The Iron Age 1922-11-09: Vol 110 Iss 19

THE IRON AGE New York, November 9, 1922 ESTABLISHED 1855 | VOL. 110, No. 19 Some Foundry Troubles and Their Remedy Handling 16 Tons to Make One 230-Lb. Bathtub— Layout of Foundry Floors to Minimize Steps of Molders BY HENRY M. -OST foundrymen think that their business is M always full of trouble, but that just now they have more than their share, and I am inclined to think they are right. The aftermath of the war left us with a labor shortage. The result is that many of our foundries, and particularly foundries of the snap molding class or light work class, are short of help and must remain short of help when judged by the pre-war The answer is to be to the problem “how out cast- basis. found get more ings with less men, and still pay high wages?” We have facing this problem there was a foundry industry in the United States, and we will face again and solve it. As has been stated many times before, the produc- tion of castings involves metal, mate- rial and man-hours. To pro- duce one ton of ordinary gray iron castings takes about more. for a large Varying all can we been ever since er Steps Than 1 this case ‘ree things: 2040 lb. of metal purchased, and in some cases I happen to have available the material sheet foundry producing a line of castings the way from relatively small to those Weighing several tons. For producing castings this list shows some forty-odd separate items purchased, including various grades of metal, fire brick, fire clay, t grades of sand, fluxes, core compounds, facing, nders, core sand, etc. Working this out into of everything necessary to produce one ton of , averaged over a period of years, amounted to In other words, over % lb. of other material hased, and used up, for every pound of castings 1 in this shop. The coke purchases for core indry and all, showed that they got about 4.6 ‘stings per pound of coke. The above quantities nclude flask lumber or other similar supplies ‘1 in equipment. By digging this far into the thing it did not look as though there was very much chance for cutting down the n in-hours, and they appeared to be the only thing on which we could make our saving. The next question r LANE was what are the man-hours for? Before proceeding to a study of the material handling involved in making 100 lb. of casting, it might be well to consider the shape of We all know that the center of a circle is on an average closer to every point within the circle than the center of any other inclosing form of equal area, but foundry floors are generally rectan- gular. If we imagine a square floor with a molder in the center at one side of it, and 100 molds set on this floor, floors used by men. s 2:5) ry i + Jat : : } eS ee eeaeee eeeeee each mold in a square, and being set tight together, and we then figure the dis- tance traveled by the man in units of mold _ width, which would amount to the same thing as if the molds were all 1 foot square, and we also figured that the man walks along the front of his row, and then down the row, which gives a little more traveling in the case of a square floor than it would in the case of a rectangular floor, we have the following figures: With 100 molds set down ten on a side, the total amount of traveling to set the molds down is 605 ft., same amount for bringing them back. If we take a floor 5 ft. wide and 20 ft. long, and follow the same rule, we find that our man must travel 1070 ft., which approaches twice the amount he had to travel in the other case. In other words, we find that a square floor is more economical from a carrying standpoint than a long, narrow one. Foundrymen have a tendency to crowd their men close together, and give them long, narrow floors in order to save gangway space, but when we come to the design of continuous foundries we find that the nearer square we can make the man’s working floor the greater output we can get from him. This little point is worthy of study. In many cases, by the addition of a few gangways the output of a plant may be con- siderably increased. Other handling problems which involve the carrying of materials over a given area can be analyzed im the same way. and the now 1197 — 7 Oe eee Ei Sat RE be ee >a» » eta Sa ee » , sig ye PES . - 7 Bl ls Sat o> sth +88 ER Sin PWR aime sitet wk ee a siete fo re a sce ne eis oP ee ane nelle! oS all s are? 1198 THE IRON AGE Table I shows the necessary handlings to produce a 100-lb. automobile casting, and very little explanation is necessary. For instance: pig iron ‘must be lifted from the car and piled in the yard, which necessitates two handlings at this point. Later it has to be taken from the pile to the scales, off at the scales to the platform, Table I.—Handling Involved in Making a 100-Lb. Automobile Casting Lb. Handling 105 lb. of iron from car and piling ee errr 210 Handling coke and trimming back into bin, ce RK et ND cc u6 new ea ee oh eee 16% Shoveling limestone into bins.............. 4 Shoveling molding sand into bin and trim- ming back, 30 lb., 1% handlings......... 5 Shoveling core sand into bin and trimming DRG, BO ID, 156 MRMGIMME. 6s osc cceccsecees 120 Handling iron from pile in yard to scales, off scales into cupola, and carrying molten iron to flask, 130 lb., 4 handlings........ 520 Handling coke from bin to cupola or core open: 52 tp... Bs bo oa nies baw oA we 33 From the drop we have 2 lb. to be handled EE. tes Rig Ree bode e One Meek ee S 4 lb. of limestone had to be handled 4 times, Pere re ee ree re re 16 Of the incoming molding sand 20 lb. went straight to the heap or one handling, and 10 lb. had to be handled 4 times because it was made into facing sand, and then delivered to the molder. This makes 20 lb. EE CO Tia. 5 an 0a 85 6 bt ne oe oe ane a eee 60 The sand heap required for one mold con- tained 300 Ib. of sand, and this required three cut-overs with the shovel for temper- ing, plus shoveling into the mold, 3900 Ib., NN ear ere ; . 1,200 The 90-lb. flask onto the machine.......... 90 DE ivduscteeusb deine daca ra eek ese oe oe 390 Carrying the flask from the machine to the The cope was set down on edge on the floor and had to be closed subsequently........ 