The Iron Age 1921-03-24: Vol 107 Iss 12

APE sats aa ® ox HE IRON AGE , New York, March 24, 1921 | TABLISHED 1855 VOL. 107: No. 12 : ty ALOE LGW dda Keeping Employees in Line for Promotion By a Perpetual Inventory of Employees, Every One Graded, Promotions Can Be Made on a Definite Basis of Knowledge BY ROBERT I. CLEGG XECUTIVES and employment managers fre- ng. Many a man in one department of a large plant is quently lose touch with the qualifications of me eminently suited for work in another department. The in their own organization if this be big, and al other department, however, does not know him, and instinctively turn to outsiders when a position is if he is of the type from which promotions are made, open and no one on the inside occurs immediately to his own department head will use every effort to keep their minds. As soon as it is noised abroad that such a him. Such a condition results in more or less stag position is available, the men on the outside send in nation and an effort has been made inymany industries: their credentials, and their qualifications in some detail to break it up. : become known at once. The capacities of men on the Sa : ; lo Avoid Burying a Good Man ; inside, on the other hand, except such as come imme; ; diately under the supervision of those interested, are Two means of meeting this situation are coming ty frequently lost unless some means be taken to keep in’ gradually into use, both being found frequently in the touch all the while with what the different men are do same plant. In the one case every posit-on in the plant i 6 8 lol, tal p m7 toidod ! | | } f | i | ; | | i | | REDERICK JoHN — iat | / 6 /obdgclon ) (Haat V4. Ca; ~a—— Lame OMIT H {i V/o23 2 “J . if aS “ ” FA LOOP: eo oe ; fo - : A tt We Mhuatiicht ¢3 0. F2, Or, tact Jt agre , | %, sk £ z Ky | | 7 7 +, f 7 A? /g4hur Jo 9 Ika nite Git 47 thle " “” * J ° f : (pr Mh,.t feboragre . q , [y “ . é Cenng Penaps en “ ' >| cl 2 Tf17 Hiakraart a “s eak , | | { | ‘ Iya G44 A ABA? i ' 3 4 Soll (PY 4 ( CGE Mawnagth ! | ; | X<gh¥ ||? | | | yee ——— ———_} |__| . a < 2SE ‘ ae ey ee acaeas pion. D [er oe ic L cH St R Aging <i ¥. ¥ is i ‘ada, bi ee ae hese OF ~e i a | 3 / , a 4 4 - 2 4 4 j a 7 ig -— <r Calg: Vg Ue ead tbe WZ ow A WM Meakin « Keg | bh ff! | . +p i ; Wh Lhi bt hat KAP Bg OM emctacal A tur cs Vfl20 1&4 | : J | i as 4 >| — — ae _ a ae _ P —_ ee ~S ¥ wl ous i } an : : : Vaal ese “2-1-4 Lire oor | ‘ -“ | f | | beeen “ >. | . j TK . got ot Des gel | | | | | | PREVIOUS P ~ ve TheimO Geer? st e Ov oO SEST? sEconn @ 6 ghee, This Side of the Card Shows the Man’s Record with His Company and His Successive Promotions 761 ee eee (62 PERSONAL DATA CHANGE 4 Aate 7) 9 oF tL Vie Lat. 1° GEE «6 COMPANY Mer j COLORED nNoTIFY oF acc N CASE DENT ADORESS / ; > 7 FATHER , , . ~ , J MOT HEM Less chee?” “ hn trek ° er cinzen 1ST PAPERS 2EPENDENTS: F PREFERENCE IN LOCATION EDUCATION Scroom 1-2-3-4 Graouatre COMMON 'F Mian a 4OURS vrans Crm Avlhal agi. ociais’ cat MONE . « FAIRLY WELA ramy wee | rae FLUENTLY FLVENTA NionrT Trace wee ee Conrese SPEAKS a OTHER LanGcuaces o~ PUBLIC SPEAKING - —_ Ze ; wren vnc fuatcm Dames eth haath on EXCEPTIONAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERIS the Man's Personal Eleme carefully analyzed with regard to the qualifications it. In the other case each employee’s past and present capabilities are recorded, with esti- mates of his fitness for promotion and along what lines he would be most likely to be useful in the future. If we have tabulated the essential details of employment, necessary to fill experience, Judgment, physique, pay, etc., the employ- ment department has a scale by which any applicant for promotion may be judged. In hiring new employees, the employment depart- ment simply serves to provide a personnel; the de- velopment of this personnel to its greatest value de- mands the existence and constant operation of a system especially designed for this purpose. It is the function of this system to maintain a perpetual inventory of the human resources of t company, and to sell to he the employee the idea that it is the company’s policy individual ability and to open the avenue advancement matter of mutual o both employer and employee. The effect mental attitude of the employee depends upon of the interview and the skill of the inter- oO recognize as a ipon thi the viewer. method How the Information Is First Obtained One company interviews its male employees three months after they have been hired. This interval eliminates useless clerical work in the case of that class of unstable employees who drift from job to job after a few weeks tenure. It allows the rest to become more or less familiar with their work, their environment and the spirit of the company. They are thus better able state their desires and ambitions, and are more impressed by the idea that the company is interested in them personally and is going to some trouble to keep up contact with them. The interview is held under conditions which insure a reasonable amount of privacy. It takes place on to company time in the industrial relations department. that the employee i fact s summoned from his The THE IRON AGE — — in MENTAL ALERTNESS ’ DATE ELIGIGLE FOR PROMOTION TO RECOMMENOFD By ABSENCE VACATIONS arr e' 22 os 24 INTERESTS con ane t- Gh ec ot. AAP Yer ACTIVITIES: COMPANY seca Chcaerscwi Kceige Goce aaah Gotie.; | ATHLETIC ACTIVITIES ENTERTAINING ABILITY wd HOBBIES | | | SUGGESTIONS OF VALUE i ee LO Hobbies INTERVIEWER nts, His Outside Activities, Education and work helps to create the impression that the matte: one of importance. The interview itself is not catechism of questions and answers, but rather friendly conversation in which the employee is mad to feel that the object sought is to advance th ests both of himself and of the company. Benefits of this method of analysis are mutual, with its e1 the management has a special contact ployees which gives knowledge of convenient assistan: right at hand when special work comes up, whilt employee knows that under such a system he direct line for any advancement which may be possi! within the organization, and that this advance! will follow as a matter of course just as fast as op! tunities occur, provided he does his part. Such a