The Iron Age 1922-09-07: Vol 110 Iss 10

THE IRON AGE New York, September 7, 1922 10 ESTA ED 1855 VOL. 110, No. \iaking Steel Without Using Pig fron “Serap and Carbon” Basic Open-Hearth Process as Employed at an Eastern Plate Mill—Residual Manganese an Essential Feature BY EDWIN F. CONE \DEPENDENT of fuel or pig iron scarcity, a steel companies is chiefly on scrap. At various other ; | Pe vania producer of steel plates is oper- plants also departures are being made from the es- . a 100 per cent capacity, and in August tablished pig and scrap process; but the Cen- ke ecord in open-hearth output. It has been tral Iron & Steel Co.’s practice differs from them all. " yme time that the Central Iron & Steel The first reaction to the statement that pig iron Hi sburg, Pa., was making steel in a manner is eliminated and only scrap is the basis of a heat liffere rom the practice at any other open-_ is likely to be criticism. It has been the common in the country. view that quality steel could Various reports concerning ; : not be made in open-hearth the metallurgical operations furnaces except virgin iron, have gained currency, some Y idee facts are outstanding m | as pig iron, was a part of the ¢ them entirely at variance connection with the open- | charge. Yet high grade tool 5 ; hearth process described in this | ie : - : with the actual procedure. aah and alloy steels are made in With a view to presenting One is the advantage of inde- electric furnaces in which the facts, the writer visited ' not a pound of pig iron is the plant and secured infor- is emphasized in this time of fuel used. It is possible to pro- ; tion for this article from shortage. The other is the key fea- duce by an all-scrap process Robert H. Lrons, president ture of the operation, namely, the | quality steel in quantity in f the company; Robert M. maintenance of residual manganese | basic open-hearth furnaces Keeney, general superintend- throughout the heat. and at a low cost. The Har- t; Sidney D. Williams, su- tendent of the open- hearth department, and Ash- D. Peace, engineer of as pen-hearth steel high quality is being produced daily at Harris- irg without the use of any pig iron, but entirely from rap. In fact, no pig iron has been used in the com- anys six large open-hearth A charge consists of varying proportions of the following raw materials : Scrap steel Serap iron Manganese ore Carbon as river coal, coke or charcoal Lime | | { pendence of pig iron supply, which For the past four years plate steel has been made at Harris- burg without the use of any pig iron. risburg company has been doing this for more than four years, and under several sets of exacting specifica- tions. To-day it is shipping tank, fire box, boiler and other grades of plate into Pittsburgh and the Middle West and into other mar- kets not commonly regarded as tributary. The steel-making process under which the Central Iron furnaces nee late in 1918. & Steel Co. is operating is Three blast furnaces on the covered by a process patent property, which have been idle since late in the war, (U.S. 1,345,192—June 29, 1920), granted to Robert ra e mute timony to what has been going on in’ H. Irons and assigned to the company. Patents > steel department. have been allowed in various other countries and Stee een made in basic open-hearth fur- some foreign applications are pending. The distin- without the use of pig iron in several other guishing feature of the process is the maintenance stances he substitution of petroleum coke for of a high residual manganese throughout the period Pig iron was practiced by several American compa- Of the heat. war, as it had been here and there For several years the use of manganese-bearing 7 1s, and it is still followed to some ex- pig irons in open-hearth practice has been advo- . fic Coast, where the dependence of cated, and the subject has been discussed in various ; papers before the American Iron and Steel Institute a *, Manganese Supplies’ Tue Inon Ace, and the American Institute of Mining and Metal- ‘ \ NOY, 29, 1917, p. 1305 iy, maneancee lurgical Engineers.* The presence of certain quan- noe fare n Open-Hearth Practice,” Tue Iron tities of manganese during the melting down period en-He.s pb. 1888; oon ee ee Tr ands. now characterizes the operation both in acid and Manganese Iron in Basic ypen- Hearth basic open-hearth steel making at many plants. The Aton, “SHE TRON Aap, Oct. “5, '""" practice at Harrisburg may be considered as the i" 585 i at 3 Pent 4 : ; : i 4 4 ‘ ih r4 ‘ +2 } a as 4 4 7) . is 24% ' asi : 2 1 : 4 * d : peiera, 4 ' > : : . : a :’ i ; : , « : » ‘ ° : : > > 7 ; ' » ’ ' . : : ’ 5 » é ‘ i t ; “ : ; i 7 . ¢ ” . e 4 a ’ ‘ ¥ . : ’ te ‘ ‘ ‘ > . : > : 4 oct : . 4 t * E ‘ 7 a as 4 * os . . ” . Saga # te ’ + wy y* wy ® “} : 4? : s f Ad 5 ” rf > ‘, . a? ‘ it ee “* . ‘ 7 Ry t “@« ° > & “e uO Ly ¥ e . J i _) -~ : > * . ath on a ’, tee ' i ee ‘ » es, Pom», # . on : oe e ¢ — e +3 : $ development of this feature to its largest possi- bilities. Two well-known features of open-hearth practice are at once recognized in reading the patent. First, the use of carbonaceous matter to reduce the charge of pig iron; second, the use of manganese-bearing materials, thereby bringing about the elimination of sulphur as manganese sulphide, and securing the advantage of tapping with a high residual mangan- ese. The patentee claims that steel made by his process is of superior quality by reason of the high residual manganese and the care with which the steel is made, and that it has several advantages over steel made by the ordinary pig and scrap process. To secure this residual manganese, high grade manganese ore from Brazil is regularly a part of each charge. About 2 to 21% tons is ordinarily used in a 90-ton heat. The reduced manganese from the ore is alloyed with the steel, the slag being at the same time brought to the point of saturation with manganese. The desired manganese in the bath is Table of Certified Physical and Chemical Tests of Fire Be Yiel D Test P Poit i Vid (res I P \ fT | a. 7 - I 1200 2 x 48 x 1.575 0.377 0.594 7710 12017 131 x 52%4x 1.535 0.375 0.576 38720 2209 132 x42 xl 1.500 1. 