190 80 Ib. of cores to be set into the mold..... 80 In the making of the 80 Ib. of cores it re- quired three handlings of the core sand to get it from the bin into the boxes....... 240 Handling the cores and core plates from the bench to the rack and off the rack repre- 5s ie sek 6 ES Ow CRIS ho be ee 240 Handling the core plates and driers back to en ae ae eee 40 During inspection, pasting and delivery of the cores involved 4 handlings of 80 lb... 320 Piling the flask back from the floor........ 90 Casting gates and cores and lifting off the ME 9h Sriuis taceina sae Gak bbs eterks IK. oon Ik hn elise Re a 210 Handling casting at knockout............. 210 Handling sand from knockout to the dump, po ue |e Re Se eer ns 180 Hz indling sprue from knoc Kout to the yard, S Beemer OF SO We. x c.ke v'e.6ceeoseabes ave 60 Handling castings to tumbling barrels and out to the sand blast, in and out through > inspection, 2 handlings;: through chipping, » © ; . ’ « > . ’ ; . 2 handlings, and onto a truck for shipping and off the truck into the freight car in- volves a total of 10 handlings at 100 lb.. 1,000 Total amount lifted to produce 100 lb. of SRO 54s M Sade weS HES awe CaS BOS 5.568% then into the cupola, and then handled in the molten state to the mold, making four handlings. Following this same reasoning it is easy to check over the list and to see that to produce this automobile casting and get it out of the shop with the least possible handling, we had the equivalent of lifting 100 lb. over 55 times, or more than 55 lb. had to be handled to every pound turned out. Also, when we consider that it was gen- erally lifted two or three feet each time, the number of foot pounds involved will readily be appreciate dd. This is really a very low figure. In the case of one concern where a similar study was made it showed 240 lb. to be lifted and set down again to produce a pound of casting. In the case of the automobile casting, owing to the loss in melting, grinding, chipping, etc., we had to use 105 lb. of iron to make 100 lb. of casting; about 30 lb. of molding sand, 80 lb. of core sand, 4 lb. of lime stone, 11 lb. of coke for use in the cupola and core ovens. For pouring the castings it was necessary to melt, including the return, 130 lb. of iron, the flask required 300 lb. of molding sand, and the flask weighed 90 lb., the various cores which entered into the job required 40 lb. of core plates and core driers. There are certain other lines of work in which larger flasks are handled by cranes. To illustrate a typical case of this kind we show in Table II the mold- ing of a 230-lb. bath tub in which we have 137 lb. November 9, handied or, including the enameling and shipping ¢ store room, 145 lb. handled, for every pound prod In this case we have used the minimum amou handlings possible to produce the tub. In practice are many more handlings generally involved. Th weighs 230 lb. net, and takes 300 lb. of iron to p the flask weighs 2700 lb. and contains 1800 Ib. of Operations for making one bath tub are detailed table. Our chance for reduction of cost in modern Ame} practice lies almost wholly in this handling end. rare that we can make much of a saving in the n and we can make only minor savings in the aux material, but our big savings must come from th: end. We may accomplish something by a bett rangement of departments and working space so reduce foot pounds of energy necessary to turn out product and thus decrease the man-hours expend we could substitute mechanical handling for some manual work. In the case of the bath tub flask, the heavy lifts are naturally made with a crane a’ sand is cut over with a sand cutter, or with mecha equipment, but it still involves the handling p: and the question is to get this handling problem do the lowest cost for a given output. It is in this field that the foundry engineer find opportunity to help American foundrymen reduc cost of their castings. It is true that everyon: nected with the foundry will to some extent aci foundry engineer if he devotes his time to this pro A mistake, however, which is frequently made -all in the manufacturer of some certain type of equip- ment, and tell him to see what he can do for Many manufacturers are very careful when called in this way, but others show a tendency to sell the four Table II Handling Involved in Making a 230-Lb Bath Tub Lb Loading 240 lb. of iron in the yard, PN nbs als cb itce se ckceaee ees ss ee 480 45 lb. of coke in the yard, 1% handlings... 67! 12 lb. of limestone in the yard.......... ; 12 50 lb. of molding sand in the yard, 1% DERG Sie ccciacted ones ea Garerasas ‘ 300 lb. of iron to the scales, onto the charg ing platform, into the cupola, and in molten state to mold, total of 4 handlings..... 1,200 45 lb. of coke, 3 handlings............ i 1 6 Ib. Of Grom, 3 MARGIE. «.n. cocci cence 12 12 lb. of limestone, 4 handlings, including CPOE siiscnae ce ks whawek eee dns ee aas ae 60 Ib. of sand, 3 hanGH@ee...« os.0< 09.0 ae Molding and subsequent operations 1800 lb. of sand, 4 handlings during temper ing and placing in flask............. ; 7 2700 lb. of flask onto the machine..... eee Sand and flask to the closing operation.. iL Sand and flask to pouring............. The same plus iron to the shakeout. The flask returned to the molding floor. The iron in casting to trucks.......... Borues CO CHO FOG auc cccecceeteeeenesns Off truck at scratch department, back on truck, off at gate grinding and back on, off at sand blast and back on, at the ename!l- ing department 4 handlings, onto the truck and off at the stock room, which makes not less than 11 handlings or........... 2,530 50 Ib. of sand to the dump, 2 handlings... bm om oe Total to produce 230 Ib. of casting...... 3 su drymen as much of their equipment as they can, whet) it is the best for the job or not. It is undoubtedly true that American foundries 0 in the next few years see a greater concentration specialization of product, and a greater tendency) substitute mechanical means for manual labor. The Abrasive Company, Philadelphia, — after an extended period of comparative inact is now operating on a 90 per cent basis. Actual terment was first noticed during March and since time there has been a most gratifying increase month until the 90 per cent production figure has reached. Indications point to further betterment in consequence the Abrasive company is making 3! ber of plant changes to more adequately hand! creased business. 