oak ’ ad diameter, the time claimed for facing and cenverin’ "ae 4 min. On an axle 60 in. long and 5% in. In Gan the time claimed is 15 min., from floor to flo eae Efficiency of Electric Power Supply’ Improvement Depends Upon Making the Best Use of Existing Facilities and Choosing Carefully the Source of Power BY CHARLES P. STEIN METZt ke the making of steel rails or of furniture, or 1e running of a railroad or a hotel. The high ficiency of modern industrialism is essentially due to the subdivision of industrial operation so that every industrial operation is carried on in a separate plant by a separate organization such as to secure the maxi- mum possible economy for each particular operation, whether the making of steel rails or the running of a However, the plant and organization most efficient for one industrial operation, such as the making ff structural steel or the running of a railroad, cannot P’ VER production is an industrial operation, just e most efficient for another and entirely different oper- ation, such as the production of the power which is needed as raw material in the principal industrial opera- tion. Thus best economy requires the separation of power production from the industry served by it. This was not possible so long as there were no means of transporting or transmitting and distributing the power. It became possible by the development of electrical engineering, and thereby a new industry has een developed, the industry of electric power produc- tion, transmission and distribution, co-ordinate with the der industries, such as those of making steel rails or running a railroad. This made it possible to segregate the power production from the industry using the power as raw material, and thereby to secure maximum econ- omy in both. Increasingly since then industrial electric power supply from a general electrical power system has taken the place of the local industrial steam or electric power generating plant, and that not merely where a il or moderate amount of power is involved, but even with such large powers as the operation of a metropolitan rapid transit system or trunk line rail- way electrification. With this the efficiency of the electric power industry nas become of importance to all industries, and to the c at large. An important factor in industrial economy is the feapness of the raw material. The principal raw lal of the electric power industry is energy; ‘ydraulie energy, of the water powers, and fuel energy ‘coal, gas, oil, ete. Thus the development of the luntry’s water power is of interest not only to the tporation exploiting the water power, but to all in- ‘istries and the public at large. The raw material of an industry is cheapest when ‘ean be secured as the by-product of another industry, igh generally it is not safe for an industry to rely depend on a by-product as a source of raw material, due to its limitations. Energy, the raw ma- f the electric power industry, is a by-product other industries, for instance, the steel indus- in the blast furnace gases, etc. L1€S = ‘hus we get the general conclusions: ‘—Power production has become a separate indus- —— i is more economical for an industry to secure need rom the electric power industry than to produce Wn power, *~Kconomy requires that by-product power of an : “Abstract of a paper presented at the sixteenth an- i.) 2vention, Association of Iron and Steel Elec- | Engineers, Cleveland. Cy ¢ ‘ Ch consulting engineer, General Electric Co., tady, N. Y. 5 does not necessarily mean a separate cor- on out often, and increasingly so, a number of +! Operations are controlled by the same cor- on. but then best economy usually leads to sepa- ‘echnical and administrative organizations for “ustrial operation Soh enex ten) r) 1487 industry be not wasted, even partly, but be used to its fullest extent as raw material for power. Electric Energy Cannot Be Stored It is characteristic of electric energy that it cannot be economically stored (in the quantities and under the conditions considered here). Therefore it must be used at the rate at which it is produced. Thus, if the load is not constant, the station cannot be full loaded all the time, and the more the load varies, the less is the station output compared with the output which the station could give at uniform load, and the higher therefore the cost of power. This makes the cost of electric power de- pendent on the load curve, that is, the variation of the load throughout the day and throughout the year, and on the load factor, that is, the ratio of the total (daily or annual) load on the station, to its capacity. With a daily load curve as given by Fig. 1 (winter lighting load), of load factor 0.33, the station gives only 33 per cent of the output which it could give if continuously carrying its maximum load. With an annual load distribution as given by Fig. 2, the load exceeds 150,000 kw. for 8 hr. only. The additional appa- ratus required to take care of these additional 30,900 kw. of