The Iron Age 1919-05-22: Vol 103 Iss 21

New York, May 22, 1919 LISHED 1855 VOL Measuring to the Millionth Part of an Inch Practical Utilization of Light Waves in the Manufacture of Certi- fied Gage Blocks Within Limits of Three Millionths of an Inch BY ROBERT I. CLEGG AGE blocks of a high 6C9 96 dDR 725 CB S3 e! degree of accuracy Y Pe OVA DX Z Q a pre \ ( i \) 2 . have become well € ‘ known during the past few t D047 -)-5-62 e 3 War year For war work they . ( ; . ( , \ , tzew i ths writ ‘ three Were in great demand. ee) Supplies were comman- c i deered by the War Depart- sai wie t ’ ut 7 ment, and this naturally OKO ntl turned the attention of | € so iS crrtet The Pratt & Whitne many to their larger pro- | \f——T a B OD Co., Harftord, Conn., po duct Among other re- | ae the manutact its size blocks having ; a ear ; rignt inder the Hoke abs itely flat and equipped witl rosco em and furnishes ea parallel measuring sur- Tee ee eee lainary tame Of et of blocks with a signe ‘aces were produced by seocen eee . W1 Hoke, St. Louis. pressure regardless of thé perat r Bureau of Standards stat Later he enjoyed the facil- Pig. 2—Wave motion in 8 mm aperes ng the actual errors . he U. S. Bureau of sieuan nt A . oa ™" we "’ not on rs M ment j every lock tne block and then, as a causes loop D, an interference. | In upper, drawine. having serial numbers the Ordnance i) Sak Ace See Dee Speremnen: x ipon them for such iden ent, U. S. A., was straight or curved bands Rapa. . icatioz 1346 THE IRON AGE | rie rie OCKS are giaSs-nard stee 1 about l-iIn. square with a i-In. nole througn the center. They are of a special alloy steel se lected for wearing qual ities and are thoraughly seasoned and finely fin- ished. The counter- sunk hole through the blocks permits the stacking of them. They may thus be assembled and held in place by a 14-in. rod and screws fitting the chamfered Ma) ment that under the scale and calipe: of excellence ranked very high. more than the same instruments, the now, as then, deserves admiration. and halving the thousandths of the was equally a feat that had its skept came to applying practically these sions in the work of machine shops. At Some Expedients in Fine Measu: While the micrometer was re\ other expedients. These devices urements and in their connection subdivided to an elaboration of sandths or even shorter shares. Mec seemed marked worth, their « follower the wor out of a of a sin almost Light P liv Olu practice of manufacturing plants and American system of interchangeable | chines and machine products possil sewing machine and other products was also maintained in precisior vices employing the microscope over n ated scales, the flow of liquids throug! ter-like tubes having small openings ry A increase to the available capacity Tine ' A nal that Bo} ( oO-W “s h: king clear rovides ly twenty ve: there came tl} iple use cal appliances t] previous _ effort elementa Lengths Professor ! holes. Michelson, of | Of course, the blocks applied the } when “wrung” together ties of light w stick with a vigorous ie =. ee auikaae’ teat a aa ~_ ae oe the solution any UNS to. their It 7 1 be n ofl tent tae tee aoan Sa Gur siethaee ho tee problem. His close contact and other ther eds f the next one. This indicates that the has been found so } conditions, of which ate 3 Se oo eae ae nth of a wave length o1 tical that it ofter something will be said later. The subject is one which has long been of scientific interest. Getting Millionths into Manufacturing the experts of the Pratt & Whitney Co. must have a reliable means of measuring their Obviously, work while it is in progress at the shops in Hart- ford. A trip to the Bureau of Standards headquar- ters in Washington is out of the question during the several stages of the lapping process, though quite in order when the blocks are to pass final inspection by the U. S. authorities and be for- mally certified by them as to the true accuracy limits of length and surface flatness. Not even having at hand complete and approved sets of standard sizes will satisfy, unless there are con- veniently available some ready and absolutely dependable means of making comparisons and establishing limits of error to defiinite dimen- sions. Errors of millionths of an inch are frequently thought of today in the same way that at one time were thousandths, and later ten thousandths. To split a sixty-fourth was once an accomplish- Fig. 5—This is the same plate as in the wedge of air between the glass and the much reduced in thickness This decrease of the air space greatly increases the distanct interference fringes A line drawn across the ibout tangent to one fringe confirms the Distance between the bands does not affe: previc + the 22, 1919 THE IRON the bar and scale