ca! should cover not only the man’s past history with and any other company, but notations of his sp ability, his training, studies, desires, etc. Wit! at hand the employment manager is often able operate with the man, encouraging his effort certain lines which are likely to prove useful, advising him in the choice of books and study, providing techn cal and other information, and thus making the of promotion both easy and more certain. How the Analysis Cards Are Handled £ the One large plant at Chicago has some 90U0U 0 cards filled out and in use. The illustration shows two sides of the card, which in the original mea oy T 8% x 11 in., and thus fits into the standard lette: r . ° . sd fH No explanation is needed as to the data called 1 wit ¢ It represents the resu! filled out on this card. ; careful experiment and investigation on the part i the company using it, but might be modified consi . ably in detail for the use of concerns in othe! lines 0 work. 1 scalt Upon the upper edge of the card is a numbere rch 24, 1921 esponding with a guide sheet detailing definite ; of positions or work. This is checked off in two hree places with crayons of different colors, and as ards rest in an inclined position, the crayon marks ready visible without need for cross indexing. mbol or letter below the crayon mark enables the of the card to determine instantly the relative or weight of the person represented by the card. j How the Cards Are Used The industrial relations department of the company iestion uses these cards regularly when a new man lesired for any position with the company at home abroad, and “instead of trying to guess who might suitable we are able from the files, which are well lexed and analyzed, to send anywhere from six to nty cards of qualified people within a few minutes the party wishing to review them. This is a great ing of time, and also prevents men who are not nywhere near Chicago from being lost in the crowd. Che value of these qualification cards is being increas- rly appreciated, both by the directors and higher <ecutives and by the people who know that their ibilities are constantly on file and actually referred to the home office.” Use of the cards is not confined to matters of indi- lual transfers and promotions. They lend them- ves to many forms of research work that provide the isis upon which a training program is developed which ets the expressed needs of employees. Many useful lassifications based upon age, length of service, nation- y, married status, education, mode of entrance into the company and various other factors are quickly and TRAINING SALESMEN Executive Apprentices Included in American Rolling Mill Plan of Education The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio, s adopted an educational plan of unusual proportions a manufacturing concern for the purpose of de- ping and training prospective salesmen and pros- tive minor executives. In January and July appli- ons may be made by employees for this training, has been designated as the “general apprentice irse,” and which is limited to six men in each class. \pplicants must be men of good physique and address, preferably with college or technical education, ough satisfactory business or industrial experience e accepted in lieu of schoo] training. Selection of Students applicants are interviewed by the director of loyment, the general sales manager, the assistant il manager, the general superintendent, and the vr of training. They are rated by each of them rating scale of the Bureau of Salesmanship A physical examination by the company an and an intelligence rating taken by four tests Bureau of Salesmanship Research are also re- The applicant’s rating is the average of the the six highest being chosen provided their average rating is not below six. nterviews are again held for the six successful ants at the end of each three months by the fficials as at first, for the purpose of noting their pment and progress. When the apprentice has lly completed the first six months of the the five interviewers decide by majority vote vhich particular field he is best adapted. The tice may decide, with the advice of the director ‘ining and the general sales manager, whether he mplete the course in accordance with the decision interviewers. The Training Course course itself consists of two parts: (1) A of practical experience in the various depart- THE IRON AGE 763 easily made. The drop file is especially valuable as a means of studying the relation of the above items to turnover. An occupational census can be secured on short notice. Recruits are obtained for athletic, mili- tary, musical, dramatic and social organizations. In fact, the number of uses to which the cards may be put is limited only by the ingenuity and energy of the man who has them in charge. Keeping the Cards Up to Date Once the system is installed, the original task of interviewing completed, and the necessary machinery for upkeep established, the entire task of keeping the cards up to date for over 5000 salaried people, inter- viewing new employees, supervising the use of the files, and attending to such research work as seems desirable is within the ability of one capable man to handle. All the possibilities of usefuluess of the quali- fication cards have not yet been discovered, but large users are convinced that they are indispensable to effective personnel work. Obviously, records of this type must be kept thor- oughly up to date. Every change that is made in a man’s employment should be shown on his card, and in practice it will probably be found that after the employees get used to the system they will need no urging to keep the employment manager posted at all times. The employee, when first under examination for this card, is earnestly advised to keep up with all educational and plant development matters. When his self-interest is thus aroused, he naturally continues to advise the department as new developments arise in his increasing fitness and progress. ments of the operating division and the general offices, and (2) a definite course of study. The practical experience schedule is arranged as follows: Open hearth department, 2 mo.; sheet mill and annealing departments, 4 mo.; finishing, galvan- izing and shipping