annual peak load makes the power during the 8 hr. of the peak cost more than $1 per kwhr., while the average cost throughout the year may be a fraction of a cent per kwhr. With the station load curve Fig. 2, an additional amount of kwhr. larger than the total kwhr..now sold by the station could be supplied without any additional investment, if limited to the off-peak period, and the only additional cost due to this amount of off-peak energy would be that of fuel and some attendance, ete. And as the fixed cost usually is the major—and with water power almost the entire—cost of the power, the cost of off-peak power therefore should be lower still than that of continuous power, while that of peak power is much higher. Off-peak power is somewhat of the nature of a by-product, in many respects; its cost is low, but if developed beyond the limit, it ceases to be off-peak power and becomes peak power. The size of the generating, transmitting, converting and distributing plant, and practically every other ele- ment entering into the cost of electric power, except fuel and size of prime mover, are determined by the kva. delivered by the station, while the power is meas- ured by the kw. The cost of power per kw. thus essentially depends on the ratio of kw. to kva., that is, the power factor of the load. Thus the lower the power factor the higher the cost, and the higher therefore should be the price of the power. For instance, if the total cost of power, exclu- sive of fuel, and the fixed charges due to the mechanical part of the generating plant, constituted the fraction q of the cost of power, at power factor p, Q kw. would represent — kva. apparent power, thus (— — Q) kw. P Pp additional generator and line capacity, costing as much Q as gq (— — Q) additional kw. of power, and the cost Dp Q of power at power factor p thus would be Q + q(— —Q) p q = (1 — q + —) Q, that is, would be increased by the P q factor 1 + — (1 — p). Pp Thus, considering as standard the cost of power at 5 4 ,~ 4. { : Ete ite if >t te o° 6. it ‘a yea cs. f 7 see 4% : . bs te} : . : * - teas .- . “s zt + ta $ ' . i 4° a0 : ee Pe = 2 7 ' | ~ Sk 3 4." Ss. faint - rt <# “ “ 3 ; ie . » e Bk we e 3 > ; — 5 ee ‘ \ i st y Pel 3 Mare ef 3? es oT + * x - a a +: y _ ee’ Mid he é eek Bore ayat |) et ee : na Agel H Hh x re tate Pe + ab eae 1488 unity power factor and continuous load, the cost in- creases with increasing power factor, and it increases with increasing fluctuation of load, that is, with in- creasing ratio of maximum to average load or, as explained, with maximum demand factor, as seen above. This really is not strictly true, but it depends upon whether the maximum demand overlaps with the station peak or not. Methods of Power Supply There are three ways of suppiying power to an industry: First is the isolated local plant without connection with any electric power system. The advantages and disadvantages of this arrangement have been discussed in the preceding. Where considerable energy is avail- able as a by-product of the industry, the cost of power from a local isolated plant may figure lower than power can possibly be bought from the central station. This, however, may have little meaning, as it depends on the value assumed for the by-product energy used as fuel by the local plant. If the by-product energy is not sufficient for the total power demands of the industry, preeeenenynenigmen ieee Fig. 1 Winter Lighting Load ‘entral Power Station additional fuel has to be used; where there is more by- product energy than required to produce the power, the surplus may be wasted, or an attempt made to find some other use for it. Or it may also be converted into electric power and some of the electric power sold. Or some industrial uses for the surplus electric power may be developed, such as electric smelting or refining. The latter probably is the most economical arrangement. Secondly, the electric power required by the industry may all be bought from an electric power system, and no local plant operated. This is most convenient, but depends on the rates which can be secured from the elec- tric power company. In general, the power would be bought in bulk under a rate based on maximum demand and on power factor. It would therefore be economi- cally desirable to arrange the industrial operation so as to have as nearly uniform power consumption as possible, without large peaks of power consumption, so as to have the maximum demand exceed the average demand as little as possible, and thereby get the best rates. For power, synchronous motors would be used as far as possible, and operated over-excited so as to compensate for the lagging currents of induction motors. Power factor corrective devices, such as synchronous condensers, may be installed in the substation. The substation with its transforming, regulating, power factor controlling devices, etc., may be owned and oper- ated by the power company, or by the industrial cor- poration, or it may be owned by the one and