The Iron Age 1922-03-16: Vol 109 Iss 11

ESTABLISHED 1855 Tensile Strength Increase by Cold Drawing Development of a Law Covering the Tendency of Steel to Increase in Tensility BY E. J. noticed in cold drawing as drafting progresses either from the green or annealed rod, from the process annealed wire, or from the patented rod or wire. By green rod is meant the rod in the natural state, as it eaves the rod mill; the process annealed wire refers that which has been annealed at about 1100 deg. Fahr. in order to relieve strains without attempting re- crystallization; the patented wire rod or wire is in the normalized condition. The scope of this article is necessarily so restricted that it is not possible to con- sider the mechanical technology of wire drawing, as such, Treating this subject from a practical standpoint, me is obliged to deal with wire rods of approximately 0.207 in. in diameter, that is, No. 5 American wire gage, since drawing from larger sections would not allow the high range of percentage of reduction that ‘an be obtained normally without intermittent thermal treatment in drawing directly from a smaller rod or wire. Like all natural laws, those governing the behavior ‘f steel in cold drawing are inexorable, and our under- standing of the results obtained depends primarily ipon the determination of those laws. It is not claimed that the underlying laws of cold working are unknown, ut it has been noted that, in literature pertaining to this subject, there is lacking a clear definition and in- terpretation of those laws. The most admirable contributions to the subject of id drawing are: C HANGING relations of tensile strength have been (1) Goerens, “The Influence of Cold Working on the perties of Iron and Steel,” Carnegie Scholarship Memoirs. Volume III 2) Percy Longmuir, “Some Aspects of Wire Drawing.” and Steel Institute, 1912, Volume LXXXVI. 3) J. F. Tinsley, “How Heat Treating Affects Wire,” rican Iron and Steel Institute, 1914. \ll investigators agree that the tensile strength is reased, while the maximum elongation and the con- tion are reduced, by cold working. Goerens con- les by saying, “Summarized, it may be said concern- the mechanical properties that the tensile strength nereased by drawing in proportion as the deforma- n of the material is greater. The extent to which ; may be carried depends on the composition of the terial and on the size of the sections undergoing de- ‘mation. The tenacity developed by cold working of *Metallurgical engineer Illinois Steel Co., South Chicago. THE IRON AGE New York, March 16, 1922 Breaking Points in Curves JANITZKY* 707 VOL. 109, No. 10 Variations and steel is hence dependent also on the following three factors: “2. The chemical composition. 1. The capacity of the material for cold working. ) sae The original dimensions.’ Longmuir concludes, “In neither case does the in- crease in tensile strength possess an exact ratio to the amount of flow.” As is obvious, the amount of flow can be measured only by the change in the reduction of area, thus: rp —As—4 x 100 Ao n which R reduction in percentage from original area Ao irea of original section in square inches a area in sq. in. of section to which wire or rod has been drawn Based on diameters, this formula reads: D*%. ad > reduction in percentage from original area Do diameter of original section in inches d diameter in inches of section to which wire or rod has been drawn. R x 100 in which R Data from J. F. Tinsley, as given in the following tables, represent three steels, a 0.10-per cent carbon, a 0.50-per cent carbon and a 0.70-per cent carbon steel, as noted in figures and tables. As is apparent from the tables, the increase over the initial tensile strength of the rod in the foot Ib. system is equal to the reduction in per cent, multiplied by 1000. This product, added to the initial tensile strength of the rod, gives the total tensile strength in lb. per sq. in., as recorded experimentally by the ten- sile test machine. It is important to note that neither the heat treat- ment nor the initial size or shape of the section has any influence whatever, in cold drawing, on the rate of increase of tensility over the intia] tensile .strength before drawing. In other words, the original rod or wire may be either a green rod, or it may have been process annealed or patented, and of any shape or sec- tion, and still the same formula holds good. The effect of chemical] composition will be considered later. Therefore, the general formula for calculating the tensile strength of cold drawn wire can be expressed by the following: T= fo—-8 y 100 % 1000 + Te Ae 2, = a or T= De — & De x 100 xk 1000 + To in which T the tensile strength after cold drawing; Bane 708 : THE IRON AGE March 16, 19292 uae eevee sata rteat nate casnenin ei rnty eoeseencunannensenannnies ut we eeeieenee ‘ seein HELEUTUELEY LEVEL URDUSEAUEDEREEAOLARDAAEDTERAALAURE ONAL IOOOREDCEENROTNEU NEUEN UAAU OEE SEU OeDORGEENOEENEURONDDEDDLALONELGENGNOL Lo ena LONAsONNOETERNERERLERORDORDEN Table I—0.10-Per Cent Carbon Steel (Tinsley) (Tensile Strength in Lb. per Sq. In.) Initial Actual Tensile Increase over Initial Tensile Tensile Strength Total Strength of Rod or Wire Total Tensile No. of Draft Strength of after Percentage of -— A$ Strength of Wire as Given Rod or Wire Drawing Reduction Actual Calculated Calculated by Author T'o 1 R (T To) Ao a Ao a 1000 - x 100 1000 xX 100 207 68,000 Green Rod Ao Ao 151 113,000 47.0 9,000 47,000 115,000 O88 150,000 $2.0 2,000 $2,000 150,000 OSS 60,000 After first process annealing 071 93.000 35.0 33,000 35,000 95,000 048 130,000 70.0 0,000 70,000 130,000 0234 145.000 85.0 5,000 85,000 145,000 034 52 After second process annealing 030 82,000 21.0 20,000 21,000 $3,000 021 124,000 62.0 62,001 62,000 24,000 * Fi are ry on a areca aden: ©: oe na ee ee oo 12 015 143,000 80.0 81,000 $0,000 142,000 15 » 50,500 012 151.000 SS.5 S9.000 88,500 *As Tinsley’s figures give only the percentage of reduction, the gages have been computed. area of original section in sq. in. ; curve. Further reduction of the wire by drafting show Se which wire or rod has been that there are still more breaking points to be fou diameter of original section in inches in the