standards of the helson would enable the accurate iengtn = . +. , } ablished DY destroyed, records est repro But his method while determi them with great accuracy, is not so ha r the examination of flatness, and it is it so applicable to the workm: d be desirable when lapping operations tests necessarily frees ; er way, and are eters’ Method Adapted to Shop Needs G. Peters present plan was proposed by C nited States Bureau of Standards and is optical character, but it is as simple as cessful. is familiar with the rings formed yne is flung into a pond. Let two stones ped into the water at the same ti » apart, then two sets of rings start radi itward and, where they meet, with each other, ng the wave effect according to the stage period at the same one me and these little nterfere increasing o1 vibration meeting the points. when AGE urs one ‘ . length of rope Bois Phe 1 ip and down by th If the move- enct} ni the hand keeps pare the rer ht sort of time tic he waves or loops ht ‘ he run along the \ the rope and OD it at the end, Ip | be a constant t ( n of Waves, he swing up and Wave Lengths Mads the hand is as Visible varied to send ‘ itive series of ihe at a dif- . flow to the re . there will at interference, es acting aby rig Tey ach other. blocks are wit action of light mo heli : ‘ s not unlike that Seat soap light unde of black eY ‘ is nte1 rence f A couple are Ci f t ‘ of glass gi i t One otf nes¢ flat ! é level f tact sh through the per t ' of bands. In the ht ee! ature rainbow re fringes red al e@] sources ght tl he ! obta é \ tT t is a ce enient wv ett which give eri ' t ve tense black I The Pratt & Whitns ( ¢ — «ks not precisely the sar ght gtase = rdinary d +E ' U yi bands seen through the £ flat the red light in the fr ‘ i th while ght indicated ‘that a oe ks are @ ly dimming the gens effect per ft trong wave length (or about three-1 contrast because it sharpens the edge he ght to each other, but it is to each other bands, this last being onsiderable us¢ ‘ 1348 as will later be seen in comparing the position of one set of bands with another as is done regularly for measurement purposes. That Wave In testing for flatness a surface of metal such as that of a 5-in. surface plate of the new Pratt & Whitney Co.’s type—Major Hoke’s system of making true planes is being applied to work of this size and purpose—an optical flat is laid upon it. Between the two surfaces there is a film of air. If the adjacent surfaces are nearer together at the one edge than the other, there exists be- tween the and the metal one a space, and this space and parallel to the side closest to contact there will be a bands. If the reflec- is from plane surfaces, there will the surface is not flat, the When the two surfaces are the thin- t, the bands will be most widely separated. If the the surface is flat hin the range of the wave lengths, distances Surface Plates Pass Length Tests glass Surtace wedge-shaped across series of interference of the light be straight bands; if bands will be tion curved. closest together, and the wedge of air bands are straight, these minute cording to the light that is used. Watson gives the vibrations per hundredths sodlun varying a oft a second tor light as having a string of 12 der imal piaces Tt llowed by a lonesome 5. But the differences in wave lengths of various light sources onl amount to a few millionths, accord ng to scientists Determining the Degree of Inaccuracy Surface Should the test bands be curved, then the mount of irvature tells the degree of inaccuracy it a glance [The eye can estimate whether the curve in al band would cause a tangent to that fringe to cut more than the one band. A strip yf paper serves as a good straight-edge against the glass surfaces and on counting the fringes ut by this tangent to the curve, allowing ten mil- band, the amount of sight. If, however, the curve radius is not short enough to cause the tangent to ‘ven more than one of the the error in fil One-tenth lionths of an inch for every error may be determined at cross, or with then come in contact, neighboring bands, itness s correspondingly less. the distance the bands is between found capable of easy determination and this gives the millionth as working unit of measure ment Quick Tests of Block Lengths So far, the distance between the sides, or thick ness, of the blocks has not been considered, the method being applied to the flatness of what are intended for plat e surf irfaces To test for length is no more complicated than for flatness. The standard block and the one to be tested are wrung on to a glass flat of known reliability as to character of plane surface. Over them and resting thereon is another glass flat. If the piece to be tested has stood successfully the examination for flatness, and