The Iron Age 1919-06-19: Vol 103 Iss 25

TABLISHED 1855 New Ideas in Industrial Ore Factory Solidarity as Opp Spirit More Important than Changes Mai (come in Sol r HE war has wrought many chang and, if discussion and agitation ars the cure of human ills, it has benefited by parading every plan for ndustrv. No “ism” need rch in vain for mal ends and many {foes; e suffers from the in ence of indifference: 01 contumat of neglect, of th. each is supported rdent proponents who tably arouse equally a opponents. f et The ancient idea oi oO! tte 4) t mn none ne } Q er has I . "1 a nt new t : ; I na nr y rect ti ers oft tne ‘ ip 0o-opnerat ri¢ respo! I 1 ’ nev cli? lf y eq , nvestioant | re t ( ray tion wn ne ed a vear ago beca now understand | differentiated fri nt unionist Re ‘ y ir oY y rgvan itTiONsS \ é mite te tne ’ D ¢ ) Which, throu rption I I a T most ‘ ts t rade unions affiliate Labor in substant ! ll organize > in their respec stries. The unorgar AGE workman was forced ti ht n the old type of union : irdless of whether he ved of its policies, cs or economics, or must remain in a compara helpless and inarticulate status. Rival orga! 1 hy tne estab- ns were vigorously suppressed The World’s Greatest Pri s £ nization 1628 THE IRON AGE June 19, for outside intervention from the militant and anti- restrict autonomous adjustment of labor r-« social type of organization. Ordinarily it operates in the individual concern. A wholesome rival: ndependently of the established unions, but it does tween two different types of labor organizat not necessarily involve opposition to them. It seeks factories where jurisdictional disputes are not co-operation and team play as between each em to arise, may have a beneficial effect on bot} ployee and his fellow employees, as well as between may save the country from the dangers whic! employer and employees, as against the régime of sarily arise where any industry or utility is excessive individualism where each employee is for under the domination of one uncontrollable himself, and it meets the need for group machinery) “ation to attain this end. In building operations, it ha Beginnings of Intra-Factory Organization little or no application. lhe beginnings of the independent, int Spirit, Not Form, Is Important tory organization in this country are sigt The particular form of factory orga tion Is ‘he protocol in the clothing trades was d not so important as the spirit behind it It in a union arrangement which largely obser volves the election of some kind of committee 01 sound principles of the works organization, representatives of employees who can co-operate’ earliest independent movement of any renov with the management and co-employees and unde! born of the terrific struggle between the take whatever measure of self-government devolve Mine Workers and the Colorado Fuel & Ih upon them. The methods of election must be above in 1915. Mr. Rockefeller fearlessly opposed t} suspicion. Every opportunity for undue influence, rannies of the closed shop and the methods infairness or corruption must be closed and real Mine Workers’ Union and with the help of Mac] independence of ballot maintained But all these ie King inaugurated an elaborate plan for details have been carefully worked out. The plan trial representation in the Colorado prop: may take high-sounding names, as in some plants’ which was later declared by the Federal Comn which provide for a Congress elected by the en on Industrial Relations to be a “new depart ployees, a Senate of foremen, and a Cabinet of the United States.” It was the first important chief executives; or it may be the more modest ar n this country to organize the employees of rangement approved by the War Labor Board, where’ gle company into a kind of representative g elected representatives of the employees of each de ment with which the management could dea partment constitute a departmental committee to dependently of any outside union, and it, of ec confer with the management on departmental labo) met with great opposition and ridicule both fr problems. Under this less pretentious plan, all of the United Mine Workers and the American Fe the representatives of the different departments eration of Labor. usually constitute a general conference committe: This hostile attitude is significant, for it was 1 to meet with the management for the discussion of due entirely to the state of intense industrial wa) labor questions affecting the entire plant, and for fare, amouning almost to civil war, which existe hearing appeals on matters which are not settled between these interests at the time the Plan w: in the respective departments. Matters of factory installed. The Federation of Labor, blinded administration to carry out labor policies reached _ self-satisfaction, called the Colorado Plan “‘a pss by joint discussion remain with the management union” and utterly failed to see in its formatior Significant in theory, if not important in practice, natural consequence of some of its mistakes. “| is the veto power usually reserved by the manage unions are a good thing,” says the Federati ment, but this does not impair the satisfaction cre “increasing in desirability with their democra ated by the joint discussion of labor conditions as why cannot Mr. Rockefeller approve of union ‘ompared with the superseded system of ex parte’ the miners, for the miners and by the miners judgment. It is believed by many that the factory’ is, the United Mine Workers of America?” organization furnishes the best conduit through question implies what is untrue, but the answe1 which ideas of the management may permeate the not so difficult as the federation suggests, employees and the ideas of the employees may reach lies in the fundamental distinction betwee! the management. It removes barriers to under- ideals of the old unionism and new type of coll standing which are the prolific source of conflicts, action. If the old type of organization had p! international and interclass. It provides machinery more democratic and more responsible and had for co-operation between employees and co-employ- voted any considerable attention to the problems +x ween management and employees, factory management and the needs of