The Iron Age 1919-08-28: Vol 104 Iss 9

New York, August 28, 1919 ABLISHED 1855 yyy Vi ddd bolle Mle idle VOL. 104: No. 9 7am Ba France Must Export Half Her Steel Output Interest for American Exporters and Econo- mists in the Efforts to Secure Low Costs Thus to Market Her Increased Capacity BY JOSEPH F. importance of the iron and steel industry from the economic as well as strategic standpoint. Steel is the real heart of the national defense. The efforts of every government are logically concen- trated on securing a sound future within its boun- daries for that basic industry. France in particular learned that bitter lesson because the German aggression was willfully directed against the French iron ore mines, the blast furnace plants in Lorraine and steel mills in the north. The speedy occupation of 194 was fol- lowed by the wanton destruction and systematic dismantling and crippling of 1917 and 1918. No wonder that France attacks with firm de- termination the after-war problem of putting her national iron and steel industry on a sound and strong foundation with due consideration to her whole economic welfare. The “Comité des Maitres des Forges de France’”’ (Association of French Iron Masters), in connec- tion with the Revue de Metallurgie, has published several booklets and reports and suggestions on the reorganization of the after-war production of iron and steel products. A condensed abstract of these studies may be welcomed by the readers of THE IRON AGE because the conclusions arrived at are interesting and partly apply to American conditions. The economic facts governing the steel trade in France may be summarized as follows: l. Coal. In spite of the return of Alsace-Lor- raine to the mother country and the economic con- trol of the Saar region, France produces only two- thirds of its yearly needs in fuel. This poverty in an essential is rendered more acute by the desolate conditions of the coal mines in the north which suffered so much from devastation and whose pro- ductivity will be crippled until 1925. Taking the 1913 statistics as a basis, France will have an an- nual shortage of 24,500,000 metric tons of coal, as her consumption of 82,500,000 tons exceeds the production by that amount. 2. Coke.—The conditions of the coke industry are still worse on account of the natural scarcity of Coals suitable for coking. The yearly production of about 5,000,000 tons leaves a deficit of about ',000,000 tons, which has to be imported to supply the needs of the blast furnaces and foundries, at high cost and long haul transportation charges. V0 Ti war has proved to every country the vital \dgen recently returned to the United States from ‘ontinental Europe. ° SHADGEN 3. Iron Ore.—Francé, on the other hand, is blessed by an abundance of iron ore obtainable at low cost and with an immense reserve in the mines. The recovery of Lorraine brings the yearly produc- tion up to 41,500,000 tons. The existing blast fur- naces of the country do not absorb more than 30,- 000,000 tons so that about 11,500,000 tons are avail- able for export to neighboring states. 4. Calcareous Products and Dolomite.—The north of France is well dotted with calcareous stones at easy transportation distance from the furnaces. Unfortunately the burning of limestone and the roasting of dolomite requires fuel, special coals ex- pensive in France. Thus in spite of a natural abundance of raw material, about 70 per cent of these products are imported because the Belgians produced at lower cost. 5. Pig Iron.—The annual capacity of the French blast furnaces will be about 10,500,000 metric tons, or considerably more than the country can absorb. The cost of production is handicapped by the scarcity of coke, but of course is favored by the low price of ore. 6. Manganese Alloys.—Absence of natural man- ganese ores and shortage and high price of coke prevented the development of spiegeleisen and ferro- manganese manufacture, so that practically all of the needs of France were imported from England or Germany. In 1912-13 an attempt was made to render the country partly independent by the build- ing of a special blast furnace plant at Rouen (close to the seashore). National consideration seemed to have outweighed the high cost of production. 7. Aluminum.—The aluminum industry is very prosperous in France because the best and finest bauxite is mined in Provence and cheap water power is available in the nearby Alps. France produced in 1913 over 13,500 tons of aluminum and exported over one-third of its production. Unfortunately the metallurgy of that metal requires 10 to 15 Ib. of coal per lb. of aluminum, a condition that is of great importance in a country short of fuel. 8. Steel—The new France will be able to pro- duce yearly about 9,600,000 tons of steel ingots by both the basic Bessemer (Thomas) and open-hearth processes. The country’s own needs scarcely amount to 5,000,000 so that over 4,600,000 tons will have to be exported. 9. Water Power—France has an enormous wealth in its “white coal” in the Alps, in the Pyre- nees and the “massif du centre.” Recent estimates 559 . 560 THE IRON AGE August 28, ‘919 show that about 9,000,000 hp. could be utilized, of which about 10 per cent is harnessed to-day. Here lies perhaps the solving of France’s fuel shortage. Unfortunately hydraulic power plants, costly to in- stall and slow to build, are located far away from actual industrial districts so that they are at present ¢ ‘f little importance to the iron industry. Why Low Cost Production Is Essential he above statistical facts show that France’s ; lecessity is the exportation of iron and steel prod- icts, because plants are in existence, labor is waiting for work and national resources must be utilized to recover from the wounds of the war. This necessity Ss imperative because the home market can never ibsorb the surplus, and, furthermore, the exporta- tion must be permanent. What are the conditions actually confronting the iron and steel trade in France? A country that before the war had no export trade to speak of is confronted with the task of selling 40 to 50 per ‘ent of its iron and steel production abroad. The only solid and sound foundation to that end is pro- duction at low cost because all artificialities of gov ernment protection tariffs lead to controversies, re- taliations, and the dumping policy proved to be a ,oomerang in the long run. An analysis of the costs of production shows that they are made up of a number of items that can be classified under the following heads: a—raw ma terials; b—labor; c—manufacturing costs; d—over head charges. The vitality of the French iron and steel industry depends on the reduction of each of these factors to the ultimate minimum. Raw Materials.