if it has the very same length : the standard we shall have a like showing of bands over the two adjacent surfaces when they are rotated under the glass tc bring their space wedges parallel, running in the one different, the bands the practical eye oO have the If they are disclose it, and mounces a and thereby direction. W ill at the bands once examiner pr prompt verdict Why When two gether they Wrung Surfaces Grip Together plane surfaces are cling with “wrung” to a close grip that is very THE IRON AGE May well known to mechanics, and has ofte subject of much discussion as to cai the atmospheric pressure is usually me the dominant factor involved in the ex the force is so much in excess of what expected by the elimination of the ai the surfaces that some additional reas: sought. Dry surfaces do not adhere as do tl ened by breathing against them, and ha fact in mind, it is easy and natural to lo explanation by way of the surface f liquids. J. Clark Maxwell discussed 1 tter about twenty years ago and gave som: ilas for the calculation of the pressure invo] Ho claimed that if A is the area of film of | 7 the surface’ tension, B the circumference the wetted surface, a the angle of film caused lary action and d is the thickness of the f e the plates will be pressed together by a for 2AT cos a RT sir An offhand idea of the pressure he claimed «an be obtained by omitting the thickness d and the functions of the angle, as they refer to i- nute dimensions; then the other items show how large a force is involved. The late Prof. M well said, “The force that is produced | he introduction of a drop of water between two plates is enormous and is often sufficient to press cer tain parts of the plates together so powerfully as to bruise them or break them.” Many a mech whose job has “seized” on him will know the full meaning of what the professor meant. _ The very sudden clamping or “seizing” be tween two dampened surfaces when “wrung” to- gether is explained when it is remembered that the action only takes place between very narrow limits of the very minute spaces. Quinke’s experi- ments show that the extreme range or play of the forces. causing capillary attraction is betwee: thousandth and a twenty-thousandth part millimeter, or between a twenty-five thousandth of an inch and five hundred-thousandths. estimates show that the surface tension 1 intervening liquid was long ago recognized explanation of the condition that exists whe! flat areas are wrung together. Difficulties then in the way of obtaining accurate measurements of film thicknesses are no longer interfering, the possibilities now opened for further determi nations will doubtless result in new these microscopical expressions of surface tension These values New York Chapter of Steel Treaters A local branch in New York, of the American Steé l'reaters’ Society, has been recently organized. it 's known as the: New York chapter. The first pu meeting will be held Friday evening, May 23, at ° clock in Room 602, Engineering Societies Building 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York. An will be delivered by W. H. Eisenman, of Chicago, “Heat Treatment: Its Past, Present and I The new chapter was launched on Friday evening May 16, with a dinner at the McAlpin give! Eisenman to about 20 metallurgists and busi interested in heat treating and in heat treatme plies. At this dinner Frank B. Fahy, consulting gineer, New York, elected chairman Seidell, New York Testing Laboratories, 5 Treasurer. was The biggest single purchaser of America! n March, 1919, was Japan. It received 16,2! valued at $1,653,300, out of a total export in U! " of 55,505,977 lb., worth $4,997,846. 22, 1919 THE IRON AGE A CONCRETE WAREHOUSE Ventilation and Employee Welfare Considered in Design and Equipment Pittsburgh Screw & Bolt Co., whose plant facture of nuts, bolts, rivets and other pro d on Preble Avenue, N. S., Pitts a new warehouse to replace a wooden one the Ne ae Nhl 1350 THE IRON AGE May 22. 19): and with the Pennsylvania Lines System at the other, the track being able to accommodate 12 cars at one time. This floor is equipped with a large number of steel bins for the storage of standard sizes of nuts, bolts and rivets that are needed for filling small orders. The floor is on a level with the car floors, permitting rapid loading. From the first floor three conveyors, furnished by the Mathews Gravity Carrier Co., Ellwood City, Pa., are used to carry bolts to the second floor. Spiral gravity carriers, made by the same concern, convey the finished material ready for shipment from the second floor to the first floor. The second floor is devoted entirely to assembling and packing of finished products. This floor is also equipped with a large number of steel bins