The Iron Age 1919-08-21: Vol 104 Iss 8

¥ SS S SS a ESTABLISHED 1855 Restaurant Managed by kmplo ocratic Experiment a COSI melee Democratic Experiment at W Works Proves Successful from l’oint View rey a Biel he) Ohiiaaa and Workmen a N FE ee a ea a NDUSTRIAL plants in increasing number are learning that the establishment of first-class res- taurants serving wholesome food at reasonable prices is potent in winning the good will of em- ployees and in increasing their efficiency. To con- vince their men that the company restaurant was operated solely for service and with no idea of profit, the Wisconsin Steel Works turned over the manage- ment of the institution to the employees. This step was taken some time after the restaurant, which was completed in October, 1917, had been in operation. Whether the employees had previously misunder- stood its purpose, or had not yet become thoroughly acquainted with its advantages, is uncertain, but it is nevertheless a fact that the restaurant gained steadily in popularity from the time the men were put in control. Employees’ Committee Elected Semi-Annually The directing board in charge is made up of ten employees elected by their fellows. Members serve for one year, but as one-half of the committee re- res every six months the body is at no time alto- gether inexperienced. The first board was elected — {rom nominees chosen by the department superin- tendents, each of which named three candidates who Were grouped together on one general ballot. Since the first election the superintendents have had noth- ing to do with nominations. On the contrary, the €xisting committee selects three candidates from The Stools in the Dining Hall are Folded Under the Tables to Facilitate Washing the Floor. The artesian water foun- tain may be observed in the left foreground, while the short order counter is in the left background and the cafeteria erving counter in the right background each major department, from whom the men elect their representatives. The committee chooses its own chairman and secretary, and convenes every third week, on Thurs- day. The meetings are attended also by the super- intendent of labor and safety of the company and the restaurant manager who has at his command full details regarding operation. Prices, the kind and quality of food served, the appearance of the restaurant, the conduct of waiters, the disposal of garbage, the installation of new cooking equipment —are among the subjects discussed by the board. Daily as well as monthly cost statements are main- tained, so that the committee is at all times pos- sessed of information regarding the relation of re- turns to expenditures. In the month of May, for instance, it was discovered that the restaurant had operated at a loss. The average charge per meal was 26.7c., while the average cost of producing it was 28.4c. At the meeting of the committee on June 12 this loss was discussed at length, and it was unanimously decided to increase the price of short orders and hot table meals five cents. The manager was instructed to that effect, and the change in price became effective June 13. 489 : ete ™ ° i a ee eat 190 ; Foreground f th Kitche in Electric Peeling Nothing is charged for interest on the invest- ment in the building and equipment, lighting, venti lation, heat, refrigeration, or steam, which is used largely for cooking. The charges for meals are merely expected to cover the cost of the food, the wages of the employees in the restaurant, the cost of gas used in preparing short orders, and the repair or replacement of existing equipment. All other charges are borne by the company. It is the province of the employees’ committee to decide whether an advance or reduction in prices is justified at any time. It has been found that operation at a loss is sometimes only a temporary condition, and is balanced by subsequent profits. In. 1918, for instance, several months showed losses, but the conclusion of the year found a surplus in the restaurant’s treasury. As profits are not sought, - i A Workman Who Has Just Left the THE IRON Potato Machine JPEN DAY AND NI HERE oe Washroom at the Rieht Is Reading the Menu as Displayed on a Blackboat AGE August 21, Q Corne , P Left-Hand Masher and in. the surpluses go back to the patrons of the restaurant in lower prices for meals, although a small] reser\ is generally kept in the treasury to meet future con tingencies. It is the duty of the committee, as a creation the employees whom it represents, to entertain suggestions coming from the men and to endeavo in every way to improve the restaurant. A perusa of the minutes of committee meetings discloses the discussion of a wide range of topics of varying importance. At one meeting, for instance, the pu chase of an electric potato-mashing machine was recommended. The machine was later bought at th expense of the company and is giving satisfactior On another occasion it was decided that a canop between the restaurant and an adjoining washroon would prove a great convenience to the men, and Per toe Leaning Against the Entrance Vestibule ust 21, 1919 was provided by the company. Other typi- cts considered include a proposed reduction rice of coffee and toast, provision of horse- on the tables, ete. of the most important recent innovations establishment of a bonus plan for employees restaurant, According to the provisions of eme each employee, from the restaurant down to the waitresses and porters, re- rom one-half cent to one and one-half cents tion to his regular wage for every dollar of ss returns in excess of $100 on the first five the week, $90 on Saturday, and $50 on vithstanding the fact that the plant is now slack, the restaurant is serving more meals er before. In May, 1919, the total number of served was 20,998, whereas in November, vhen the plant was running full, only 19,731 ere served. The restaurant serves about 800 day except on Saturday and Sunday, when tronage is smaller. As supplies are pur- n large quantities, the prices paid are con- below retail quotations. Staples are the purchasing department of the com- hile perishables are purchased by the res- manager. Only the best grades of meat, eggs, coffee and sugar are served. All milk tested for butter fat periodically, and gen- ins from 3.6 to 3.8 per cent, as against the nance requirement of but 3 per cent. A nenu of recent date includes the following: rk and dressing..... a it coranae tlibut steak...... “- 7 26c stew se it : o+aae ind tomatoes. 