—Ore is abundant, over-abun- dant, but coal is scarce and very high in price, far iway from the mines. The cost of these basic products varies little and is beyond control of the metallurgist, as freight rates and national policies nfluence greatly their market prices. Labor.—Labor will be scarce in France because the toll of war was high, very high. Labor-saving levices will be the only way to meet that difficulty ; mechanical devices and electricity must be used to i greater extent, just as in the American plant. fhe importance of manual skill will diminish but ts influence will last because fewer but higher priced men will have to be relied upon. Overhead Charges.—The overhead charges are made up of various items, like interest on working capital and on stocks of raw material, writing off of plants and buildings. The general organization charges can hardly be changed because exportation means long-term credits and complicated staffs of _ a a ee oa iis ' experts. : Manufacturing Costs.—The only item subject to 4 radical reductions are the manufacturing costs . proper, made up of the tools and the organization f the steel plants and the whole industry. Three means of reducing the manufacturing cost are rec- ommended by the French experts. Ways of Reducing Manufacturing Costs 1. The standardization of the shapes. 2. The specialization of the plants. 3. The creation of a sole selling comptoir. It is unnecessary to explain to Americans the advantage of standardization, because this idea has been developed here to such an extent that it has become part of the whole American industrial or- ganization. The American steel industry was the first to recognize the full advantages of the stand- ardization of all rolled products. In the matter of rails, for example, an American has an A. S$. C. E. standard while in France of six railroad companies three have Vignole rails and three have dou! rails. That standardization reduces manufa: cost is so evident that it is strange to und: why it has to be recommended to be adopted fact that about 14 steel plants have to be ought to help the speedy adoption of standard in France. The specialization of the various stee] carries the idea of standardization further an to it the advantages of concentration. The companies ought to specialize each in some products, rails or beams and shapes, plates or etc. The reorganization of the national indust nd reconstruction of the destroyed plants give to th: French iron masters a splendid opportunity t: out this second recommendation as important r first one on the ultimate cost of production Commercial understanding by organizati: a sole sales syndicate for all iron and steel pr is the third recommendation of the French « mists to reduce manufacturing costs. A natio: co-operative comptoir binding all producers for | terms through mutual agreements will inspire cor fidence through just settlement of claims and profit and equalize all local advantages and all persona points of view for the common interest of al! « cerned and thus for the development of the whok industry and the national welfare. The utility of such a sales organization cannot be contested from either the standpoint of the pro ducer or that of the consumer, because it would inevitably act as a regulator and protect the one against excessive prices and the other against w just slumps. It would, above all, render possibk the full development of the second recommendation specialization of plants. It would permit a logica development of the whole industry, and it would cut out waste and double transportation. It would in a word, favor national efficiency. The necessity of such an organization seems in perative in the light of the difficulties of readjust ments, of the risks of the vast program of reco! struction and of the larger percentage of the su plus production that has to be exported. In spit of these accepted advantages the difficulties of creat ing a national sales syndicate are manifold, becausé many varied industries have to be welded together and much prejudice has to be overcome. State coercion will be necessary and distrust of legislatior has to be overcome before success by this road certain. The outcome of these plans to organize efficient!) the French iron and steel industry for the after-war production will not only prove interesting to the economist but concern vitally the American ex- porter. The Swedish iron ore exports during the first fou months of the current year amounted to 367,000 tons only, as against 1,061,000 tons during the sam months in 1917. A German commercial paper paints a sombre picture of the present position of the Swed iron and steel industry. Costs of output are very eg" competition of foreign manufacturers is acute, prices are too low, and show signs of weakening, and stocks are accumulating as orders are few. In some parts ° Sweden the working hours per week had to be reduc by 10 on an average for want of work. If the Dias furnaces have to reduce or to stop work al! gets" mining operations will also have to slacken or to cea According to the quarterly report of the Swedish ee works Association, of the 132 existing furnaces, 81 were in blast on April 1. The iron mines 12 fay North, however, are st‘ll in full working age ao wi ” introduction of an eight-hour working day improve matters. e jurope’s Social and Financial Instability Unfavorable Effects of Victory on France’s In- dustrial Efforts—Initiation of American Ad- vertising Campaigns Abroad ETURNING from a short business trip to f France last month, Samuel S. Buckley, presi- \ dent Onondaga Steel Co., Syracuse, N. Y., has some observations that may be of interest to erican business men seeking first-hand informa- as to