25 1.875 55700 218 245 x49 x 190 0 385 0.574 55300 231 28 x 54\4x 1.575 0 385 0 606 57470 1206 93. (x 87 Lox 1.570 0.585 0.919 35000 4207( l x 42 xl'4 1.465 1.250 1.838 35200 42074 S 7 x .53125 $40) 0.54 0.786 35300 2101 15 t 1.42 0.428 0.608 35000 108 1S 59 K°@ 1 585 0 38 0 645 37370 2104 5414 x55 1.575 0.377 0.594 59060 118 1S x 52box% 1.570 ( ) 0.57 55430 92 12¢ 1045,x10434x 1.510 0.692 1.045 35120 2 220 x 8llox,y 1.540 0.44 0.678 55200 92128 247%ox 88toxhi 1.485 0.681 1.011 35400 a213¢ 28 xl0744x.48 1.480 0.475 0.70 35560 104 I877<x 64box .44 1.41) 0 44 0.625 55300 1O¢ 1901cx 64)ox.44 1.469 0 436 0 632 35200 thus obtained, and at the time when the heat is ready for tapping the amount of residual mangan- ese is fairly constant at 0.15 to 0.30 per cent. To prevent the steel from losing any of this residual manganese because of insufficient oxide of mangan- ese in the slag, the capacity of the slag in lime and oxide of iron is increased which, combined with the manganese oxide acting as a base, exerts the desired effect on the manganese of the bath. The role of this residual manganese is two-fold: First, its presence during the whole refining opera- tion prevents any oxidation of the iron in the bath; second, it is an important factor in eliminating sulphur. Aside from the manganese ore and the regular and necessary amount of lime, the charge is made up of scrap steel and scrap iron in proportions vary- ing from 60 to 90 per cent of the former and from 10 down to 10 per cent of the latter, largely heavy melting grades. The regulation of the mixture de- pends on market conditions and requires a constant study of the price and availability of the scrap brought in from outside. The flexibility of the charge is its feature, it being possible to make a heat with 90 per cent steel scrap or up to 40 per cent scrap iron, with no variation in quality. Another factor in the charge is carbon in the form of coal, coke or charcoal, the amount depend- ing on conditions. A most interesting feature of present operations is the use of river coal, really buckwheat anthracite. Tons of this are being taken daily from the Susquehanna River, which parallels THE IRON AGE Septemix the plant. The coal is carefully washe screened and used in each charge in va) tions with the scrap and other materi nishes carbon and plays other lesser refining process. The same coal at pr under boilers to raise the steam used The purifying effect of the residua which is the key to the success of “scrap and carbon” process, is not a but the method of its application is. A bottom poured, requiring a metal of h ture. Special features in the construct ation of the furnaces make the attain: temperature easy and the presence of ese prevents oxidation. The surface is unusually smooth, with piping and a minimum. Although a larger slag \ ried than in the regular pig and s there is no difficulty in operating the } acquainted with all the details and re! the process. Heats are regularly made not excee: xx and Boiler Steel Plate Made by Central Iro Ultimate Strencth Final Elon-Reduction Lb. Per gation i { Area Carbon Manganese PI Sq. I i Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent | Per Cent 55220 33.0 63.0 0.15 0.46 58520 28.0 56.2 0.16 0.30 52590 29 0 57.3 0.15 0.31 57800 oR 0 61.7 0.16 0.35 62210 28 0 60.4 0.22 0.33 59600 32 0 58.2 0.20 0.48 52990 10.0 56.5 0.12 0.36 59800 0.0 61.8 0.19 0.34 60300 10.0 60.5 0.20 0.45 59550 28 0 62.8 0.18 0.50 ) 63470 27.0 56.2 0.20 0.46 ( 55330 33.0 65.4 0.16 0.50 55400 31.0 57.9 0.18 0.42 55160 32.0 67.5 0.16 0.39 55390 35.0 60.4 0.18 0.39 59320 34.0 58.1 0.19 0.50 { 55200 34.0 61.6 0.18 0.48 58300 29.0 65.2 0.17 0.42 cent in sulphur, more often much less, a: phorus content is normal. Physical test inspectors representing railroads, the G and other buyers, reveal a high elongat duction of area. Typical results from the records, taken at random, are given In fact it has been a surprise to the operat to find that steel made by this process ha properties than steel of the same analysis the old way. The management states tha larger than in the former practice, a! that the total rejections of finished plates, shipping errors, shearing mistakes, qualities steel, etc., are less than three-quarters cent of the finished product, justifies th ment’s statements as to larger yields words, 99.25 per cent of the finished manufactured meets all requirements. The stage to which the process has be has not been reached easily. Many difh had to be overcome, and success requires watchfulness and a high-grade organiza open mind. The results represent sev operation and research on the part of th together with large expenditures f purposes. Equipped for the use of either pro oil, the furnaces are largely using fue! coal supplies other needs besides its steel making. Coke is unnecessary i! ment, and pig iron is and has been a strange! side the gates for several years. for experim IMPORTANT COAL TOPICS n Ohio Pig [ron and Coke Association ~ Considers Various Problems s+ meeting of the Southern Ohio Pig Iron \casociation was held at the Marting Hotel, Aug. 29. The meeting was called pri- uss the present coal situation, and after ts from various members of the associa- ‘ded that, inasmuch as the volunteer and committees were ceasing to function, ertaining to fuel in the southern Ohio ter- taken up direct with the Interstate nmission, and the following telegram was the secretary of that body: this association opera ~ Order N ( ser vill mea é rw p f oal nine t th G it Lal i No I ndustria ry s } \ Virgini ind ¢€ te Ker W tha nmediate s Ltior ¢ ‘ Servi Order No whereb ] la cours l OT ve <« l tral) t y s d ‘ ‘ Good Work of Blast Furnaces teresting discussion regarding the good ist furnaces in the district took place, a ( ynsensus of opinion among the opera- rreat deal of the credit can be traced to the al supplied to the coke plants. The asso- ng its activities along this line among rs and is meeting with fairly satisfac- yrcibly brought out at the meeting that the ‘high volatile coal from West Virginia and Northwest, as railroad fuel and do most wasteful diversion of coal that the coke ovens. The long haul 1ree States and the shipment by boat fuel and so much coal car capacity shameful practice. The members all and direct a haul as possible so that kept on the