curve. diameter of section to which wire or rod has For the sake of simplicity, let us call the breaki: been drawn: ; ; ; : ' stay ; points in the curves, in order of their occurrence as t initial tensile strength before cold drawing : : ’ _ : : cs wire or rod is being drawn, B,, B:, Bs, etc., respectively Using the areas of the wires at which these brea occur as bases for the new parabolas, and using total tensile strengths of these cold drawn wires bases for 7'n, the curves beyond these breaking poi! will follow the formulas given below. However, this formula, which is parabolic in char- However, these new increases in tensile strengt that is, beyond the first breaking point, calculated 25,000 l, with Table I rures, on this and the s ceeding page experimental values lines show eal culated values Diameter, in ves for Tinsley’s 0.50 Per Cent Carbon Stee acter, does not seem to hold good for the actual curve , P own Intermittent Patenting ‘fer to Table II x RF mec bs Seu Sry in its entirety. At a reduction of 90 per cent in a 0.10 per cent carbon steel, there appears to be a break in using the breaking points as bases, are in proport the curve, and so beyond this point the formula loses to only one-half the percentages of reduction, thus: applicability in its present form. By dissecting the actual values, beyond a reduction - —S— x 100 for which the formula holds good, it is noted that the a ; ° . . . ’ oo 100 values for the increase in tensile strength obtained by , ' multiplying the percentage of reduction by 1000 are pm — £3 ~ 100 x 1000 much too low. One also comes to the conclusion that — the new curve, starting from the breaking point, is 0”. Seneralized, T PA, 100 X 1000 + 7 again parabolic, but steeper in slope than the previous in which T = tensile strength after cold drawing; Table IIT—0.50-Per Cent Carbon Steel (Tinsley) (Tensile Strength in Lb. per Sq. In.) Initial Actual Tensile Increase over Initial Tensile Tensile Strength Total Strength of Rod or Wire Total Tensile No. of Draft Strength of After Percentage of - ——~ Strength of Wire as Given Rod or Wire Drawing teduction Actual Calculated Calculated by Author ge, ! T'o 1 R ce To) Ao—a Ao a 1000 x “x 100 1000 Xx 100 0.! 95,000 Green Rod Ao 0 5 122,000 98.5 27,000 28.500 23,500 0 f 146,000 51.0 51.000 51,000 46,000 0, 115,000 After first patenting 0.18 143.000 30.0 28,000 30,000 5,000 0 ; 176,000 65.0 61.000 65,000 000 0 } 128,000 After second patenting 0 : 156,000 30.0 28,000 30,000 58,000 0.00 190,000 66.0 62,000 66,000 000 0. : 208.000 76.0 80,000 76.000 000 0 y 156,000 After third patenting 0.035 184.000 20.0 28,000 30.000 000 0.02 218.000 66.0 62,000 66.000 2,000 *As Tinsley’s figures give only the percentage of reduction, the gages have been computed. rernnente rene Honnensounreneeenennecnverseneee + rue no ent sENHUTUEENEDEELUUREUEEUAEOUREEOEDUNERARADEPUOEDUEGUOETONOOEEDEN DNR HEEDTECOoRDHEnE nen oertutnrerpentacityry ' ' Henseoneessuacennensasnenevensgnnirnenreniices vyeneevenverneneyannennenne:sevenennernansenes /ooveueeserreseateneneenreenspeeDNeneReOREE rns NecenONROEREE enicngey; ouerenereeennecnnente March 16, 1922 THE IRON AGE 709 suvuyansescen gusoeue4nsa4sAsO00000D0001\ A44HNUHGA80C0N4EE 001 40040484 4484840908RED0/bNs444as4444440n000809984.140440001 004 54501548 99410 GMAAMEEROEEERENE BMLAMRALABENRE UY UHHUENOMAFaEAA7YEDLG 1 ¥t44NaNERBERESERBPOLY¥F0#4cQaNonsngUD nLs4NO4"s BOERBURRDRDOOORNRLERERRSRERUDERSEUGD”tmnHPEEDYongs4eayHSLtsoneLAs4mneceeevenmnsattscenENNSO® re sien Table III—0.70-Per Cent Carbon Stcel (Tinsley) cs 4 “ (Tensile Strength in Lb. per Sq. In.) 4 rt Initial Actual Tensile Increase over Initial Tensile es ‘ Tensile Strength Total Strength of Rod or Wire Total Tensile - f Draft Strength of After Pereentagé of. “~——-—_—__- i Strength of Wire - <2 = Given Rodor Wire Drawing Reduction Actual Calculated Calculated me : ithor Gage, In To sy R (T — Te) Ao—a Ae a 3 y 1000 x - < 100 1000 x x 100 + Te 8B 0.185 160,000 After patenting A Ao ‘ed 1 0.122 212,000 56.0 o-,000 6,000 216.000 & aenile ' teneneets AOROLEOTOOOTTN FEES TRENT: sEmODEOROD / none LORE LEpEORE FOREN IENNI ED " veneer Daneou sdb bE FeCE DRS NREONOREEEDD Fee;NsSLERDERROONN EONS 1reseeDReneEnonoeeesentecs sppneeqenuEnennenensesese a 2 1 area in sq. in. of wire at which last break in 176-in. rod reduced in 0.001-in. drafts to 0.160 in E 3 the curve occurred 160-in. rod reduced in 06.001-in. drafts to 0.145 in e a area of section to which wire or rod has beer " = aaa: Rod drawn to 7-gage, then to 9-gage wire, and the : Tn = tensile strength of wire where last break in the following samples drawn from the 9-gage wire in 0.001- curve occurred : . . - 7 in. reduction per draft from 0.145 in. to 0.092 in. This halving seems to hold good for low and medium on steels, whereas in 0.70-per cent carbon and C. 0.10% ’ f ‘iy Mn. 0 Fig Curve tor 4 P. 0.307 : é ) Per Cer Ca ; S. 0.103 eae 3.006 Refer to Table III (Left) 2 I { Longmu I C ile Curve or R £ 1 Drawt Direct] 2 Fe 01 In. Diamet a 4 + 0 i ~ 023 In Re a Diameter, in (Right) : 127 a ve t i s ibly higher carbon steels (it cannot be said defi- S ‘ ; q y, as no data are at hand) as shown in Table VII, , on a nerease in tensile strength beyond the first break- es ill, “ > > e bY ie’ point in the curves is in proportion to the entire entage of reduction, thus, te Pare A,—a An—a % —- << 100, or < 100. nds ’ ” A, A es 2 1 a 4 +. ¥ a “ ’ Below is a table giving actual and calculated dat Mi oie 0.10-per cent carbon steel taken from Longmuir. "> 3 figures are excellent for demonstrating three break- J pt tt tt T —T1 ; points, the reduction having been carried to 0.024 Seog SA SES & S28 2 = aes » on percentage of 98.6. The following gives the de Diameter e + f the drawing as carried out by Longmuir on th a teel. Figures given for 0.145 in., 0.128 in., 0.116 in., 0.104 in. & ‘4 eh ai I tle ined and 0.092 in. in our table. j NY pe saint i ar dn te - 0102 bi Rod drawn to 5-gage, 7-gage, 9-gage, ll-gage and ae duced in 0.001-in. drafts to 0.176 in 13-gage, and then the following samples drawn from , * guvesvvavasvensnsvsassvivvvsvuveve-svvvussoen cooneeeneenenesennesaceseenenesorentszosasso‘anrsusnespmannontnnonns eeuseconasuseesenesesseenscesnessssntervas tessa uns