25¢ nd beans .25¢ THE IRON AGE 491 Soup, bread and butter, coffee, tea or milk, and a dessert, stewed prunes, for example, as on the day in question, are served free with all orders, Pie, ice cream, soft drinks, pickles and fruits in season can be purchased in addition to the regular menu. Regular luncheons are served except between 2 a.m. and 1l a.m. Short orders are sold at all times, except during the noon lunch hour, between ll a.m.and2p.m. The following is typical of the short-order service provided: Cheese or fried |! m sandwich 1 Oe All short orders for meat or eggs include pota- toes, bread and butter, coffee, milk or tea. The restaurant building is a one-story brick structure with attic and basement, about 45 x 120 ft. It has a central location in the plant, being ad- jacent to bar mills Nos. 1,2 and 4. A few feet south of the entrance is a washroom where showers and Pea RIN eats Pa eben fas cpr iia ae ee 492 wash bowls, with running hot and cold water, soap and towels are provided free of charge. In the south third of the restaurant are situated the kitchen and the entrance aisle along which the serving counter is located. When a patron enters he pro- vides himself with an aluminum tray, knife, fork and spoons, and places his tray on a front rail, on which he slides it as he is served. At the end of the counter an attendant gives him a check for the amount of his meal. The men seat themselves at white composition glass tables which will accommo- date six persons. The stools may be folded under the tables to facilitate washing the concrete floor. Artesian well water is obtainable at a fountain in the center of the room. In addition to the tables there is a short-order counter with eight stools. During the rush period between 11 a. m. and 2 p. m. the patrons pay the cashier stationed at the exit at the north end of the restaurant. At other times payment is made at the counters. For the most part, regular meals are cooked on a large gas range, but there is also provided a large vegetable steamer, the steam being provided free of charge by the company and piped from the power plant of the works. Through a reducing valve the pressure of steam is lowered from 150 to 15 lb. In Share Holdings of Government Purchas- ing Officials WASHINGTON, Aug. 19.—A considerable number of of- ficers of the Ordnance Department authorized to pur- chase supplies had business interests as shareholders and officeholders in firms and corporations from which the Army made purchases. The Senate by a resolution on Feb. 28, 1919, directed the Secretary of War to submita list of all the officers and other persons who were author- zed to make purchases for the military establishment with a statement of any interest they might have as “shareholders, partners or security holders in any cor- poration or partnership, firm or business, which has been awarded contracts for furnishing of ordnance, juartermaster, medical or other supplies for the mili- tary establishment.” The following is a list of officers of the Ordnance Bureau who had interests in iron and steel and allied industries: Chemical Warfare Co Wn H Walker (C. W. S&S.), ted States Smelting & Refining Co., General Electric Co., ih Copp C M i Copper Co Anaconda Copper Co., States Steel Corporation, American Smelting & Refin Co Kennicott Copper Co dir Se Ce H. K. S. Williams (civilian), stockholder in Thompson-Starrett Co., Pittsburgh Const tion Divisio? Lt. Col. H. S. Durant (Q. M. C.), I United States Steel Corporatior Maj J S Overn (Q. M. C.), stockholder in Hoffman Engineering & Constructing Co., Philadelphia; Capt. M. Fuhrer (Q. M. C.), ckholder in United States Steel Corporation; W. C. Bogue, kholder ' United States Steel Corporation John J Doody, stock! ler in United States Steel Corporation; E. C Morse, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.; H. L. Sherman stockholder in Pittsburgh Testing Laboratories; I. H. Vogel, tockholder Amer n Radiator Co Engineer Corps Maj. Lorimer D. Miller, shareholder in the Maxwe Motors Co Ordnance Bureau Brig. Gen. Wm. Crozier (Ord.), In- spiration Consolidated Copper Co. (314 shares) Col. J. W Benet (Ord.), Baldwin Locomotive Works; Col. R. P. Lamont (Ord.), director American Steel Foundries Co.; Col. Samuel Works sales, Locomotive McRoberts (Ord.), director in Baldwin I manager of Lt. Col. M. G. Baker (Ord.), assistant American Vanadium Co., no active part in business although receiving portion of former rate of compensation, securities in Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., American Vanadium Co., Wharton Steel Co Lt. Col. C. N. Black (Ord.), member of engineering firm of Ford, Bacon & Davis, New York, securi- ties in General Electric Co Lt. Col. Dale Bumstead (Ord.), securities in International Harvester Co., United States Steel Corporation, General Electric Co., Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.; Lt. Col. J. G. Cowling (Ord.), securities in Federal Pressed Steel Co Lt. Col. A. W. Fairchild (Ord.), member of Miller, Mack & Fairchild, lawyers, securities in Federal Pressed Steel Co., Milwaukee; Lt. Col. H. H. Lehman (Ord.), treasurer and sales manager J. Spencer Turner Co., securities in the Stafford Co., Underwood Typewriter Co., Sears Roe- buck Co., Studebaker Corporation, Peerless Motor Co., Ala- bama Mineral Land Co., White Motor Co., Continental Can McKay (Ord.), Savage (Ord.), General Elec- and preferred, Otis- Co., Kelsey Wheel Co.; Lt. Col. D. L Arms Co.; Lt tric Co., Col. William Williams United States Steel common THE IRON AGE August 21, 1919 addition to the large gas range there is a s)na 1s range for short orders. Electric potato mashing anq peeling machines, which were installed at ti pany’s expense, simplify the work of the A refrigerator is provided which is cooled b ’ frigerating machine of eight tons capacity ed in the basement. Dirty dishes are brought i) e kitchen on a three-tier bus, from which th ure transferred to racks adjacent to a dish-washing machine which both cleanses and dries the