home lines, especially by-product coke. The need for il as a matter of conservation of cal yrought out. Klevating the Coal Industry : discussion on the question of having y put on the same high plane as that try, took pla e. President Sweetser + + e attention was given to the quality g and the mining of coal as is given ide, there would be no such confusion now pravail in the coal industry. ild be paid to shipping the kind of coal needs of the consumer. W. D. McKin {f the Southern Ohio Coal Exchange, ie Government would license coa h mine a number which would follow ugh to the ultimate consumer, there 1 of responsibility attached to a car w attached to a car of iron ore. Al- he members thought it would be too icate 15,000 wholesale coal men in the felt that much good could be done by pment of coal from mines that fi inferior coals. ie Bureau of Mines explained th: ire being conducted on the combusti ilso described some of the experi- ned by the bureau. The association te co-operation would be given to the in the experiments that are going to he blast furnaces of one of th 1922 THE IRON AGE vl ‘Q ~] Five new nembers were elected, these being Dr. Lowry, Ironton; C. E. Burch, and C. O. Brown, Jack- son; Henry Willard, Wellston, and Thos. DeVenny, of the Portsmouth By-Product Coke Co. Reports submitted to the association showed that 14 of the 17 blast furnaces represented are blown out or banked on account of coal shortage. In the evening, the customary dinner, presided over by President R. H. Sweetser, was held, at which ad dresses were made by members of the association and their guests. A nominating eommittee was also ap- pointed to draw up a list of officers which will be sub mitted to the annual meeting to be held later in the month. Program for Montreal Meeting of American Electrochemists The program for the annual fall meeting of the American Electrochemical Society at Montreal, Can- ada, Sept. 20, 21 and 22, is announced in part as fol iows: f ¢ I \\ ‘ H li ; Ne ( . ling ior pape fT of He Treatment n the Hardne and Vi icture of Electrolytically Deposited I Norma B. Pil £38 ' t ind the Mechanical Proper ru ‘ A . f Electr ‘ Carl M I Ne ind J I ( ficatic ae } Raiph B A} ] ! et oI oO! Industri Heating Bradley SS ig ‘ 1irmar lectrothermik division Principle f the Industrial Heating Fr er I Charle | Steinmetz i rH it (re it I I pagrat ‘ on , Ind ria Ire es oo H i I . i ' i | He £ 1 l Propertic A Tle t Higl l M \ Hunter ind A (> j | r ta W ! HH t ry Materials f ele Heating : } Cc. Ww ‘ lay, Sept 9:30 " ndusti | Heating rt Il Nl ieecor Hand x Materia leet Furnaces l Frank W. Brooke De pment of Industrial Electric Heat ' Low remperature Enameling by Vi s. S tt ire mie t « ( Trine I I I Annealing of M eal l } ( } lect team Crenerator t Appt ; > (,re gor e ¢ Indu I of J lu \A I i Fu 1 4 il ; \ (>; ‘ } Rte ‘ of ] r ‘ el ou ¢ ‘ é llurgical t ct Opn Smoke t Windsor Hotel I p.1 Spec mxcursion to Shawinigan I rra leaves Windsor Station at 11.30 p.m The re turn tr from Shawinigan Falls will arrive ir Montre m Saturday evening in ample time to permit embers wishing to make connections ior all through night trains to Toronto. Buffalo Niagar Falls, (Chicago, New York Boston Philadelphia Washington et al A llustrated lecture by Prof. A. S. Eve. or The New ana Lager seas. pL menenar vr enreionsoali: he Se r : iy = ‘ . 9 . . ; > i , : 7 7 ’ Ye { i? ; ¢ ‘ 4 » : ’ 4 , , \ ’ Ly & rip bs isd sg « : : a ' » ine : : , 4 . ; : . 7 5 > pt 4 : : c ‘ i “ ‘ ' : > ‘. : . . * De . . ‘* ’ ' ay -? , ” a " ® . & > °. a . : . ” * . et eee ee eel eee ee ete er ’ (9S) siete ata Re ge te Underneath the Ore Bins, Showing the Continuous Line of Segmental Gates for Filling the 80-Cu. Ft. Capa Which Appears in the Background Blast Furnace Rebuilt to Save Labor Mechanical Charging Equipment Installed on 17 x 75-Ft. Furnace of Emporium Iron Co.—New Bins and Pig Casting Machine UILT during the years 1887-88, the plant of the Emporium Iron Co., Emporium, Pa., has operated since that time with substantially the original equipment. During the past year, however, the old hand-filling system has been replaced with a complete new set of storage bins, skip bridge, furnace top, ete. The furnace has been relined and partially remodeled, and new mechanical pig casting equipment installed. Arthur G. McKee & Co., Cleveland, as engineer and contractor for the reconstruction work, did the design- ing and erection. The alterations to the furnace below the mantle con- sisted of installing a new hearth jacket, 8 ft. deep by 16 ft. 4 in. inside diameter, made up of 1% in. steel plate. Twenty-one cast iron hearth cooling plates were provided, approximately 8 ft. long by 2 ft. wide and 3 in. thick. The old copper coolers were utilized, no new copper being furnished. Eight new tuyere stocks were installed, including elbows, blow pipes and base castings for attaching to the bustle pipe. The storage bin and trestle structure, of steel and reinforced concrete, is approximately 432 ft. long. The coke bin, occupying three bays in the trestle structure, is 48 ft. in length and is made up of steel plate sides and bottom, suspended from the concrete bents. This coke bin is centrally located, discharging direct into the skip car, over cascade type coke screens Eight ore and limestone bins of the Baker suspen- sion type were installed, each bin being approximately 12 ft. in length and constructed of % in. steel plate sides and bottom. The bins are provided with a con tinuous line of segmental type gates arranged for con- venient operation from the scale car platform, and discharge into an 80 cu. ft. capacity scale car, which delivers the material to the skip pit. The scale car 1s of heavy construction, electrically driven and equipped with air brakes. 