departments, 6 mo.; inspection de partment, 2 mo.; betterment department, 1 mo.; em- ployment department, 1 mo.; labor department, 1 mo.; purchasing department, % mo.; order department and claims and collections, 4 mo.; sales department ‘(for sales apprentices only), 4 mo.; forge and foundry de- partments (for minor executive apprentices only), 4 mo. This schedule is only tentative and may be changed to suit the qualifications of individual] apprentices. However, before an apprentice is allowed to leave any department he must successfully pass an examination prepared and graded by the superintendent of the de- partment. An Outline of the Study The course of study includes instruction in metal lurgy of iron and steel, heat treatment of iron and steel, history and chemistry of the company’s products, inspection trips, including customers’ plants, co-ordina- tion discussions, business economics and industrial his- tory, business law, salesmanship and the psychology of business (for sales apprentices only), and problems in plant management (for minor executive apprentices only). The method of operating the course has been copied after that of the co-operative engineering courses of the University of Cincinnati; the class is divided into two sections of three men each, one section working in the plant, the other taking instruction at the training department so that each pair make one man on the job. The sections alternate each two weeks. Married Men Paid More Than Single Men The apprentices are given a salary which will meet ordinary living expenses, married men being given a higher salary than single men. This course has now passed the experimental stages and has been in operation sufficiently long that the company feels that it is the best way of training these men, even though they are nonproducers half of the time. Fiat Soe Mare ramet Stem” hea. in finn” Se Tests of Centrifugally Cast Steel Unusual Properties of Carbon and Nickel Steel Cylinders Made by Millspaugh Process —Such Castings May Rival Forgings BY GEORGE K. BURGESS” N 1918, the Bureau of Standards had occasion to sile bars from all other castings were standa examine several hollow, steel cylinders made under round bars. Samples for chemical analysis were t the direction of W. H. Millspaugh by his centrif a ring turnings for Nos. 4, 5 and 7, and for Nos. 1, ugal casting process. The manufacture of these cen- 6 from longitudinal borings in zones numbered | trifugal castings was carried out under somewhat ad- from outside to inside of the casting as show verse conditions in two steel foundries which of course, : “2 : : . Hardness and Chemical Surveys due to the limited experimental nature of the trials, : could not have developed the refined technique that Results of the radial surveys for hardness practice would give, nor were efforts made to produce chemical analysis show that there is a gradual in high grade steel for these tests. in carbon from the outside to the inside surface fo The cylinders were cast in a machine revolving castings, this increase ranging from 0.02 for No. 3A about its horizontal axis. The outer surface of the 0.09 per cent for No.5; it appears to be roughly m castings, of walls from 3% in. to % in. thick, were thus against the mold and turning faster than the free inner, Micro. Et cylindrical surface which was last to freeze. The uphur Print outer surfaces were fairly smooth but the interior sur- faces were rough. The results, comparing the severa grades of steel mrpacr tional to the carbon content, or the percentag a ELLOS. REPS ALE tion in carbon remains practically constant. Ths ? . ; and phosphorus appear to follow the carbon very in their behavior as to segregation; mangan: Cem o ena * ap" silicon on the other hand are nearly constant Shawine Locath e oT: Piec radial section; while sulphur, although somewhat ratic, in general is distributed similarly to carbo: ” also copper, although present in quantities less ae. a 0.10 per cent. The hardness surveys, Brinell and een oh scope, follow closely the chemical segregatior 5 higher numbers occurring on the inside layers \ C ness survey with the scleroscope made midway a longitudinal section the length (72 in.) of casting N 1 at 3 in. intervals, shows a gradual increase in ness from end B to the middle, 24.2 to 25 the condition as cast and after heat treatment, art then nearly uniform hardness for the second of considerable interest as indicating what may be ex r from center to end, A. The chemical anal: pected from this method in the production, for certain shapes, of sound steel, i.e., free from physical defects ; and chemical segregation, and thus with practically no 6 Uiscara waste material to discard. KY As will be shown, it is also a field particularly adapted to the elimination of forging and boring opera- tions and the substitution for the former of heat treat- ment to produce the desired characteristics in the re- sulting product. Dimensions and Tests of Castings In all six castings were examined, samples from which were subjected to the usual mechanical tests both transverse and longitudinal, in the condition as Cast teaches and after various heat treatments. The characteristics Sections of Centrifugal Casting No. 4 w of the metal with respect to internal stress, density, of Various Tests soundness, segregation and micro-structure were also studied. the A and I sections, separated by 60 in. in the ‘ : The illustrations show the dimensions of the ing, apparently shows evidence of longitudina! seg castings and location of samples for test, except for gation, but this is so very slight as to be uncerta No. 7, a cylindrical ring of diameter 12 in. and wall ; : : . . . Density thickness ™% in., from which longitudinal flat tensile ’ bars 12 in. long by 1 in. x 9/32 in. were taken. The ten- A narrow circumferential strip 2 in. long, broad, and % in. thick was cut from the outside 4! *Chief, division of metallurgy, United States Bureau of from the inside of a transverse ring from the Standards This is — a of the a s — aed steel casting No. 3-I and from the low carbon = appear later as a technological paper oO 1e sureal anc ° 7 4 . e al vy. he which was presented by the author before the Philadelphia No. 4 and used for determination of