business conditions in France and other pean countries. His study of the present eco situation in France applies particularly to ent-day wage and labor conditions in the iron steel industry, to the attitude of the returning er toward work and the national 8-hr. day, the rate of wages now being paid, the lack of fuel the consequent high price of coal and particu- to the matter of foreign exchange as affected ports and exports. Wages ‘As a manufacturer, I was deeply interested in prevailing wage rates in France, more particu- in the steel, iron and building trades. In these ies the wages run practically the same as are t eing paid in this country, that is, figuring the then prevailing exchange rate, which gave the franc value of 16c. The rates as given me are as lows: Common labor from 38c. to 45c. an hour, killed labor, such as machinists and toolmakers, from 45c, to 60c. an hour; skilled labor in the steel nills from 55c. to 85c. an hour, highly skilled labor the rate of $40 to $60 a week, masons and car nters from 70c. to 85c. an hour. “Here a condition is noted similar to that pre- ing in this country, the unskilled rate is very the medium skilled labor rate or that of ti chinists, toolmakers, etc. t “[ was told by observers who had gone into Eng- St d that the rates in the steel mills there were not er lite, but very nearly, those paid in France. I te vould judge about 15 per cent less, and have infor- on from reliable source that labor throughout se to Is the Seandinavian countries has advanced 400 per since 1914, ly “A big element in the cost situation in France al other European countries is the high cost of ne el, coal costing $20 per ton in France at the then X- vailing rate of exchange, and much higher in I was given figures from $40 to $60 per ton the last named country, and from reliable in nation a figure of between $26 and $27 per ton ne the Scandinavian countries. “It is a well-known fact and one that has been ted recently by Lloyd George and at least two er leading English statesmen that coal can be ed in West Virginia, shipped by rail to the sea d and by boat at the present high ocean freight s to Newcastle and delivered on the dock in that for less money than a Newcastle miner can his coal out of the ground. om ‘These facts on the face of them would lead one 5 elieve that the obvious market for American 1 ifactured goods would be Europe. You will uy by report on exports for June that we shipped - $918,000,000 worth of goods out of this country g that month. This statement, coupled with 10t fact that the rate of exchange as reported July 561 Recommended 7 9)y franc checks at 7.22, lire checks at 8.57 mark cables at 614 and Vienna cables at 27. 30 shows Foreign Exchange and European Embargoes “The reason for this recent drop in exchange with the countries referred to you can readily see is the enormous amount of imports they have re ceived, and largely from this country. “The French financiers realizing the disadvant age they would be put to in the lowering of the exchange, recommended embargoes on imports, try ing by that means to force their people to a greater concentration of effort toward recuperating them selves and furnishing as much their own requirements. This embargo, like any other artificial means, did not prove to be at all satisfac tory, giving way largely, I think, that France must have raw ished product, such as machines, to enable get the people to work and them supply their own needs. the removed, but accompanied by a not crease in import tariff. “Il have known from time to time of the efforts that some of the American bankers have made toward correcting the exchange situation, but I do not think any concerted effort has been put forth. In searching for a means to correct the exchange situation we must look back to the condition of the French people, and consider whether or not they are going to be in shape within a reasonable time to get into production. It been a well-known fact for years past that the French workman would produce only about one-half as much per-hour-work as the American workman. This in lines has been corrected through the pressure brought to bear in the production of munitions and war sup plies; but this correction only applied to those not taken into the army, i. e., the men of 50 years and over, from 17 years and under, and women, also a few especially expert men released from and a few of the wounded who had recovered but not sufficiently for further service as possible to the argument material the fin her to in position to and get Thus embargo was very heavy in nas some service, Mental Rehabilitation of Ex-Fighters “The bulk of the productive manhood was in the service and did not get the benefit of the dis- cipline and the training essential in high-rate pro- duction. With the productive manhood serving an average of between two and two and a half years in the army, with the habits developed by that service, love for the open, or camp life, loss of initiative and disregard for personal responsibility, highly developed, we wonder if it will not take a considerable length of time to get these men back into even the old-time production, let alone the high- rate production to which others of their countrymen have become accustomed. “Business men who went through the period im- mediately following our Civil War found the same difficulty in getting the boys back into industrial life, in fact, one great result of the Civil War was the ‘American tramp’ or ‘hobo,’ still with us as a reminder of that conflict. Pe ee sree eta. » Be ard - 562 THE IRON AGE “A friend of mine in Paris, a large employer of labor in banking and transportation business, in- formed me that he had been thoroughly discouraged in his efforts toward finding positions for returned soldiers, because of the characteristics as above de- scribed. Injurious Psychology of Victory “Then, too, there is the psychology of the victor to be considered in the matter of the French as a nation as well as with the other Allies. They are, as a friend has expressed it, ‘sitting back and pol- ishing up their medals.’ “On top of all this, the Government, forced by the Labor Party, passed a national 8-hr. law, which under ordinary circumstances might be considered a wise thing to do, but under present circumstances probably very unwise. “Compared with the above we will take the Germans with their demonstration of the psy- chology of defeat, working hard, producing per man as much as we have ever produced here, having an 8-hr. law, but with a proviso enabling the Govern- ment to subsidize the workmen on overtime. Germany Back at Work “One obvious though startling suggestion pre- sents itself here. That of Germany with her plants unimpaired except due to shortage of some ma- terials, a shortage that can be quickly corrected, with a concerted effort on the part of her manufac- turers to make a quick recovery, her people working hard and producing as never before, with exchange practically on par with other European countries outside of England. Will we not find in her a menace to our future trade, and is not this condi- tion the greatest argument that could be put forth to induce our financial men to do everything in their power to correct the exchange rate? “This correction can also be accomplished if France and other countries showing low exchange rates would cease buying or get into larger produc- tion and larger exports. In short, the more thought I give this problem the more I am inclined to believe that we should not send salesmen to force the sale of goods to those countries in Europe that are at a American and British Pig Iron in Sweden A petition from about 20 Swedish pig-iron producers has been presented to the Swedish Government asking it to uphold the existing import regulations as to pig iron, says a German paper, quoted in the London Jron and Coal Trades Review. If this cannot be done the petition asks for a stipulation that foundry pig irons be imported only on condition that the country supplying them undertake to buy an equivalent quantity of Swedish iron. The memorialists justify their request by a refer- ence to the difficulties in disposing of Swedish pig iron, especially in Great Britain, hitherto pre-eminently the market for these products. The falling off of the British market is felt all the more as inquiries for pig iron in Sweden itself have considerably declined. Be- sides this, cheaper kinds have found their way into the country, more especially British and American makes, which are threatening to displace Swedish foundry pig altogether. The increase in the costs of charcoal, labor, iron ores and transport have so much enhanced the cost of production that charcoal pig iron can no longer be made without loss if it has to be sold at the maximum prices now in force. The memorial concludes by stating that the Swedish iron works are unable to compete with Great Britain and America, and that unless something is done to protect them they will be obliged to stop production. The August 28, 1919 decided disadvantage on account of the condit exchange. To such countries I think we shou only the things they actually need, and that should buy from them everything they can po ship to us. “As to marketing our excess products, pa larly manufactured goods, our big effort shou! addressed to the countries not so heavily affect: the war and by the exchange rate, notably countries in Europe showing less depreciati: exchange, such as Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Spain, all showing a light reduction in exchange as compared with the foregoing coun- tries and the South American, African and Asiatic markets. Question of Waiving American Tariffs “This leads up to the tariff question. Until the matter of foreign exchange is corrected I think there should be special arrangements made to per- mit imports of those products for which the low exchange rate countries are best fitted to fur- nish us. “This is the time to handle the tariff problem as a special question in a special way to meet the un- usual conditions now prevailing, and it should only be treated as it has been in the past—we might say on its merits—when the various countries should have reached par in their financial arrangements. Advertise America Now “T am afraid that what I have said may seem rather discouraging to your project to encourage American exports. I do not think this is the time to lay down on the advertising of American goods. While the situatidn seems very bad in the matter of exchange in some countries, there are enough other countries that are not at so great a disad- vantage but that it would pay us to make every effort to market our goods with them. “While the exchange condition looks black at the present moment, I think that it will be cor- rected in the not distant future, thus an advertising campaign anticipating results, say not within a year in those countries showing unfavorable exchange rates, would in all probability be money well invested.” comment of the German paper on this is that, as 4 matter of fact, there is at present no special protective duty on imported pig iron, and that foundry pig iron finds its way into Sweden “by the usual channels and under terms provided for in agreements entered into between the contracting countries,” the permits for im port being hedged round by numerous provisions and only obtainable with difficulty. Construction operations will commence at an ear!) date on a plant for the manufacture of double disc automobile wheels by the Reliance Wheel Co., Youngs town, Ohio, capitalized at $100,000. The wheel is mace of two discs of hydraulically pressed steel, the discs and rim being pressed out of one piece of steel. It 1s claimed the product is as light as the ordinary wooden wheel and much stronger. The wheels are adapted - airplanes and tractors. Joseph M. Crenan is preside of the company and H. H. Hull secretary. - The largest all-water route shipment of power s‘°*! wire from overseas for St. Louis since the beginnings of the war has arrived via the Federal barge line. The shipment was consigned to the Broderick & Bascom Rope Co., St. Louis. It exceeds a maximum freight carload. The shipment originated at Liverpool, Eng- land, and arrived at New Orleans via the S. S. Historia”. st 28, 1919 ye Flange Thread Milling Machine thread miller with attachments to adapt it to ¢ threads on pipe flanges is a recent product of alley General Co., Bay