588 The charge is carried to the furnace to) car of 80 cu. ft. capacity, traveling on a singlk skip bridge, which is provided with deck plat vent materials falling through to the gro skip is supported by a hinged leg from th« top platform, and rests on the old hoist tows additional means of support. At the upper end skip bridge is provided a sheave platform wit diameter cast iron sheave for accommodating the | i plow steel skip hoist cable, idler sheaves being | at different points along the bridge. A 12 x ; single drum Otis hoisting engine was installed ‘ nea brick hoist engine house, having concret« and steel roof supports. No changes were made to the existing furnace a new top ring casting being furnished to fit ent design. There was also provided a new largt hopper, made of cast steel in four sections, gas seal of %-in. steel plate with cast ste ring and cast iron top ring. The gas sea hinge type manholes, 30 in. in diameter, { inspection of the smal! bell. On top of the gas seal is mounted a Mck stock distributer, consisting of small bell, small bell rod, ball races and drive me its operation a 7%-hp. Crocker-Wheeler, motor was supplied, located on the fur form and inclosed with proper housing. distributer is accomplished automatically a limit switch connected to the hoist eng The furnace charge is discharged fron into a receiving hopper constructed of % and provided with %-in. wearing plates neath this receiving hopper is a_ revolving which is of %-in. steel plate and which atta revolves with the distributer. ( tl An entirely new furnace top platform was ¢" ber 7, 1922 on the top platform is a hand operated jib raising and lowering the large bell, hopper equipment. The operation of the large and ls is accomplished by means of a bell rig n the furnace top platform and consisting of 10-in. steam cylinders, bell beams, counter- earings and shafts. A modern test rod and indicator were also installed. very ln Strand Pig Showing Chute Cast Pig into on Through New Skil imployment at Bridgeport the report from the Manufacturers’ Bridgeport, Conn., based on the number sridgeport factories, industrial ac- ts ebb on Jan. 7, last. From previous es were determined which are to repre- i normal as follows: Estimated Normal ovees “hours Sis factory hours per week 10ow the gradual decline and subsequent three of these figures over the period THE IRON AGE 589 In the cast house, new iron and cinder runners were provided. The iron pours into a 50-ton Pugh type hot metal car and is then transported to the pig casting machine. The latter is a single strand machine fur- nished by the Pittsburgh Coal Washer Co. It has a speed of approximately 20 ft. per min., carrying one pig mold per foot of chain, each mold casting a pig weighing from 100 to 125 lb. fro! “eb. 5, 1921, to Aug. 31, 1922. On the first date, f f Feb. 5, the number of employees 17,392, or 68.6 I was ver cent of the normal. The gradual decline reached low mark on Jan. 7, 1922, with 10,346, or 40.9 per cent of normal. Thenceforth, the number increased steadily July to 15,869, or 62.7 per cent The percentage of man-hours and the average factory with a single break in of normal for Aug. 26. for the starting date was 54, hours per week 81.2 per cent, falling to 32.4 and 80.8 per cent, respectively, then rising to 62.9 and 100.4 per cent, respectively. The average number of hours worked per employee last week was 49.2, or 0.2 hour above the estimated normal. : oa ne t : ‘ eae : : ‘ 7 5.6 ; . ; ; = , 77 i's . i ‘ - ; : . ' : ' , : # > 5 5 é i j : ce 7 | « eke ; : 2! s a: , ip . >! : ’ : ; ‘ 3 , 13 TH 13g 783 7 ; + oo be ; 7. 7 . o > . : e ; ' , : ‘ ‘ . . * a ‘ 7 . ; ‘ . ; a 5 . ; ” . * x *. ” : nei ' »*™ . . y ' : ’ r} o “ y «? 4 aso ne ’ ‘Thy on . i: ) - . : * > r tae . . ® we *s : . . - . * x, ” + 5 “ : : eS BS head ' * be ae) ‘ yt es aa? . 590 THE IRON AGE New Pulley-Grinding Machine A machine to produce convex, flat or concave faces on pulleys, wheels, rollers and similar pieces and with which the edges may also be faced by using the attach- ment provided, has been brought out by the Diamond Machine Co., Providence. Pulleys or similar castings ranging from 2 to 18 in. in diameter, and with faces 1 to 6 in. wide may be ground. Among the advantages claimed for the machine are high production, less metal required to be removed, and better surface obtained. The metal is cut at the rate of 300 linear ft. per min. and fixtures are pro- vided for quickly setting up and taking down the work. Machine Designed for Grinding Pulleys Having Either Crown or Straight Face As an example of the production it is stated that 6-in. pulleys with % in. face have been ground in 24 sec. to 2% min. and 8-in. by 4-in. pulleys in 1 min. 50 sec. to 4 min. and 20 sec., the time varying according to stock removed and finish required. Pulleys 12 in. by % in. have been ground in approximately 2% min. In the ‘company’s own production the grinding time from floor to floor on 18 in. by 4% in. pulleys was 10 min. each; and on 9 in. by 4% in, pulleys, 3 min. each. A substantial chuck, 15 in. outside diameter, with an abrasive wheel 14 in. outside diameter, 1-in. face, constitutes the grinding unit. The spindle is mounted in ball bearings and runs at 1500 r.p.m. Cutting speeds may be varied by changing the back gears. The ma- chine is driven by a 10 hp. 1800 r.p.m. motor, with silent chain drive to the spindle. The floor space occupied is 3% by 4% ft. and the weight of the machine approximately 2000 lb. The height of the spindle from the floor is 44 in. The ma- chine is equipped with a vertical spindle pump pro- vided for wet grinding, which has an adjustable spray nozzle, and ample passages to the sediment tanks. The edge-facing attachment can be put on or re- 2 or 3 min. and heavy permanent dowels, as well as large holding-down screws are incorporated to as- sure alinement with the machine. The weight of the at tachment is about 50 Ib. moved in The Morris Metal Products Co., with plants at Bridgeport, Conn., was purchased Aug. 31 by Kenneth W. MeNeil, president Karm Terminal Co., Bridgeport, for $220,500. The property was sold by order of the United States District Court. The purchase includes three manufacturing buildings, including a two-story 190 x 378 brick and steel machine shop structure. Powdered coal will be used for the new Cahokia station of the Union Electric Light & Power Co., St. Louis. The equipment will be provided by the Com- bustion Engineering Co., 43 Broad Street, New York, and will include 10 Raymond six-roller low side mills for grinding the coal September 7, 1929 Decrease in German Coal Ou: The increasing importation of Britis Germany is due primarily to the decreas: production which