1, tv in if} na + cu" +ha e€ and a Steels for Automobile Construction Standardized Steel Specifications of the German Automo- tive Industry—What the Various Symbols and HAN the Designations Signify wer. 5 5 ” ; ae , { t; Su BY BENNO R. DIERFELD _) : 4 ia i} » LE 4O-DAY’S production of steels for automotive ve- selection of steel suitable for a certain purpose, but a!so hi 4 . . , , . - cles is a clear technological process, and che has the great economic drawback that the manufacturer ete t ethods for testing their quality are simple and or dealer is compelled to keep in stock a great variety i performed easily. However, the great number of steels for products of similar kind. Furthermore, i408 s of steel existing not only renders difficult the it is possible for only a few factories continuously to te] Oe ii ii } iM 11/040 SDENOEEOESOENRAELASUENSENETREURERROORRIRONR NETO EDEASEEUOEBONRNNG HO OOOELONG NRG /1 ORL CGHN) PHRERDEEDOR OLAV IHU rNeUDEDHERAES REO HERDED NN Lie surteHryCoiEs eeanenae runes TM oo oni i nor iiia Tiriintt hit nt | ; ¢ : TABLE I1—SUMMARY OF AUTOMOTIVE STEELS i¢ ION STEELS Unrefined Simple Case- Semi-Refined Case- Refined Steel, Not for Highly Refined Spring L 1 hardening Steel hardening Steel Case -hardening Steel, Natural State ' shout Bs up to 0.15 0.16 to 0.25 0.26 to 0.45 05 to 0.7 ' hah Tensile Elon- Tensile I Tensile Flon- Tensile Elon- i+ Sau Symbol Lb. per gation Symbol Lb. per at Symbol Lb. per gation Symb»! Lb. rer gation i i Sq. In Sq. In Sq In % Sq. In 4 | Mn up to 0.8%; Si up ; : » to 0.5% lla 71, 100 5 12a 85, 300 20 L3a 114,000 15 l4a 128, 000 10 * ey steel, S and P up to ele i lib 57,000 25 12b 71,100 20 l 19, 500 15 4b 114,000 10 @ 48 F ty steel lle 57,000 20 12 71, 100 15 ] 0, 500 10 l4e 114,000 7 + > ' ia > teel, Mn over 1%.. 21m 64, 000 0 22m 85, 300 5 ; 99, 500 0 24m 128 , 000 12 "i" steel, Mn over 1%; 5 21m/s 22m/s 12,400 18 23m/s 121,000 12 24m/s steel, C 0.5%; Mn . 0.5 to 1.6% 23m /s 99. 500 15 teel, Cr over 1%; Si 2le/s 22¢/8 92,400 *§ 20 23e/a 121,000 j 15 24c/s 142,200 °° 12 n Steel, Cr over 1%; Si case-hardened 22¢/s 128,000 _ 10 Z23e/s 142, 200 ? 12 24c/a 206,000°*f 9 , |, Va over 0.5% 2lv 22v 92,400 § 20 23 121,000 15 ?4y eel, Va over 0.5% case- 22v 128, 000 ] 23 142,200 12 t ' r t 7 ms ; ~ . mae sy ms arene canes ane legate apne eA aera art ea Baris FR Ri it Borel hse en te Ni over 4 sla 64, 000 A 5 sa 85,300 « ) 33a 10 500 8 5 : Ni over 4°, case-hardened sla 92, 400 A 25 32a 121,000 15 3a 114.000 8 »? 1 Ni about 3% sib 64, 000 a 0) 2 85, 300 é > 3b 99,500 B 9 ; Ni about 3%, case-hardened 31b 92,400 A 20 2b 121,000 12 8b 114.000 8 0) : Ni under 2% (about 1.5%). 3le 64,000 A 25 X 85,300 =) ’ 99,500 8B 0) ; Ni under 2% (about 1.5%), ned dle 92, 400 4 15 2c 121,000 10 114,000 28 15 ‘ 1 Steel, Ni about 3.5%; . > 1.5 4la 85, 300 A 20 ia 99, 500 ub a 43a 114.000 8 22 ; Steel, Ni about 3.5%; 4 1.5°%; case-hardened fla 121,000 \ 12 {2a 170, 6 ~ 13a 142,200 Bn 12 Steel, Ni about 1.5%; z : 8 41b 78, 200 ‘ 20 $21 12, 400 f 18 i3b 106,600 8 16 } ' Steel, Ni about 1.5%; * ia 8°); case-hardened 41b 114,000 \ 12 421 142, 200 8 431 128,000 6 10 ] Steel, Ni about 3%; Wo + 2 40 / 121, 00 15 : Steel, Ni about 3%; Wo ‘4 se-hardened. . 52 149, 300 } 5 5 156, 400 > 10 rs } Cr 1.5% or over 61 1, 100 20 62 85, 300 7 18 106, 600 15 64 3 Cr 1.5 or over; case- . su , 61 2 400 10 62 128. 000 . 128, 000 ~ 64 raf a if 5 $iiF ila 72a ja r 7ib rat 72 Mn & ta 6 89 @ | VV Very rm Tous hard rd Hard Hard Special Steels "2 0 0.7 ) 1.25 145 1.6 2.2 ‘iP 101 102 10 4 105 106 111 ll 15 1 tungste : if + ver 2' 45a l47a ler 2 145+ io ri 168 teel, Wo over 13.5 l7la « el, Wo 10 to 13.5 v1 steel, Cr not over 18 , with tungsten, molybde- 44 ; { 85 Cr, 1.2%; &i, 0.55%. 4 15 Mn, 0.3 r +e { fat 85 Cr, 1.25%; Si, 0.55%. { 5 Mn, 0.4 + ‘ 8°; Cr, 1.5%; Si, 0.8%. Bt 1.45 Mn. 0.6 , ¢. Cent. (1200 deg. Fahr.). 6 C,0.25 Ma, 0.6 4 106, 600 Ib. per sq. in. and 15% elongati > | 45%; Mn, 0.5 99,500 Ib. per sq. in. and 22% elongation Cr, L5 Mn, 0.3 78,200 Ib. per sq. in. and 25% elongation. r, 2 Mn, 0.4 i 99,500 Ib. per sq. in. and 20% elongation Cr, 2 Mn, 0.6 99,500 Ib. per sq. in. and 15% elongation. » Refined 128,000 Ib. per sq. in. and 12% elongation. +} 121,000 Ib. per sq. in. and 12% elongation. : 106, 600 Ib. per sq. in. and 10% elongation. k, ‘Seeeunnenaeerovenentnanesornnensvevennernessusenn ant AUDOOUEARUBON DE CNET DOE KARE ODEO EDOEDERY CO” YPEDRCSEREVRAORBEREELEIERRDORHERENS |: /08NNT U1 FERETHOWREE UNI LanGR094R0E EDR) ODREENED IT) | 608000 CNSDEPEREDSSRAESTESED NEESOSIEOURSTRSTESSPURSTTSEDESUEEREEED SSAUSDERIDERRODEDEL: | 0005 0048.11 914 HF0S0URID: EoenAeSOteNNeS: reesenesetN 1199 on pa i ‘ he | . . : rs whit ‘ i i} : ‘, - . ’ a ee 7 m, , ‘ . ; : ‘ : : he e : a : ’ W ‘ ; ,* ’ BE: a ‘ae set > = x" +. We % i x 4 ; ‘ Dee Be « “WF a \ a, . . . ey ° *. ey. * ’ ‘ . uw a" 5 ‘ ; ‘ Leas 9 ; *- Bt vee ‘ ‘ ta 2 ; pS e > "a eee Bis sa bast ° ’ kat , Pee 1 we i By “@e oat ae t seo Pi eek Oey 4 ¢ ‘ A P ce ; : ‘ ’ : ie *. i ‘ ; 1200 make comparative tests of the different kinds or products of steel, on ac- count of the high labora- tory costs. Therefore, both the designer and the manager of the factory are obliged to continue using the kinds of steel already known to them, because they could not well take the risk of introducing a competitor’s steel said to be equivalent to the sort formerly used, or even better. Of course, the EEUEUUEEEREACAUAARELUGACALALEELLLL COP ALEEAURURLEULE AAA AALA EDERAL EEE AEE EONAR AEA HNN NEU NUN LUTON EN OHH EDN UNHN DANO NOENBONABAAAAAAELN: uLOHeOivenEOO NOLO CNORD eerie THE IRON AGE November 9, } TABLE II.