ven esseneneseenneet = -” . ; eas Table I\ Lonomuir’s 0.10-Pe Cent Carbon Steel a ‘ (Tensile Strength in Lb. per Sq. In.) s ly ise over | ‘ rensile ¥: Initial Actual Tensile Strength of Rod « Wire Total Tensile aN Tensile Strength Tota Strength of Wire 3 Strength of \fter Percentage of Actual - Calculated Calculated 3 Rod or Wire Drawing Reduction i a \ a 4 Gage, Ir x 1 R T ) 0 1000 < 100 + Te i. ( l 80,595 After annealing at 700°-720° C i i fa 0.192 91.302 8.75 10.707 ‘ “9 34 3 176 104.877 93.3 94.28 ) 103.895 ae 0.14 128,083 17.9 47,44 17,900 128,49 in 128 132.160 ,9 1.5¢ 9,500 139.09 116 139.171 &6.8 & 57¢ 66.800 147.39 104 147,034 73.4 66,43 101 153.99 v.09 159,040 4g 78.44 +000 159.59 OO 160.966 a4 Rf) 71 1 0 164.79 072 169,411 87 S83 81¢ 87.200 16779 064 174.989 0.0 94 29 10.000 170.59 I< 1 Tens Strength Use \ Calculated Calculated Ag s Basis in the i ( a Following ( Of 100 T {aicu ( i ZA ; T ] 1 ) 064 74,989 Yoo 183,680 4 1,7 186.689 0.048 192,640 13.5 1.90 196.889 0.04] 20 750 +0 2 ; Th 204.489 ; ? Vot 211,680 63.4 ‘ ‘ AL 709.189 E I 7 (7 7 i a 1 a < R it 1THO00 . . 1040 5 q iC 0.036 °11.680 2A 2A:2 : me 4 ta 0.032 219 0.8 7,840 10,400 222.080 ‘ 0.028 237,44 39.5 d 19,7 231,430 9 “ Az:—a 0.028 237.440 1000 Kx 100 1900 x 100 + Ts 2A; 2A 250,690 THE IRON C. Ol% Mn. 045 | P 0100 | 5. 0.045 peace 4 | | | j _-+4 ver Initial Tensile ore $q.in ra) ce increas Diameter ,in Fig. 5 Author's Tensile Directly from 0.207 In. Diameter Refer Drawn Diameter. Curve from Rod Down to 0.035 In. to Table \V the 13-gage wire in 0.001-in. reduction per draft from 0.092 in. to 0.072 in. Figures given for 0.080 in. and 0.072 in. in our table. Rod drawn to 5-gage, 7-gage, 9-gage, 1l-gage, 13- yage and 15-gage, and then the following samples drawn from the 15-gage wire in 0.001-in. reduction per draft from 0.072 in. to 0.056 in. for 0.064 in. and 0.056 in. in our table. Rod drawn to 5-gage, 7-gage, 9-gage, 1l-gage, 13- gage, 15-gage and 17-gage, and then the following samples drawn from the 17-gage wire in 0.001-in. re- duction per draft from 0.056 in. to 0.041 in. Figures given in our table for 0.048 in. and 0.041 in. tod drawn to 7-gage, 1l-gage, 13-gage, 15-gage, 17- gage and 184-gage, and then the following samples drawn from the 18'%-gage wire in 0.001 in. reduction per draft from 0.041 in. to 0.030 in. Figures given in our table for 0.036 in. and 0.032 in. Rod drawn to T7-gage, 9-gage, ll-gage, 13-gage, 15-gage, 17-gage, 18\%4-gage and 20-gage, and then the following samples drawn from the 20-gage wire in 0.001 in. reduction per draft from 0.030 in. to 0.024 in. The figures for 0.028 in. and 0.024 in. Analysis cent; Figures given given in our table are follows: cent; phosphorus, 0.10 0.307 1S steel O.89 of this manganese, carbon, as per per Easte t Steel (Tensile Str Initial Tensile Strength of After Rod or Wire Drawing To 1 §5.000 Green Rod 100,178 26. 04, 946 Actual Tensile Strength Total Percent Reduction R od 12 12 12 lk I 1 l } age OL cent; Company’s 0.10-Per ength in Lb. ¢ AGE March 16, 1922 per cent; sulphur, 0.103 per cent; silicon, 0.06 per cen: Table V gives actual and calculated data on the co! drawing of a 0.10-per cent carbon steel. The figur, are from an Eastern steel company. Analysis of t} steel is: Carbon, 0.10 per cent; manganese, 0.45 p phosphorus, 0.100 per cent; sulphur, 0.045 pe: el cent. Attention is called to the fact that, whereas in t previous case, as shown in Table IV, the wire w drawn to 0.024 in. and there are three breaking poin: in this case the wire has been drawn to 0.035 in. ar there are only two breaking points. If the wire ha been drawn further, a third breaking point would ha been encountered. Table VI given in the following shows actual calculated data taken from Longmuir’s 0.50-per « carbon steel. The cold drawing was executed by Lor muir in the following manner: Original rod diameter, 0.214 in. Original rod duced to 0.092 in. diameter, 0.001 in. reduction draft. Figures given in our table for 0.192 in., 0.1 in., 0.160 in., 0.145 in., 0.128 in., 0.116 in., 0.104 in, : 0.092 in. A 5-gage rod drawn to 7 gage, 9 gage, 1l-gage a 13 gage. Then the following samples drawn from th 13-gage wire in 0.001-in. reduction per draft fro 0.092 in. to 0.072 in. Figures given in our table fo 0.080 in. and 0.072 in. A 5-gage rod drawn to 7 gage, 9 gage, gage and 15 gage. Then the following samples draw: from the 15-gage wire in 0.001 in. reduction per draft from 0.072 in. to 0.056 in. Figures given in our tabie for 0.064 in. and 0.056 in. Analysis of this steel is carbon, 0.48 per cent; man ganese, 0.87 per cent; phosphorus, 0.050 per cent; su phur, 0.039 per cent; silicon, 0.058 per cent. It has been previously stated that the tensile strength, as calculated by the formulas given in this paper, is not influenced in any way by the shape of the section which is being cold drawn. As proof of this, the following data from Longmuir on a 0.67-per cent carbon steel, drawn in rectangular rather than circular section, is cited: Analysis of this steel is carbon, 0.67 per cent; ganese, 0.78 per cent; phosphorus, 0.032 per cent; sul- phur, 0.027 per cent; silicon, 0.126 per cent. As the first breaking point for this curve does ! occur at a draft given by the author, it was necessary to calculate it. From the figures given by Longmu the indication was that the breaking point lay at point between a reduction of 63.7 per cent and that 72.8 per cent. An interpolation for a reduction of 6 11 gage, 1 man- Cent Carbon In.) Steel per Sq. Inc Tensile Wire Initial Rod or Rags ‘rease ovor Strength of Total Tensilé Strength of Wir: Calculated Calculated i a A a 1000 Ao Ao 35,178 °6 800 91,800 39,946 38,800 03.800 55,725 19.600 600 56,256 58,200 200 66,400 400 74,2 200 1 11 1 006 1 1 $0,700 1 .700 15 1 1 Le Actual (T — To) 1000 ic 57 il, Oo ‘8, 81 83, Si oS 856 00 200 747 994 594 S7.800 800 361 90.200 200 740 93,2 85,2 00 200 4, 23, $1, 39, 45 50 52 ys Calculated Ay a 1000 x - X 10 2A1 175.890 184,890 alculated March 16, 1922 THE IRON AGE Table VI—Longmuir’s 0.50-Per Cent Carbon Steel (Tensile Strength in Lb. per Sq. In.) Increasé yver Initial Tens Initial Actual Tensile Strengtl f Rod or W Total Tensile Tensile Strength Total Strength of Wire Draft