hes A ventilating fan in the outside air in the kitchen cool and times. Provision has also been made for the proper ventilation of the restaurant. A ventilator intake equipped with air sacks to catch the dust is situ- ated in the attic. It discharges the air throug! yall kee} the in circulation l] ing the atmosphere every three minutes. Air exits are located at intervals in the walls of the restau- rant. In the winter the ventilator fan serves the purpose of both heating and circulation. As the air is drawn in from the outside it passes through stean pipes and then into the restaurant. In hot weather, ventilation is effected by three fans attached to the ceiling of the dining hall. Fenson Elevator preferred, Dupont Powder Co. pref Westinghouse Electric preferred, United Lead Co., Bet Steel Co.; Maj. R. D. Day (Ord.), United States Ste: poration, United States Radiator Corporation; Maj. W Gelshennen (Ord.), director H. J. Baker Co., securit Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.; Maj. Gordon Grar (Ord.). Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., United St Steel Corporation, National Lead Co., Bethlehem Stee! | Yale & Towne Mfg. Co.; Maj. R. R. Harrison (Ord.) I vale Steel & Ordnance Co., United States Steel Cor] Maj. R. H. Hawkins Westinghouse Elect Maj. A. C. H Copper Co. ; Cable Co., Brake Co. ; Consolidated Underground Westinghouse Air Ray Standard Mfg. Co (Ord.), director and vice-president McMullen Machin: Maj. H. A. Lozier (Ord.), manufacturer of motor ca! G. R. Nichols (Ord.), United States Steel Corporatio Maj. R. H. Swartout (Ord.), W* Pressed Steel Car Co., Lat Foundries ; & Mfg. Co., ican Steel house Electrii Steel Co United State 5 Steel Proc Corps Lt. W. H. Lipscomb, employed by United States Signal Corporation, (Note.—After the alphabetical arrangement of t names had been completed many additional report were received in the office of the Director of Purchase, among them the following): Ehrens (Q. M. C.), Camp Holabird, M Bucyrus Co., South Milwaukee, Wis Lt. E. C chasing agent Capt. R. P. Atwood (Q. M. C.), zone supply officer, ‘ cago, stockholder in the National Tool & Mfg. Co., 5t Maj. Wm. J. Bass, office of the zone supply office Jef sonville, Ind., stockholder in Chattanooga Wagon Co nooga, Tenn. Capt Carpenter, chief of section, clothing. equipage division, president Geo. B. Carpenter & Chicago: president Great Lakes Supply Co., Chicago treasurer and vice-president Elk Rapids Iron Co., Elk Raj Mich director Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago; holder and bondholder in about twenty-five l Benjamin railroad facturing and public service corporations as investor, t of several estates owning securities of railroad, manu ing and public service corporations. When ordered to July, 1917, he gave up all active connection with the n ment of his affairs in Chicago. Col. Fred Glover (motor vehicle), director Eme Brantingham Co., Rockford, which built vehicles 10 army but received orders before Col. Glover took the work. Had nothing to do in any way with their « or its cancellation. Capt. Jos. B. Montgomery, Jr. engineering division, $1,000 in stock in Corporation. First Lt. Albert N. Smith (Eng. C.), machi engineering division, bondholder Bethlehem Steel © Greshom Smith, clothing and equipage division, a retaining fee in a consulting capacity from the I Machine Co., manufacturer of Hollerith machines Alexander M. White, administrative division, st ee in Pyrene Mfg. Co., Wire Wheel Co. of America, 4 1 Steel Co. Maj. Oliver B. Zimmerman engineering material division, International Harvester Co. (Eng. C.), machi United State machir consult (Eng. C.), retained for Maj. M. B. Edgerton (A. M. C.), general sup! inte Chicago, 30 to 40 shares common and preferred stocks " national Harvester Co. of New Jersey and of Corporat nasing during the time he acted as contracting and purcnast® officer. 0. F.5 Method of Testing Cleanness of Producer Gas Commonplace Apparatus Successfully Used In the Accurate Determination of the Efficiency of Cleaning—Other Methods Used BY H. F. SMITH rm ncreasing use of manufactured industrial gas marked with the quantity of gas passed, and laid asid ulates interest in practical plant methods of for future referenc« 4 second paper with 20 cu. ft king up gas making processes. Several and a third with 30 cu. ft. should be taken in the same yf cleaning producer gas for industrial use way Phe should then be changed to the n proposed, but the difficulty of accurately let or dirty of the apparatus under test, and ng the efficiency of cieaning has resulted in a series of fi *s taken starting with 0.01 cu. ft. vely few tests being made and very little data for the first, the second, and so on Especial le as to the actual effectiveness of the vari- care should be taken on this series not to restrict the es of cleaning and as to the degree of effi- flow in any way till after the gas has passed the filter. f cleaning that is necessary for satisfactory re The connection between points of sampling and the ny given service. ethod of test ordinarily employed is to make leterminations of a paper filter or extraction fore and after passing a measured quantity While this method is quite satisfactory for rminations where a large volume of gas can and a large weight of dust collected for filter holder should also be very short and direct, and the space below the filter should be filled with dirty gas before the filter paper is clamped in position so as o insure the full quantity of gas as indicated by the meter that really passes through the filter. The quan ity of gas passed through the second series of papers should be such as to make one of them match in shade , it is not so satisfactory for tar determina- one of the clean gas series, and a little experience will nce tar will soon block up the filter and pre show the correct volumes for the condition under test. irge sample being taken. Furthermore, the Suppose for example that the dirty gas paper for f drying to constant weight before and after 0.01 cu. ft. matches in shade the in gas paper for e is taken is a tedious and more or less del 0 cu. ft. This shows that there as much tar in ration and the weighing involves the use of 0.01 cu yf dirty gas as in 20 