operated by the other. The power may be metered on the pri- mary side of the substation or on the secondary side. The general economic principle, I believe, should be that everything pertaining to power generation, transmis- THE IRON AGE December sion, transformation, control, etc., should }. and preferably also owned by the power s pany, as being a legitimate part of the electri dustry; while everything pertaining to the a of the power to the specific industry served } station should be operated by the industria] ¢ The specific arrangement which can be made ever, to some extent depend on the financia on the progressiveness of the management ar sightedness of the engineering staffs of th panies. If there is considerable by-product energy, rangement should be made to utilize fully this energy. If the by-product energy is wasted « not being used, or wasted intrinsically by be an inferior use, for heating only, instead of fi, out the available mechanical power, then the ment is uneconomical, even if financially th station power supply should figure out an ady Where a daily or annual peak is a factor iy of central station power generation, and off-pe therefore of lower cost than continuous pow: rates may be secured if the plant operatio: organized so as to disconnect the central stat for a few hours during the day, and operat: power only. Or a two-rate metering may be a that is, a lower meter rate during the off-pea This would allow the use of central station po ing peak load, if so required by the industry, premium on avoiding it and securing the low: the off-peak power. A third way of operation would be to carry load on the local station, and take the fluctua the central station service. In this case a les ble price for central station power would result the local station would work at best economy. by-product energy, the local station may then be 0) ated at such output as to consume the by-; energy at the rate at which it is produced, and « ate the need of storage. Economy in Use of Power The most economical arrangement betwee: station and central station power supply to a extent depends on local conditions of power dema 180 160 Thousands of kw dod |_| 160 200 240 280 320 Annual Load Curve Fig. 2. Annual Load Distribution of a Cent: Station, Showing How Small Is the Total U Highest Station Capacity | supply, and on the possibility of modifying t! demand to get more favorable conditions, and 's « involved in the matter of rate making. Whik economic principle of rate making is to arrans price in proportion to the cost of power, as “cr on quantity and quality (such as load factor ane P' factor, peak and off-peak), the actual rates quite represent this, and the lowest rate always be the most economical. ais The fundamental principle of operation 0: a" °°" tric power system [as of any other] is to get 4 ae : output as possible out of the most economics stations § iber 7, 1922 Dec il upon the less economical stations only after e economical ones are fully loaded. That is, in m comprising several steam stations, during f light load only the most economical stations e kept running, and with increasing load less ical stations started, so that the least efficient (usually the small, old stations) or machines tation (for what applies to the different stations, applies to the different machines in the same ) may be operated only a few times during the in emergencies due to accidents to some of the ficient machinery. \ .cre hydraulic stations and steam stations operate ame system, the hydraulic stations would be i at continuous full load, and the variations of taken by the steam stations, since the efficiency f | r production of the hydraulic station decreases with reasing load much faster than that of a steam is in the hydraulic station practically the total (HE SPEED OF THE DOLLAR small Profits Many Times Over Make Large Totals in the Year BY JOHN J. RALPH THAT was last year’s turn-over? The turn-over of W tal capital? The turn-over of live capital? For , in metal working lines, it has hardly been to ask this. This year it will be because the not so easily earned, nor is it limited solely me’s conscience allows him to take! turn-over is a purchase. If your purchases right then you can sell and re-purchase. e there is a turn-over there should be a profit. faster the turn-over, the bigger the trip profit, at price, e the pro- the Was it —_— - Seen) sary more freight from the punch drays or in cars, dies in he past six years? h one looked to see what purchases he can will speed the dollar on the round trip? Is ngredient finer than that now used which will the product and speed the dollar gait, so that does not bring in so much each trip it can ner and at the end of the year have brought ible total? tailer is learning that lesson, poorly and be sure. The jobber is doing better. Their , {zines are full of the story. But has the manu- : rned it? His literature is full of scientific 4 “hagement—technical processes—efficiency engineer- 8 OI