density Chapter of American Society for Steel Treating, Feb. 16, 1921 sults are as follows: 764 ? irch 24, 1921 (rams per Cu. Cm at z3 Veg. C Differe ge No. 3-I, outside..... Te : 7.838 a Eee Te Tee 7,834 + 0.004 ie 2 Cvs & ae 60 Behe 7.834 ee eS eee 7.7269 + 0.108 No. 4, inside low density of sample No. 4 (inside) is probably due resence of a series of very fine pits or blow holes in mple These holes occur about 1/16 in. from the surface of the casting, where their observed. presence was Stresses Across Section of Tubes ree concentric rings, % in. wide (radially) and % ck (longitudinally), were cut from the No. 4 cast- ‘low carbon electric furnace steel, annealed)—one from the outside, one midway, and one from the of the cylinder. Accurate measurements were of the outside and inside diameters of each ring, listance between diametrically opposite punch and the distance between three sets of punch ; 2 in. apart, tangentially. A cut was then made 1 hand hack saw) midway between the 2 in, tan- 11 marks and at an angle of 90 deg. to the diam- measured. When split thus the outer ring con- d visibly but the middle and inner rings appeared ilergo no change. Similar rings were cut from ng No. 5 (high carbon nickel steel, not annealed), ired and cut in the same manner as those from No. 4. G Mr Roh 3 FRR NM Transverse Se tion of Centrif ugal Casting No. 6 with Loca tion of Various 4 re wolePt Pinon Test Pieces 4 [he measurements taken before and after cutting concentric rings and the amount of expansion or traction in each case [given in a table in the original per] indicate the nature of the stresses in the outer, idle and inner zones. A rough computation gives mpression at outside ring of casting No. 4 as 0 lb. per sq. in., and for No. 5 the compression ide ring is 31,000 lb. per sq. in. and tension at 17,000 lb. per sq. in. These internal es are of the order of the elastic limits of the i! and, as would be expected, the outer zone of ng is in compression. Ing 18 Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties ning now to the question of the improvement of astings by heat treatment, in Table 1, are given tails of the treatments to which material from ngs were submitted, and in Table 2 are { the mechanical properties associated with the ve treatments. The location of specimens is illustrations. It should be recalled that Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 7 were annealed as a whole iny tests were made on them, while castings and 6 were examined first in the condition as [he test pieces from 3A and 3I were from pieces ime casting 60 in. apart. examination of Table 2 shows that most sam- w good tensile strength for their composition itment, and also that there is no marked differ- values for longitudinal and transverse speci- lhe values for the Izod shock test are some- ratic. The advantages of heat treatment, the double quench and draw in improving ‘esistance to shock and especially the ductility ired by reduction of area, are strikingly mani n of these treated steel castings wou!d appear ire very favorably in their properties with forged material of the same compositions. imple, the ordnance requirements for gun are: Elastic limit, 65,000 Ib. per sq. in.; ength, 95,000 Ib. per sq. in.; elongation, longi- -2 per cent, transverse 18 per cent, reduction longitudinal 35 per cent, transverse 30 per ese are probably more than met by casting "QQ (C= 0.83, Ni = 2.75 per cent), and almost THE IRON Ce ae AGE 765 met by others such as 3AQ, 3IQ (C = 0.32, Ni = 2.70 per cent). Again the properties of the casting (C = 0.23 per cent) are high for steel castings of that composition, and in the treated condition are superior to many of the results on hot rolled 0.20 to 0.25 carbon steels and indeed are comparable to those of cold rolled steels of this grade. Macrostructure and Microstructure It is of interest to note there appeared no flaws or visible defects, other than small blow holes near the inner surface, in the preparation of any of the test pieces for physical or chemical examination. The blow- holes noted were always about 1/16 in. from the inner or free surface of the casting. No hard spots were found in any of the castings. Just next the inner surface of all castings there is a layer not over 1/16 in. thick which appears to contain nearly all the physi- cal and chemical discontinuities. Sulphur prints and cupric-ammonium-chloride etch- ngs were made on transverse sections of each casting. Specimens for microscopic examination were cut from transverse, radial (longitudinal) and tangentia] sec- tions of each casting as received and from transverse sections of the heat treated bars, after normalizing, quenching and drawing, and double quenching and drawing. [The original paper is replete with photo- micrographs and sulphur prints. ] ] l Heat ifm y { TEMPERATURES AND TIME OF HEATING perature ns Heated rt coaiiioall ie menct Draw w é : ' Ome i if | g IN SOO-SO5 1Q SO00-SO5 795-80 Vater mM Nt 800-900 ) 890-910 4 wf ) (40-650 4 N 910-925 9 iQ) 910-925 9 15-925 Water 150-460 $QQ | 910-925 2 5-925 sa Water 140-450 5 N 750-760 1 5Q 750-760 14 760 ) 700-705 6N 850-860 6Q 850-860 9 895-830 Water 675-680 6 QQ R50-S60 9 895-830 700-79 Water 680-690 7Q 875-880 l S75-8S80 Water 510-515 70Q RRN-RR5 i RR)- RRS M4 Water 435 *Sa I t 7a i N zm Q 1 a iraw i raw pe ne from A a Is tir The most serious of the low carbon areas were found in castings Nos. 3-A and 6. These areas are not completely eliminated by normalizing and persist even after quenching and drawing, but have been almost completely eliminated by the double quench and draw treatment. The normalizing treatment, for the most part, greatly refines the structures while quenching and drawing produces a sorbitic structure with partially diffused ferrite. Structures after the double quench and draw compare favorably with those of large heat treated steel forgings. Summary A miscellaneous lot of five castings were examined in the form of cylinders of wall thickness 8% in. to % in., made by the Millspaugh centrifugal process. Their composition ranged from two low carbon steels, C = 0.17 and 0.23 per cent, to three nickel steels rang- ing in carbon from C = 0.33, 0.46 to 0.66 per cent, and in nickel from Ni — 2.69, 2.35 to 2.92 