for storing Steel Prices and Colorado Mills President J. F. Welborn of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., writing for the /ndustrial Bulletin, the publication of the company, which circulates among its employees, comments as follows on the price situation in iron and steel as it affects operations at the steel plant at Pueblo, Col.: “There has been a pronounced increase in the buying of our wire and nails and other products of the smalle mills. To secure a portion of this business it was nec- essary to make prices that were actually less than the cost of production, and we have been obliged to decline other business because the prices at which it could be secured were too far below cost “The situation as to future rail business is unsatis factory because of tl 1 the Railroad Administration will order rails for ship- ment during the latter part of this year. Representa tives of the steel interests met the Industrial Board, appointed by the Secretary of Commerce, and fixed prices for various steel products, including rails, which e uncertainty as to whether or not the board conceded were fair to the purchaser. It was then hoped that the railroads would place orders for such amounts of rails for this year’s delivery as wer usually bought by the several roads prior to the time they passed under Federal control. These prices on rails have not, however, been accepted by the Railroad Administration. Their fairness to the buyer is fully justified by reports made to the Federal Trade Com mission, which show costs of production with all rail manufacturers except the United States Steel Corpora- tion to be higher than the prices appr ved DY the In dustrial Board. ‘Uncertain as is this situation, we still hope that understandings will soon. be reached that will cause the railroads drawing their rail requirements from our mill to place orders with us early enough to enable us to continue the present volume of production through- out the year. At the present rate of output, the unfilled rail orders now on our books will last until about Aug. 1. “Tt behooves all of us at this time to continue the spirit of co-operation in the direction f increasing efficiency and reducing costs That co-operation has been quite effective during the last few months, and we are sure all will see the necessity for continuing it, i order that our costs may enable us to take desirabl business available in our territory.’ How the Panama Canal Will Help “it is utterly out of the questior for Japan to com pete with Great Britain and the United States in the exportation of iron commodities,” says an article pub- lished in the Japanese Revue Diplomatique, the author being T. Okamoto. The goods in which Japan must compete with Britain and America, he says, are textiles and half-finished goods or cheap manufactured articles. Further, this Japanese writer says about the possible development of American export trade: “As a result of the opening of the Panama canal, freights from New York have become cheaper than from Liverpool. Otherwise than by the canal, a steamer traveling at the speed of ten knots from New York to Yokohama will arrive eight days later than one from Liverpool, odd lots of material. In constructing the bu Pittsburgh Screw & Bolt Co. gave special att the welfare of employees, and also to securin; mum amount of sunlight and ventilatior heating system was installed by the Sturtevar of Boston, and in the coldest weather the ten in the entire building is easily kept as high The entire third floor is devoted to the w: partment, and also has offices for shop cler! shop management. This floor is equipped w porcelain wash stands, toilet and dressing roo: women, also check rooms for the use of emp women’s rest room and a well-equipped di: are also provided. The company furnishes other articles of food free of charge. whereas, via the canal, a steamer will arrive ¢ earlier from New York than from Liverpo the Panama Canal affords great facilities between both shores of the United States an and those from the Eastern States of Ameri Far East, so that it will no longer be necessar resort to the railway across the continent.” National Association of Corporation Sch Consider Labor and Management The National Association of Corporation §S will hold its seventh annual convention at Cl first week in June. In an effort to work out satisfactory to the new conditions of labor and the convention will give considerable attentior democratization of industry in the United State special consideration to be given to labor tun employee representation in management, better t ing, hours of labor, wages, stock-ownership on the | of employees, profit-sharing, group-insuring, activities to encourage home owning, working ditions and