Strength of After Percentage of Actual Calculated Caiculated Rod or Wire Drawing Reduction i a ... a Gage, In To | R (7 To) 1000 x < 100 1000 » 100 + Te 0.214 97,395 After annealing at 700°-720°C A ae 0.192 114,240 19 16.845 19 116,900 0.176 125,440 32.3 28.045 2.300 129.695 ‘ 0.160 140,806 44.3 43,411 $4,300 141,695 69 0.145 145,600 54.1 48,205 54,100 151,495 0.128 165.760 64.2 68,365 64,200 161,595 0.116 165,760 70.7 68,365 70,701 168,095 0.104 170,240 76.4 72,845 76,400 173,795 0.092 185,920 81.6 88,525 81,600 178.995 Total Tensile Strength Used as Basis in the Following Actual Calculated Calculated Calculations i a iy I T, - (T T,) ( 0 1000 x 100 4 Ty 0.092 185,920 4, 24 0.080 192,640 24.4 6,720 12,200 198,120 { 0.072 201,600 38.7 15,680 19,350 205,270 0.064 206,080 1.7 20,160 25,850 211,770 0.056 224,000 63.0 38,080 31,500 217,420 was yreaking point. made, and this taken as a basis for the will be noted that, despite the diversified drawing es of the different investigat + ! a0 ¢ 125,000 a — 100000 + + 2 25,000 +teO YY two o u BS6SBsl 2 § Diameter. in for analysis, and regardless of the tion, non-uniform cooling of temperatures, probable acid 1 in this article has been te law. gard to chemistry, the + r the increase in tensile s ors whose data were es 3 difficulty of g accurate results on account of irregularity coil, different finish- brittleness, ete., the iency of the increase of tensile strength as ex- shown to follow a carbon content in- trength, as drawing bon steel the first breaking point seems to take place for a reduction of 90 per cent; in a 0.50-per cent car- bon steel, at a reduction of about 80 per cent; and for Fig 6 Longmuir’s Tensile Curve from Rod Drawn Direct! from 0.214 In. Diam eter to 0.056 In. Refer Table VI (Left) Fig 7 Longmuir’s Cur rr 0.67 Per Cent ¢ rbon Steel Cold Draw n Rectan- gular §S n R > b VII Right) Oo . ones T T St wr-w ~ ° ween & - g Diameter.in a 0.70-per cent carbon steel, at about 70 per cent re- duction. Also, it to the no influence whereas beyond the first breaking point, in is to be noted that, from the initial rod point in the curve, carbon has whatever on the rate of increase of tensile first breaking strength, low and medium carbon steels, the increase is propor- one-half the from the breaking used as a base, and in high carbon steels propor- ie entire reduction. tional to reduction point tlonai to t , only indirectly. It appears that, the high In ncluding the author hopes that the question n content, the earlier the breaking point in treated ay arouse interest so that more light will be will first occur, thus for a 0.10-per cent ca thrown on tl particular problem. Table VII—Longmuir’s 0.67-Per Cent Carbon Steel Tensile Strength in Lb. per Sq. In.) Increase v mit Ter t vi I l Actual Ter Strength of Rod ‘ Total Tensile g I é Strength Tota Strength of Wire S S eth of Aft ent Actual ( d Calculated Ro r W Draw lu i J Lo a Width 7 1 R (7 ) ] ) > Te Ho 09,76! After ] A 144 f 34,496 00 141,960 ] ) 6&0 ,0. 000 ,n00 162,760 28 | 64,960 f 170,460 1. in.* . *6s 177,760 otal Tensilé Strength 1 Basis ir ! . Following Actu ( da Calculated ( Iculations i a T; T (T T,) 1000 » % 100 + T; 1. in.® 77,760° Ay Ay 275 9 11.2 13,043 11,200 188,960 eg 19 28 858 { 212,660 42.1 221,560 to determine the first breaking Oe A a ee ee at “s % ~ i: ah wy ~ - oa le > _w C4 p y & 2 -_ « ; j ‘ f ius i a Fs she THE IRCN AGE New Gasoline Locomotive The Industrial Equipment Co., formerly the Cum- mings Machine Co., Minster, Ohio, has placed on the market the new model gasoline locomotive, shown in the accompanying illustration. It is known as the Minster, Model F, and is made in 6 and 7-ton and is said to embody several new features. A Buda engine is used and also Westinghouse starting and lighting equipment, Stromberg carbure- ter, Duplex governor, Splitdorf aero-model magneto with inclosed impulse automatic starter, Hyatt roller bearings, New Departure ball bearings, Willard stor- age battery and Diamond roller chain. There has been no change in the-method of transmitting power from the engine to the wheels, the new model having the sizes, Assembly Are nme Unit Combined in Disk drive used heretofore. The frame is of all-steel box-girder construction, and the axles, jack shaft and friction disk shaft of special high- manganese chrome-alloy steel. Carnegie rolled steel wheels are The engine and drive disk assembly are combined in one complete unit with a two-point suspension, an arrangement intended to maximum transmis- sion of power and- proper alignment of all working parts. By changing the method of braking a number of parts have been eliminated, it is claimed; when the brake is applied two heavy iron shoes, placed diamet- rically opposite, grip a steel brake wheel on the jack shaft. This method, it is claimed, is 100 per cent effi- cient, and with a pressure of about 25 lb. the wheels can be locked. A special feature is claimed in the sta- tionary hand-wheel method of shifting the fiber wheel across the face of the disk to get forward, change of speeds. A primer, attached to the engine manifold, is man- ually operated from the cab, a feature that facilitates starting. For Fulton exhaust whistle is incorporated. said to be large, and to con- tain located. friction and chain used. assure reverse or signaling a The cab i all control levers conveniently Foreign Loans and American Industries c The National Foreign Trade Council has sent a letter to other trade organizations and chambers of commerce throughout the country requesting their co- operation in a plan which it believes will assist in re- ducing unemployment in the United States by provid- ing that part at least of the proceeds of foreign loans floated here shall be spent for American products. The council urges American investors to insist that the underwriters of foreign loans shall require the in- clusion in the loan agreement, wherever practicable, of a stipulation covering such use of the loan proceeds. The council points out that it is the settled practice of 3ritish and other European bankers to require such a stipulation as a condition precedent to making a foreign loan, and adds that the effect of such a prac- tice in providing employment for the industries of