cu. ft. of clean gas or balances of high accuracy. These features n 1 cu. ft. of dirty gas as in 2000 cu. ft. of clean gas to make this method a laboratory, rather than a_ In other words, 1999 parts of tar have been removed out int process. The use of “color charts” has been sug of a total of 2000, giving a cleaning efficiency of 1 filter paper through which a stated quantity 1999 — 2000 — 99.95 per cént as been passed, thus giving it a certain stain It should be noted that when the efficiency of the of color, being compared with a standard color cleaning plant is high, a large volume of gas must pass and the cleanness of the gas estimated in this. the filters of the clean gas series in order to produce This method is open to two serious objections. the depth of color given by as little as 0.01 cu. ft. of ferent kinds of coal give tars that differ in color, lirty gas, and for this reason, the accuracy of the ng brown when viewed in a thin film, others method does not change very much even when very high Thus a given weight of black tar will pro- ‘leaning efficiencies are being secured. The ease with ich darker shade on the filter paper than the which the determination is made and the exactness with ght of brown tar. Also, many tars change which the results can be checked by series of efficiency exposure to oxidation, being darker after ests even in the hands of an inexperienced operator n the air a short time than when first taken give confidence in the accuracy of the results facts make the preparation of a standard This method does not involve lifficulties of dry- lifficult if not impossib‘e. yr and weighing as in the first method mentioned, and e idea of overcoming some of these difficul 3 lepende yn any arbitrary co hart as in the vriter has employed with much satisfaction second, since the color comparisons are between filter wing method of test, which has proved to be papers stained with equal! weights of the same charac- simple for use by the average plant oper in addition remarkably accurate. r paper holder of any convenient size—say t Required Efficiency of Tar Extraction filter—and an ordinary dry test meter read \ satisfa ‘tory m«¢ thod of t ng tar extractor per ; 0.01 cu. ft., such as is commonly used by rmance being available, it is only natural to inquire ympanies to demonstrate gas consumption on what efficiencies are necessary or desirable for satis- pliances, is all that is necessary in the shape factory service. Most of the data available relates to nt the cleaning of gas for gas engine service. Several re- ports y noliat cn "CES Y ring wv rious we Method of Procedure i cecatn fe : of ae ex a ‘ a ; " ta 4 va : lure is briefly as follows: Connection 1.—Bubbling washers in wh © 5s brought discharge or clean gas side of the appara- into intimate contact with a washing fluid by being tested, and a sample of gas taken through a ibbled through it finely divided streams filter paper. The filter holder should be Purificatic the paper horizontal and the flow of gas a ae Fa Ne Serene Sara The connection to the point of sampling should 7, ao i 13 14 86 and direct as possible. The weight of flow T No. 3 10 } 6.3 ‘ontrolled by a valve placed on the discharge 2 saffe extractors, similar to the well-known ne filter holder, between it and the meter. «up g 4» in which the gas passes through small aper- s used in the connection between the point ,.... and against opposed baffle s irfaces. Tests re- g and the filter holder it must be wide open test. With a 3-in. filter paper, gas can be 1 rate of about 1 cu. ft. per min. A higher ported were on a tar extractor with six plates or baffles. Purification, robably tear a hole in the paper and invali- Tar atInlet Tar at Outlet Per Cent est. Ten cubic feet of gas should be passed —_ 2 re is as 28.4 5 : Tes No 15.15 3¢ 98.0 first paper which should then be removed, Test No 10.71 ) 258 97.6 Test No. 4 15.21 0.133 99.1 manager, Smith Gas Engineering Co., Dayton, Test No. 5 12.89 9.155 98.8 Test No. 6 15.56 0.420 97.3 49: ~~ ¢ ee a eee 194 THE IRON AGE ‘e tne apove tests were on equipment for clean ng gas for power service, it would seem that 98 per cleaning would be considered good average prac e for the types of cleaners mentioned, and good ougi lor @as ¢€ pring service The writer’s experience would indicate, however, that for such service a cleaning efficiency of not less than 99 per cent is necessary. Contrary to the usual velief, a well-designed gas engine is not especially sel ve to tar, and will function very well on gas that would be altogether too foul to put into any extensive system of distribution mains. In a gas engine installa yn the mains between the gas plant and the engine e usually short, the gas delivery pressures low, and -locities of flow moderate. The time elapsing petweel cleaning of the gas and its combustion in the engine ‘ylinder is so short that the most of the tar fog that passes the cleaner has no time to prec pitate, but is rried at once into the engine cylinder and burned. Where the gas is to be distributed to considerable dis- tances, greater care is necessary in the cleaning. While a great deal of tar fog may pass through quite a long main and appear at the furnace or burner, some is de posited along the way, and as producer tar is too to flow readily at ordinary temperatures, this leposit continues to accumulate in the mains. Scous Te. If we assume, as some have done, that a moderate Manganese Ore in South Africa WASHINGTON, Aug. 19.