per cent. Segre- ra erty rr mt ede sc - ronng FE z a ii A ; | ey A EF || Vo f ; : { eal te Big! Fi Ba a ae ry gege ry (66 THE IRON AGE March 24. SA ee eS ACC RNs sesnoeseusesteoenietennstnsnoenneszebaneniememenenieetenettninsesemees Table 2—Mechanical Properties Resulting from the Respective Treatments - ee ———— 3 Yield nt Ultimate Strength | Elong 2 Incl Red. of Area Izod Impact a hs ner ' 1000 er sq. in per cent per cent ft. lbs. per sq. in in a — a Microstru I I I I I I | L I IX } 10.5 12.1 48.8 |) Fairly fine with coarse { ] ) y s.Y aries, few slaggy 11 6 89 5 5.5 | 7.5 | ( 5 8.5 12.5 Fine ,uniform @ ) & 105.0 1.5 6.5 11.5 14.0 | 85.2 Very fine, uniform \X x9 8 7.5 12.1 252.0 187.0 Fir tree crystals and a \ x ‘ 16.5 22.0 ferrite areas 26.0 42.5 Q 16.0 29 Fine, uniform ) x 9 ”) 5 47.4 42.0 309.0 704.0 jSorbitic, ferrite ghost \ 5 KS _7 14.8 19.3 Finer than 3A ‘3.4 81.8 27.0 41.8 Fairly uniform 60.5 89.1 ) 18.5 Fine, uniform 64 05 0 1 29.9 Fine, uniform 0) 1f 10.4 4.5 18.4 Coarse, with thick ferrit tN 17 l 18.9 \ 4 ‘ (0) 20 247.0 04.0 (Fine, trace of veins { 2.5 24.5 Fine, with streaks { 8 S4 2.5 1.0 & 1.0 16.3 16.1 Coarse pear lite N 5 ) ¢ 5.4 Fine slaggy pearlite ar: ( { 1 1 7 21.7 10.5 142.0 183.0 6X { ! ) l $32.0 Fairly fine; ferrite Hy 28.5 Ingotism | s 0) 2z.U \ Q { 2.0 Fine; trace ferrite Th 04 { 12.5 96.5 94.5 452.0 456.0 Very fine, pitted wit! ) 14.0 Very fine, pitted wit! 4 0 52.5 Fine, uniform ‘ N ' & 9,2 Very fine, sorbitic, ferrit ] $7.7 Very fine, all sorbit iw rmalized; QQ ienched and drawt gation of the elements of carbo! phosphorus, sul from measurements on three rings from each of phur, nickel and copper appears to exist to a slight castings, show values of the order of the elast exter it only radially, and is most marked in a with the outer zones in compression. narrow zon yout 1/16 in. depth, next the inner sur- The effect of heat treatment in improvir face Manganese and silicon do not segregate in this’ physical properties of the castings is very type of casting The greatest carbon segregation was The results suggest that the properties of su t 0.09 per cent in nickel steel (( 0.66, Ni 2.92) and ings suitably treated may rival those of forgings the least 0.02 per cent in another nickel steel (C 0.33 same chemical composition. N 69) The microstructure of some, at least of thes« ’ ‘ } ee } . The hardness (Brine ind scleroscope) practically ings, is better than that of ordinary castings; follows e segregation ones show pronounced ingotisms (dendritic stru [The only evidence of w indness was the presenc The nickel steels contain more slag inclusions t f sma low-holes he inner zone, usually within usual in ordnance steel, showing that this centrif 1/16 in. of surface process may not clear up a basic steel. The ing The density across a section is practically constant, and coarse grained structures of these centrifuga r 0.004 7.831 ings can, in general, only be removed by prolongs The mechanical properties show, general, som repeated heat treatments, i.e., normalizing follow vhat greater strenct ind istic limit and resistanc: louble quench and draw. » sho it less ductil n tangential than in long This account is limited to a description of the linal directio1 and no references are given as to the details The nal stresses developed in the castings by manufacturing operations since no first-hand this , 7 f mar ctu is determined tion concerning them was available. New Blast Furnace of Trumbull Steel Co. Nearing Completion President Jonathan Warner of the Trumbull Stee! Co., Warren, Ohio, states that the new 600-ton blast furnace which is being built by the Trumbull-Cliffs Iron Co. is scheduled to be completed in June. It is located across the Mahoning River from the open-hearth lepartment of the Trumbull company. Hot metal will ve conveyed directly from the furnace to the steel de- partment, the bridge for this purpose having been erected. The stock of the Trumbull-Cliffs Iron Co. jointly owned by the Trumbull company and the Cleve- land-Cliffs Iron Co., Cleveland, and by a number of interested individuals. Each of the parent companies paid $500,000 for its half of the non-par value common stock the Trumbull-Cliffs Iron Co., and also pur- chased large blocks of the preferred stock. Construc- tion of the furnace has been financed in this way and also by direct payment for construction. This plan has likewise resulted in the establishment of a large work- ing capital. The Trumbull 1S of Steel Co. has an option to buy the furnace property upon expiration of a stipulat at terms already arranged. Arrangements ha\ een completed whereby the Trumbull compan secure the output of the stack at a satisfactory The company expects to effect a saving ol ton in steel-making by utilizing the hot meta! The new stack will be about 20 per cent !a! the usual modern blast furnace. Its cost will $3,250,000, which is somewhat less than anticipated because of reduction in construc since work was started. President Warner states that the Trumbu! either owns outright or has leases on iron © sufficient to supply two blast furnaces for 12 y‘ normal operation. Some of these holdings ar Mesabi range in open-pit mines. + The plant of the Stephenson Charcoal Ir Wells, Mich., was recently damaged by fire. Op ra however, have been seriously affected only in th house on the chemical side. The blast furnace and will resume production soon. eas High Costs Cause Much Unemployment Plants Close to Avoid Adding to Accu- mulations—Curtailment of Industrial Activity More Pronounced at Pittsburgh PITTSBURGH, March 21.