the country furnishing the money is obvious. The National Foreign Trade Council includes in its membership the United States Steel Corporation, March 16, 19 Standard Oil Co., Pullman Co., Consolidated s: Corporation, Westinghouse Electric Co., Hupp M Car Co., International Harvester Co., American |] motive Co., General Electric Co., Foundation Co. American Radiator Co. Detroit Companies Merged The Ewing Bolt & Screw Co. has acquired the of the Detroit Machine Co., and new capital is } provided for the development of both concerns. The Detroit Machine Co., located in the east on Hillger Avenue, builds machinery, dies, tools does general production work, but plans contem; the sale of the property and the construction of a plant in the River Rouge, near the Ford steel plant property owned by the Ewing Corporation. The Ewing Bolt & Screw Co. has been in oper: less than a year, and manufactures wood screws, | and rivets. Myles E. Ewing, president, and J. A. H secretary-treasurer of the company, are now also p dent and secretary-treasurer, respectively, of th troit Machine Co. David W. Pell, manager of the Detroit Machin: has been made production manager at the Ewing & Screw Co. plant. The directors are Hal. H. Smith, Frank W. B Arthur T. Waterfall, David W. Pell, A. N. Ma Myles E. Ewing, J. A. Hale, Detroit; and H. J. Dou and David L. Rockwell, of Cleveland, the latter vice-president. New Cutting Torch The cutting torch shown in the accompanying illus tration is a new design recently brought out by the Davis-Bournonville Co., Jersey City, N. J. It differs from the company’s standard torch in that two tubes instead of three connect the head with the handle, the preheating gases, oxygen and acetylen or other combustible gases being mixed in a chamber between the handle and the head. This change involves a new form of tip, inasmuch as mixing of the preheat ing gases takes place before the gases reach the ti; The tubes are silver soldered in the head, wh a copper forging. The ratio of mixed gases is trolled by two needle valves, one having a cr handle and the other a knurled disk handle. cutting oxygen valve is operated by a finger lever nected to a linkage designed so as to hold it in Two Tubes, Instead of Three, Connect Head with H the closed or open position. The operator may < cutting without holding his finger on the trigge linkage serving to hold the valve open until suc! as he wishes to stop the cut, when reverse pre on the trigger closes the valve. The pressure spring holds it closed until the trigger is again to the open position. The weight is less than that of the previous n Provision is made for easily removing the back et case it becomes necessary to clean the screen or to! the oxygen cutting valve seat. The tips are of « and are held in a taper seat by a bushing nut. are made with the cutting oxygen hole in the c and the preheating holes around it, the number of heating holes varying from two to six depending 0 gas used and the manner in which the torch plied, also the metal to be cut. The new torch is said to have superior charact tics for cutting wrought iron, steel and cast iron the distribution of mixed gases to the tip to as that all preheating flames are uniform in bala Gases of low calorific value such as butane, hydrog carbo-hydrogen and even illuminating gas, are said © be used efficiently although acetylene is recommence? Design of a Modern Automobile Plant Providing the Power, Heating, Water Supply and Other Services for a 10,000-Employee Development—The Industrial Institution of the Future BY PAUL L. BATTEY* FTV HE location of the power plant was difficult owing to the restricted area of the site and the necessity for non-interference with manufacturing space routing. It is located practically in the center of rcle of product routing and does not in the least rfere with it. It is also an integral part of the building structure practically the same _ super- ture steel work being used as for the remainder of manufacturing section. \ reinforced concrete coal storage bin is located liately adjacent and occupies the major portion the light court between the manufacturing shop sec- ind the stock building. Coal is received on a spur ne of the incoming tracks serving the stock build ind concrete depressed track hopper for unloading ated adjacent to the boiler room and under the | Testing Plant at the End of the Assembly Building overhead traveling bucket crane covering the in and the elevated coal bunker over the The craneway extends out beyond the building ‘over also a second track from which coal in ‘ies can be unloaded directly from cars by the rane. The receiving hopper has a capacity of The outside storage bin has a capacity for of coal. The overhead bunker has capacity ) tons and from this coal is discharged by gravity the stoker hoppers by means of motor driven ng larry. inalysis of the coal supply available in the dis to the selection of buckwheat anthracite of 1,500 B.t.u. calorific value per pound, burned on rate stokers with forced draft. The design of and combustion chambers gives absolutely s combustion. iler plant equipment adopted consists of six e boilers of the four drum type, each with a f 200 per cent normal rating of a little over , although maximum economy in operation is about 1000 hp. The boilers are placed in two in thoroughly insulated settings. The steam pressure is 175 lb., and superheaters are installed. Boiler room auxiliaries are ven. All coal is weighed and water meas- oilers and daily evaporation record kept. A ‘ombustion indication and control equipment ed Ae if ng engineer, 123 West Madison Street, Chicago ist 21% vears consulting engineer for the Willvs the Willys Overland Co. and allied interests erly vice-president of the Arnold Co., Chicago ncluded from page 656, issue of March 9 Ashes are removed from the hoppers under stokers by means of a steam jet conveyor, which discharges into a concrete bin located just outside boiler room over track, so that ashes can be loaded by gravity chutes into railroad cars or auto trucks. The bin has capacity for four to five days’ run and hoppers under grates for full day’s run, so that removal may take place at off peak periods. This type of conveyor was