City, Mich. It is known company’s No. 1 model, and has a capacity up to nside diameter threads with 3 in. diameter hobs. general principle which applies to all the com thread millers applies to this one: That is, milling, while the work held in the chuck makes volution, the milling head is moved back on the f the machine a distance amounting to the pitch thread to be milled, and, when a multiple tooth used, the thread is completed at one revolution work. order to give the hob the proper travel to pro- . taper thread a very heavy and rigid taper attach- s provided. It is emphasized that in thread mill- the operation is not to bore out the flanges but to the thread from the rough. This means that not a roughing cut but a finishing cut as well is taken ss the whole width of the threaded surface instead e thread at a time, as in a lathe. is equipped with an air operated chuck when the mer can supply compressed air to run it. Only THE IRON AGE 563 This spindle is back-geared in ratio of 3 to 1 to the pulley shaft. The machine is equipped with a pump which forces the cutting fluid from a tank in the base through a flexible pipe to the hob. Revised Ocean Freight Rates WASHINGTON, Aug. 25.—Revised ocean rates from North Atlantic to European and also to Far Eastern ports have been issued by the Shipping Board. In the case of the rates to European ports iron and steel ar- ticles are listed as special and subject to negotiation, dependent upon the condition of the market and the need of heavy cargo. Rates on iron and steel articles, which formerly were quoted by the ton, are now in effect from North Atlantic ports to French Indo-China, the Federated Malay States and the Dutch East Indies on a 100-Ib. and cu.-ft. basis, ship’s option. The rates are 90c. per 100 lb. or 50c. per cu. ft., applying to the following ar- ticles: Band iron, shop iron, bars, billets, beams, blooms, pig iron, plates, flat structural, barb wire, plain wire, galvanized wire, wire shorts, trolley poles, boiler tubes, bridge material, spelter, lead, car wheels, ties, angles, channels, bolts and nuts, ingots, rods, sheets, slabs, rails ive Type of Pipe Flange Thread Milling Machine Designed to Eliminate Chatter and Wear o1 Parts and searings ew seconds are therefore necessary to chuck or re- ve the work from the machine. Chucks are equipped with false jaws to adapt them to various sizes of es. They are so arranged that they will take any flange up to 23% in. outside diameter. These s are of sturdy construction and their upkeep is ble. [he chuck body is threaded onto the main spindle, n a lathe, and on the front is placed a staggered gear of broad face. This delivers the power to huck right at the point where it is required. It med to give a powerful and steady drive free from tion. The drive shaft carrying the pinion is driven h a worm gear by another shaft having a three- one, giving three speeds from the countershaft. two-speed countershaft is used six speeds will be le e machine is provided with a power feed facing hment which is driven from the main spindle ge three feeds of 1 to 16, 1 to 8 and 3 to 16 ratio. ttachment is so arranged that it can be reversed is provided with trips so as to throw out the when the tool has traversed the proper distance. lifferent feeds are obtained by a shifting gear the style of a change gear box. This device e rest of the machine is of heavy type. The cut- peed of the flanges runs about 50 ft. per min. ; Claimed that the heavy head eliminates chat- | it is pointed out that the extra heavy milling ' gives long life to that part and the bearings. and accessories, staples, shafting, tin plate, horse shoes, nails, concrete reinforcement, castings, axles. The same rates apply to Japan, China and the Philippine Islands. A new tariff on commodity rates from United States Pacific Coast ports to Japan, China and the Philippines quotes 60c. per 100 lb. as the rate on iron and steel articles, viz.: band iron, bars, billets, blooms, bolts, hoops, ingots, pig iron, plates (including boiler plates bent), rails not exceeding 33 feet if length, and fasten- ings, rods, sheets, slabs, structural steel not fabricated. Within the past year St. Louis has acquired a new industrial district, housing 37 industries, with more than 14,000 employees, and involving an expenditure of $20,000,000 for new plants. The tract of land upon which these new plants will be built is about one mile square and was absolutely undeveloped property. The first company to select a site for a plant was the General Motors Co., Detroit. Work on the plant has been started and it is estimated that the total cost will be $10,000,000. It will be opened about Jan. 1, 1920. Other companies building or about to build plants there are Pullman Co., Bridge & Beach Stove Co., General Electric Co., Garrett & Co., Killark Electric Mfg. Co., Monarch Metal Weatherstrip Co., St. Louis Metal Ware Co., Inland Machine Co., Mesker Bros. Iron Co., Wrought Iron Range Co., Lincoln Forge Co., J. C. Bulls Mfg. Co., and Union Sand & Material Co. _.) tes FR ae ee eal s ne eee el TD tie. i a IGP NE at At - 2 te New Heavy Duty Upright Drill An upright drilling and tapping machine of new design is announced by the Fosdick Machine Tool Co., Cincinnati. The gearing arrangements, frictions, feeds and quick return are similar in detail to the correspond- ing parts which are being successfully used on the com- pany’s heavy duty radial drills. The base is surrounded by a channel draining to a large reservoir for drilling compound, and is so de signed that bolts may be entered from either end of the T slots. The table arm has long bearing on the column and is internally ribbed similar to a bridge or roof truss, so as to increase the rigidity The table is raised and I i Fosdick’s right Drilling and Tapping Machine, Which Gearing Arrangements, Frictions, Feeds and Quick ns Company’s Heavy Duty Radial Drills £ from 16 in. carbon to 2% it high speed with slow pe for heavy tapping and boring up to 5 in ameter Drive is by belt or moto lowered from either side of the machine and may be swung around the column to clear the base for large work and cannot accidentally drop when unclamped. It is pointed out that the arrangement of the table