efficier ees aS well a and thereby lays the foundation for true factory co-operation, there would have been less pro\ unity and asso iated effort. W here this machinerv tor the new. ; lacking the circuit is broke Slow Growth Until the War Profound Changes May Follow sat ; = . atoune vor The Colorado Plan met with few imitators If this new plan for collective functioning su succeeding two years, due undoubtedly to the ceeds, it carries with it possibilities as yet specu servatism and prejudice of employers. Manag lative which may make profound changes in the does not care to experiment with other | rivate and public aspects of the labor problen mone} Further progress required the urg¢ “We stand today,” it is said, “at on f those def the war has given to a bolder examination te turning point human histor vhere a gel ind industrial questions; a better appre eration of men has it in its powe1 the exercist the possibilities and dangers of a proletar faith and wisdor the problems of torship, and an actual demonstration that the moment thout pas n and without shrinking, falls of conservatism are as real as the pit to determine the course of the future for man experiment. Above all, it required the ré we” OR ps : mportant adjustment is about dations of the Whitley Committee and th: to take place between the independent factory « tive value of English experience, as well as thi ganization, where collective dealings are frankl vave of. humanism which is sweeping and sincerely encouraged, and the old-time nation world. Employers in: the United States ar trade unions which subordinate production and fa coming to feel that some method must be tory management to the interest f class war and to secure for the workers a more effect a ine 19, 1919 THE IRON AGE 1629 tne conditions of their service, but that this rounaings Of tne workers lid t a re ; ry) + } » + . } n+ +» » 4 . ionangd , +} - a « ‘ + ‘ hod must not be une absentee ntroi or nea iepend on the good Will and st etermina nistic attitude of some unions. Certain u ) men themselive t ner h have shown intelligent } ? . , ’ ‘ . ‘ lave Snow intelligent leadersnip nave een, ess il lial é f perat ! re #20) cost | Bn bon ne I : -tlil Willi De, able to at isiness with em] ers, se ' ners wi n nave uien pre to f f l m, Wnicn nave broken contr ts a ee] he « ‘ ‘ | OT irbitrariness ans verre ‘ . stant recognit n whicn the I nave not properly distinguisne twee f inftair en plo e! nda have t ‘ } ‘ a} vere the most her | ‘ \\ ere have been tried and ind v ! rT WI tne me é é yr Tt} ‘ rval it Y wi rn } Tne af ‘ t the nu ne) sucn pians tu; I ~ rie uy argest nan cf per ‘ ] } é re W rKing Inder y I nceere tnat ers Pe ] icceet neil re ne tT os res oy T e Vé¢ rT y { y ’ } . f .1 1 ] i tual | t ( empiovers ed Me rime opstacie to the tnree ¢ r | ! prosperity ncreased output elle ised cont dence T+ necessal to create equat ror securll united actio1 tne ' ° end ind for the equitable d t f Co-operation Through Works Organization } While our industrial conditio1 1 not be terned after those of Great Brit ; ss illuminating to turn to the studis irried that country for the discovery of general pri . applicable to this subject. ‘he foremost which no one will gainsay at the preset me, Briquetting Coke Bree he statement in the report of the Whitl tee that “means for securing for the work people eater share in and responsibilit r, the deter on and observance of the conditio! inde} their work 1s carried on, must be pr de nowledge and experience of the work f ells ome measure of industria f cra¢ r some form of intra-factory government 1! he workers shall participate, 1 it nay perhaps be brought about in t ( t under the direction and cont: + > : las ‘ ° in Great Britain, it throug! ne ind seif-governiment in aetert } y" | tions and would compel all of the irticipate more active inst from organization meetings. It w pel regard for the varying ynd tories and communities and ; ; dealing with the peculiar capacity and pet each worker as agains he tl edited system which limits produ down to a common level. Above all thir romote rather than restrict efficient pr lose co-operation and commo! inst aaiiliae Not a Spectre of Radicalism entrapped , 1 " Pe nat industrial democra provides for joint discussion of labor nd ine sees in this kind of in each factory, not the fearsome spectre 0! a uae aie a aan “ae alism which employers are opposing, aie | : 1al development of responsibility and self re- per tor ie natn wnle hemneiitiid - a gimidade e, individual and collective. Those questi h relate exclusively to the activities and 1630 THE IRON AGE June 19, 19 “HANDLE IT MECHANICALLY” Slogan of New Association of Manufacturers— Meeting in New York Materia H e Mach y Vi W T nint N Y n pime y f ‘ ’ ‘ lire \ } mis ? i { n probie I n ‘omn é B | ( , ! \ N } ( Port ar H e pu presel ) na y 2 I of all mechanica indling machir and equipm«s which might é Oo lered litable or anda economica the handiing f manne! ] irgor My} ( esson, wh ‘ made i rip t I Pa | ( S tate i tna ere a or¢ moveme T Nor development in pr ess the West Coast. invo expenditures of al it $4,500,000 at L Angeles. $8,000, 000 at San Fray sco. $5.000.000 at Portland. $2.500,000 Seattle. $2.500.000 t Tacoma. w} e Var uver, B. ¢ c ry Foy F5 O00 O00 fay ry weMme } Bay New Freight Piers At , g¢ with Mr. ( adopte ) é I , f N fficials having t nstru ’ ght pier St ‘ | & ha ntract e tiy ey mn hor hy Y e : , ] th. pa lial ype I lapte t r nsta ) ) ind n \ é é N YX officials wv 1 to tl of m il i I é sts of |} ) N \ TT i T cari rT I nt ‘ iisU t t Y y . od iss i fo. ) New } > 60 y ] ’ .e) >] + ‘ y New Steel Plan Hogquia W { \\ f ‘ } iyi l ‘ , ‘ ; + LT | I i I ‘ , Lp: tv of ne l pa Y, l i l ynsist c c i I > e Another activity of the association is to demor by means of moving pictures the economical advant of mechanical handling equipment. The slogan association, “handle it mechanically,” will be spr er the world by motion pictures, and in the association was promised the co-operatior Bureau of Commercial Economics of Washingt lirector, Francis Holly, in showing the a pictures in every part of the world. Paul ( New York district sales manager of the Clevelar & Engineering Co., Wickliffe, Ohio, cl tion picture