—Although there are consid deposits of manganese in South Africa, only a mall proportion of it is coming to the United States, according to a report by Vice Consul Charles J. Pisar at Cape Town “Up to about two years ago,” reports Mr. Pisar, “the only manganese deposits in South Africa to which any attention had been paid were contained in certain fissure veins in the Cape Province and in the Transvaal. During the past two years more attention has been given to the deposits of this ore and from investiga tions it was ascertained that manganese ores exist in he Union in three main classes of deposits, namely: (a) fissure veins and lateroid enrichments on the out crop of such veins; (b) connected with the dolomited and Moodies series. (1) diffused in the dolomites, (2) irregular deposits in the dolomite and Moodies series, and (3) bedded deposits in the dolomite and Moodies series; and (c) lateroidal] deposits derived from dolo ding to Government mining engineers, de posits of the first class are fairly numerous in the Table Mountain sandstones in the southwestern districts of the Cape Province. Seven occurrences were inspected, but only three were found to be of any extent, and of these only one is really considerable. However, in all the cases the outcrops were very much larger and riche} than the actual veins, showing a distinct lateroidal en ¢ richment of the surface. The manganese content of these ores was low and the phosphorus high. Approxi mate analyses of the clean, hand-sorted ore from the three most important deposits showed the presence of the following elements, among others (figures repre sent percentages): Caledon—manganese 38, iron 16 to 20, and phosphorus 0.378; Du Toits Kloof—manganese 10, iron 13 to 22, and phosphorus 0.47 to 0.57; Houts Bay—manganese 38, iron 9 to 16, and phosphorus 0.47 to 0.66. “The most important deposits of manganese ore opened up in the Union are the lateroidal deposits associated with the dolomite in the Krugersdorp district in the Transvaal. The manganese ore in this district occurs chiefly as dioxide in the form of pyrolusite or psilomelane, and is evidently a replacement mineral as it occurs as a pseudomorph after oxide of iron, chert and shale, with one or another of which minerals it is August 21, 1919 degree of cleanness is sufficient for fuel ¢ take 95 per cent cleaning as a standard, 5 per all tar produced would pass into the mains ducer gas yields from 100 to 200 lb. of tar of coal and this would pass 5 to 10 lb. of tar f ton of coal gasified. On a plant gasifying o per hour we would have from 120 to 240 lb. p or 18 to 36 tons of tar per year carried into tribution system. This will plug a lot of pi Relative Values of Cleaning Efficiencies Recent improvements made in this country, development of more effective methods of clea: those described make it easily possible to gr ceed the efficiencies of cleaning mentioned tests on several installations of large capacity s ciencies of over 99.9 per cent—frequently as 99.98 per cent. This gas is more than 200 an as the gas mentioned in our example al can be carried without difficulty in any sort of tion system. It may be of some interest to note the sig of fractional per cents of efficiency in cleaning. glance the difference between 99 per cent clea: 99.98 per cent would seem small and unimporta) With 99 per cent cleaning 1 per cent or 0.010 s carried forward. With 99.98 per cent only 0 cent or 0.0002 of tar passes the cleaner. |] words, gas cleaned at 99.98 per cent efficiency times as clean as gas cleaned at 99 per cent. 17 volves as great an increase in cleanness as the range from dirty gas up to 98 per cent cleaning is also a fifty-fold increase in cleanness. generally found intimately associated. Nea nodule of manganese ore has a certain amount of y oxide of iron attached to it, which even wit cobbing cannot be entirely detached, and ther tain to be a high percentage of ferric oxide pres: the ore. “The amount of manganese ore per ton or p yard of ground varies considerably. In practically case there are indications of manganese, while tain instances there are found local enrichments pockets, and the nodules become richer and mu abundant, the pockets apparently tapering off edges to a poorer zone containing fewer nodul small size and generally poorer quality. An ar of this ore shows that it contains from 59 to | cent MnO. (manganese dioxide). “The areas in the Transvaal and Bechua: where the dolomites lie almost horizontally ar suffered from intense denudation, are said to be sive. Part of the manganese ore produced has used in the cyanide works of the Rand gold mi: with the development of an iron-smelting indus the Union the local demand for manganese be stimulated. “The manganese occurrences in Natal are in the Vryheid district, but the quantity availa small and the quality second rate. An analysis of t ore showed that it contained 37.5 per cent of gvanese.”’ Sor Announcement is made by the American Soclé Mechanical Inspectors, 35 West Thirty-ninth Street New York, of the subjects and speakers in the ! course of lectures to be instituted in September organization. The list of speakers includes Mentor, technical supervisor, C. E. Johansson, Inc., York; Arthur Knapp, president Arthur Knapp *"&* neering Corporation, New York; A. F. Shore, presi Shore Instrument & Mfg. Co., New York; E. J. Bry#! chief tool designer Taft-Peircee Mfg. Co., Woons R. I.; Paul E. Theis, factory manager Fische! opr Co., New York; Joseph F. Zeigner, chief ins} Doehler Die-Casting Co., Brooklyn, N. Y., 20¢ e Winter, secretary of the organization. The fo/oW''s subjects will be covered: Thread gage inspect projectograph, pyroscope, gear inspection, die-cast’ precision tools and the limit system. Ernst , Ne Characteristics of Malleable Cast Iron Results of the Latest Research on Physical and Other Properties—How Quality Has Been Improved and Uniformity Obtained 1 a b3« llectively they have advanced to a measurabl the metallurgical knowledge of the subject and | the industry on a higher plane. At t in June of the American Society for als a paper, “Some Physical Constants of Cast Iron,” was presented by H. A. Schwartz, il Malleable Castings Co., Indianapolis. T1 Physical Constants of 1ysical constants of maileable cast A y with the chemical composition and |} vated in great detail in its relation to chemical al and physical properties of many its. The result is of importance in the prese on only to the extent that it corroborates ision that the amount and form of the free carbon is the determining factor as regards to quality product. The requirements of satisfactory com il practice are such as to confine the chemical position within limits so narrow as to practically ninate the chemical composition of the ferrite as lhe tests upon which this paper is based were made iter] ations satisfactorily and may be understoos character. ermore they have all been made upon test speci vhich are known to be free from defects ng to a commercial product of that