has been going on st March, when the peak of post-war p: reached, says Vice-Consul Davis, Berlin, the Department of Commerce. Statistics for the first five months of the year are he Pr Working Days, Total Months Number Tons January .. outa 25 8,132,763 February pana 24 7,737,974 March ... g is 27 9,014,27% April : (as 23 7,512,646 May , ‘ ‘ 26 8,081,951 Mr. Davis’s report states it is estimat average daily production for June will be le 000 metric tons. German industrial circl continues, are much concerned over the const cost of German coal as compared with Br Statistical reports show fuel exports fr y to be greater than before the war, and th has been made, both in the Reichstag and that all exports of coal be forbidden in o1 needs of German industry may be met w to imported fuel. The total export of coa ( many in 1921 was about 26,500,000 metric ing 18,000,000 tons delivered as reparatio: New Squirrel Cage Induction Motor A squirrel-cage induction motor for claims are made, in view of the incorporat ideas in motor design, has been placed on t ’ the Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., Cleveland. Th vantages claimed include not only mechanical! feat but also increased efficiency, power factor and torqu Careful manufacture is a feature emphasized in assembling the various parts of the machin filing or fitting is permitted, the parts bé bu fit or being rejected. To assure rigidity and alinem New Squirrel Cage Induction M the stator frame is cast around the stato! Shrinkage of the frame after pouring put tions under heavy pressure and eliminates t of the motor to become noisy. The fran skeleton type, the major portion of the tions being exposed to the air. Fan bla on only a few of the 900 r.p.m. machin blades are employed on the 1200 and 150 tors, as most of the cooling is done by t tact of the laminations with the air. Stator windings are impregnated twi the coils are wound and again after th sembled and wired. All coils are for open-slot construction is used. Bearing and each bearing has two oil rings, one 0! to be sufficient to lubricate adequately, being employed as a safety factor. Th¢ wi made unusually large to give further prot hot bearings. The rotor has cast end rings and th to be larger than standard practice dema! \letal Wool and Methods of Making It Processes Vary With Raw Materials Used—Shaving a Steel Wire—How the Specialized Apparatus Operates BY L. W. MOFFETT ] } OPMENT of the art of manufacturing 8, 1919, their machine successively removes shavings i wool is interestingly reflected in specifica- from the surface of a steel wire. The shavings are ot m file in the Patent Office in Washington. suitable fineness so that when bunched together in a is known generally of the process of mass they constitute steel wool. This being among the ‘ The product is employed in a variety of later methods of producing steel wool, a description of eaning and abrasive agent. Among the this process will afford a clear idea of how the art has which it is put are the grinding and polish- developed cleaning floors; and in applying lubri- The invention resides in the provision of mechanism xle journals, with cotton waste or other adapted to produce steel shavings at a rapid rate, by S View of Pa M I t se l p Ov? Left) Shows the Or end \ \ Ss cessive Cut Dies It will be ive teetl wl ) ) ary material being mixed with it. acting upon the entire outside diameter of the wire y the machines making the wool also material, and so arranged as to effect successive re ides molten slag, sheet metal and fine ductions in the diameter of the wire, each reduction lest specifications on file, involving pat producing a quantity of shavings of the desired fine 1885, an invention of Hugh Kennedy ness. The invention contemplates the final reduction W. Higgs of Sharpsburg, Pa., called for of the wire material to such a small size that no more ten slag. Jets of steam or air, by this wn through or against a small stream a ~~. o c _— \ A J \\ J a Group of Nozzles Used | Higgs Method of 1885 to Ma W from Molten Slag which the latter is converted int Feb. 7, 1899, granted to Sigmund Fig. M Being Formed into F York, a machine makes the wool from V itrific k the Action of Steam roll. A patent of Nov. 27, 1900, ' s nd Higgs M rich Wilhelm Bihne, who described havings can be removed. The wire, when thus reduced man citizen, called for the use of thin n size, still retains its round cross section and is a which chips are cut. Only the first salable by-product of the machin molten slag as the raw material, Fig. 1 is a side view of the machine, the parts being ers used either shot, metal or fine wire. shown assembled and in operation. Fig. 2 is a view aimed provided the basis for the pat- showing certain of the parts in end elevation. Figures m time to time. 3, 4 and 5 illustrate various sizes and forms of cutting file is that of Francis A. Paton and and shaping devices. The machine includes a number g, of Fitchburg, Mass. Patented April of wire reducing, cutting and shaping devices, which 591 om MP aren, Nase Aor oes at oss 3 3. a a 4 : #9 ' : - 5 ‘ i ; a Q + sd ‘» : a it ; . - ae e ee % r pages | i .. ¢ PY i 4 ; the ; é rf ™’™* u 4 _ * ; : ‘a ie 4 ‘ ' oy i tity . i. eth? a5 "i. ; i ‘3% road > +3 re) 34 R 7” sa 7 ors o ; ; ; \ ; A ‘ a, m | vat © NN - 7 8 * ¢ | ; : : ° iN y Bea of vg . ?. er ¥} = | 3 oe} . " ’ * 1 9 4 , 2: . ‘ : - : 43 eS » ” bs . " . Ps ; : LP e ; PY at ie . . ; co hy _- " Pr . Bile: | as 5 aw ts % z 4 fr ” 592 are mounted upon a stand or support, each device being held in a bracket attached to the support. The brackets have slots or recesses for the reception of holders, which are detachably held in the slots by set screws. Each holder has near the top a circular recess in one face, the recesses communicating with apertures opening on the other face of each holder for the free passage through of the material or wire. The recess in each holder is provided for the reception of a flat cir- cular cutting or shaping device, of the form shown, for example, by Figs. 3, 4 and 5, respectively, this device filling and fitting snugly within the recess, and detach- ably held in it by means of a set screw which may en- gage a depression on the periphery of the