committee, and L. G. H lirector of the association’s motion picture prod lairmal in arkKne f the work in this line that is now being do Numerous Addresses The morning session of the convention was d ne business, and in the afternoon add lelivered by H. B. Cleland, McGraw-Hill Pu Co.; James H. Collins, business writer Saturday Evening Post; Francis Holly, direct sureau of Commercial Economics, Washington: D B. Rushmore, General Electric Co.; H. M. M Louden Machinery Co., and J. F. Thornton, Equ Mfg. Co., all dealing with the opportunities wh ypen to he association in promoting the more ext: ise of machinery for handling material and f \n evening meeting was held at the Hotel A en former United States Senator Theodore Bu w chairman of the board of the Merchants’ N Bank, New York, was the principal speaker. C Tompkins, president of the association, who pres ld of the great need for better facilities for loadi: and unloading cargoes at New York and other ports Senator Burton pointed out the help that the associa on might give in reducing the high cost of living more economical handling of freight, and he sa further that the success of the new American merchant narine was largely dependent on the savings that might be effected at ports by more rapid and less cost loading and unloading of ships. Roy S. McElwee, assistant director of the Bureau ff Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department Commerce, Washington, author of “Ports and Termin Facilities,’ gave a technical description of th \merican and European wharf equipment now This was illustrated by stereopticon slides. Discussion of the attitude of labor toward the ass iation’s program of substituting machinery for n handling of freight developed at several points association’s proceedings. It was the opinion of seve speakers that labor’s possible objections could be ové ‘ome if labor organizations were dealt with f1 the matter. It was stated that all important titutions of machinery for men in the past had wo! it eventually fer the employment of larver nen. The printing industry was cited as an ple, wherein the introduction of the linotyp: nonotype machines had stimulated printing to su xtent that more men are now employed as p1 an before these labor-saving machines came The association will probably invite representat Yr organizations into some of its confere1 at S2.000.000. Che first ce $250,000 ind ere at of proposit ‘ I yf firs iY i ] } ] 1970 Ir tn beg ¢ V¢ D ) x nate lOO nen United Suppiy Co., Brunswick, Ga hardware, mill supplies and machin ns catalog files, and would like catalogs 1 turers and jobbers carrying lines wl Vital Points in the Manufacture of Files A Discussion of the Steels Used, Al nealing, Grinding and Cutting—Cor rect Forms of Teeth and How Obtain F L.RLY all nile are na Ss Or! Besser e! e€ | A { is warding per I ! ‘ ‘ 1] file Ss lr tine Sheffie i £ comp n, t ‘ sTee¢ ‘ ‘ ‘ kor years, With a desire to produce tt rable article, manufacturers hay ‘ t recog ce of adding special elements to f romium and tungster Whateve) ge there may be in using these special ele tu t f n file steels, there is probably no gre nc ; ike place ead Ly ctual efficiency of the file, and thers 1 \ lr ! att f i ‘ rease unless a number of oft-overlooked pre s not nec¢ esult of are simultaneously taken. f gas fire ation to the manufacture of files Whatev: eal ist hea e f steels are to be distinguished chiefl f it ho — Vs , * D, 7 +i , — mounts of manganese which the t erheated Wher . seric f bai el more the usual variatior n the multaneously, the forgs ild see t) cesta aul f carbon, determines the depth t WI tne ek ne hnotter tnar t rive the through and beyond the tooth of the file pens lired ipe before the t perature falls he vy du It is objectionable in small files, ef ( edn Nor 1 the . , auses them to harden intensively throu yut t per file } f ite los s them correspondingly brittle It may forgit eat t : , ble in large files too, both for that ar th formed. Steel wl Siemens steels are also generali\ es I na not ipsequent I : s and other surface defects which, particu tructur v und files, might cause them to split o LY sequent annea g If . This however does not involve any eY ] f needleas hewitt] ‘ 7 f inconvenience and loss, as the roak ea traighte ible after grinding, and the blank é | t I 1 It € due o tne urface of tne ngot ‘ i! irizea n the reheating f I ‘ f ire not distinguishable until é e For softness ceurring ( lling-mill is not necessa ! i 4 ornized, I weve! tha I ‘ e the mill or forge are surrounde vonless metal, which 1 t If f seque torging no i ( ‘ ‘ ‘ is € late entire fore ! ve avoided. fA p , rned rht be co ‘ , ata é g \ é S ] é \ i Ww<« - ip m 1TeY i a is been four I f I req ng e € ione } I ng gene ~ f he most suitable ste« and the 1 » me 1s deficier aT rystalline tructure allow rack tart : pro Ma a . | gated t £ t The ~ made 1632 THE IRON AGE June |] of a file at the tang end being comparatively small, some degree of overheating may be tolerated in that part, providing it is well-tempered after hardening; still, overheating of steel is always more costly than the proper kind of heating, though the difference may not always be readily perceived. Another point of considerable importance in forging is the production of a uniform shape of blanks. Under I M I v resent conditions it is practically impossible to pro luce quantities of blanks that are perfectly uniform, but as future developments in grinding and cutting operations will be based on uniformity of the forged + blank, attention must now or later be given to tl point File-makers need the co-operation of engineers vith a view to solving this and other problems in file naking, the urgency of which is apparent when we ‘onsider the higher organization that exists in America ind also in Germar V; and the keenness of the competi on with which we are likely to be met in the world’s ir Ke Annealing and Straightening he latest and most efficient type of annealing fun is gas-fired With these furnaces it s possible inneal much larger quantities of file blanks, and to lo them quicker, cleaner, and with better control. All ide! pe f furnas ire ! l ‘ le being prevaler yme quarters that the mol flames of he coal furnace are better for tl file Pyrometri mtrol o n? ling temperature no l ersal he fil rad t it is ¢ ious tl future pyro netry wv be ind as u il here ! nches f the ( } ne The mal Hyect of annealing the torg blanks is o make the ft, in order to facilitate the work of the grinder and cutter. It may be taken as a reliable fact that the softer the blanks, so long i tne ievree of oftnes { i re ipe f el is sult | i if ¢ Tor f toot possible to ne us ey! na ¢ j g al 1 operatio | me In rder ) ( ( he é itter 1enches the fron i temperature betwee! 