nks or blowholes, but are not based elected as being of superior quality. The results ven may therefore be considered as furnishing tive basis for engineering calculations. Behavior Under Tensile Stresses tensile properties of malleable cast y constants now defined by specification. assigned for tensile strength is now and the elongation required is 7.50 per cent From observation on tests covering many thou heats, the writer is of the opinion th made by reputable foundries to pass the Amer ety for Testing Materials’ specificatior ] average from 48.000 to 50,000 lb. per sq. rength, and will have an elongation ) 15 per cent. imber of tests were made, however, on ground to size before annealing. From tions the following results are selected as er cent 17 metal of which these specimens were made ibly better than the requirements | specification. Although closely alike ir the three test specimens represent three eats ecord the fact that malleable cast iron differs other commercial iron alloys, in that its elon- ncreases with its tensile strength, Fig. 1 has epared. Each point on this graph indicates ¢ ts of a group of heats of the same chemical The rela- on, representing in all 840 heats. rt \HREE exceedingly important contributions tudy of malleable iron have appeared the material. Only tensile strength ion. This work involved a critical study of th thousands al of such a character as to pass the present Co., Naugatuck, Conn. Earlier in June, at the spring meeting Detroit of the American Society of Mechar ‘al Engineers, Enrique Touceda, consulting enginee \ any, N. Y., presented an exhaustive paper, “Re search Work in Malleable Iron.” The contributions by Mr. Touceda and Mr. Bean are separate reports on the Malleable Cast Iron HWARTZ ynship betwee ter ‘ eng vatiol ibsolutely quantitative, the genera elationship that ie two vary together is very clearly ught out Behavior Under Compressive Stresses Krom the nature of the material the ultimate ength in compression is rather vague, for actua failure may never occur, the material merely flowing out indefinitely with increase of load. Curves in the riginal paper indicate that the material has not actually failed, though it has been compressed to a point probably equivalent to the destruction of any actual structural detail. The tests were not sensitive enough lefinitely to determine the proportional limit, which, however, seems to be not far removed from 15,000 Ib. per sq. in. The conclusion seems warranted that the elastic properties of the material in tension and in com- pression are approximately the same. The data given under compression applied only to structural details in which the length is not large as compared with the diameter. In order to give some dea as to the behavior of details in the form of columns made of malleable ron, a few tests were undertaken on specimens % in. in diameter and 10.6 n. long, having ends of such a form as to cause the specimen to behave as a column with square ends In Fig. 2 is given a stress-strain diagram which is he average of tests on three different specimens of this haracter. Time has been lacking to make a sufficiently extended series of experiments to determine the appli eation of Gordon’s or similar formulas to malleable cast iron strut members. Behavior Under Cross-Bending and Shearing Stresses Specifications R 17 of the United States Railroad Administration, dated May 1, 1918, provide that the material in the form of bars 1 in. wide on supports 12 m. apart shall support certain specified loads at the center varying with the thickness of the bar, but all corresponding fairly closely to the value 64,000 lb. per sq. in. for the modulus of rupture of the material. Material passing the A.S.T.M. tensile test requirements nvariably exceeds this requirement for modulus of rupture. The data bearing on shearing stresses are based on a series of experiments conducted in cooperation with Professor Thomas at the Rose Polytechnic Insti- tute in January, 1919. The tests were made both by punching a round hole 1 in. in diameter through plates approximately %4 in. thick which had not been machined, and by subjecting round pins % in. in diameter to double shearing. The pins were finished to size. Dupli- cate specimens were tested in order to compare the shearing stress in pins machined after annealing with the same constant determined on specimens ground to size before annealing. Specimens for each of the three tests were at hand Opti - Pate om~ A 496 THE IRON AGE August 21, 1919 from the same metal. The average results were: Shearing Stresses, Pounds per Square Inch By shearing pin By shearing ground before By punching finished pin annealing 15,152 10,340 41,350 The tests made by punching a thin plate indicate a higher shearing stress than that obtained by shearing pins. It seems quite certain that this is due to the Beorereeris . 19 le Fl } — MI t I 5 s-S ra Ma I ( S QS S ) f M t —————— f Sse Ss ar SES [AT | | _| cdeccdecedaoc= peoadace ee eee eonn Oe / _Juant-=- dawns rn ling. Foiled at 55600Wb,persg.in Ice dhetore Anned 9 ke 2400 : 7 nit Strain 0.58 + Cc c* > 2 = <a } | . i © LD u | & If ‘ ’ : c } Opecimens $ Diameter Gage Length ---5" 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 Unit ohearing Strain in Extreme Fiber. LG Genssenencores reenensneeeesoerescisesereee neeverceenienny + that, in spite of every precaution, it is not possible to fit the specimen to the shearing block as to cause it to fail absolutely throughout its section. 