T slots allows them to terminate very close to the center, allows heavy ribs to run directly toward the hub, per- mits work of any shape to be securely clamped and prevents bolts from flying out should they become loosened while drilling. The spindle head is raised and lowered by a hand wheel, and not being burdened with the heavy feed arrangement, is well counterbalanced. The spindle is provided with depth gage and automatic trip which may be set to graduations in any position in the en- tire length of travel. A safety trip is provided at the limit of traverse to prevent accidents. The spindle re- turn acts quickly, requires but one hand to operate for sensitive drilling, for tapping, for rapid lowering or re- turn of the spindle, and with or without disengaging the power feed or the hand whee! feed. 964 THE IRON AGE August 28, The power feeds are all obtained by a sing within reach of the operator while seated, althou has been placed high enough not to interfere wit operating levers on the head. The hand feed m fed ahead of the power feed without disengagi: latter, an advantage in starting large drills. Th: tion reverse tapping mechanism is placed betwe: initial drive and the backgears. This construct pointed out as making the power transmitted t spindle greater than in the spindle friction type. Ball bearings take the principal thrusts inc! the spindle, both crown gears, the vertical driving and friction bevel pinion, the feed worm and feed gear. A metal chart showing speeds and feeds fo1 speed work is attached to the machine. Drive j belt through a gear box or by constant or va speed motor. A compound table, tilting or squar: is supplied. Tests of a New Electric Process for Smelt Iron Ores \ test of considerable interest is now being to prove the commercial possibilities of smelting mag netite ore in British Columbia, according to Ira Steel of Canada, which has the following: On July 9 J. H. Fraser, managing d'rector for Vancouver Magnetite Iron & Steel Smelting Co., ers of the Ronaldsay Howe Sound iron smelting p »btained from the B. C. Electric Co. the use of thx power plant at Highland Station for the purposs carrying out full tests of the Fleet process of smelt nagnetite. The Provincial Government is doing every thing possible to encourage the development of the iron ndustry in British Columbia and has granted $2,00( to carry out the test and has shipped 50 tons of Texada Island ore to be used. In addition to this the gover: ment has agreed to pay a bonus of $3 a ton for a ron smelted in British Columbia from British Colu: properties. Mr. Fleet declares that by his process, which electrical, he can produce pig iron at from $11 to $! a ton, this being considerably less than the 0’! ‘oke method used at the Ronaldsay plant which cost -s>e) 4 Should the Fleet process prove satisfactory a ful plant will be erected and the pig iron then handled through the Ronaldsay smelter where it can be trans formed by the oil process into steel. This would plac Vancouver on better than a level with iron and meta ndustries of the East and will help to cont*nue on thi Pacific Coast the industry of steel shipbuilding. W. D. Fleet of Montreal, the inventor of the process was superintendent of the Canadian Copper Smelting Co. at Sudbury for six years, and later installed th electrical apparatus in the big hydro-electrical plant of the Calgary Power Co. at Kananaskis and Hors‘ shoe Falls. His process, which is now being tested on the iron ores of British Columbia, took three years 0! experiment and study, and is declared by men wh inderstand smelting to be a successful one. The German Machine Tool Industry The difficult position of the German machine-t industry was demonstrated by statistics of production laid before the recent meeting of the Association German Machine Tool Manufacturers. In 1914 the selling value of the products of the industry was #0” million marks, and in 1917, as a result of the war | mand, it rose to 1,700 million marks. By fully utiliz ing its plant and with an ample supply of raw materials the industry could, at present prices, turn out trom 2,000 to 3,000 million marks’ worth of machines year'y The transfer to peace work has only been carried out in part sofar. The sales in the home market are sma! at present, but the market is showing signs of revives Export business is increasing, and it is reported ‘at most foreign buyers are anx‘ous to resume their former relations. The dissatisfaction among the workmen, however, is weighing heavily upon the industry, and unless they abate their claims it will be impossible produce machine tools profitably, ae Mechanical Properties of Steel and Iron Compilation Made Public by the Bureau of Standards to Secure Criticism for Purposes of Revision HINGTON, Aug. 26.—The Bureau of Standards ied a compilation of mechanical properties of ils. The document is intended to give the vari- has been ors in a long series of materials. A table cover- iron and steel industries with a long list of worked out with care. The table as ; still subject to revision but is being made pub- 1e@ purpose of securing the widest 1 and comment on the factors shown. ultimate strength and other properties of mate ays the introduction, to the table, “vary between ts and the following figures are given as being possible entative rather than what may be expected from ar vidual sample. Data on mechanical properties ven either in the form of specification or ex- IRON AND yt ( Remelt) Yield Point itl} te st ( Loree ealt Not * These d é d S00 Properties of Vaiues of two ae g Cc {8.500 18.000 ast.. 19 mm. diameter bars) (U eabl S. Navy r1€ Dept 191l2a spec fied Aliminit cast, Ameri atl for ter ft r eT 4 Hatfield) e 1 »U00 European 27 10.000 000 Am Malleable of the specimen, (or the correspondin extreme fil tr IRON ansverse er ALLOYS as computed from the flexur Castings Assn run ol «% succes ive heats). mmer« (Da il hy} wrought 28 N00 18 Of 00 refixed indicates 0.01: upper limit of 1 41,800 vacuo. ) ant ( 16 C max 0.01 per cent.) i forged 68,100 (6.300 annealed 97 deg. C , forged.... as From T xim inum innealed 970 deg Cc D Yensen um strength). 