150 deg. C. and 800 deg. in wate In the quenched state the} are too britt e for use, o he reheats tnen to between 200 deg. and 300 deg., and finds that the have become softer and tougher. If they are still too brittle he re heats them or tempers them to a still higher tempera ture until a suitable degree of softne ind toughness has been reached He knows that if the chisels had been quenched out in the first instance in warm water, oil, or molten lead, they would have been softer than they were after quenching in cold water, and he should therefore be prepared as a matter of experience to believe: That the hardness of steel depends on the rate at which it is cooled; that having once been hardened it can be softened to some extent by reheat- ing or tempering at temperatures below or up to low redness. It would be quite impracticable to cut efficient files from many forged blanks unless they were first soft- ened. To make the softening operation absolutely im- perative and give greater emphasis to the following observation, let us suppose that the blanks are as hard as possible; that is to say, let them have be quenched. If from this stage they are rel spectively at 100 deg., 200 deg., 300 deg., 40 and so on, they become softer. At 500 deg. ( redness might be seen in the dark, and file blank after reheating to this temperatu Brinell hardness number of 321. After rel 600 deg. C. the Brinell number was 241: deg. C. it was 187. In every case, during thes: tions, the file blank was kept at the stated ture for two hours, and it was almost a matte ference, so far as its hardness was concern the file blank was allowed to cool in the air o1 out in cold water. At a temperature of 70! we are on the verge of a sudden change, is clearly illustrated by the following tabl These observations show quite clearly tl intended to soften file blanks by reheating t temperature and allowing them to cool in practice by no means unusual in the trade, nearer the maximum temperature reached the temperature at which they would harden quenched, the softer they become. If, howev temperature 1s overstepped the blanks get har this practice in endeavoring to attain the great sible softness is apt to be pushed too far and instead blanks of a mixed kind, some being mu than others, which is always undesirable if r work at fixed piecework rates has to be done method of annealing file blanks is therefore n mendable. The only remaining alternative is to reheat blanks to a temperature at which they would hard water-quenched, and to make the subsequent coolir slow that they remain suitably soft. The mate ferred to in the last paragraph, when cooled unif from 760 deg. C. in 24 hr. had a Brinell number of 156. It is not essential to keep th in the furnace till they are stone cold; when 1 no longer visibly red the cooling can, if des completed with the doors and dampers up, or ing the files into the air. By this latter proc blanks can be made softer, and more unifor than is possible by any form of reheating foll cooling in the air. That the blanks are n scale is true, but that can be easily avoided, any case a comparatively small matter. If the blanks have been overheated in the annealing furnace is the place to make th good; or at least to remedy the defect as fa ¢ Fig. 4 Cracks in File Teeth remediable. The coarse crystalline structurs overheating is not at all removed by the s which depends on reheating and air cooling. Thé may be replaceable by the fine structure onl) the passage through at least that range of tempe! which confers on the steel the capacity of harde! when water-quenched; and that range of tem} can be used with effect only when the subsequent ing takes place very slowly. The file-maker is very conservative in h He still continues to use steels containing so n bon that the file is diffused throughout with a ne™ - ftp Th THE IRON AGE 19, 1919 e cementite. This makes the file brittle and adds nies ly tnis respec ine ¢ fulness or wearing fairly treated, and affo1 ns ited, of the lac f r perhaps nothing to the 1 of the tooth; it adds enormously, however. to might be qui : y a. slay +¥ narder ssibility of the teeth crac king d iring the peration or breaking off in use It frequently whicl et ind i ns that the surface of the file, even below that facturers n ground away, becomes decarburized to a es In the ajo1 egree and so protects the file-maker against hit ibsurd precautions t DIANKS May De ser IslyV «aé irbDul it the serious objection to the use of th le stee] f the scale ne ning over 1 per cent carbon lies in the fact that rt except naking teel once overheated cannot be restored Db eat tne grinage I wa { s luty whel ¢ i < ac S I r I f inceeei , I pera that r el I Knes f é f » tne require round ou I ‘ f } rite i é I é \ ‘ ‘ If ‘ temperature Just above that fi . . hardened When fractured the ex; ¢ ire and Piste If the nate! i the ordinar processt ind irface has still a coarse F ‘ I ; break readily in use even if ‘ ringing test Such stee al < ervstallin« At neatin t ‘ r é 1? t irface it e shall é It ! ’ y 7 ry ve t . »y - e { iKeT If, . ~ «> . T {’ Ss I er face should be us¢ . : ; irta e T t pia? S al entire irf f tl é l : iecarpul too, I t d n that vart at lea I eet wil ne soft All T } } ! A not l€ the above causes ( l e means taker! . Grinding ' : : 1 1 4 " ‘ £ ‘ le blanks have hard patches, ‘ e¢ if ! ft places, he has ery seriou ul ] if they have soft pi ] of and ro igher ] vy the grinder; ttomed the scale. These are almost articles n many factories. Indeed, these statements have n the grinding of so firmly believed that grinders have actually been entirely successful, a c for soft a perfectly uniforn ssed because they were held responsible 163 THE IRON AGE