—Curtailment of industrial ity in the Pittsburgh district is more pronounced than it has been at any time before since the ness reaction set in early last Fall. Evidence is { not only in the plants which are shutting down, , of which are closing for the first time in from five score of years, but also in the number of men seek- ibs. It is quite a common sight to see large groups nen waiting outside the delivery room of one of the surgh daily papers which carries the largest num- /f want ads to secure a copy of the first edition off ress. A large independent steel company, which tly made a cut in wages, accompanied this action sharp cut in its office forces and last week went ver its employees’ lists and dropped additional mem- of the office forces. Evidently, this company does expect an early revival of business or figures that reduced force should be able to handle an increase ise one develops. D Behind the plant shutdowns, among the most recent vhich is that of the Farrell, Pa., works of the Car- Steel Co., is the desire to avoid accumulation day’s raw material and labor Secondary inufacturers, producing standard articles, are con- spicuous among those who see less financial loss from costs. a complete suspension of operations than in making up stocks against a future demand. One group of man- ufacturers of this among other articles parts for railroad equipment, are about ready to shut down for the reason that they believe that both ma- terials and labor will be appreciably lower by the time that the railroads again are in a position to buy. So much of the money which the railroads will receive from the Government will be needed to meet debts that it is generally believed that little railroad buying will develop until the carriers again are able to show an operating balance on the right side of the ledger. Al- though these manufacturers in former periods of de- pression always went ahead and made up stocks in the confident belief that they would be wanted when business recovered, there is no such disposition among them today. What makes the outlook with regard to railroad purchases rather desperate is the fact that manufac- turers supplying the requirements of the roads almost without exception have all of their resources tied up in shipments already made to the railroads, against which they are unable to secure payments, and this hinders them in obtaining further credits from the banks to meet their raw materials and labor accounts. sort, making Employee Representation in Colorado A’ 1 meeting of the Community Council, Forest fi Hills, L. I., March 18, M. J. Stickel, until recently director of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. at lo, delivered an address on the employees’ repre- tation plan in effect at the plants of the company. Stickel described the plan and its operation and that while he did not regard it as the last word ringing about better relations of labor and capital 1 distinct move in the right direction and the already accomplished was by no means small. He red particularly to the fact that superintendents foremen who were doubtful about it when it was hed are now its supporters. ‘lr. Stickel said that one of the most important fea- if the relations of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. employees is the absolute confidence which the President Welborn. Unfortunately it is e said, that in many plants in this country em- not believe that the recent action of com- discharging large numbers of employees is ick of orders. They think it is done for the f getting rid of men and later taking them educed wages. This is not true at the Colorado When Mr. Welborn went before the men and that operations must be reduced on account of orders, the men believed he was telling the ith. tickel told of the experience in a rail mill where had volunteered to take a reduction of 20 per wages in order to make it possible for the perate and had later accepted the offer of the to take a reduction of 15 per cent and try to production at least 5 per cent. The result highly satisfactory and a surprising record tion has been made. ring to the attitude of employees serving on es when called upon to consider complaints, kel paid a high tribute to them. He said that n in a joint committee of employees and em- employees and representatives of the company nd voting together. Frequently the representa- the men were more severe on their associates ‘. e the representatives of the company. When asked whether he thought that the fact that iVe in the employees of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. went on a strike in 1919 at the time of the general strike in steel plants was an indictment of the representative plan, he replied that he certainly did not think it was. The men, he said, did not want to strike and did so only after great pressure was brought to bear upon them by the cry, “Stand by the boys in the East and knock out the twelve-hour day.” As the eight-hour shift was in vogue in Pueblo, the men really had no grievance, but they finally decided to go out in sym- pathy with the Eastern employees. However, long before the men returned in the East a large number of the employees of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. were back at work. Mr. Stickel believes that the American labor move- ment has as its aim getting control of industry, as contrasted with the former complete control of indus- try by capital. His hope is that neither capital nor labor will be in absolute control, but that some sys- tem of management will be which will be to the benefit of all. devised Indianapolis Metal Trades Meeting Dr. Charles Aubrey Eaton will be the principal speaker at the fifteenth annual dinner and business meeting of the Indianapolis branch, National Metal Trades Association, Thursday evening, March 31. His subject will be “The Real Labor Problem.” Fifteen hundred invitations have been sent to representatives of the trade in Indianapolis and Indiana, with the pur- pose of assembling one of the largest and most repre- sentative gatherings of business and professional men ever held in the city. Two motion pictures will be shown, “The Big Idea” and “The Kick Back,” indus- trial dramas written by Rufus Steele and released through the Educational Film Corporation. Officers will be elected. Employment Revival in Detroit Detroit, March 19.—Confirmation of the recent report from Washington that Detroit industries lead the country in the employment revival of the last 767 ee ie eee ae ee Aaa eased ee aed hen oe. 20>" nae . '. 