1ac Hardness and Density The Brinell hardness of malleable cast iron has been observed to range from 101 to 145, the average value being approximately 110. Shore scleroscope readings on malleable iron with a Brinell hardness of 102 will average about 15. All attempts made to correlate the Shore and Brinell hardness with machining quality have been entirely without success. The Brinell number varies approximately with the tensile strength, and in- versely with the carbon content of the materia Malleable iron will, of course, vary in density the percentage of carbon. In Fig. 4, curve A, is p the variation of specific gravity referred to the c: content of the original hard iron. The samples which these data were obtained may be expected 1 approximately 0.5 per cent lower in carbon th original hard iron. The utmost care was taken t HHOUONOLONNOOONERLOAELOUAEODOURELO ORCL ONNEESOUOUDOONOUDORERLDUADODOUEHRADEUDDO NOOO OOUEDOOOERODOND OHHH NOLL eDOCAEAbAAAPONESRO ROD OA ISRLANOEODOONOOOOORALOONOND 3 5q per res Column with 0 0.0008 O0.00I€ ¢ Compression ~ Qo ontraction, percent 70°F = 1) ater @7 76 a ae ston to Secon | i i Apparent Specif Gravity lume of Faas , Using Cale U of Ca, ng instead of 7, (VW , W y Percenta ye of Carbon hefore Annealina FIG. 4 Ave ueeeeneDenennensesneeouneeeunnessnernensdnesusosereceenersecseneenensesensnsenansonenensescenergssianoussesisvnesonsanenneaieny ent CLS any shrinkages, blowholes or other mechanical defe¢ In case the density is to be used for the compu! tion of the weight of a casting of: a given desig curve A is not directly applicable. Malleable castings from a given pattern vary somewhat in size. variation arises from differences in carbon content heat treatment. All graphite-free iron castings shrink exactly the same amount. This fact has been ve" carefully checked by the National Malleable Cast Ries Co. by measurements of the contraction in freezing and cooling of alloys differing much more widely in chem- ical composition than commercial malleable cast 48h could possibly do. The unannealed castings from a August 21, 1919 ‘ pattern are always of the same volume. When pled they expand a variable amount depending n}heat treatment and chemical composition. There- fore, if the original 100000 rd iron were al- of the same ty the vari- in specific ¢ 80000 ensated by the responding e in volume, tne weight of istings would e the same though they be of differ- limensions, The specific ty of white ron _ varies its chemical 0 ! lemperature this Point Estimated. ltis that b, of Melting C0, Snow. 60.000 40000 Tensile Strength, lb. per sq THE IRON AGE 497 sion to design and build special equipment for the determination of changes in dimensions of castings, both during the process of annealing and while freezing in the mold. In con- nection with these experiments there have been rendered available figures from which the ex- pansion of mal- leable iron and hard iron with heat can be _ ob- tained. In connection with investigations in regard to an- nealing heat treat- ments, this com- pany has from time to time deter- i | /350°F Malleable will not | So 2 Reduction in Area, percent. | = i 8 Q 5 % xX ~ S = ‘. sad Elongation in 2in., percent one -100 QO 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ; : positions as mined the critical in Fig. 4, Temperature, deg. Fahr points of various B, These re- Wie, 5. Wdfect of Temperature Unen. the Tensile Preesrtia: of alloys. Our experi- again are Malleable Cast Iror ments are not of | upon samples extreme precision, to be free from defects. The dotted line Cin this but for the sake of completeness of results are included indicates the specific gravity as referred to the ex- here: 1 volume of the casting made on the commercial — a ee oo nption that the shrinkage of the white iron would Ac. .1356 deg. F. (735.5 deg. C.) 1 leg. F. (732.5 deg. C.) n. per foot and that the net shrinkage of the A g. F.(695 deg. C.) . FP. (693.5 deg. C.) ie casting would be % in. per foot. This curve, Our experiments were not sufficiently sensitive to , compensates for that portion of the change lensity which is compensated for in weight by a ponding variation of volume in the casting. Curve D in this figure plots the expansion in an- ling corresponding to the differences of density ting between curves A and B, irve E is the difference between curve D and i per cent, the observed shrinkage of all white cast This graph is lower than the usual commercial] vance of % in. per foot corresponding to 1 per cent, approaches that figure closely for the values of n around 2.40 per cent now commonly used. rves F and G correspond to curves D and E for the decrease in weight by decarburization. National Malleable Castings Co. has had occa rore indicate A, and A; in malleable iron. Fig. 5 shows the tensile strength, elongation and reduction in area of malleable ist iron tested at various temperatures. Tests were mducted upon speci- mens 0.634 in. in diameter, ground t« ize before an- nealing. All the specimens were of the same material ° 1 4 rT*) . _ and of the same heat treatmen The elongation is measured in a gage length of 2 in The results are known to be unaffected by shrinkage or other defects The last observation at 1450 deg. Fahr. indicates the change of properties caused by the re-solution of carbon at temperatures above the critical point On many of the points we have in our files vastly more information than is quoted here, the material in the present paper being merely a judicious selection. Discussion by W. R. Bean 7. following contribution is confined chiefly to the re common physical properties or characteristics eable cast iron, and is largely data confirming ‘ the conclusions reached by Mr. Schwartz. These are the result of investigations carried on by Eastern Malleable Iron Co. and by the writer pre- to his association with that company. Tensile Strength and Elongation specifications now’ generally accepted for mal- ‘ast iron which are referred to by Mr. Schwartz eing exceeded in routine tests by a very large rtion of the malleable producers and can be readily ed with a good margin of safety by all who will easonable care in the different stages of the ible process. possibly greater interest and of more value, how- the engineer or user of malleable cast iron, t conducted the early part of this year on tensile ecimens cut from a heavier section of malleable n than it has been customary to cast. le 1 is the test report covering tensile test of ‘imens cut from a casting 3 in. x 3 in. cross and Fig. 1 shows photomicrographs of the nsile specimens, these being arranged in order nding to the position of the specimens as cut the bar as shown. The magnification is 85 ers. The completeness of the annealing is clearly by the absence of combined carbon and in the ire of ferrite and temper of graphitic carbon. The purpose was to show the similarity in prop- erties, especially tensile test values, of specimens cut from corresponding sections of the bar. It is not our purpose