—COLORS AND STRIPES AND DESIGNATING y+ Percentage Material Basic of Carbon Color Up to Unrefined case-harden- 0.15 ing steel White 0.16 to Semi - refined universal 0.25 case-hardening steel Blue 0.26 to Refined water hardening 0.35 (not for case-hardening) Red* 0.36 to Refined oil - hardening 0.45 (not for case-hardening) Red 0.50 to Highly refined spring 0.60 steel Yellow Non-alloyed Steel _——~ Class “a” Class “b” Construction Open-hearth Steel Steel llat llb** l2at 12b** z 13aT 13b** j l3at 13b** l4at 14b** “a t Class “ce Manga- nese Steel 21m 22m 23m 23m 24m *With narrow white stripe running lengthwise, indicating that the steel is already refined. {Has basic color. **Basic color, half width only. d Basic color and lavender, both running lengthwise. tNo color marking. Oeeeenee suenenaneseentint AOUDUONEROONARELONNOLAANODUEONODAUOODOD AONE OOORAOOONOLAUOOOLONNEEONAELLONNEOONRALasEnnOOeroanennene full utilization of favorable orders was hardly possible with the old system, especially if the steel works sud- denly stopped delivery on account of strikes, etc., and a rational storing of stock was difficult. All these facts led peremptorily to a standarization of steel, and the German pioneers in this direction are Frank Popp, director, and Walter Pessl, head laboratory engineer, of the Bayerische Motoren-Werke (abbrevi- ated hereafter as B. M. W.) in Munich. This company was well known during the war by the B. M. W. airplane en- gines and in peace time by the B. M. W. engines for cars, trucks and mo- torcycles. The standard- ization system, intro- duced by these two engi- neers in their Munich works three years ago, has proved out very well and now forms not only the foundation for the steel specifications of the Verein deutscher Motor- fahrzeugindus- trieller (German Society of Automotive Manufac- turers), to be described later on, but also for that of other countries like Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden, etc. In pursu- Low-alloy Stee! (d)— Manga- Chromium- Va nese Silicon Steel 21m/s 22m/s 23m/s 23m/s 24m/s ed Silicc om Steel 2le/s 22¢/s 23¢/s Wenneanennetninin to be practically limited to “above” and “below’ “technically uniform.” Thus the steel works has th: essary full scope in the producing process and is a a sufficient tolerance. Leaving out of account the d of alloy, the construction steels for automotive v: may be classified into four principal groups, acc to their carbon contents, in the following mann Steel of about 0.05 to 0.15 per cent carbon 1 TABLE III.—B. M. W. SPECIFI( (Strength figures r \ Not Per Cent Carbon 0.05 to 0.15 0.16 to 0.25 Character ~ ——— ——Case - hardening Steel-————---—-Semi-refined Universal Case-hardening 8 Elongation Elongatio Condition Class Elastic Tensile % Notching Class Elastic Tensile Limit Strength Minimum Toughness Limit Strength Minimum Construc- 1. Annealed 32,700 52, 600 30 11,400 39, 800 66, 800 25 tion Steel 2. Natural hardness lla 2,650 64,000 25 11,400 12a 49,800 78, 200 20 3. Refined sf ; a : ; cones 4. Hardened 57,000 85,300 20 11 ,400 64,000 99 ,500 13 Basic open- 1. Annealed 32,700 52,600 25 8,530 39,800 66, 800 20 hearth 2. Natural steel hardness lib 42,650 64, 000 20 8,530 12b 49, 800 78,200 15 3. Refined eee ; : y Oe: : : 4. Hardened 57,000 85,300 15 8,530 64, 000 99, 500 10 Commer- 1. Annealed 28,500 49, 800 20 5, 700 35,550 61, 200 15 cial 2. Natural Quality hardness llc 35,550 57,000 15 5,700 12¢ 49, 800 78,200 10 3. Refined + : ; eines 4. Hardened 49, 800 71,100 15 5,700 57,000 92, 400 7 Explana- _1. Annealed at about *930 deg. Celsius; cool slowly 1900 deg. Celsius; cool slowly tion of 2. Natural hardness Figures 3. Refined 1, 2, 3, 4 4. Hardened at about No heat treatment Tolerance 4,265 lb. per sq. in. *1706 deg. Fahr. 11652 deg. Fahr. **1562 deg. Fahr. rr) eUuennnessanenenneennneeerscasosevenerenenenoerenanenanrinenoo ricer ionenioer ance of the new system, it is a serious fault to classify the steels for the automotive vehicles accord- ing to the purpose they are used for; the right way is a classification according to the properties of the steels. As the properties of steel depend in the first place on the percentage of carbon, and in the second place on the degree of alloy, the standardization has to foliow these two directions. By laying out the carbon contents as abscisse and the alloys with other metals, like nickel, chro- mium, manganese, sili- con, etc., as ordinates, generally every point of this system of co-ordi- nates will correspond to a steel of quite distinct chemical composition and strength properties. These principal proper- ties can be changed ex- tensively only by a heat treatment (annealing, hardening, forging, etc.). However, as the kind of heat treatment depends upon the carbon contents, it is sufficient to sub- divide the carbon con- tents into intervals, within which the prop- erties may be assumed TABLE IV.- Class 10 ll Carbon 0.0 to 0.10 0.10 to 0.20 ——Case-hardening Soft Steel ———_—Case-hardening Steel (not refined Elonga- Notching , . Elonga- Elastic Tensile tion in % Toughness Elastic Tensile tion in com Quality Condition Limit Strength Minimum Minimum Limit Strength Minimum Value Value i \ alue a 1, Annealed 32,700 45,500 38 21,330 35,550 59,700 27 2. Sufficiently hard for rolling 35,550 49, 800 34 17,000 45,500 71,100 23 3. Refined a . . AS os Po wees 4. Hardened 49, 800 71,100 25 14, 22! 64, 000 93,800 15 1, Annealed 32,700 45,500 32 17,000 35,550 59,700 22 L 2. Hard for rolling 35,550 49, 800 28 12, 800 45,500 71,100 18 3. Refined oaees , rs We see 4. Hardened 49, 800 71,100 19 10,000 64,000 93, 800 10 unrefined case *930 deg. Celsius, in water $1166 deg. Fahr. Quench at about **850 deg. Celsius ix No heat treatment water; Reheat to 1630 deg. ( +900 deg. Celsius, in water or 4,265 lb, per sq. in. §1472 deg. Fahr. Creuneeeanoeseenenersnenenags hardening steel, for general purpos 2—Steel of about 0.16 to 0.25 per cent carbon, refined and case hardening steel for universal uses. 3—Steel of about 0.26 to 0.45 per cent carbon, 4 pure refined steel, with a further classification of 0.2 to 0.35 per cent carbon for hardening in water 0.36 to 0.45 per cent carbon for hardening in oil. 4—Steel of about 0.50 to 0.60 or 0.70 per cent bon, as highly refined spring steel. seennenannanes SPECIFICATIONS FOR NON-ALLOY STEELS, (All values of strength ha CCUODCeCrennenenenentaneneneneneriat Miscellaneous class for untested minor material. Without prescription of quality *950 deg. Celsius; cool slowly Explana- 1. Annealed at about tion of 2. Hard for rolling figures 3. Refined 1, 2,3, 4 4. Hardened at about Tolerance *950 deg. Celsius in water -+-4,265 Ib. per sq. in. *1742 deg. Fahr. +1688 deg. Fahr. **1616 