chosen for its simplicity, and cleanliness, with particular reference to painting and varnishing. The chimney is of rein- forced concrete, and the boiler breeching is of %-in. asbestos lumber within a steel framework and lined with 1 in. fire felt pointed up with high temperature cement. In the turbine room are provided two 2500 and one 3750 kva. generators with suitable turbine and electro- Has a Steel Structure Designed for Ready Superposition of Additional Stories driven exciter units and two 2500 cu. ft. compound two- stage air compressors. In addition to these main units full equipment of turbine driven auxiliary apparatus is provided. The power plant has an equivalent capacity of 8000 kw., including the two air compressor units. The turbines driving generators are of the mixed pressure bleeder type arranged to utilize all excess exhaust steam throughout the year in connection with the air compressors, heating system and steam require- ments for various drying rooms and kilns. Condensers and cooling tower are provided for summer months, the cooling tower, of the forced draft type, being located on the roof of the power house. The power house is immediately adjacent to the dry kilns, the heating units and fans for which are located in a basement room below the kilns connecting with the basement of the power house, so that they are entirely taken care of by the power house operators, besides making possible a short steam connection. It will further be noted that the power house is very ‘ 1 close to the wood shop, from which provision is made to remove all refuse by exhaust line to a separator on the power house roof, from which it leads to storage hopper and chute to two boilers fitted for burning wood refuse. A wood hog prepares all refuse as it leaves the shop. The water supply developed into somewhat of a problem as the public supply was inadequate. Four 8-in. wells 600 ft. deep were driven on property of the company, the capacity of each being approximately 200 gal. per min., using Weber air lifts with solenoid oper- ated air supply valves arranged for remote control at the power house switchboard. The discharge line from 713 os Me el F wee * * ce On ® ae et rate te aay te gi tinge we, WE 9s OL ON Ste ego THE IRON AGE March 16, 192 From the Testing Floor the Completed Automobiles Go into the Storage Building and Thence on a Covered Ramp Spannir the Incoming and Outgoing Railroad Tracks Reach the Car Loading Docks the wells leads to the 750,000 gal. low level reservoir immediately adjacent to the power house. These wells also supply the drinking fountains by means of centrif- ugal pump circulation. The large storage reservoir was provided because of the insistence of the insurance companies upon an In the Light Court Between the Manufacturing Shops and the Stock Building Is a Reinforced Concrete Coal Storage Bin of 75( To r { ipacity other source of water supply additional to the city mains and the elevated storage tanks connected to the sprinkler system and fire lines. The required reservoir capacity was 500,000 gallons, and as it involved consid- erable investment, effort was made to turn it to as many other uses as possible. In addition to the city water line connection and the discharge from the deep wells, a large portion of the rainwater from the roof is piped to the reservoir through a sedimentation com- partment, as an analysis demonstrated that the pip of this water to the reservoir would cost no more t! the usual down spout and sewer connections. Further this reservoir, through the excess 250,000 gal. over t} fire storage requirement, is utilized as an integral pa of the condensing system for the power generati units and water supply to the boilers. Pumping is do in off peak periods, thus increasing the use factor both the reservoir and the power plant. City wat containing a considerable amount of the incrusti solids, is not used except in emergency. A mixture of the water from the deep wells, which contains only a nominal amount of scale forming solids, and the rain water from the roof makes an excellent boiler water. An analysis of the rainfull records over a period of years indicates that the plant will be provided with an ample supply, using the well water and roof water together. The decision upon the 750,000 gal. capacity for the reservoir was based upon a careful analysis of all fac- tors of water supply and cost. To have saved all of the roof water would have involved an additional vestment for reservoir capacity, the fixed charges upon which were in excess of the cost of otherwise providing the water. The reservoir is an integral part of the building construction, as it is simply the north bas¢ ment under the 40 ft. shop bay walled off from rest of the space and waterproofed during construct This basement was of less importance in its locatio! as factory storage space than the rest of the space on this level, and therefore meant little or no sacrifice using it for the reservoir. The plumbing and sewer lines were worked out provide for modification of the departmental relat! ship which would probably change the number of e! ployees in these departments. All of the toilet rooms are designed as multiple units exactly alike throughout the entire plant. Waste lines below ground provide for the maximum grouping estimated. All the toilet room compartments and doors are of steel baked ename! and are interchangeable. The doors are fitted with gravity type of hinge. There are one to four wa bowls in each toilet room, all with uniform arrangement but the main wash rooms, of which there are two at extreme northwest and southwest corners of the p have each a capacity for approximately 3000 men. wash sinks in both rooms being uniformly arrang‘ + multiple unit grouping, each pair of sinks for ten The Car Storage Floor of the Storage Building Is Reached Directly at One End from the Testing Room, and at the OU her End at This Level Is the Platform Connecting with the Ramp to the Shipping Docks March 16, 1922 THE IRON AGE 715 Close to each wash unit is located a group of lockers fuel oil tanks are provided, together with a full comple- so that every employee has a locker immediately adja- ment of steel tanks of various sizes for the