June 19, ’ will not cut at the edges on the flat sides until the cannot look forward to a healthy vigorous old middle portion is worn down; in the other case the the average life of a grinder 1S about 40 year edges most be worn down before the teeth in the middle attention of engineers might be directed with can come into operation. The only remedy with such and profitable resuits toward the invention of a files is regrinding. This applies also to the third de- ing machine, or the adaptation of some existing ¢g fect. The wavy appearance is due to the stone in the in which an artificial wheel with a good sup] machine having worn very small and dancing on the water could be used for the grinding of all fil file blanks. The same defect is seen, too, on files which and small. Something has already been accon have had the over-cut smoothed down by unequal pres in this way for round files. The Stead process sure on an emery-wheel. In the finished file the defect | round blanks automatically from the solid up t can be plainly seen, and such files ought to be rejected diameter. Those 5-16 in. and above are first as wasters. taper under the hammer and then ground. Th The fourth defect is a difficult one to deal with chine is a very greatly improved design on the It is caused not only in grinding, but in stripping. The Phone needle grinding apparatus and produces u: Siete, on & Sin bleak tn ot importance, and it is the blanks perfectly round. The process is simp 1im of the grinder to produce as smooth a surface as Very expeditious; of 4-in. round files as many possibl Unfortunately, gritstones vary so muc have been ground in 3 hr. The same arran; that, no matter how careful a grinder may be, he can nay be developed to grind half-round files, w not avoid deep scratches on the blanks. Some stones ertainty of producing files that have a pe) ire soft and fine-grained; others are hard and coarse, rounded back. or to use a grinder’s expression, they are full of peb File Cutting bles and have no “muck” in then These latter are \ll commercial files, with the exception of c nilled varieties, have teeth which slope more € backward, Fig. 9. A tool with a negative rak« a scrape if it is sharp, but it cannot cut. The teet} ' | , ‘ wy > file may be looked upon as a gang of small cutters like the teeth of the milling cutter, they shou formed with a positive rake. The amount of would naturally be determined according to the ki: work. For broad surface filing it would be best a file with a greater positive rake than would be nm sary on narrow surface work. A file cut with a tive rake scrapes rather than cuts. The next point to be considered is the overcut. T object of the overcut is to provide a number of furrows which will divide the subsequent upcut into a conveni ent number of separate teeth, and we can imagine that the shape and also the size of the furrows might b: allowed to vary considerably without impairing th: efficiency of the teeth. I am not aware that this point has been investigated experimentally. From certai! experiments I have made, although uncompleted, I a: convinced that variation from the present standard lead to the production of files whose cutting efficie is considerably higher than that obtaining at th present time. The number of teeth per in. in the over ut as compared with the upcut has an important bea ng on the efficiency of files. The shape of file teeth as viewed from the face is ; determined by the overcut. Now it is customary the hacker blades in the grinding machine are brought smooth down the ridges raised during the process in contact with the face of the stone to level it, the overcutting, either by filing them or by the use of a! coarse silica grains acquire sharp cutting points which emery-wheel. This is a process where the greatest car dig into the blanks during the process of the operation nq attention is needed, because its influence is seco! and produce scratches. If such blanks are cut single importance only to the rake. without further work of smoothing, a series of serra If the ridges are made too flat the metal does tions will be found on the edges of the teeth. If it rise into a proper tooth when the file is upcut, remembered that these serrations occur in material hen the teeth of such files are photographed, F which has been brought by sudden distortion to a cut uch teeth may be strong, but they are not sharp, and ting edge, it is easy to realize not only that the cuttin: the file will need to be pushed by a strong man if it to be used on broad surface work. On the other har responsible for the worst examples of scoring. Wher edge becomes thereby less effective and durable, but that they may, as they actually do, serve as starting , f the upcut is filed insufficiently, the tooth formed points for small hardening cracks which ru tran the upceut will flow into a sharp point, Fig. 2. T! versely to the root of the tooth. It is customary, how form of tooth is much too delicate for general use, at ever, to strip practically all files that are to be single a)though it may cut well on broad, flat surfaces cut, and smooth double ae This may be pancetta athe beds, for example, where the pressure exerted by a file or emery-wheel. This P a the man per tooth is necessarily small, there is alwa moves wae grinding scratche e — a tendency for the teeth to strip or break off. For others almost as objectionable. These remarks app mn nar ow surfaces it would be of little value. with even greater force to double cut files, except tha‘ all the teeth would break. the serrations are caused in filing the overcut as W When the overcut is filed down, no matter whet aS in the grinding operati t be by a file or emery-wheel, the ridges should be rder to reduce the defects me¢ ; . me vith smooth tops. The scoring action of both fil mum, if they cannot be removed entirely, a different ¢mery-wheel is detrimental to the finished file, in s method ef, and different materials for, grinding are as a tendency is given for the teeth to develop required. Perfex tlv flat and smooth blanks, unifor These cracks weaken. Gas teeth. and they readily size, are required as a preliminary condition to pe ff in use. Fig. 3 shows a file with scoring marks fection in