deg. Fahr. +1166 deg. Fabr. §1544 deg. Fahr. §§1472 deg. Fabr. svenenveenasente N 1 Value I { +920 deg. Celsius; coal sien $920 deg. Celsius in water 4,265 Ib. per sq. in. jsunsnnnenannensaneonneneTants: vnynnrnnneyeunnenreee? HEUESOHRENEONEDED STOEL OTTNTEDUETTEDETABONEVERTOUOEREPDOVEDONIYOOEPOTTRERUOLEDOEHEBDED PRDEDDEDDE DHEDREDEONOOONHEDOROUTONT VTON DOSeRDVEROEADEDUREORONRRaG HER TOnTOTTOREDRTDeENeRnensessesestoC seen! onan nan {DOPTEI vember 9, 1922 THE IRON AGE ouncneerenesenneneneen ten COOOTEDDUNDROREENEDINESERHRS #¥0 0eREOTERROHEREAOCEDARS NEON rs pHUTHHene® ISTINGUISH STEELS OF VARYING CHARACTERISTICS —_—_—_—_—_— Alloy Steel \¢-——— —_--—— -——. Nickel-chromium Steel (g) —_———High-alloy steel () ———————~ Nickel over Nickel under Nickel Steel : — 3%, Chro- 3%, Chro- Nickel- Chromium ——————Nickel Steel- — Manganese About Under mium over mium under Tungsten Steel Steel 2% 1% 1% Steel (g) Over 1.5% 36% 30% 25% 5 to 6% 31b 3le 4la 41b 51 61 7la 71b 7le 81 Ib 32¢ 42a 42b 52 62 72a 72b 72c 82 33e 43a 43b 53 63 73a 73b 73e 83 3b 33e 43a 43b 53 63 73a 73b 73e 83 tb 34e 44a 44b 54 64 74a 74b 74e 84 r and green (except chromium steel, which is basic and orange), both running lengthwise r and drab, both running lengthwise. arrow yellow stripe running lengthwise through the green band, indicating that the steel is already hardened. 11) Dns NAG DONNBEENOREO NONE DORREFEREDEREONS EDEN NDEEENOEA ONeO Sueuaeano eens taoneinenenne SeeTeansNMEDHONBAaDORE HET Casieoes se four principal groups of carbon steel are rmore to be distinguished in their mechanical th) properties according to their quality, de- upon the process of production. The first is the construction steel (class a). The second the standard basic Siemens-Martin or open- steel (class b). The third quality is the com- 70 and 80. S100 00ORy HOULDOOEDY DOE SANT berrs eDDHET EAC DO OEEEDEAOFESSeeneoneRLLAHECNENNS ’ eae ee) 1201 The figure 4 means an average carbon content of 0.5 per cent. This manner of char- acterizing makes it com- paratively easy to keep in mind the single prin- cipal groups with the cor- responding carbon con- tents. The “tens” figure of the number of two fig- ures represents the de- gree of alloy in the fol- lowing manner: For non-alloy steel, the cardinal number 10; for low alloy steel, the cardinal number 20; for nickel- alloy steel, the cardinal number 30; for nickel-chromium- alloy steel, the cardinal number 40; for nickel-tungsten- alloy steel, the cardinal number 50; for higher chro- mium-alloy steel (more than 1.5 per cent), the cardinal number 60; for high alloy steel, the cardinal numbers steel, with the least strength (class c). n accordance with this, Table I was arranged. The REL WITHOUT ALLOYS Sq. In.) 0.26 to 0.45 0.50 to 0.60 tefined Steel (Not for Case-hardening Highly Refined Spring Steel Elongation Elongation Elastic Tensile Notching Class Elastic Tensile Notehing Limit Strength Minimum Toughness Limit Strength Minimum Toughness 46, 900 82,500 18 59,700 #9 500 15 , l4a 92,400 128, 000 10 100 106, 600 15 5,700 to 7,110 ),500 128,000 10 142, 200 185,000 6 16, 900 82, 500 15 59,700 19, 500 L 14b 92, 400 128, 000 8 (1,100 106, 600 10 4,265 to 5,700 1 500 128, 000 7 128, 000 170, 600 ‘ 12, 650 71, 100 15 52, 600 32, 400 12 lite 78, 200 114, 000 8 800 99, 500 10 2.840 to 4,265 85, 300 114,000 7 114,000 142, 200 8 **850 deg. Celsius: cool slowly No heat treatment t **850 deg. Celsius, in oil or water; Rehea to $630 deg. Celsius 1630 deg. Celsius *850 deg. Celsius, in water or oil §800 deg. Celsius, in oil 7,110 lb. per sq. in 11,400 Ib. per sq. in §800 deg. Celsius No heat treatment Quench at about §800 deg. Celsius in oil; Reheat to ir principal groups are characterized in ‘he ying tables by the “units” figure of a number gures, thus: igure 1 means an average carbon content of later in some particulars. ngure 2 means an average carbon content of GERMAN SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS to Lb, per Sq. In.) 12 13 15 20 to 0.35 0.35 to 0.50 0.50 to 0.70 refined Steel - Refined Steel (not for case-hardening) Highly Refined Steel Elonga- Notching Elonga- Notching Elonga- Notching tion in % Toughness Elastic Tensile tion in % Toughness Elastic Tensile tion in % Toughness Minimum Minimum Limit Strength Minimum Minimum Limit Strength Minimum Minimum Value Value Value Value Value Value N) 20 11,400 49, 800 85, 300 16 8,530 71,100 114,000 14 5,700 ”) 16 10,000 64,000 99, 500 12 7,110 99,500 142,000 10 4, 265 0) 15 14, 220 92,400 120,900 15 11,400 128,000 156,500 s 8,530 Wn) 10 7,110 120,900 156,500 7 4.265 156,500 199,000 5 2,340 100 16 8,530 49, 800 85, 300 13 7,110 71,100 114,000 12 4,265 (M) 12 7,110 64, 000 99.500 9 5,700 99,500 142,000 x 2,340 N) ll 10,000 92,400 120,900 12 8.530 128,000 156,500 6 5,700 MK 7 4,265 120,900 156,500 5 2,840 156,500 199,000 3 1,420 to 4, 265 to 2,840 elsius; cool slowly §840 deg. Celsius; cool slowly §§800 deg. Celsius; cool slowly t it **880 deg. Celsius in = heat to [630 deg. Celsius elsius in oil or water 10 Ib. per sq. in. Quench at about §840 deg. Celsius in oil or water, reheat to 1630 deg. Celsius §840 deg. Celsius in oil +7,110 lb. per sq. in. Quench at about °°880 deg. Celsius in oil or water, reheat to 1630 deg. Celsius §§800 deg. Celsius in oil +11, 400 Ib. per sq. in. UUCUETNETUDEOGeNO RNLUODEEDEEHNEERANOREDDEECTENEEHNAN EDEL OEON seDEEEAED eUBEDNEREGOEDRE ) :DO0OFUEDODOLTOSED UDI CONDOS UNOETONPORRE |. CRENOERDOGEERNSUED of | 1YROEBERREDED 0 Pr tanee 04s" /c1>vanOnenNRONRDDD speERCEBOBRESBORENE!tsonenENE® ’ ‘ practical application of Table I is as follows: Of new steel coming to hand in the factory, in the first place the carbon content is determined and, ac- cording to this percent- age, the definite anneal- ing and hardening tem- peratures are prescribed. In this manner figures are obtained that are produced under the same conditions as those in Table I and, therefore, may be compared with them. When the classifi- cation has been done, the corresponding steel is painted lengthwise with a distinct color; Table II shows the different colors used for automotive steeis with reference to the specification of Table I. It may be added that the specification in Table I, covering tool steels, repre- sents only a preliminary