storage of ‘ent and practically an equal distance from his wash other materials. sink. Each of these wash rooms is provided with local A complete system of pumps and pipe line distribu- t water heating tanks. tion is installed supplying with fuel oil the heat treat- The plant is heated throughout, with the exception ment furnaces and the heater units for the enameling ‘ the shipping docks, with exhaust steam. The motor ovens, together with a number of other miscellaneous shop, assembly, test and stock buildings are heated by furnaces for the manufacturing department. Local oil lirect wall radiation, and the new manufacturing bays heating equipments throughout the plant are dupli- -e heated with indirect Sirocco fan units located on cated as far as possible and furnaces are of regenera- he several balconies along the center line of the shop. tive type. The fan units provide for air circulation in the summer An item which may be of interest is a new type of ths. Steel plate and other stock carried in the heating equipment installed in connection with the sements under the 40 ft. bays is highly susceptible enameling ovens. Each of the ovens is provided with ‘orrosion on account of the salt atmosphere. The a “Merrill process” unit, consisting of heat absorber, ments are used as return air-ducts, the crane hatch- of Foster superheater elements, circulation pumps, and y at each end of the 60 ft. crane aisles serving as welded pipe radiation sections in the ovens, of the loco- ts to the basement for recirculation of a large por- motive superheater type, valves, connecting pipes and of the air in the shop and the intake of the fan expansion tank. This system is essentially the same as connecting by duct to the basement at the center an ordinary hot water heating system with high flash ‘the bay. The fan units have connection to the roof point oil used for the circulating medium, the ovens m which inlet the proper amount of fresh air is in- carrying a temperature of 450 deg. The heating units duced into the shop. The distribution of warm air are located immediately under the ovens in each case in the fans is accomplished by means of flat ducts tile walled compartments. Complete automatic control the 400-Ton Overhead Bunker in the Boiler Room the Coal Is Discharged to the Stoker Hoppers Through a Weighing Larry The larry may be seen in the background 1 immediately under the overhanging balcony equipment is provided of both temperature and pressure forms, the concrete floor on top and the supporting types so that the regulation in the ovens is expected r beams forming three sides of the duct, it being to be fully equal to those of the electrically operated necessary to close the bottom with properly _ type. i sheet steel with adjustable outlets located on 20 Owing to the situation with regard to the supply ters throughout the shop. This location for the of electric power and because of the unusually favor- ition ducts makes the usual clumsy blast fan able location with regard to fuel oil supply, it was de- system happily absent and puts the distribution cided that the direct heating method adopted would the best possible position from a heating and how a large saving as compared with electric heating g standpoint, and further entirely eliminate and at the same time provide equally as good regula- terference with the installation of shaft hanger tion and cleanliness, these being the principal advan- inder the balcony structures. The entir tages of the electric ovens Two ovens have been stem for exhaust steam distribution for heat equipped with an oil heated closed circuit, direct radia- welded on the job and is a most excellent ex tlor yt air system, which promises good results. f the economy and character of work resulting {ll necessary locations in the plant are supplied by improved method of making up piping. Bends piping —— for gasolene and kerosene, with sub- rr distribution of lubricating oils, cutting } wherever possible with resulting flexibility. ; : : ympounds, etc. Tanks for the storage of gasoline are receiving and storage of fuel oil, lubricat sti s . ’ +17 ground adjacent to the oil room and arranged t« uints, varnish and other miscellaneous in- " J : om and arranged to ee : illed by gravity from tank cars or trucks, a water ie materials is taken care of in a specially con : nt a ¢ ! a 1 ce 2 < displacement system being used for tanks and distribu- 1 reinforced concrete vault 32 x 240 ft. located tion : 1 io of . . : L108, the east shipping dock at the extreme north A complete bell automatic telephone plant of 200 where means for gravity unloading from tank cars stations is located in the center of distribution with tyra rucks 1s provided. Duplicate 50,000 gal. concrete ample outside trunk line connections. Extensive sys- 7. *,, ey Selous . Ge a ge Ore a - * ee Pas. f Men x ” ‘ Pag al rn agarose sey Bee RYT a, Si i a ie % x Toei: dstniiale aah nine sedi 716 THE IRON tems for watchmen’s clock, fire-alarm and auto-call is provided. The best possible floor is provided where men stand at work in all manufacturing space. Creosoted blocks known to the trade as Kreolite are used throughout the plant. So far as is known, this installation contains the largest area of wood block floor in any industrial plant. This type of floor is con- sidered as near ideal as is possible to provide from the standpoint of permanence and satisfactory trucking. The entire plant is co-ordinated on 20 ft. centers, the bays being numbered from the northwest corner south and from the same corner along the north of the corresponding bays are lettered. Floor levels are iden- tified by suffixed numbers so that it is possible to de- scribe any spot 20 ft. square, in the plant by one or two figures, a letter and suffix figure. In construction the multiple unit idea was developed along many lines because of its reduction in cost and expedition of work. The original make-up of forms was used through the entire work and upon completion of many of the sections were sold for a unit built garage with an accompanying erection plan* thus realizing three times the usual salvage value. Some 800 oak trees upon the site were removed and by a small tem- porary sawmill cut into railroad