cutting n the ridges of the overcut, and Fig. 4 shows tl There is also another and very important reasot sulting cracks in the teeth. Great variation exist why a new method of grinding should be invented this respect between files made by different firms, a human reaso1 This branch of the trade is un- there is no remarkable uniformity in files made b} : healthier, dirtier, more laborious and more dangerous ame firm. I do not presume to state to what exte! than any other, and those who work at it know they overeut should be filed. That would depend June 19, 1919 less on the varying degrees of hardness in the file anks and the force of the blow exerted, and the over- it would have to be filed accordingly. The shape and rake of file teeth should, without ioubt, differ according to the kind of work upon wih ey are to be used, but in every case where it is i ended that a file should be used as a cutting tool the eeth should have a positive rake. To do this the cut ng angle of the chisel must be whetted to such a de ee that, taken in conjunction with the angie of nachine head, a forward tooth will result. By w example we will suppose that the machine ping at an angle of 15 deg., and we desire t a positive rake of 5 deg. It is obvious, therefore, it we must whet the chisel to form a cutting angle of 0 deg. on that side which raises the face of the toot deg. 10 deg. 5 deg. This is one of the most portant problems in file manufacture, and at tory solution can be obtained unt chil ure talled in factories for whetting red angle. ‘he force of the blow exerted c ne should be sufficient to strike right he overcut. If this is not done the tooth forme 1, is weaker than need be, and breaks off ly at the root. It is easy with a good hand vhether this has been properly done, a i time the shape given to the cutting face f th can be observed. There remain now to be considered the thre mpor int questions of angle of clearance les of overcut and upcut to the ax f the file; ar number of teeth per in. With regard to the cle: angle, I am in agreement with Edward G. Het “The slope of the back face of the th, or clearance, is very difficult to measure, because who says: s not a plane surface, Fig. 5. It is probably very relation to the durability and to the total itput of work. A file which has worn out has the is of its teeth flattened or rounded. When the area f contact of the teeth with the work attains a certain alue, great pressure is required to cause the teetl enetrate the metal. The amount of work that can be from a file therefore depends largely on the volume f tooth available for wear before this limiting area Is ned. Fig. 5 shows two file teeth with different ‘arance angles. The part of the tooth available for ir is shaded, and it is evident that the tooth with + reater clearance presents a much greater volume of portant in ooth for wear before the limiting or slipping area is resented to the work. There is a limit to the amount learance that can be safely given, because the tooth ist not be left so weak as to break unde: rking naitions. ‘ “Examination of the files shows that these angles extremely variable, and it is certain that uniformly factory results cannot he obtained uy) le COTT r es are ascertained and maintained by means whic eave no scope tor variation of udg? ent on the of} the workman.’ The inclination of the overcut and upcut to the ax f the file has considerable influence on the efficiency f the tool, and in this respect the variations that st, not only among files of different makes, but among files by the same maker, are very great. It may be said that the inclination of the overcut the position of the teeth in relation to each other that of the upcut fixes the angle at which the face ie tooth is presented to the work. The possible mn in the inclination of the overcut and the upcut to ixis of the file can be advantageously manipulated ‘oduce files to cut particular kinds of metal. This in the case of files intended for use on brass and num. Some results of varying the inclination of ipeut of files are to be seen in Figs. 6 and 7. If ipcut lies obliquely across the file, the filings will milar to those shown in Fig. 7. If, however, the tooth lies squarely across the file, then the filings the shape of a volute spring, as shown in Fig. 8. it in either case, if the tooth has a large negative he filings may be shapeless scrapings, like those THE IRON 1635 AGE The number of teeth per in., and the ratio between overcut and upcut, are also factors in the efficiency of the file. Variations of both factors within fairly large limits may be made without the efficiency of the file suffering. With the upcut 19 teeth per it na 14 bastard cut file, variations in the overcut from 6 to 1 teeth per in. may be le W 0 3s it efi ency. Sufficient expe hows ive made in the ratio variations to enable indat pe i ept is ‘ i \ VI if ‘ y { n winner! s < ¥ ‘ 7 the most important he The differ I ‘ \ é 1 f s due to lhe \ ‘ nu eT ed 1 { ‘ ‘ ! W rr ‘ ‘ *} ‘ ‘ Aly p ind the ' . 7 oT S I ‘ I l el! i ' not always lie in the same plane along the 6 in. of it length tested. It is extremely doubtful that the two sides of a file chosen at random can be uniforn nder the present system of manufacture The extreme top of the teeth are metimes bent backward, and very rarel\ may accidenta ent orward ever All machine cutting, at any rat th yuntry, is executed from point to tang A fte itting a tooth the chisel is withdrawn from the impré on made, and the traverse of the ma hine bed bring the lank forward to receive the next I he chisel has not te cleared the tooth before the bed n es for ward, it itches on the tooth and bends the « treme tip of it bacl ards Many of the newer fort ‘ hie-cu ng ma I are ) nuously fed f Ward by a rew nstead ot! ne yiider rr of ratcnet motion Wher tine aching ed is being fed forward tinuous] the hise! mu s be withdrawn a I he face of tne é ‘ rmed tr ind the re ‘ etween the vO he vhicl ed being fé fry () tee e toot ‘ + pre re t it £ f var t f tes t} of eet iid e ‘ nt e vp ed kward without being able to « ne acain it y i iTx \ lrrence ) t nd ‘ ‘ the g ntage n 1 7? , ‘ rake ad ‘ t r l I y 1 i a toot pele ’ nite of the main face ha 1 positive rake Or mall portior