the merchant has been left the slogan, “Cut ec- & mosses, take your profits, and repeat.” ich ,'¢ manufacturer is, first of all, a merchant. As bns: a ,. tis his business to make a profit, and to make ~Proht on his ability as a merchant. He is a manu- THE IRON AGE Combined Electric Truck and Portable Elevator ground presses and transporting them to and from the store room 1489 cost is fixed cost; in the steam station a part of it proportionate cost. Obviously, if there is water stor- age, and a season when the total water supply is less than needed to operate the hydraulic station con- tinuously at full load, it would be most economical to shut it down during periods of light load on the system and carry full load during the peak load of the system. A local station utilizing by-product energy would have to some extent the same characteristic as a hy- draulic station: low proportionate cost of power, due to cheap energy. Compared with the huge main station of the electric power system, it probably will be less economical, and thereby also have somewhat the char- acteristics of secondary stations. The former would favor continuous full load operation, the latter shut down during light load on the system, and the most economical method of operation therefore would have to be worked out on the basis of the cost of power pro- duction under different circumstances. facturer because, as a merchant, that seemed to him the path of most successful merchandizing. Some think that because of the manufacturing he is entitled to a profit. Not at all. The profit is the result of his ability as a merchandizer. Electric Truck and Portable Elevator The Baker R & L Co., Cleveland, has added to its line of industrial trucks and tractors the combined elec- tric truck and portable elevator, designated as the Hy- Lift, shown in the accompanying illustration. It is de- signed to carry material and also to raise it, placing the loads directly on drays or in freight cars from the ground, tiering packages and unloading into the upper tiers of bins. Other uses include the placing of heavy dies in punch presses and carrying them to and from the storeroom. Closed automobile bodies may be loaded into box cars in two tiers, and for this use the truck has been fitted with a turn-table arrangement intended to permit putting the body directly into place without being touched by hand. The truck is rated to hoist a two-ton load from the floor to a height of 6 ft., a cable hoist being em- ployed. The machine ¢ on- sists of an electr ically- driven truck mounting two vertical I-beam m é in- bers which act as a track for the lifting car- riage. The lat- ter runs on four steel] wheels and carries the load platform which is hinged to it. The hoist is of the two-drum type, with electric motor drive through a 40 to 1 worm reduction. An automatic limit switch opens the power circuit at the limits of travel and the load is held in position by means of a solenoid brake. The con- troller for this mechanism is conveniently mounted ad- jacent to the driver’s platform. Loads may be placed directly on Other uses include placing of heavy The Wisconsin Southern Railroad Co., C. D. Smith, Fond du Lac, Wis., president, has announced that con- struction work will be started by April 1 on 50 miles of a proposed 250-mile steam railroad line, standard gage, single track, between Madison and Sturgeon Bay, Wis., by way of Fond du Lac and Manitowoc. The cost is estimated at $2,600,000. The corporation was organized in Wisconsin in 1892 with an authorized capi- talization of $5,000,000. Siege het dy Mba a a ee BiG + } oot arg : a> ha . \ me i. c be: Bit ! a Re hy ° Ah, Phe ts a a ory \ et | * ey ’ e Mees + mh. i. ‘ | ie ’ ’ % : : A a 4 he te t « .. @ ’ brie . os , : , ’ a4 pin § t - . ; ; . ‘ 1490 NEW INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP Engineer-Business Type the Country’s Salvation, According to Dean Kimball A mind capable of high development along business and financial lines, while yet retaining in its background the powerful scientific methods of attacking problems which have made modern industry possible, is the great contribution that the engineer can bring to the problem of universal well-being, said Dexter S. Kimball, dean of the Colleges of Engineering, Cornell University, in his presidential address before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Dec. 4. “The one great thing we are all seeking is justice; but there is no justice where there is no knowledge, and the engi- neer, again using this term in its widest sense, alone possesses an accurate and intimate knowledge of in- dustry.” “No one would presume to say that the engineer alone can solve the industrial riddle,” he went on to say, “but it is clear that he can make a very great contribu- tion to the solution. The National Department of Edu- cation has for some time been advocating strongly that engineering students be taught more of the fundamen- tals of business and that young men preparing