device to hold it firmly and rigidly in position. Elements of the Machine At each end of the support, beyond the alined cut- ting and shaping devices above described, is provided a guiding sheave for the wire in its passage to and from the cutting and shaping devices. As shown in Fig. 1, the wire is assumed to be traveling in the di- rection of the arrow, the wire being drawn from a sup- ply reel at the left side of Fig. 1 and passing between two cylinders whose surfaces are corrugated longi- tudinally to obtain a bite on the wire. The supply ree! is driven through a pulley and belt connection from a second reel, which has rotation imparted to it in either direction, as desired, from a belt connected to a source of power. Adjacent to the second reel, on which the wire, traveling in the direction of the arrow is wound, are corrugated cylinders identical in construction and ar- rangement with those adjacent to the supply reel, the surfaces of the cylinders having cooperating longitudi- nal corrugations to obtain a bite on the wire in its pas- sage between them. The cylinders of each pair are adapted to be rotated in unison through intermeshing spur gears, the teeth of the gears being somewhat elongated and preferably meshing loosely, so as to per- mit of a slight relative movement of the cylinders toward and from each other as hereafter described, while still maintaining the driving connection. One cylinder of each pair has its shaft journaled in a fixed bearing on the frame, the shaft having a bevel gear connection in each case with a shaft which has a belt and pulley drive from the shaft of the adjacent reel. The shaft of the other cylinder of each pair is journaled in a bearing which is slidable, transversely, in ways on the framework, a spring operating at all times to draw the sliding bearing and the cylinder toward the other cylinder of the pair, thus causing the longitudinal corrugations of the cylinders to make con- tact with a wire passing between, regardless of the diameter of the wire. Method of Operation In the operation of the mechanism, the wire is threaded through the cutters and shapers carried by the several holders and passed between the two pairs of cooperating cylinders, and then is ready to be wound up on the receiving reel. For operation in this direc- tion, as indicated by the arrow, Fig. 1, the left hand holder carries in its recess a shaping device such as that shown by Fig. 3, there being an aperture running through, with a series of small triangular or pointed teeth formed in its circumference, the diameter at the base of the teeth corresponding substantially with the diameter of the wire. The next holder to the right con- tains a cutting device, such as that shown in Fig. 4, having a plain aperture running through, correspond- ing in diameter substantially to the diameter at the apex of the teeth in Fig. 3. The third holder, if it is found desirable to make another reduction in the wire THE IRON AGE Septembe» 7, 1999 in the same draft, has a shaping device such as that shown in Fig. 5, having a toot in : running through, with the diameter at th: a aaa teeth corresponding substantially to the , the plain aperture in Fig. 4. Drawing relatively soft steel wire th nately toothed and plain shaping and cutti: ert 2 as described, results in the production of sea sufficient fineness to constitute, when as desired steel wool. The movement of th fected, not only by the draft of the r but by the bite of the two pairs of cylindey h pa rotating in the proper direction to move the wir direction of arrow “A.” In the operation as described, the first vice, by the action of its teeth, removes imbe} fine shavings from the surface of the wir emerging from the device with its surfa number of raised portions formed by the s of teeth. These raised portions are shaved off moved by the passage of the wire throug! sm aperture of the second cutting device, t hav from this, as well as from the previous ope) collected, as they fall, in a suitable recepta If d sired, the wire thus emerging with an unsi 1 surf may be wound up on the second reel without furth reduction, or the third shaping device ma ised t produce the same result on the reduced first device and, if practicable, other alternating shay ing and cutting devices, gradually decreasing ir eter toward the end of the draft, may be employed After all the wire from the supply ree! has beer wound up on the receiving reel, the cutting and shaping devices in the several holders are removed, the holders being reversed to make their apertures face in the oppo- site direction and a new series of alternating shaping and cutting devices are inserted and held in the recesses of the holders by screws. These new wire reducing de- vices are substantially as those already shown, except that their alternating plain and toothed apertures : smaller in diameter. The wire on the right hand! is then threaded through the apertures and _ betwe the adjusting cylinders, to be wound up on the hand reel, the direction of the motor belt being ! versed for this operation. Successive reductions the wire in this fashion, each with the productior shavings of requisite fineness, are carried out unt diameter of the wire is so much reduced that no ft reduction is practicable, and then the wire, removec from the reels, constitutes itself a salable product irther Steel Wool and Shavings Steel wool consists of long steel fibers resembne curled hair. The fibers are of triangular cross sect! and are graded according to fineness from coarse s" ings to wool. Steel wool is used as an abrasive, anc» rp a substitute for sandpaper and emery cloth or |} stone, being regarded as superior to them for cert purposes. It is used in shipbuilding, in other | ing, in factories and in the household. No | figures of production are available. In 1917 the yea! consumption was estimated at between 1,000,000 @ 1,500,000 lb., which (imports being cut lit a off) virtual) represented domestic production. Germany and © zerland are also producers. To help solve the country’s problems : ply and flood control, leaders of America! ae . are urging Congress to establish a nation — laboratory. Dean Mortimer E. Cooley, | eaiftmetien Michigan and president of the