f the toot} f it VOrn away I tual TI rake of t port r r letern me t it- 1636 THE IRON AGE June 19, 19 ting efficiency, and unintentionally, in the way sug on each tube the melting point of the sentinels t gested, this may be made better or worse used. In the first case this will be 750 deg. C., a the second 780 deg. C. Take two pieces of wire lo: Heating than the tubes and bend one end in the form of a h After placing the sentinels in their respective tul There can be little doubt that uniformity of heating raise to melting point and insert the wires. On coo 1 + is obtained more easily in the lead bath than in the the salts will solidify and fasten the wires so that hearth. Besides, being cleaner, the lead bath is more tubes may be lifted by them. The tubes are now p manageable. To get the best results it is advisable to in the lead bath and the temperature raised sufficier ise pyrometers either of the Sentinel or Indicator type to melt the 750 deg. C. sentinels, but not those ir The uniformity of the temperature of the bath can be second tube, whose melting point is 780 deg. C. maintained very well by the use of sentinels if they can be easily ascertained by lifting the wire. In are used in the following manner: way it is comparatively easy to maintain the heat If it is desired to work at a heat between 750 deg. C. sired, and to test the temperature of the bath in and 780 deg. C., procure two pieces of ordinary iron part. A regular use of the sentinels or the indi gas-piping with one closed end. The length should be will considerably lessen the risks of quenching a about 10 in., or as long as desired for the bath. Stamp lower heat than is necessary to properly harden the f Oxygen in Cast Iron and Its Application A Confirmation of the Johnson Theory—Steel in the Mixture Intro- duces Oxygen—Cast Iron Gas Shells I WILFORD L. STORK V E D! xtu Th ose of pape Oo @ive Turthner ¢ DD é anove theories and tO sn é yp ipola mixtu ly I vil ilwayvs have more ( i yr ld y j y b A le 0 « A fy I ) t aitt eY £ (f ) T ‘ rY } f ) he } throu i , Us i r , t ft YY I Johnson Theory { I ro! ecomeé f fluid, not me nverature. al ed yu 7 f yA t I H. M ] ‘ 4 | ! A, the nyranese na 1¢ p i e proportio yf 2:] the theore a to form manganese sulphide; also the Tee aera iP f lized. The iron in the state of ling gave ¢ ee inganese and sulphur the opportunity and time t , ogether to form manganese sulphide, which rises t rface as slag. The oxygen content of the iron ised its combined carbon and raised its me point, causing it to become sluggish. The Loss of Manganese In melting much iron of different analyses, day vhite cl gher lay, the adjustment for the manganese loss varied — ee ee ee wis the different mixtures, but was quite constant in ea f the American Institute of Mining and Metallurg Ey particular grade. This had to be considered in orde! chencor ot "chine teeter tintiea Ce... tndaien ut tak to keep the mixtures up to specifications. The mix Flint. Mich tures carrying steel lost a greater proportion of ma! i. June 19, 1919 THE IRON AGE L637 nese than those without steel I stance i ents yr ‘ xture of 50 per cent pig nd ) er en é ang manganese content was ‘ é . reas in a cylinder mixture n f 10-50 per ce emelt and 4 f the manganese conte was With special xture as W of manganese is considera esults of averages é t , Effect of Adding Steel : " Che e¢ n the ipola o es f ! xture WI I lr? ~ en ) The percentage of manganes ( nereased ste¢ yntent »f I er the stee yntent the grea ( ] he more xygen t e en It ire irrying 15 pe e iarge the iron at 0.90 per ce n order to give iT on pro ym} ited castings as aut en content due to the steel ra | » 1rons at 1e Same tempel freezing poi! “ lave ipe fe than the one with the h r gen added to the iron t f ng poin ising 1t to 2 y vive he Pn +} requil ed with mangane TI ; ‘ ] + ’ I 1 na I Or Iron with 20 pe t ste ( er shri gre s hard | n in I I W | ) pe T eT nem added to aes Proof of the Johnson Theory Cast Iron for Gas Shells W he é f the United St e, Italy, and Germany in specifying mn ra hells In ord to e€ ( severe specification for t . l he afo : l neories f ¢ 1 had good success The ! s nated with oxygen by heavy p¢ tag i y eoxidation was prevented g Ww) below 0.45 and always above 0 t Government demanded a tensile f f OU per sq (2249 kg. pe ‘ ) ¢ tL test The npact est requ ‘ ; f mm.) square est ir supports f res : (152 mm.) enter to center, ] lid i » & ¢ | re the 25-] (ll-kg.) hammer arrving fi ane ; ‘ reached 18 in. (46 cm.) starting at ! ai ) and increasing by™ in. (12.7 n.) é res were made of 35-40 per cer ‘r cent elt, and 30-25 per cent pig iror Typical at Exchange Favors German Trade in Belgiun physical properties of two heats r n¢ Uv 1 “x ween D pig iron, 450 Toledo pig iro 00 emeit ' il ' ae soe , teel, zZ ] ferromangal! est iT \ ; > - . j »-Ame? ] nthly organ of t \ : an Char f£ Ce erce Londot hich se fort z = ews ul meé ned f th 7 - rm = fo : l .194 0.45 0.78 2.42 3.2 i i .208 0.45 0.81 2.39 3.2 : : The tensile strength ran from 32,000 to 37,000 Ib sq. in.; bars which broke below 32,000 lb. proved — : 43 defective castings. ; The results bear out the various contentions in ref- h w st post] ' ence to the oxidation of steel in cupola mixtures and e effect of oxygen on cast iron. For like silicon con- at 1638 THE IRON AGE July delivery \merican prices. CONDITIONS IN JAPAN June 19. at attractive margins unds However, British machinery is Overstocked with Steel—Wages Low and Labor Very the American article are properly presented.” WASHINGTON, J J i stee al I V1 [ 114 ‘ I f ‘ , . aman Jatatene exports hone to am Further Advances in German Steel Pri ts OWEE SUN within two year \t a meeting of the German Steelworks Un features of ee es - 0, it was decided to advance prices on iron Bure 1 of Foreign ind Vomes von al .; products as follows: Commissioner W. H. Rasta y ne n KE ls Advance New |] rial machinery in Japan. Commiss R point out the low effi y of aid J al oye ; te ' - element giving advantags » A He Ks 1] i . also i attentior ) n Ja é e fo i on 0 ti 10 140 American wares over thos¢ G 1 ( Billet 75 17.8 17 lines The report contains la Sheet B a us ' ers for Americar » a Japanese marke The e valents in United States money are ‘Amet “an n é ! n rule n a valuation of the German mark at 2 1¢ res the repo ore f hough in the absence of exchange with Germany ieveloping their 1 1919 2) exact value of the mark is problematical. The ad Re : ! Eu Dp T n mentioned, it was conceded by both consumers and much of , yu hants, would not cover the net cost of operat esult n neg f } rr] The new prices are to be effective { jemand ‘ y IY ntn quipment | I I iu ] dust M Holland Aiding Her Manufacturers een € ) ! ff I new industs h [he Holland Industrial Fair, which has held bean secured in ft ., D ons of Dutch manufactures annually since 191 nroduce active Utrec] Holland, is giving wide circulation to “Th: expans lu 1 ( orms for the convenience of those who want to p a saan: was : ar t Jar ; 1ase her products. The forms are to be forward: alias Fi = ea e Commercial Intelligence Department of the a a teks i hey emphasize that only articles exclusively n é remind ipa d Ss as actured in Holland will be displayed or assisted ffers. Am} products being carefully inspected to this end | a 101 ' nese n ’ ervice is gratis. In 1917 the fair had 690 exhibito 1¢ yralize A em ecupying 29,000 sq. ft., whereas this year it has 1 surprist J sing 3 ng 71,000 sq. ft. and 2062 stands. It is a peace-time p ve Spain’s Iron Ore and Other Exports Ame ‘ , 1 Spair exp = ¢ ron ore } i ner produ manage! f s import ’ 18 are R, ' ’ eria Bu s follows in meti litions resu : inticipated " A era ily ] resulting fro1 pr ybab y see I f Wiowing [ rv } 7 ‘Tt ‘ i ¢ r) sn D ] t i < T Also, the Ex} s of copper ore and « elter at tet el r ) 1 e in bot} ears € = f Ou | =— — _ On the otl i Japan making a Engineering Congress for Java in 192 — + ais " ; \ general engineering congress to last six srs a : 1 the : he d al Batavia, Java, May, 1920, inde! miei Es i onage of J. P. Earl van Limburg Stirum, | vi : “pees 7 rapid | 1 ¢ é Governor-General of Netherlands, East India \ lal carte o the presidents of the congress will be R. de Kat, M director of the Department of Government Indu ‘Tn sh. denies — ss manutn \ Secor d bulletin dealing with the Congress h ; stl eins venereal ssued Tt states that al correspondence rel; ts importance: the subject should be addressed to the sec C¢ stain Japan y ' Mole et-Oost, Weltevreder, Java. mpler types of equipn it s ) ertall eo ie : that they can meet Am¢é n prices, fo th Jap Hardware Restrictions Removed anese labor is paid a low ite per day, tl ps are - = . so poorly equipped that the produ ibis! 9 y low, W ASHINGTON, June 10.- Consul General S so that in many lines the total labor charg hiche ables from London that the British Governmer than in America. permit the importation of stoves and ranges and “Great Britain will undoubtedly make great efforts including padlocks only under license, as and W whenever possible. In January English sA@lers of stes required, but has removed the import restrictions started canvassing the Japanese market, offering plates “all hardware not otherwise specifically mentioned Inefficient f the same type as developed in America, a yanese will frequently prefer the American p ven at considerably higher prices, if the advant i. Ay 17 The ine 19, 1919 THE IRON AGE \ NEW STEEL WORKS IN JAPAN _ ‘0m the United s 1 mnlished prior 4 \ \ 4 W Roll Plates, Shapes and Bars Direct from ise Elect & M ed ' Ingots—Blooming Mill to Be Added | and other t re pliant be ectrically lis The 84 table vere February, 1918, the Kiushu Steel W Ltd : ta, Japan, engaged the S. R. Smythe | Pitt oO r i ' a is consultin and co ver : . M mare draw fe f i ) piete » 9 | \ ncluding uildir founda \ Mi * Riese <a ‘ - =e = —— - = — pee ++ a > “— > j Ws l H. D. W eS l { ' Work Ltd ! irde | ’ and Dp iT ) i a\ i ) WW t : 8 y ’ Q r , ! A = é ‘ nation. t va , c ) ' e ur | ’ e+ . (i) OO : ! ‘ ‘ W r I ng the plate ar r ir 4-doo1 le-charge I H f ( J ‘ } ! yur additiona \ } na wi irgZ ar if le 7 tables | | ’ n i + \ eig Sn he is I ) lves are the Schild sliding of t ) re ‘ 27-in. for gas and 30-in. for al! ym can be sé red for ) - - : _ . . +, tun! » ¥ : . , 1500 tons of steel and iron requ red by ‘ ro 2 id ove he license hav ne heen secre ne is peen shipped, il 1640 THE IRON AGE June 19, SURPLUS MACHINE TOOLS facturers and the plant facilities and equipme: their assumption of war work had entailed. “The duty of recovering as large a percenta possible of the vast sums of Government mone up in surplus war materials devolved upon the Department, and a policy for effecting this purpo Method of Inspectors in Fixing Valuation before Making Sales WASHINGTON, June 17.—The Machine Tool Section to be evolved. To flood the market with the st f the office of the Director of Sales of the War D« commodities held by the Government contractor partment has made public the charts by means of which the machinery with which they had been manufa s inspectors are now fixing the valuation of the sur would not only mean their sacrifices, but the up plus machir ools held by the Government of industrial conditions in general. The general outline of these charts has already bes ‘To preclude such a situation, the office of th¢ yublishe n THE IRON AGE (| May 29, 1919, p e 1462) tor of Sales was created. President Wilson, pro uut the charts themselves were not ther ble fon inder the Act of July 9, 1918, by which the sal f publicatior The 2 he cha ‘ lus war material was authorized, had appointed encth bel ; mpa ng il Crowell, Assistant Secretary of War, to [r Suing the a selling force t Macl Tool Si a. es ] of this surplus, ide pu he yllow Crowell, in turn, by item¢ yncer! 28 Department order é it Jan. 1 7, 1919, des ‘The ¢ C. W. Hare, then A ant Director of Mur ( etw as Director of Salk Allied oe authority to mal ractically wn for the War Dep perat in act ordance W ‘ 0) l I 7 provisions of th oy S July 9, 1918 vn pe The Director of Gover having appointed ict Ve pape . 0 ¥ ° 2 of assistants, eacl DI} pl a an because of his ‘ “ ) j ta liarit y WwW ith S I LIS STA \ MACHINE TOOLS TO DETEKMINE SERVICE VALUE rd t re ith i S } i i< rr f Lpp 1 ) I v I B \ ! Z i f ( per I é ) ‘ rr hat per | 1 s per I T ( a | I ducted for ( i i} TI | 1 ir “ } a ol ty of res hose hops } operated at other tha er A iL na rt is based Having determined tl number irs i the