for the Cincinnati Selected for Triple Supply Con- vention Advance announcement has been made of another triple convention of the National Supply & Machinery Dealers’ Association, the Southern Supply & Machinery Dealers Association and the American Supply & Ma- chinery Manufacturers Association, to be held in Cin- cinnati, May 17, 18 and 19, 1923, with headquarters for all three Associations at the Hotel Sinton. Employment in Cleveland Employment of labor in Cleveland during November increased 1.9 per cent according to the monthly report of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and the State- City Employment Bureau, wnich compiled these figures from reports of 100 companies employing 500 or more persons. On Nov. 30, these companies employed 86,384 persons as compared with 84,796 on Oct. 31, and with 61,423 during July, when the low point was reached. Employees of iron and steel plants and manufacturers of iron and steel products increased 3.2 per cent during the month and there was a gain of 4.70 per cent in employment in plants making metal products other than iron and steel. The seasonal slump in the automotive industry resulted in a decline of 4 per cent in employees in plants making automobiles and automobile parts. COMING MEETINGS December American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Dec. 4 to 8, inclusive. Annual meeting, Engineer- ing Societies Building, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York. Calvin W. Rice, secretary. National Exposition of Power and Mechanical Engineering. Dec. 7 to 13, inclusive. Grand Cen- tral Palace CODUELUOVROUOOONELSETEDGHARENSARNONETN NH LADNE January American Engineering Council. Jan. 11 and 12. Annual meeting, headquarters of Federated Ameri- can Engineering Societies, 24 Jackson Place, Wash- ington. L. W. Wallace, 24 Jackson Place, Wash- ington, N. W., secretary. CW peerrererreett 1M LILI aaearvoamensareyeriensennnty THE IRON AGE December field of business and commerce be instructed of the outstanding features of engineeping. A be that we shall yet develop a combination of : fields that will produce the new type of leader. But whether the new leadership con one field or the other, or from a combination of the problem of universal well-being offers a and a call to duty that the engineer may not Early in his address Professor Kimball en EB that wide application of the principles of mas tion has been made possible by mass financing. of the financier. The engineer, in turn, is now ing the principles of mass management, and | butions to the philosophy of management ar noteworthy. “I believe,” he said, “most busi would be surprised to know to what a large ex 4 methods of the engineer have invaded their cho and there can be little doubt that the near fut see the engineering type of manager a pr: figure in all industrial administration.” All first-class engineering colleges, he a as 3 prescribe more or less economic study and stu ig engineering recognize this study as a necessary 4 their mental equipment. The address was well received, Secretar marking that so far as his memory went it was time a presidential address received an en denced by the prolonged applause. The Charles A. Coffin Foundation Is An- 4 nounced President Gerard Swope, General Electric Co., makes the following announcement: “On May 16, 1922, Charles A. Coffin in his 78th year retired from the active leadership of the General Elec- tric Co. Mr. Coffin has been identified with the develop- ment of the electrical industry since 1882. He was the founder of the General Electric Co., of which he has been the inspiration and leader for 30 years. “As an expression of appreciation of Mr. Coffin's great work, not only for the General Electric Co., but also for the entire electrical industry, and with desire to make this appreciation as enduring and structive as Mr. Coffin’s life and work have been, th board of directors of the company created on his retir¢ ment, and now desires to announce the Charles A Coffin Foundation.” The income from a $400,000 fund set aside for th foundation, amounting to approximately $20,000 a yea! will be available for encouraging and rewarding se! ice in the electrical field by giving prizes to its en ployees, recognition to lighting, power, and railway con panies for improvement in service to the public, and fellowships to graduate students and funds for resea! work in technical schools and colleges. The foundation will be administered by a committe: appointed by the board, which committee wil! ha power to change the conditions of the distributio! the fund and the amounts for each particular pur! Charles A. Follett, who has been active in ste cles for nearly 20 years, during eight of which he was identified with the Phoenix Tube Co., Brooklyn, N. } has joined interests with G. M. Wheeler, formerly ! eight years vice-president and general manager 0! ( Newark Tube & Metal Works, Newark, N. J., t © ganize the Lincoln Steel Co., with offices at 120 Lide! Street, New