6.0 alloys Al 0.00 fc Vie ted red 50.700 54 1000 de (Note SOS 6.24 g, ( »: C max forged annealed deg. C as forged annealed as in vacuo.) ann 0.01 per 1000 1000 17.600 cent. ) 68,200 31,800 53 7,700 86 deg. Ceweans 53,400 00 400 000 te 69,800 From T. D. Yensen, Univ. of Ill., E values. Unless otherwise shown, the vali ies ~ al e experimental. general test specimens used in the determination tabulated data were in conformity with the endations of the American Society for Testing ils. In general tensile specimens were 12.8 mm. ) diameter and 50.8 mm. (2 in.) gage length. " compressive and transverse specimens are gen- hown accompanying the data. data shown in these tables are as determined nary room temperature, averaging 20 deg. C F.) The properties of most metals vary con- from the values shown when the tests were ed at higher or lower temperatures.” document also gives a series of definitions to the more commonly confused terms for proper- termined from mechanical tests of materials n tables. In all cases the stress referred to in nitions is equal to the total load at that stage test divided by the original cross-sectional area 565 trail is ry iy de ytherw is ¢ in length 7. Brine 1 pressure or terminet 1 moduli shown ar ise f elasticity hard: eo y stress in the 0 ale 566 ee THE IRON AGE TU sevenensanenennnnrennseonsensnneenenersensenenssnessrssegsensssenenseenesns August 28. 19 CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEELS Metallurgical Branch of Engineering Division, Motor Transport Corps, Table 90, 1918. Heat treatment Specimens were heated to temperatures varying from about 875 deg. C (1607 deg. F.) for carbon steels to 800 deg. C. (1472 deg. F.) for steels with the higher carbon contents and quenched in wate were not drawn subsequently Columns headed “Annealed” show data for material as forgec Tension = - _ . aos —_E - - Annealed Hardr AT ox. Anal] s — = Heat Treated Heat T Elonga- Reduc- - ; r C Mn Si P ~ Ultimate tion tion Ultimate Elongation Reduc- Brinell max. max P-limit Strength in 2 in. of Area P-limit Strength in 2in. tion of Area 3000 kg 0.05 0.65 0.16 0.045 0.045 29.500 42 800 37 63 31.400 44.800 23 67 0.06 0.65 0.16 0.045 0045 20.000 43.500 86 62 32.100 45.800 é 66 0.07 0.65 0.16 0.045 0.045 30.400 44.125 36 62 33.600 47.600 22 66 0.08 0.65 0.16 0.045 0.04 30.750 44,700 5 61 24.800 49.300 22 65 0.09 0.65 0.16 0.04 0.045 231.200 { 00 61 35.400 51,200 21 65 0.10 0.65 0.16 0.04 0.04 31.600 46.000 5 60 36 53.000 21 64 0.11 0.65 0.16 0.04 { j 32,100 46.600 } 59 37.200 54,800 91 63 0.12 0.65 0.16 0.04° F 29 600 47.300 4 9 39.800 56.600 20 §2 0.13 0.65 0.16 0.04 ) { 23 000 17.800 40,800 BR 200 20 62 257 0.14 f ( > O.f 3.500 48,606 57 42 000 60.200 20 6 ) 1 0 0.1 , 900 19 200 7 43.400 61,900 20 60 277 116 06 0.16 0.04 ( j 4300 49 900 2 f 44 600 63.800 19 9 vf { 7 t 6 0.04 ) 1 ¢ 50.500 16 000 65.600 19 »S f e. f 0.16 0.04 5 1.200 47.200 67.400 19 7 ’ 0.16 0.04 800 48.500 69.200 18 yf { ( f 0.16 0.04 { 6.00 { i9 S00 71,100 18 54 ] f fn vé ( { & enn nnn \ » 51 000 72.200 18 r2 65 0.16 0.04 15 $7,000 63,700 80 61 52,300 74,600 17 51 ¢ 0.1¢ 04 { 7 0 4 300 ) 50 (yf 76.300 17 y f 0.16 04 7.80 54900 ) 50 5.000 78,200 17 +S ) 6 ‘ ) 0 29 19 6.100 80 000 l } 5 f 6 48 , 0n0 81.000 16 4¢ oe f t ) Ri Q 47 59 500 83.600 16 14 tlt t t ) 4 if 60.560 ‘ 200 Lt { } { ie 61.800 87.200 | { 14 { t 10,54 f 15 62 500 89,000 1 42 161 10.§ { 62.800 90.800 15 42 46 11 9 ( f 44 65.600 92.600 1 () 19 f { 7 6 0 44 67.200 94.400 14 9 514 0 6G no 42 G8 00 96 200 14 & »f 0 5 { ( f & 69.600 98 00 14 ti f ( f or 1? 70.500 99 700 14 3 54 é { ¢ $1 72.000 101.600 +6 6 « 6 f 0.04 a 632.800 73.500 103,400 36 57 f 65 0O.1¢ 6 j { f 4/ 4 74.200 104,200 13 3F 87 ( f 0.1¢ f 14 f ( 75.000 105,000 l 35 9! f f j { { { f 77.000 108,800 1? 34 £00 65 f { 0.04 Rf 66 2 78.500 111.600 12 34 607 ‘ f 1 { 04 6.1 & 96 80.000 112.400 11 30 620 65 0.16 0.045 0 65¢ 67.50 Q 81,000 114,200 11 33 §27 f) 1¢ { && ‘ nn0 82.500 16.000 11 (27 0.46 0. 0.16 ¢ 0.0 68.800 ) 83.500 117.800 10 3 634 T 65 0.1¢ RAK 69.500 9 85.000 119,600 634 0 R O06 0.1 { ( { ) n Of 19 R6& 500 121 40¢ l 640 I 065 0.16 0.045 0.04 { 70.600 1 ( RR N00 123.200 ) | 64 6 f 0.1 { { 19 71.000 18 ( On ( 5 Ot ) 71) 64 he Mot Transport Cort assembling data for the ex f th tal CARBON STEEI COMMERCIAL EXPERIMENTAL VALUES on, lb. per sq. it Per Cent Hardne S A —" ae S.A Yon ( ent Heat Reduc- ‘ Spec Per Cent Treatment Ultimate Elongation tion of Brinellat 5 No. P-limit Strength in 2 in Area 3000 kg. os 1010 Ar 24 500 16.000 37.0 72.0 . rbon 1010 A 29 000 60.000 80.0 §2.0 120 1020 Mn 0.4 An! 89 500 54.000 32.0 68.0 100 1020 H deg. C 19 500 79.500 20.0 59.0 176 1045 Mn 0.65 \nn 57.500 71.300 23.0 54.0 168 é 1045 H ) deg. C. 88.000 000 13. 36.0 290 1095 Mr 35 Ann 59.500 79,000 21.0 51.0 18% 1096 10 deg. C 120.000 175,000 6.0 18.0 D1 5 A 5S \ I Ann ;* P max O€ S max. 0.05. timate Tensile Strength Elongation in 2 in., Reductio G Yield Point lb. per sq. ir Per Cent Per C HW 15 ultimate 80.000 15 Med (5 ultimate 70,000 18 Soft timate 60,000 22 ~ l * \ s I N A9 f ! } ().-H 0.0€ re Y t ) t 65,000 lb., with 22 per cent elongation in 2 in fe 7 : *Average irbor Cast £ (C 6.30 to ’ 1 ( 1 to 0.30 SEMI STEEL 3 tB f Standards on 5 mm. shell, January, 1919 Micr I Matrix resembling pearlitic stee¢ edded in which are flakes of graphite Cor ! Comb. ¢ 60-0.76: Mn 0.88: P 0.42-0.43: S 0.077-0.088; Si 1.22-1.23; Graphitic C 2.84-2.94. Metal! Tension , Compression Hard: we te¢ P Ultimate P- Ultimate Brinell Limit Strength Limit Strength at 3000 kg tranh ( g bal ll ari cae Com é 11,200 28,200 1,500 103.300 176 \ aie md a 6.000 91.200 26.000 87.300 170 Comp { 0.60 Tension specime! ) I diameter, 2 in. gage length ;elongation and reduction of area negligible Compression specimens 0.8 in. diameter; 2.4 in. long; failure occurring in shear. Tension set readings with extensometer 1iowed elastic limit of 3000 Ib. per sq. in. Modulus of elasticit n tension, 13,600,000 lb. per sq. it AUOODOREOONSHHODENEEDGAUUDECONDOUEONEOGUOCLLOUERDERNEEHDO CONDO OUNCE YOOORONAReRODEEEDONAHOGaeteOEoOOROR TINY — Serene seDRneLAREERRENEROONEREDE ERED EE AnEEERETDORERERR AIEEE SS gust 28, 1919 THE IRON AGE 567 sanpnenennnesppnnnensen santoass siasansnssenanersin sins Lasuevensessuenanacenoneeneaeamuscssossvensesenssnssssananaennees sss