to discuss the process of manufacture in this connection, further than to say that this casting, although 3-in. x 3-in. cross section, was thoroughly annealed without any extra precaution being taken, and that in spite of its heavy section and the fact that all of the skin or outer portion of the test bar was removed in machining, the test values are above or very close to those specified for malleable cast iron where maximum strength is sought. In other words, we have here evidence to disprove two of the common fallacies regarding malleable cast iron. First—That the strength is mainly in the skin or outer Second—tThat the material is not suitable for castings of heavy section + We are in position to supply further data or proof in substantiation of our statement regarding the rela- tion between strength and the “skin” or outer portion of malleable iron castings, which data Mr. Schwartz states that he has not in sufficient extent to be conclu- sive. This we submit in the form of a summary of tests of tensile bars cast in pairs from 58 furnace heats, one bar being tested in the rough as annealed and the other having a finishing cut taken off before testing. In no case was the amount of metal removed less than 1/16 in., % in. in diameter, and in some of the tests the amount removed was % in., % in. in diameter, Sebi any = _ ~» there being very little difference in proportionate values with 1/16 in. metal metal removed. The figures, maximum, between bars removed and those with % in. and average, h are given in Table 2. occurs on an minimum elongation and tensile The minimum -« ar and there is very little difference in strengt unmachined minimum ten longation sile strength, or in fact in any of the test values. The average tensile strength is exceptionally close. If it occurs to anyone to ask regarding the differ + +) + + ] . } , } ence etween tne es Values above and those given in we would say that the difference is no greate1 other from specimens similarly obtained. and we believe a good deal less than in cast emphasizes, and justly so, the fact tt EE ‘ B 4 A a iron differs from all other com yn alloys in that elongation increases with strengt This fact was pointed out a number irs ago by Professor Touceda, we believe, and \ we ha yt undertaken to tabulate the results, f 1 say that our routine testing of all heats pro luced prove lis to be a fact. Malleable cast iron in compression is practically lestructible so far as rupture of the surface is con cerned, the action being to continually flatten out with no or with very slight indication of rupture on the oute1 : surface When test specifications for malleable cast iron including a transverse test on included this test in prougnt out, bars of different thicknesses, we THE IRON AGE August 21, 1919 our regular practice, following it for a period of months, during which time it was developed that cast iron which was not better than fa properties would readily pass the trans\ specifications. This test was therefore d tinued, and we have not anything in detail to but it is our observation that malleable cast ir: material under transverse load, and w disposed to accept Mr. Schwartz’s conclusions leable tensile test 1: } rellapie respect, Hardness and Machinability During the past year we had occasion to inve the possibilities of the Shore scleroscope, hop , I establish a connection between this or some Represented by the Results in 7 hardness and machining properties this, as in the measure of Cast but in were entirely unsuccessful. leable cast iron, Schwartz, we Inasmuch as the question of machinability iron is which enters as an In factor, or rather is given a very prominent Pp some users of malleable castings, especially w! threading or milling is involved, we wish to en leable cast one a plea or protest. Many users of malleable cast iron wish in light sections strength corresponding to that or wrought iron, and at the same time wish a which can be machined as readily as soft gra) The two things are not compatible, although it sible to machine malleable castings of the highes' n rrade Augigst 21, 1919 the standpoint of strength and ductility at cut- peeds not far below those employed in machining fron castings. The point we wish to make clear Tests of the Nine Bars ¢ t fro 0 Large Bar Physical Elongatior Ter le im t Elastic limit in 2 in strengt r, in lb per sq. in per cent. lb. per sq 0.749 32 455 12.0 5.914 0.750 31.869 10.0 { 7 0 33.318 10.0 $5,450 ( 0 36,215 10.0 { RHE 0 gg RAG on ION ) 8,320 11.( 41,489 t) 34,861 12.0 15. 835 7,007 11.0 : raiy ) 7,211 13.0 15,631 »>R59 l 0 15.914 L.&69 9 0 yR559 aS LOLS S46 { rie il Silico OSS y ing ‘ ( phe u 0.194 1 } 1 OY f m half of in. X ¢ in. X12 st ‘ I ces to remove outer port n or into test pieces 6 In. long turned t ‘ en a normal annealing at moderate temper nto test pieces on shaper with cutting-off in proving complete annealing ind ) I sect I here is that for the sake of and service something must be ning malleable castings. Mr. Schwartz has pointed out the fact that quality ength is inversely related to the carbon content, make this statement without hesitation. In nnection I recall clearly a series of 1 during 1906 and 1907, which brought this fact y to my attention, I at that time being new in was then maximum phasize sacrificed in tests con- illeable business. It accepted as a levelopment by others taking part in the test ipied very prominent positions in the malleable in- s who While our investigations in this field have not been ve as those recorded, the writer ten years ago 1 sufficient tests to convince himself and others ie absence of graphitization in solidifying there shrinkage or however, as is lifference in contraction of the ‘on. There is, fference in expansion in ) pointed out, a resulting annealing, h IQUE TOUCEDA, in his voluminous paper, pre t account of four years of research the American Malleable Castings As as a plea for industrial research among manu striking example of what such ‘an accomplish. He sketches the organization the association and shows how the product of its members has steadily increased beginning of the research work. Malleable ngs, due to lack of uniformity and dependa ere rapidly being replaced by other materials e many fal