York. Mr. Wheeler was also at one ' connected with the Phoenix Tube Co. Henry Ford is carrying on diamond drill exp! - in the Michigamme valley west of Channing, ** The first hole has reached a depth of 300 ft 1% a continuation of the exploration work as star oe 3 John M. Longyear many years ago and carried on ‘4° by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, ane *” Oliver Iron Mining Co. Experts always have ‘ T tended that some day a high grade body of !r0" would be discovered in the Michigamme valley pecember 7, 1922 CRANE OF UNUSUAL PROPORTIONS {mcrican Bridge Crane in Holland Has Long Apron I ue in that it has an apron longer than the bridge span, a bridge crane for handling ore and coal has ntly been erected by the Brown Hoisting Ma- % ain Co., Cleveland, for the Coal Trading Asso- 4 ciat Rotterdam, Holland. This crane is also of interest because the builder had to meet keen German competition, but was able to convince the buyer that the Ame! in crane was superior to the types offered at j nsiderably lower prices by German manufacturers. Several cranes for similar work, all of German make, had viously been installed by the Rotterdam com- ti SB r yy ib fo a LARA AY i ae Reach Two with ugh Overhang to Barges Unusual Tied up Speed from 4 o of these appearing at the left in the picture. f e first American crane had been operated a ne, an order was placed for a duplicate in T rane is designed for transferring foreign ores imers of 2000 to 10,000 tons capacity to barges 600 tons capacity, that carry it from Rotterdam blast furnaces and steel plants along the { Ruhr Rivers, and for unloading coal brought Rhine in the same barges on their return trip. s transferred to steamships, mostly for ship- france. A peculiar situation has developed war reparation terms in that Germany, after her required shipments to France, has not al to supply her domestic demands, and buys 5 ‘uel J England to supply the deficiency. Con- coal laden barges are running both ways ne, those coming down carrying German coal e, and some upbound carrying English in industries. lling ore the cargo-laden steamship is tied a t dock and, as a rule, two barges are tied i g the ship, bringing the three vessels side by tv & reason for loading two barges at a time le the crane is dumping ore into the hatch other is being shifted enough lengthwise the compartment to be next loaded into line bucket. This permits the continuous oper- the bridge. The method of transfer explains f the long apron. This is hinged 14 ft. from ‘py I “tront bridge legs, so that it can be raised to clear tor Il asts of the steamship when the bridge is being . its track. The apron rods, connected in ~, Sections, are folded up when the apron is raised. ; is raised by twelve strands of %-in. wire coal © apr pe h The oridge span is 155 ft. 8 in. long and it is 161 ft. THE IRON AGE Outside a Barge to Ship. or V 1491 from the bridge rail to the end of the apron. The bridge is equipped with two interchangeable 10-ton buckets—a clam shell bucket for coal, and a bucket for handling the Swedish and Spanish lump ores. The bucket is operated by a man-riding trolley equipped with two independent drums each driven by a 175-hp. motor. The bucket is provided with a motor-driven table for rotating. The trolley is driven by a 105-hp. motor, and motors of the same capacity are used for raising the apron and for propelling the bridge. The propelling motor is located in a motor house above the pier legs, power being transmitted to the wheels through shafting and gears. The bridge has a capacity of handling 500 to 600 tons of ore, or 600 to 700 tons of coal, per hour. Storage space is provided under the bridge, to be used SNS Dhol Se, em Enabled This Crane Is Versa Steamship, to Trans-ship Coa! in case boats are not available for trans-shipping cargoes. Rapid Wage Advances in German Metal- Working and Building Trades The rapid rise in the cost of living in Germany in the past summer was accompanied by greater increases in money wages than in any period of equal length As compared with pre-war rates, wage rates as fixed by the latest collective agreements for skilled workers between 53 and 57 times, and for unskilled workers and 76 times those of 1914, accord- ing to information received by the International Labor Office in Switzerland. The following table gives the weekly money wages of 1914 and the latest are between 62 Geneva, quotation as well as the percentage of increases for some of the workers: al Work Latest July Figure, Per Cent 1914 1922 Increase General Average Marks Marks Skilled workers 57.57 1905 5070 Semi-skilled w Ker 33.49 1836 5480 Unskilled workers 25.04 1795 7170 Berlin: Skilled workers . 