stenesnsnEsADASeNsOOEESUEREDEAARBDOLDEREREREOUAOL® ou0nrENENDO® (#00000 S4 00800 -00084h040¢001544A/04R0A0NREAOSAAADORREREIERASDORRSES sO68RASS sneRaneehOnssetansnenseennenenentnsassensenassnenasenasendhents:tesuenenenenmnetnanes ALLOY STEELS—COMMERCIAL EXPERIMENTAL VALUES S. A. E. Spec Nominal Contents, S. A. E. Heat Ultimate Elong Reduct. -~Hardness—, No. Per Cent Treatment P-Limit Strength in 2 in of Area Brinell Scler 9915 Per cent Per cent 2315 Ann, l 2315 H $2,500 54,000 2.0 60.0 138 w 2335 Ni 3.50 Ann. 75.000 107,500 18.0 55.0 321 43 2335 H 55,000 68,000 24.0 53.0 165 ' 2345 (Mn 0.65) Ann, 151,000 186,000 15.0 61.0 465 62 2345 H 62,500 78.000 21.0 48.0 172 193,000 212,000 12.0 45.0 57 76 Ni 36.0 Modulus of Elasticity of Invar (Landolt), 21,300,000 Ib. C 0.40 Ann. (1,000 110,u00 30.0 50.0 3120 Ann, 3120 Ni 1.25 H 450 deg. C 49.000 62.000 23.0 3.0 155 22 3135 Cr 0.60 Ann 85,000 000 23.0 48.0 270 36 3135 (Mn 0.65) HorD 7.000 800 20.0 46.0 182 30 3220 Ann 125.000 000 18.0 $3.0 330 44 3220 Ni 1.75 HorD »,000 000 21.0 0.0 170 , (Cr 1.10) Ann. 110,000 1,000 23.0 418.0 375 50 (Mn 0.45) M 62.000 8,000 19.0 42.0 180 Ann. 190,000 260,000 16.0 32.0 480 64 Ni 3.50 L 16.000 9.500 21.0 0.0 a ‘ Cr 1.50 Ann 110 ) 150.000 93 0 48.0 375 50 0040 (Mn 0.45) Y 6,000 74 000 1L8.f { 170.000 232.000 18 42.0 479 64 1120 Cr 1.00 Ann 1120 (Mn 0.35) MorP 62.000 82.000 16.0 1.0 . 120 Cr 1.20 Ann 2 275.000 7.0 6.0 00 66 2120 (Mn 0.35) M or P f ) 89 000 13.0 24.0 ) 253,000 7.0 24 70 6130 (Mn 0.65) Ann, 613 Cr 0.95 = 61 84500 23.0 ] 152 6195 V 0.18 Ann, ! ) 163.000 16.( 13.0 432 9 6195 (Mn 0.35) U ) 90,000 16.0 38.0 ) 0.000 8 { f 7 250 $i 1.95 Anr 9250 (Mn 0.70) V f ) 77.000 1¢ 8 0 x30 Si 0.85 Ann 130 ) 174.000 14 94.0 441 ) 9x30 Mn 1.75 V GS 0 87 000 13.0 f 16 ) 211,000 12.0 1 470 63 C 0.73) W 2.4 Ann C 0.70) W 9.7 Ann 412100 84.900 90.5 $1.5 (C 0.47) W 15.6 1 000 126.000 14.0 1 Quench 1065 deg Drawn 205 deg. C 9 248 ) 6.0 420 0 64 » the area of the spherical indentation produced Ductility Normal Erichsen values for good trade quality standard sphere used is a 10-mm. diameter hardened hes 0.4 mm. (0.0156 in. thickness, soft annealed. ill. The pressures used are 3000 kg. for steel and 500 Depth of Impression ofter metals, and the time of application of pres- ; mm : . ; . ; : mn I 30 sec. alues show 1e tables are based on . — ‘ sec Values she wn in the ta rhe ure i Sheet metal hoop iron, polish . 0 il areas computed in the main from measurements Charcoal iron tinned sheet i 0.2% ameters of the spherical indentations. Brinell hard- Second quality tinned sheet 6.7 0 ies have a direct relation to tensile strength and Modulus of elasticity in tension and mpression determinations may be used to define tensile Lb. per sq. in s by employing the proper conversion factor for the Electrolytic iron 2") 0UU +44 - , ia Cast iron 15.000.00 inder consideration Malleabl a 2= Ano 000 scieroscope hardness.—Height of rebound of dia Wrought iron 4 25,000,000 nted hammer falling by ts own weight on the os ; aa = ‘ ivi ¢ iu oO elas it 9 ea Che hardness is measured on an empirical scale 01 anton be tt an 10.000 000 the average hardness of martensitic high carbon steel ( t iron 12.000.000 0 On very soft metals a ‘‘magnifier’’ hammer is Wrought iron 10,000,000 place of the commonly used ‘“‘universal’’ hammer Scleroseope hardness values howr é 8 may be converted to the corresponding ‘“‘uni- determined with the Shore unive ul ham value by multiplying the reading by 4/7. The sclero- mer irdness, when accurately determined, is considered Strength in shear of the tensile elastic limit of the metal tested Electrolvtic (Remelt) hsen value.—Index of forming qualities of sheet P-limit 12.000 e test is conducted by supporting the sheet on a Ultimate strength 30,000 ring and deforming it at the center of the ring by a Commercial wrought pointed tool. The depth of impression (or cup) in P-limit 60 aaa ‘ . : —_ 1 Jitimate strengt 50,000 red to obtain fracture is the Erichsen value for t mate strength Erichsen standard values for trade qualities of Transverse strength, from Flex f . Gray ast I sheets are furnished by the manufacturer : a ; , oo . . id t ot . . Modulus of rupture, 47,000 lb. per sq n orresponding to various sheet thicknesss (see “Arbitration bar,” 1% in. d smater on 1} nm. anan S. T. M., Vol. XVII, II, 1917, p. 200) minimum central load at rupture, 2,500-—3,300 Ib minimum central deflection at rupturé 1 ir (A. 8 following are the tables covering iron and steel T. M. Spec. A48—18) . Steels eir various alloys: ; . wat ae —e ’ S. A. E. (Soc. of Automotive Eng., 1 S. A.) classification acheme 1S6 3 3] wr steel groupings ‘iret t ) igits n, approximate: . heme u ed - bas : a . ~ ‘ or . : } : ' < 3 exe . : ny . S. A. E. Spec. No. show steel g ip number, and last two tic, C, 0.0125 per cent; other impurities less than (or three in case of five figures) show carbon content in per cent. . : hundredths of one per cent gray, graphitic, C 3.0; Si 1.3-2.0; Mn 0.6-0.9; S max The first line of properties for each steel show values for P max 1.2—A. S. T. M. Spec. A 48-18 allows the rolled or forged metal in the annealed or normalized con- ix 0.10 except S max 0.12 for heavy cast rs dition. Comparative heat treated values show properties after ble—American “Black Heart,” C 2.8-3.5; Si 0.6— receiving modified S. A. E. heat treatment The P-limit 0.8; Mn max 0.4; S max 0.07; P max 0.2 and ductility of cast steel averages slightly lower and the European “Steely Fracture,” C 2.8 3.5 Si t ultimate strength 10 to 15 per cent higher than the values 0.8; Mn 0.15; S max 0.35; P max 0.2 shown for the same composition steel in the annealed con- dition The properties of rolled stee (raw) are approx! strengths (specimens tested, 1 in. cylinders mately equal to those shown for the annealed condition, ne): which represents the normalized condition of the metal tic iron, 80,000 Ib. per sq. in rather than the soft annealed state 1d Malleable cast iron, 80.000—120.000 It The data for heat treated strengths are average values ht iron, approximately equal to tensile yield point for specimens for heat treatment ranging in size from ™% to ghtly above P limit). 13 n. diameter. The final dr: or quenching tem- perature for the properties showr is indicated in de