2 ee een ~] few weeks was contained in the weekly statement for last week just issued by the Employers’ Association of Detroit. According to this report, 75,781 men were at work in the 79 industries of the association’s mem- bership during the week ending March 15, which was an increase of 8427 over the preceding week, and is the largest weekly increase since the business de- pression set in last fall. Of the 79 industries, 41 are working their men part time, which means that 51,098 men are working re- duced hours, the average being 39 hours a week. The association does not include the Ford industries, which are also working part time. The Washington report of the United States Em- ployment Service of the Department of Labor said that during February 20,417 men were re-employed in Detroit. The percentage of employment increase in Detroit from Jan. 31 to Feb. 28 was 34.7. Nearly 4000 of the normal force of 20,000 was back at work in the Dodge Bros. plant on March 17. Cleveland Foundries Less Active Cleveland foundries are operating at an average capacity of 22 per cent, or not as well as a month ago, when the average operation was 23 per cent. The ex- tent of operations is based on a report from 20 gray iron, malleable, steel and brass foundries. Cleveland foundries with only two or three exceptions outside of the brass foundries have made no reduction of wages and some of the foundrymen claim that they are losing business in competition with other foundries in the Central West that have made wage cuts and conse- quently can name lower prices on castings, In the Field of Labor About 120 foundrymen and pattern makers em- ployed at the Fore River Works, Bethlehem Ship- building Co., Ltd., Quincy, Mass., recently went on strike as a result of a reduction in wages amounting to 10 per cent. The men had been earning 86c. an hour for an eight-hour day Boiler makers employed by Bertleson & Paterson, the Hodge Boiler Works, the Atlanite Works, Nevw England Iron Works, Roberts Iron Works, and Boston Engineers, Boston and its immediate vicinity, have voted to strike against a proposed reduction of 10 per cent in wages effective March 14, but are still at work awaiting instructions from union headquarters in Kan- sas City. Heretofore the men were paid 80c. to 98c. an hour. Some 600 are affected by the reduction in wages. The Grafonola manufacturing plant at Salem, Ind., closed for nearly two months, has resumed operations with about one-fourth of workmen formerly employed. The maximum wage paid is $2.50 a day, as compared to $5 to $7 formerly. Applications at this wage have more than exceeded the demand. The Beech Grove shops of the Big Four in a suburb of Indianapolis closed down March 19 for an indefinite time. Over 1200 workmen are normally employed. D J. Mullen, superintendent of motive power, states that there are 62 idle locomotives in the shops in good condi- tion and ready for use, representing an investment of $3,100,000. The executive board of the United Mine Workers’ of America, in session at Indianapolis last week, an- nounced their intention to resist all attempts to re- duce the wages of mine workers. The announcement was made by President Lewis, and referred more specifically to proposed wage reductions in Washing- ton, southeastern Kentucky and Tennessee. Most of the union miners are working under wage agreements that do not expire until March 31, 1922. The Salem, Ohio, plant of the Mullins Body Cor- poration has been temporarily shut down owing to re- fusal of employees to accept the company’s proposal to 68 “HE IRON AGE March 24, 14 lengthen the 8-hr. workday to nine hours, for th wages. The men offered a counter proposal, in they agreed to accept a 10 per cent wage redu with a continuance of the 8-hr. day. The Modern Refrigerator Co., Peru, Ind.. ning its plant 19 hours a day, with full night day shifts of 60 men each. Orders on the warrant a continuance of this schedule for th, cf the year. A 10 per cent reduction in the wage scale ha made by the Haskell & Barker Co., Michigan City, | manufacturer of railroad cars. The company em; 2500 men. First Sheets Rolled by Chapman-Price Steel Co. The first sheets were rolled in the new mill o Chapman-Price Steel Co., Indianapolis, Monday n ing, March 21. Two mills are in operation. The pany will roll all the sheets required for the fab ing end of its business. The installation consist four finishing mills, two roughing mills and two mills, manufactured by the Birdsboro Steel Foundry & Machine Co. The motor drive was installed by Falk Co., and a 1200-hp. General Electric motor fu nishes the power. Two 156-in. squaring shears have been installed, and a bar shear is located in the ba storage building. Four combination sheet furnaces, and two double annealing furnaces, with four box each, supplied by the Tate, Jones Co., round out th equipment. A 30-ton Morgan crane has also been stalled in the mill building, with a 10-ton Morgan cra: in the bar storage. Two galvanizing pots have installed in the galvanizing department, and a 10-t Morgan crane to handle materials. The fabricating shop is now in operation, although all the equipm has not yet been installed. A coal handling and a 200,000 gallon oil storage tank are in process of erection. The buildings were erected by the Blaw Knox Co., Pittsburgh, and the installations were made under the supervision of Lief consulting e1 neer, Youngstown. The plant will have a capacity of 25,000 tons sheets annually. Niles Chapman is president of the company, and L. H. Price, treasurer and general ma! ager of sales. J. J. Beck, for 18 years connected wit the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., is vice-presiden' and will have charge of plant operations. syst n Lee, . The Quinley Magnesia Co. has been formed Youngstown, Ohio, to manufacture magnesia and bestos products. Its authorized capital consists $100,000 of 8 per cent preferred stock and 2000 sha of non-par value common. J. C. Quinley, for a number of years consulting engineer of the Johns-Manville ‘ the largest producer of such products as will be mal factured by the new company, is president, while Lou's A. Kirtland, who has been secretary of the Youngstow! Securities Co., will be secretary ahd treasurer. struction of the first unit of the company’s p!a being started on a 10-acre site located along the freight line of the Erie Railroad at Co rtland, 16 northwest of Youhgstown. Production will start July 1. The products to be manufactured include bonate, calcine and block magnesia and eventual!) motive lagging, pipe covering and the like. ( malt A joint resolution similar to that adopted 4 Minnesota Legislature in