ties for the track work and smaller pieces cut into foot blocks for shop con- tainers. Some of the quantities involved in the con- struction carry an idea of the size of the plant, such as 70,0000 cu. yd. of earth excavation, 75,000 cu. yd. of concrete work, 10,000 tons of steel, both reinforced and structural, 350,000 sq. ft. or about 8 acres of steel sash windows, 30 acres of wood block floors, 7000 horse power electric motors and 1% miles of railroad track. The maximum force of construction men employed on the work was approximately 2000 and had it not been for the delay due to general business conditions, the entire work would easily have been completed in a little over a year. Eighty per cent of the structural steel is represented in six different pieces. Expansion and the Future It was decided in the beginning to make provision for only approximately 25 per cent future additional space, which could be obtained by three additional stories on the test building, and the rebuilding of the old mill constructed motor shop, by extension of the unit construction embodied in the new plant, if at some later time developments in the construction of automo- biles should involve the necessity for providing this additional space. The possibility of any material en- largement of the plant was definitely disposed of with the conception of limiting the number of employees to approximately 10,000 men, as it was thought undesir- able to have a larger aggregation in one location. One of the principal reasons for the choosing of the Newark district for the location of this plant was its distance from the vortex of automobile production and its diver- sity of manufacturing which from many economic as- pects is highly advantageous as compared to the ex- tremely specialized centers. This plant within itself is, however, an example of extreme concentration and while embodying many useful and effective conditions, from the standpoint of production and supervision, it is the writer’s firm be- lief that generally with the future will come further decentralization and reduction in size of plant units for economic reasons involving the human element rather than the physical equipment. Too little consideration is given to environment of men employed in factories and our present labor situation is largely the result of concentration of industry in large units where the human relationship is entirely lost in the magnitude of organization. Henry Ford’s pioneering in the division of his factories into comparatively small units suffi- ciently removed from each other, properly co-ordinated, (and here the wireless telephone and aeroplane may be useful) should bring back the old-fashioned har- monious relationship between the “old man” in charge, who knows by name all “the boys” who are getting out the work. Mr. Ford having previously pioneered in the development of quantity production, is quite the logical one to take the lead in the decentralization of the indus- try. There is one factor in connection with this move- AGE March 16, 1922 ment, however, which should receive consideration, and that is the inherent tendency for the pendulum to swing from one extreme to the other and where a happy com promise is again the best answer. Industry in general and, in fact, our entire civiliza tion, seems to be entering upon a new era which wi! bring within a comparatively few years widesprea changes. The entire development centers around j; creased facilities for the production and distribution of electrical energy. Our railroad facilities have frequen: ly been called the arteries of the nation, but now come a complete new nerve system through which the contr: and distribution of industry, of transportation and con merce will be affected. With the realization of a com plete network of electric power distribution, inter-con necting power production plants of large capacity an economic location as to hydraulic and fuel energy sup ply, complete electrification of trunk line railroads wii quickly follow and this, together with the general e tablishment of permanent roadways throughout th country, with the broad adoption of automotive equip ment for short haul traffic, will bring about further d: centralization of industry and population. Worker will again begin to live normal open air lives in hom: and factories, as under the new conditions practical! every comfort and advantage of city life would be available, in what are now considered isolated locations In other words, the logical evolution of co-ordinat power supply, transportation and industry will bring us back to the conditions of previous generations home life and happy, useful employment, where all ca: feel persona] interest in work and the spirit of crafts manship be reborn. There is a further phase of unified power distribu tion which will materially affect industry and that is the use of coal for other than power production pur- poses. With electrification, 25 to 30 per cent increased capacity of the railroads would be available for com mercial purposes by the freeing of rolling stock and trackage from the handling of their own fuel supply. Factories, offices, homes and public buildings will, how ever, have to be supplied with heat in our climate and until this can be done electrically, due to betterment of diversity and load factors of power system, coal or oi! will probably have to be used. Electric heating has the inherent disadvantage, roughly, of the 10 to 1 conversion ratio and cannot bi generally adopted until we begin to design our facto ries, buildings and homes along the line of greater heat conservation, similar to what is being realized in the present industrial electrically heated ovens and insu lated domestic cooking ranges, with not inconceivably, regenerative heating systems. Such construction prac tically adapted would insure cool and comfortable buil’ ings in summer months and above all, conserve ou! diminishing coal supply. It would greatly relieve con gestion of transportation from unnecessary fuel mov ments, and cleanse the atmosphere of partially co: sumed products of combustion. General development along these lines is undoubt edly a matter of many years owing to present inves! ments, but it is no