work that may be changed Table I forms the main specification, comprising all kinds of steels. But for practical use an enlargement 2 and addition of some new items seemed to be valuable. nt, Walter Pessl, head of the steel section of the German figure 8 means an average carbon content of Society of Automotive Manufacturers, has carried out ent. this enlargement for the non-alloy steels of Table I, and Table III represents the new specification, covering only non-alloy steels. As a basis, an average chemical compo- sition was taken, as fol- lows: Manganese, not over 0.8 per cent; silicon, not over 0.3 per cent; phosphorus, not over 0.05 per cent; sulphur, not over 0.05 per cent. The strength figures of the steel as delivered were supplemented by the strength figures for the steel in the annealed and hardened states. In addition to the usual statement of the tensile strength, the elas- tic limit and the notching toughness (strength in : . - 0a : ‘ Peta 17°33) én » re : . s we aes- - —- Bi Site : f s ; : , je’ : : te § ; ae s . "i 3 4 ot 7 tis yt heat . ae ait Hal : J he : at es aro aS Mey oat é ‘ aay ; erat a4 i. v Pa vas yee ites 7 wih 7 > P : . sda g tonal. ase 1 ae a ‘ «4 * . . y * ‘ * ‘ 5 ? e. , * w 4 Be Ae: e me YG: *.., iad r ; ‘as Fs Hy »* 4 , Tr ra ‘ 7 , : ey fe ; 4 ~ 4 eh : +s ‘$ 4 1202 THE IRON AGE kilograms per square centimeter for bar of 10 x 10 millimeters section and round notching) has been added, because these data are far more valuable for the de- signer than the tensile strength oniy. Of course, it was necessary, too, to standardize the terms “annealing, hardening and refining,” because different temperatures of annealing, hardening and refining result in corre- spondingly different strength properties. These terms were fixed as follows: Class 11—(non-refined case hardening steel): Annealing: at about 930 deg. Celsius (1706 deg. Fahr.); cool slowly. Hardening: at about 930 deg. Celsius; quench in water. Class 12—(universal case hardening steel): Annealing: at about 900 deg. Celsius (1652 deg. Fahr.); cool slowly. Refining: at about 900 deg. Celsius; quench in 0%. or water and reheat to about 630 deg. Celsius (1166 deg. Fahr.). Hardening: at about 900 deg. Celsius in water -. oil. Class 13—(refined steel) : Mr TABLE V. (All values of strength have been —Chemical Composition in 1/100 Elastic Symbol Condition C Mn P 5 Limit Not over Not over Max Max Clés 6 10 2 2 Annealed 25, 600 Cln 5 to 15 30 to 50 7 6 Annealed 31,300 Cl 5 to 15 30 to 50 4 3 Annealed 31,300 Cls 6 to 12 40 to 50 2 2 Annealed 31,300 Case-hardened and hardened 42,650 in water C2n 15 to 25 40 to 60 7 6 Annealed 37,000 C2 15 to 25 40 to 60 4 ; Annealed 37,000 C2s 15 to 20 50 to 70 2 2 Annealed 39 , 800 Case-hardened and hardened in 57,000 water C3n 25 to 40 50 to 70 7 f Annealed 42,650 C3 25 to 40 50 to 70 } Annealed 42,650 Refined 57,000 Refined 71,100 Refined 85,300 Refined 99,500 C4r 40 to 50 50 to 70 7 6 Annealed 48, 350 C4 40 to 50 50 to 70 4 ; Annealed 48,350 Refined 71, 100 Lefined 85, 300 C5r 50 to 60 60 to 80 7 6 Annealed 57,000 C5 50 to 60 60 to 80 4 3 Annealed 57,000 Refined 71,100 Refined 85,300 Annealing: at about 850 deg. Celsius (1562 deg. Fahr.); cool slowly. Refining: about 850 deg. Celsius; quench in vil or water and reheat to about 630 deg. Celsius. Hardening: at about 850 deg. Celsius in water or oil. Class 14—(highly refined steel) : Annealing: at about 800 deg. Celsius (1472 aeg. Fahr.) ; cool slowly. Refining: at about 800 deg. Celsius; quench in oil and reheat at 630 deg. Celsius. Hardening: at about 800 deg. Celsius in oil. According to the prescription, the steels were treated corresponding to their carbon contents, the strength values were determined and somewhat modi- fied, so that the separate sub-groups of a class may be distinguished sufficiently from each other by different values of the elastic limit, tensile strength and elonga- tion. This small modification was chosen in such a manner that, between the sub-groups a and b in Table I, only the elongation among the principal features ap- pears changed (with constant elastic limit and tensile strength) ; while between the sub-groups b and c, with constant elongation, the elastic limit and_ tensile strength are changing. Thus the material of the sub- group a, that is used in the first place for bevel gears, crankshafts and other highly stressed parts of the motor car, is distinguished definitely from the material of the sub-groups 6 and ec. Perhaps an addition to Table III, covering the strength figures at right angles to the fibers of a bar, COUN Neaveanaenenerensnianeton SWISS STEEL SPECIFIC November 9, | may be valuable, because all strength figures given relate only to a direction parallel to the bar and a further addition covering material that forged. This addition will be necessary, becau bevel wheels and spur gears, that are not re-f but made of the solid piece, the teeth mostly a clined at 45 deg. to the fiber or are perpendicular The alloy steel specification in Table I is to larged and completed in the same manner as fo; III for non-alloy steels. But this work requires erable time and labor and has not yet been finish As previously mentioned, the German Socie! Automotive Manufacturers has adopted the stee] fication tables of the Bayerische Motoren-W (B. M. W.), described above, as the foundation f steel specification recommended by the society members. Table IV shows this specification, for nor steels, that is similar to Table III of the B. M. W.. it has five groups of carbon contents and two cla quality, a and b, while the third class ¢ repres: miscellaneous class for minor material. The pr ATION FOR NON-ALLOY STEELS translated into Lb. per Sq. In.) Mechanical Properties Tensile Elongation Notching in”; Toughness Strength l=10d l=5d Test Test Bar 20 Bar 10 42,650 to 45,500 30 40 ’ 54,000 to 62,500 22 27 5 54,000 to 62,500 24 30 28, 450 54,000 to 62,500 25 30 37,000 64,000 to 78,100 18 22 28, 450 62,500 to 71,100 20 24 Semeen M 62,500 to 71,100 22 26 25, 600 ‘ 62,500 to 71,100 22 28 34,100 For cas 99,500 to 128,000 8 10 21,330 71,100 to 85,300 16 20 Med 71,100 to 85,300 20 25 20, 000 85,300 to 99,500 18 20 22,750 99,500 to 114,000 14 16 17,000 114,000 to 128,000 10 12 11,400 