regard to condemnation 0 Pittsburgh basing point on steel products has bet troduced in the Wisconsin Legislature by Senato! —_ J. Nye of Superior, Wis., a city which occupies 4 P'" tion similar to that of Duluth, Minn., in respect ©” "" iron ore and steel industries, The Wisconsin reso urges the Federal Trade Commission to issue a ie plaint in the case now pending before it and — ee hearing to grant to the public so discriminated aga"! the utmost possible relief.” irch 24, 1921 JEW PRATT & WHITNEY PLANER signed for High Speed Operation on Tool Work—Heavily Constructed—Added Facilities of Control \ tool room planer that is emphasized for having ved construction of vital parts and liberal dimen- of wearing surfaces, as well as the accuracy working surfaces and tool positions, has been re- y brought out by the Pratt & Whitney Co., Hart- Conn. It is claimed that exhaustive tests have wn that this machine is capable of taking heavy irate cuts at extremely high speeds. The machine is made in 6 and 8 ft. planing lengths, maximum width of work in both cases being 26 ind the height 20 in. The bed is of deep box tion and is 9 ft. 7 in. and 12 ft. 6 in. Closed top struction with a web below the driving gears is 1 to the usual reinforcements. The housings are leep arched box construction, and in addition to ng securely bolted they are tongued, grooved and er gibbed to the bed. This is said to be an ex- ve feature, insuring accurate alignment and ut- rigidity. The table is a heavy cored-out casting, th closed bottom to prevent chips and dirt falling igh the pin holes in the table top and lodging the ways. It is driven by a Maag form of rack hing with Magg generated gears. Clamping facilities are liberally provided and open- in the side of the table allow the removal of wcumulated chips without endangering the bearing surfaces. The Maag nerated gearing ised is said to give smooth, motion, result- ng nm accurate at high speed. riving ‘ ] LavIiec a gears losed and run The bull gear ize bushed revolves on its V hich is Sse- fixed in the 7 each end, adding to this unit. arings are the idler and the high This valance and is supported in a triple ba nounting. All other bearings ricated by the splash system. table degs permit of quick adjustments for while the machine is running, with use of a wrench. The rack and pawl action ese stops positive without the danger of slip Hardened steel rollers on the rocker arm mini- wear and provide smooth action. A handle vided on each side of the machine to permit hand tions of the rocker arm when desired. Finer tment (for planing to a shoulder, etc) is pro y the micrometer screw on the front dog. isual depth and ample bearing surfaces are ed for the cross rail. Clamping is accom- d by means of a single lever which operates ps on the inner side of both housings, which is to be an improvement over the old method of iround the machine to tighten the bolts. The are powerful and the shortened distance be- them is designed to reduce the length of rail to distortion. The rail is hung on ball thrust gs for ease of operation. The rail heads are ed with adjustable taper gibs throughout. In- i rigidity is obtained by making the saddles snatt. 1”) are of bronz { stroke piece and clamping the swivels by three bolts, ‘ which is at the top, thus distributing the hold- ig power equally. e heads are offset right and left so that the THE IRON 769 AGE tools may be brought close together, and automatic feed in all directions is provided. All feed screws have graduated dials and the slide screws are mounted on ball thrust bearings. Power feeds as desired are obtained through self-contained removable ratchet pinions, the direction of feed being governed by throw- ing the ratchet levers. The heads can be locked on the rail and the tool slides clamped by means of screw binders. The speeds. countershaft is arranged for two cutting Aluminum pulleys provided which, in cohjunction with the quick acting mechanism, is said to permit short strokes without a sacrifice of speed. The combination rocker arm and hand belt shifter on the front of the machine is provided with a spring detent which assists the operator in locating the neutral position and at the same time keeps the hand lever securely in place. It is claimed that this type of lock is superior to the positive pin in that it is unbreakable and automatic. A hand belt shifter is provided on the rear of the machine permitting starting and stop ping from either side. The regular equipment includes a two-speed counter- shaft, com- plete set of wrenches, are and a woven wire belt and pul- ley guard Machines can be furnished with one or heads on the cross rail and with or without a side head. An ad- justable speed two reversing mo- tor can be con- nected directly to the high speed shaft through a coupling. The automatic. control, which is of the stand- ard Niles-Be- ment-Pond type, is actu- ated by the table dogs The belt 345-485 r.p.m.; cut- per min.; and return speeds, The reversing motor drive, 5 or cutting speeds with a range of per min., and four return speeds with a range from 60 to 120 ft. per min. In Additior . the Housings Are Tor and Taper Gibbed to the Bed Countershaft ting speeds, 30 to 42.5 ft. 60 to 85 ft. per min. 7% hp., has fourteen 0 to 60 ft. drive speeds are: National Metal Trades Nominees The nominating committee of the National Meta! Trades Association has prepared a list which will be passed upon at the annual meeting of the organization eat Hotel Astor, New York, on April 20 and 21. The nominees are as follows: President, A. E. Newton, Hobbs Mfg. Co., Worces- ter, Mass. First vice-president, wood Mfg. Co., Indianapolis. Second vice-president, W. W. Coleman, Bucyrus Co., South Milwaukee, Wis. Treasurer, F. C. Caldwell, H. W. Chicago. Counsellors for two years: L. J. Chandler, Chandler Co., Springfield, Mass.; A. C. Gilbert, A. C. Gilbert Co., New Haven, Conn.; G. W. Mixter, Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Co., Buffalo; Paul C. De Wolfe, Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I.; Paul T. Norton, Case Crane & Engineering Co., Columbus, Ohio. George O. Rockwood, Rock- Caldwell & Son, Teel Electric Melting in Non-Ferrous Industry Present Status in the United States— Marked Increase