42.44 1962 4620 Semi-skilled workers 39.96 1874 4690 Unskilled workers 30,62 1830 5980 Building Trades Latest July, Figure, Per Cent 1914 1922 Increase (General Average Marks Marks Skilled workers..... co 2041 5430 Unskilled workers 29,11 1816 6240 3erlin : Skilled workers 43.46 2088 4800 Unskilled workers 29.15 1984 6805 : : : 7 +. “ty . ; ’ : : ' : g a ‘ : * : : e *e “ : . > > « , ; 4 . s, » : > © 6 i ' a 2 7 : ea z “és é tar - J : : i £ we \@ a ; i . ¥ em : ake ates “> * ° 7 j 4 - > Sy is ; se ' ‘ tie ; - ‘ " , v > oe oo : : 5 > ; > ' « : i Pie ‘ , t soe ° : ‘ ; . i oe : ) + 2 é 7% : a « jn oe iy ” ; * + } — ? +) : - ~ w : ect % 7 ree || ; 2S Si ‘ ae | 7 a x + aie : be ‘ t - oe . a « \ Bt Degree Temperature Cent. Fahr. —40 —40 Steel containing 25 per cent nickel, which is non-magnetic because of having been heated, is made magnetic; that is, it will be attracted by a magnet. Iron and steel have higher tensility and lower ductility than at higher temperatures up to 100 deg. Cent. Water boils. Least tensility of steel below red heat (Howard, French). yreatest con- traction of area of boiler steel below red heat (French). When steel containing 0.95 per cent of carbon is hardened and drawn at 100 deg. Cent. it has the least degree of solubility in 1 per cent sulphuric acid (HeSO,) (Heyn and Bauer). When the same steel is dissolved in acid the greatest proportion of the carbon is evolved as gaseous hydrocarbons. Sheffield drill rod, having presumably about 1 per cent of carbon, when hardened and drawn at 100 deg. Cent., has least specific magnetism (Barns and Strouhal). Steel loses its sonority when struck between 100 deg. Cent. and 150 deg. (Law). The low tensility and high ductility indicate this temperature as being the best for cold- drawing operations on steel. Seasoning steel to increase ductility. 5 302 Least ductility of Yorkshire iron rods. (7.5 per cent). 204 399 Least ductility of manufactured iron (12 per cent). Faintest visible straw color in tempering eutectic steel having 0.9 per cent carbon. Greatest tensility of steel and wrought iron. Blue color given to eutectic steel in tempering. When soft steel (0.07 per cent C) is quenched and reheated at 350 deg. Cent. it has the great- est degree of solubility in 1 per cent sulphuric acid. Nickel becomes non-magnetic. When hypereutectic steel, containing 0.95 per cent carbon, is quenched and drawn at 400 deg. Cent. it has the greatest degree of solubility in 1 per cent sulphuric acid. The steel is by that treatment wholly converted into troostite. 420 788 Zine melts. Useful for calibrating. MO ~ So = te _ 2 L1UONAOORESOOASANNDULEUAELYGAUNAOOAUEALONULOLUTESEL SURONBRARERSDNOCANOERERECON LoneHNENE : 100 752 44.5 832 Boiling point of sulphur (for calibrating). 3 475 887 Lowest visible red of iron in pitch darkness = (Howe). : 480 896 Greatest strength of cast gun iron. (Howard). 99°C : High nickel steel containing 25 per cent nickel = becomes non-magnetic. Z 655 1211 Aluminum melts. 675 1247 Point Ar. 1 of all steels containing carbon. 680 1256 Mercury boils. 700 1292 Lowest temperature for annealing eutectic steel containing 0.9 per cent carbon Point Ar. 2 in cooling steel with not more than : 0.45 per cent carbon Iron becomes non- = magnetic. = 774 1425 Quenching temperature of chromium steel i balls having ™% in. diameter 800 1472 Sodium chloride (common salt) melts OPPOSE RADICAL BILL Manufacturers, Navy and Army Strongly Object to Socialistic Measure WASHINGTON, Dec. 5.—Socialistic and revolutionary, the Hull bill providing for exclusive manufacture by the Government of military and naval supplies is not ex- pected to be reported out by the House Committee on Naval Affairs, which is holding hearings on the measure. At the same time, it has attracted considerable attention from the business world because of the principles in- volved. The trend toward radical legislation, and which may be expected to be emphasized much more after March 4, next, also is an element in the interest shown in the Hull bill and is an example of what organized labor is seeking in the way of legislation. The measure, as might be expected, is supported by the American Federation of Labor, but is vigorously opposed not only by the business interests of the country but by the War and Navy departments. The attitude of the business interests was explained to the committee by James A. Emery, counsel for the National Associa- tion of Manufacturers, who appeared before the com- mittee last Wednesday and to-day as a representative of that association, the National Metal Trades Associa- tion, the National Founders’ Association and the State Association of Manufacturers. He was accompanied by representative manufacturers in many lines, includ- ing the foundry trade. Memoranda from both Navy and War departments have been sent to the committee 149 -Temperatures at ‘hj Fusion, Melti, ind Substances able Use HE temperatures listed below are chiefly lating in some way to the production and heat treatment of steel or to the fusibility of wail of its components. The higher temperatures . those of vaporization and dissociation of ind substances employed in steel metallurgy, unknown, and so far as we can see now they w only a scientific interest for iron and steel m: In speaking of the melting point o