128,000 to 142, 200 8 10 7,110 85,300 to 99,500 12 15 a I 85,300 to 99,500 14 18 14, 220 99,500 to 114,000 12 15 14, 220 114,000 to 128,000 10 12 11,400 99,500 to 114,000 8 10 ‘ 99,500 to 114,000 12 14 10, 000 99 ,500 to 114,000 14 16 14, 220 114,000 to 128,000 10 12 8,530 Heneeoeaenoneneecenesntanersanenninens Heceeneennennnaenrneeane tions for annealing, hardening and refining are « what modified, too. The Automotive Manufacturers’ Association 0 Switzerland, also, has used the table of the B. M. W as the foundation for its steel specification. Tabie \ shows the Swiss specification for non-alloy steels, which has been adopted by Belgium and Sweden, too. Lik the former tables, it refers neither to the product process nor to the application purpose of the steel, is based only on its chemical composition and mechan- ical properties. Every steel is marked by a symbol which contains the alloy components of the corresponding steel |! alloy steel at all) expressed by the international lesig- nations of the chemical elements. In the symbol thes designations are arranged in the following ocder: (ar bon = C, nickel Ni, chromium = Cr, manganest Mn, silicon = Si, vanadium V, tungsten (wolfram) W, molybdenum = Mo. After each designation 0! oe alloy component stands its percentage figure multipi* by 10; for instance, Cr 10 means 1 per cent of ©?! mium. If the percentage of the alloy component 's *" than 0.1, and the figure of percentage conseq'en™) smaller than the figure 1, then it will be expressed a fraction. a The designation C for carbon is used only for = carbon steels, but not for the alloy steels; however, '™ percentage figure of carbon remains, and beg! Pat symbol of each alloy steel. For example: a car’) steel with an average of 0.2 per cent carbon is mars" ess November 9, 1922 c2. A chromium-nickel steel with an average of r cent carbon, 4 per cent nickel and 0.8 per cent um is marked with 1 Ni 40 Cr 8. The letter n 1] purity) set behind the symbol means an ad- maximum percentage of 0.07 per cent pvhos- s and 0.06 per cent sulphur. If neither letter n stands behind the symbol, then the percentage of orus may not exceed 0.04 per cent, nor that of r 0.03 per cent. The letter s (superior purity), ind the symbol, means an admissible maximum orus (and sulphur) percentage of 0.02 per cent Swiss specification table contains data covering lowing mechanical properties: the minimum ‘f the elastic limit in kilograms per square milii- meter, the minimum and maximum values of tensile rth in kilograms per square millimeter, the mini- ilues of elongation for measuring length 1 — 10d OXYGEN IN METALLURGY Role of Air, Rich in Oxygen, in the Blast Furnace, Bessemer and Open-Hearth Processes \t a joint session of the Faraday Society and the British Cold Storage and Ice Association recently, smo Johns, of Sheffield, made an interesting contri- yn the use of oxygen in metallurgical processes. He said that most of the useful metals in present- actice are extracted from their ores and refined ndustrial use by processes which involve the use spheric air for the combustion of carbonaceous r, silicon, phosphorus or sulphur, to provide the equired. These processes have become standard- ed to a large extent, and are based on the assumption f the invariableness of the oxygen content of the at- pnere. Obviously the oxygen enrichment of the air used ilter the conditions under which those meitallur- esses which depend on oxidation of some fuel heat required are carried out, and though it is iit to predict what would actually be the effect of ered conditions, yet enough is known to enable say that revolutionary changes in metallurgical e would result. The processes now employed, e types of plant used, are the result of gradual m of industrial practice. Our knowledge of the ms that occur are imperfect and almost entirely ed to our knowledge of what occurs when ordi- ris used. But though it may be difficult to pre- he actual changes in practice that would result, mparatively easy to review the possibilities. It ortant to note, however, that what is contemplated he use of pure oxygen, but the availability of a ‘with 30 to 40 per cent of oxygen, or even less. would In the Blast Furnace The modern blast furnace plant would obviously zo a startling change in its design and arrange- t when it had no longer to handle the present huge f dust-laden heated combustible gases to effect t heat exchanges with the incoming air to secure ny. The hot blast stoves would probably dis- ‘ppear, or be much reduced in size. The furnace itself reduced in height, and the whole plant, when inges had been completed, would bear but little e to the equipment found necessary to-day roduction of pig iron. 12 In the Bessemer Converter ssemer converter, whether acid or basic, has ed on the assumption of an invariable oxygen f the air blown in. Given the possibility of nd controlling the oxygen ratio in the air em- should find the character of the process com- nanged. In the acid process the order in which nd silicon are removed depends on the tempera- the basic process it is almost certain that by ng the temperature it would be possible to phosphorus before all the carbon had been yon rid ced THE IRON AGE 1203 or 11.3 V F andl 5 d or 5.65 v F,, expressed in per- centage of the original measuring length, in which F means the original section of the test bar. Finally, the minimum values of the notching strength in kilograms per square centimeter. The test bars have the follow- ing dimensions: Test bar 20: L 160 mm. (6.3 in.); 6 = 20 mm. (0.79 in.) ; t = notching depth = 5 mm. (0.2 in.) ; r= 2 mm. (0.08 in.); / 120 mm. (4.7 in.). Test bar 10: L = 80 mm. (3.15 in.); 5 10 min. (0.394 in.)