American Engine*’’* Council, and John R. Freeman, president of th se can Society of Civil Engineers, will advoca' parcel atory proposal before a sub-committee 0! bees es ad committee on commerce the latter part o! ‘”! proves Clutch for Heavy Work ‘versal Giant friction floating disk-type he T. B. Wood’s Sons Co., Chambersburg, een improved to withstand severe shocks, picking up a machine or a battery of ma- r full load after the prime mover has been to speed. s and plates of the elutch are of iron, and blocks are fitted in the former so that the in surfaces come in contact with the latter. ment consists of the use of a new friction he clutch disks, instead of the wood blocks lv. The new lining is known as “non- : said not to burn out and to wear con- ible Disk Clutch Between Motor and Main wearing qualities of the new friction lining clutch disks is a feature than anything used heretofore for the may be used in connection with standard or rope sheaves, by boring them to fit ve. It may also be used to connect two rr and a machine or an engine and the ft, or bolted directly to machines. 6 double-disk type clutch is shown in the lirect connected between a synchronous line shaft. The motor is brought up eed of 200 r.p.m. and the clutch gradually ngagement, picking up a starting load 0 hp. without reducing the speed of the aimed that in the case of this installa- slight adjustment on the adjusting bolts sary in 18 months. ng from 5% to 480 hp. at 100 r.p.m. the clutch having one, two or three fric- ‘quired. Kffeets of Strike in Ohio Ohio, Sept. 4—Bauer Brothers Co. is of the general uncertain situation. slowing up for the past week. The y about thirty days’ supply of coal The main plant is operated with power house of the Springfield Light, Co. The Bauer Brothers Co. started full time. Mr. Bauer says the out- ng if the strikes are settled. Montanus, Springfield Machine Tool ie railroad companies will be in the as soon as the strike is ended, but nachine tool business is quiet. The . is working only a limited force of tr a slump in orders at the plant of Mngine Co. during the last 10 days. THE IRON AGE 593 This is probably due to the rail strike and the in- ability of companies to get material. At the plant of James Leffel & Co. orders are com- ing in for water power equipment from various parts of the country. Drill Arranged for High Production The illustration shows a 20-in. box-column drilling machine of the Rockford Drilling Machine Co., Rock- ford, lll., arranged to rough drill, rough taper ream and face and finish taper ream the yoke and flange members of a new oil-lubricated universal joint. A production of 250 of these pieces in a 10-hr. day is said to be obtained by the Mechanics Machine Co., Rockford, Ill. In this arrangement a four-station rotary table, with the index plunger worked by a foot treadle, is ap- plied to the regular tabl The rotary table is indexed by hand after the locating plunger is pulled. Four two-jaw chucks with formed jaws to suit the work are provided for the table, an extended wrench being used for tightening the chuck screws, which takes place out- side of the chip guard. The chucks are under the work spindles, three of them being in fourth is being loaded A finished piece is removed at each index. A three-spindle drive head equipped with a V- gibbed slide is mounted on the table ways as shown. operation while the The machine spindle serves to drive and feed this head, which is fully counterweighted. A _ positive Drilling Machine Equipped with Four-Station Rotary Table and Three-Spindie Drive Head, Mounted as Shown micrometer adjustment stop on the quill is provided for a depth gage. An adjustment for height and diameter of drill, drill-bushings support is provided under the left-hand spindle. The machine is regularly rated as having a capacity to drive a 2-in. high-speed drill in solid steel. The drive is direct by silent chain from an electric motor through interchangeable pick-off gears for speed changes. Four feed changes are regularly provided in a simple feed box. The diameter of the rough- drilled hole in the yoke and flange members shown is % in. and the length 2% in. ner = om Annee ate THE IRON AGE Septen 7, 1999 ACTIVITY IN METAL TRADES peared, and since the dull times set oat | types have been added to the line and \ i . ,.*% ; ; ° ° y ih i eye 3 f, = : ah in stock production. "8 W orcester, Mass., Operations ly pical of Better- “ I : , The manufacturers of abrasive whe: ment in New England a very serious way the great stocks of 4 i WORCESTER, Mass., Sept. 2.—Metal and kindred in- factories of their customers, notably in Lise dustries of Worcester and of Central Massachusetts industry. These cared for all requiren ‘ f ‘| Pv generally have been working back to normal ever since casional exceptions, for months after uct } jaa j v8 the beginning of the year, and in some lines have resumed an active form. Now, the whe: ’ , * wid reached that point. The wire mills are running full, the learned, the accumulation of wheels Paw e * 0) 653° only limit being the supply of labor. The manufacturers normal proportions and buying has i: VS track of screw machine products are driving their machinery The Heald Machine Co. is moderate company bridged the dull times by sp line of garage machines, but the dema cluding standard lines. to the limit. The pressed and stamped metal plants are fairly busy, but there is a question as to raw material supply. The Osgood-Bradley Car Co. is pretty well Tine.sh cnetiiies ' > a rene Ma oT pve’ | ca kh ® ; . > a . ’ Biebete 2 4c has: filled up, a recent $2,000,000 order being for steel The Graton & Knight Mfg. Co. fi Siete + it Ly passenger cars for the Boston & Maine Railroad. The demand for export figuring in its increas: Bata foot eS: car shops at the Summit have been employing 1500 men belting business. But exports to Europe an Siete ? A) eS and the number is being increased. large volume, South America and the |! Seal as The screw business, as represented here by the ing more importantly. we { large works of the Reed & Prince Mfg. Co., operating _The Baldwin Chain & Mfg. Co. Specializes 01 oa | , on a 60 per cent basis, is neither good nor bad, but is drives for a diversity of uses which are increasing ; 54 SS much better than at any time since the slump. The ‘tantly. At present some 400 names ar the stl 7 BLE. textile machinery industry as represented in Worcester roll, a large increase since the year began. § a} : ; was hit less than most in that line. the new demand is from the tractor trade, but the lary aii ; ay part is from machinery builders producing a , s ' MiG Machine Tools an Exception variety of equipment, chiefly automatic ith The > excepti t he general re 't is the ‘ 5 Ay Hi hi ‘ ne one € es P -— oO _ = " report is the ma- Screw Machine Operators Scarce i} iy chine tool industry, especially firms building the older a has } standard types such as lathes, planers, milling ma- The screw machine situation is complica Hi tae chines, Grilling machines and shapers. Concerns such scarcity of operators. The Parker & Hai ee an the neces Co. and the Woodward & I owell running full force overtime; the Liberty Screw } a Planer Co. report a certain degree of improvement, is operating day and night, and the Walden-Worgest Pee Tie: | but by no means a large one. The grinding machine Inc., which does a large general business in screw ma- , i | situation is markedly better, however. chine products, is operating that department twent Bini = St The sum total of improvement in the machinery four hours a day. Incidentally this company, nov ae dustry, acrrding to past president of the National operating under the management of J Vere oi heh ts the average percentage gathered by the maiuabaiinn ley, oe eee See = ne Bit oe. 3 ’ ; se : a b “soar fir mas rs een of its wrenches. i oe cae i 8 cron o members. In 1920 these firms, eae Tere Employers are beginning to bid for screw machin mt FF, i a large part of the industry, furnished the association operators. The Worcester rate is sixty and sixty-five rae F} with their average monthly sales in dollars for the .onts an hour, Leal managements report that agents it Hae SE . ' first quarter of the year. Ever since that time, the of Connecticut factories have offered seventy-five cents Jas ie same firms have submitted monthly reports, in percent- 4» hour and upward, and the result has been a wed age of that monthly average. In 1921 the returns in- but annoying exodus. A YB dicated only 8 per cent of the basic month, in a few beh, BP ae. oF 3 cases running up to ten per cent. Since the beginning Wire Works Well Employed . . of 1922 there has been an increase, until July gave Pe BS: ste twenty-five per cent. That is to say, the machine tool The wire industry of Worcester is prospe! Pyiiaty business of the United States as represented by sales coal and railroad strikes have had little effect upt Phe hs : : of new equipment was one quarter of what it was present time, as the necessary fuel and raw mater Deere y Pf te. early in 1920. The correction should be made, how- were on hand in quantity when the trouble begar ee Fee anes ever, that reduced prices, probably averaging upward Worcester works of the American Stee! & W» Bei ia of twenty-five per cent, have made a larger volume of buy large quantities of power from the New Engla be a! actual business necessary to secure a given total in Power Co., which has exceptional reserve waters 54 fh ; . dollars. Consequently, at the 1920 prices the business the Connecticut River and its tributaries, this we! Beek % for July would be considerably greater than the twenty- son, and the Wickwire-Spencer Steel Corporat Seer Rey five per cent. pends wholly upon the Worcester Electric Light Wea ge a The machine tool shops of this section are operat- which has fuel to last for months. ee st wre: 4: ing with very small forces indeed, as a rule, because The one great trouble is labor. The America tar eae. * 24°. when the depression fell upon them they had large & Wire Co. has been handicapped in this respec! } Sete ; inventories. A planer builder, for example, reports the announced advance in wages should help t ; wer ge , that to fill an order for any standard size machine in extent, and with the coming of cold weather " ee Sty es 7 his line he has only to order in a bed and table, the numbers of men will be released from outdoor eh A MT SESS SF rest of the machine being ready at hand in stock, ready ment, which has been much greater than usual t's Peat eis LAS for assembling. ; In the effort to secure workers, agents - Brae wey The Norton Co., manufacturer of abrasive wheels incoming steamers in Boston. But they toune ay is: s '- ) ae and grinding machines, is increasing production rapidly grants of the brawn and muscle type in very s™ Baie i hue ee in both wheel and machine divisions. The big plant centage, in sharp contrast to former experie! pitty. i. six, which was added during the war and operated up The Worcester Wire Works, Inc., on ; see ce yr tt i, to the time of the depression, has been started up wire concerns, which makes high carbon - wes pik, ; again, which, together with normal production in other has been busy for months, its product going NS orto} units of the wheel division, has meant a large increase the automobile factories, and to the wire rom ems in working force, operating on full schedule. The facturers, particularly of the Pacific (04 © oe See machinery division was even flatter than the rest of the fashioned into rope for logging and mining °% - teers > 8 works until early this year, when orders began to come There is a stiffening of prices, due to the #! 6 eee i in, and now operations have so increased as to mean’ of raw material. owt Arlee 4 the employment of 400 hands in the machine shops. Improvement in the wire specialty business ©" Diy je «> The orders for machinery not only include the auto- in the experience of Sleeper & Hartiey, seth Not a ets io mobile industry, but industrial activities generally. facturers of special wire forming ” a if are Preparations are now making to manufacture grinding many months ago the large shop was pracuicé’y eae ™, «% machines for stock. The company had a considerable To-day it is operating on nearly a norma’ one a ? inventory to carry over, but this has largely disap- orders for many different customers In THE shares the experience of the many special iilders of New England. 1 and stamped metal c