<; t 2.5 mm. (0.1 in.); r 1 mm, (0.039 in.); l 70 mm. (2.76 in.). The notch of the test bar shall be perpendicular to the direction of fibers. Other Swiss tables for alloy steels are to be pre- pared, but this work is being done in close conformity with the specifications of the B. M. W. German Table I, above. removed, and thus the injurious after-blow would be avoided. This temperature control could be effected if the oxygen content of the air blown in could be varied. In the Open-Hearth Furnace The regenerative open-hearth furnace is costly, com- plicated, and inefficient from the thermal standpoint. If oxygen-enriched air could be employed for the produc- tion of the fuel gas, and for its subsequent combustion in the hearth of the furnace, it would be possible to effect a startling and beneficial alteration in the plant. The uni-flow furnace would become a possibility, and there would be a very desirable simplification in the de- sign of the furnace. A neutral or oxidizing flame would be at the command of the operator, while the melting and refining operations would be accelerated. The waste gas of the furnace would be much richer in CO,, and, with added oxygen, rich air would be ideal for blowing into the gas producer, thus enabling a fuel gas rich in CO to be supplied to the furnace. Pure Oxygen Not Needed It is important to note that it is not pure oxygen that is required. It would be amply sufficient if the oxygen content could be varied between the range of 20 and 40 per cent. What is required is not pure oxygen in steel flasks, but enriched air in hundreds of tons. Owing to the slight difference in density of oxygen and nitrogen it would appear that centrifugal methods for their separation are not very hopeful. Can any refrigerating system be devised which will give oxygen enriched at a commercial price? Any such refrigerat- ing system should be able to use, as the source of the energy it requires, the sensible or potential heat of the products of the metallurgical process where it is em- ployed, if carbon be the fuel used in the process. If a suitable cycle can be discovered for effecting the par- tial separation of the two mixed gases, for complete separation is not required, then a vast field is available for the use of oxygen-enriched air in metallurgical oper- ations. [In THE Iron AGE, Nov. 2, p, 1179, there is a brief article along the same lines which discusses the new investigations which the U. S. Bureau of Mines is in- augurating with a view to securing cheaper oxygen and to ascertaining the practicability of its use in metal- lurgy.] The Pittsburgh Steel Co. reports sales to the value of $5,381,130 in the three months ended Sept. 30, which, after setting aside the sum estimated to meet income and profits taxes, resulted in a net loss of $9,687. In the same period last year, sales of $3,428,790 brought the company a net profit after allowance for taxes of $13,921. Accidents at beehive ovens are referred to as fol- lows by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. On the basis of production the fatal and non-fatal accident rate was 61.3 per million tons of output in 1921, as against 51.0 in 1920, 72.2 in 1919, and 71.3 in 1918. The 1921 bee- hive output was smaller than for any year since 1885. ‘ . ‘ 5 - e Se. , ‘ x 4 ‘ o E0 a Ym ; Fy » ‘9 7% . lé. , Je 4 wv { s te) . hen, % > S Bie «I 34 ‘ ‘ » a ua . “ ; i ee \ Rea? iy 9 ‘ . ge GA Rou ips * | Reincarnation of a Firearms Business Resumption on a Production Basis, Within a Few Months, of the Marlin Establishment—Good-Will of Former Employees a Factor BY L. S HE Marlin arms business was founded at New Haven, Conn., in 1870 by John M. Marlin, who had been trained in the manufacture of firearms in the Colt plant at Hartford. At the time the Marlin company was organized the entire capital was $400. This company at first manufactured pistols, revolvers and later the famous Ballard target rifles. In 1880 the first model Marlin repeating rifle was placed on the market and all other models were then dropped from production, which was centered on the manufacture of repeating arms. Later the side ejecting firearm was developed by this company. In 1915 the business was sold to other interests, later known as the Marlin Rockwell Corporation. With the plant in New Haven as its foundation, this corpo- ration undertook the manufacture of machine guns dur- ing the war. At the time the United States entered the war there were about 1300 machine guns of four varieties owned by the War Department. At that time the Marlin organization, making machine guns for the Allies, had a capacity of about 200 per day. This capacity was increased to about 1000 machine guns per day at the time of the armistice. When the war was ended the Marlin firearms busi- ness was not immediately resumed, principally on ac- count of high production costs. Accordingly the plant was closed and all tools, jigs, fixtures, etc., were packed away in storage. Owing to labor conditions it was deemed inadvisable to resume operations until August, 1921, when a new company known as the Marlin Firearms Corporation was formed. In the meantime, the Marlin organization had dispersed, many of the men entering other lines of business. The new company was started by two men only, one of them the former sales manager of the old Marlin business. The corporation acquired the plant, patents, good-will, tools, fixtures, gages, machinery, etc., of both the Marlin firearms business and the Hopkins & Allen arms business, of Norwich, Conn. The first step was to arrange for Marlin organization foremen to return to the Marlin plant. Practically all of these men had worked in the plant for years, rang- ing in service from 15 to 38 years, and they were glad of the opportunity to return to their old positions. The services of some of these men were highly valuable, as a number of them had supervised the packing away of the tools and gages. They were all at once put to work assorting and cataloging the tools for convenient handling. At the same time the engineering depart- ment was at work improving the design of some models. As soon as possible after the commencement of op- erations, the tool, die and gage department was set up and a force of tool makers put to work, making tools for redesigned models, repairing old tools which needed it and replacing those which had been lost or mislaid. The next step was to set up the manufacturing de- partment. As the original Marlin plant grew, the vari- ous departments were laid out, as is usually the case, wherever space was available. In the resumption of operations the reorganization of all departments per- mitted the grouping together of those parts of the work of manufacture which were closely associated and the routing of the wo