other problems of similar import expected that the results obtained by the Star Oil Co., the Western Union Telegraph Co., the Bet lehem Steel Corporation, the Midvale Steel & Ord: Co., the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co., the Ger Electric Co., the International Harvester Co., Manufacturers Association of Bridgeport, Com serve as the groundwork in this campaigr It pointed out by the association that labor tu the United States, in normal periods, is about million annually, estimated to be 125 per cent expense this involves is estimated at $5,000, annually. Surveys have been made by the associat investigators placed in the field and report containing the present status of personnel upon which attention has been centered. Thx investigated relate wholly to the relations of holders, management and the workers. The National Association of Corporation 5 also devotes attention through its sub-committees employment problems, training of the workers, as an educational problem, health education, apprent ship training, training of office workers, fitting technical graduate into industry, readjusting indust organizations to receive the new factors in ment, methods of instruction, the relation of th« schools to industrial requirements, marketing lems, executive training and unskilled labor and canization. The headquarters of the Association are at | Street and Irving Place, New York. The Juniata shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad started on the manufacture of 15 passenger engines i++ the K-4-S type for the Pennsylvania lines west of ! burgh. Previous orders of the shops had all beer pleted when this order was received, and officials lieve that this contract will not be completed orders for the additional equipment, which most roads need, will be received. The Cast Steel Ship Development Standard Units Cast in Sand, Assembled in Position and Automatically Welded, the Basis of a New System of Shipbuildi: >Y YRON | ) SIBILITIES of developing a new resource fo ! l ; ‘ lilding by using steel castings and welding from \ h alr ' : fa ' r was first brought to the attention of the » per e Board in April, 1917, and was referred by the _ resul Board to the Emergency Fleet Corporatio: if 38.000 and a it f Os t in 2 ‘al Goethals expressed his readiness to under vi are high development if the then naval architect, Wulr i ‘ e Ferris, would recommend it. The appropria en 1 for l ships was passed and Mr. Ferris recommended £ : 1917. The appropriation was passed in f man work ton of cas l \t this time the Goethals-Denman situation tration shows ; sting pl 1 General Goethals was unable to take actior ind 10 ft. ¢ \ ibout this time that his connection with the yne castit red. extending fr y Fleet Corporation was severed Admirals bilge to the Wher r mor ! Harris refused to give the matter a serious ure t togethe so that the development was thrown onto the there art ts. the ( ! ‘ of private interests. ne] i Cast Steel Ship Corporation was accordingly Che es to | it the 1 to develop a new system of shipbuilding effect of : of steel sections, in this way employing labor et ind supplies of raw material, not t ! ised if the ‘ f f i irds, for the purpose of helping w the wal ent fo. of the difficulties . encountered the ef work of developing cast steel ships was for perfecting foundry methods for pr ff he castings. This problem, after many « has been solved and method le the castings comprising the hu tructu roduced with a — molding equip! System of Framing and [Plating ola tabor witn inte igent super i t | . Operating Advantages emplovil ist f the eful investigation of cost, in fact, has led th: bilge, rs of the cast steel ship to the conclusion that them hips can be produced at a saving f r By avil r cent of the ‘ost of hulls of r eted nit nell throug r equal conditions. ept ne time the cargo-carrying capacity of [ teel ship exceeds that of the riveted ship by) the castir t per cent, owing to the joints beings ist ay tes connection metal. rammed st involves a corresponding reductio1 ges and returns to capital, and the increased fi rrying capacity nereases earnings so tnat The sect I are ‘ ‘ onditions the cast steel ship can make uilt from eithe1 wer freight rate than other types hip is 0,000-ton D. W. C. cast steel irgo snip I t1o two \ dd type the weight of stee] was ‘ A ate ‘ ploy« re I I { © 2000 tons net in the hull and superstru hip, four Ss provides a carrying capacity of betweer ! f cargo per ton of steel in the hu r O00 ve nt s due o the eliminatior f between the plates and frames and most of I ping metal f butts i I rt I I r the frame worl is nte I iso a greater structural s i t of damage due to accident ! N rn reduces the cost of repair r ist steel ship may rid by riveting plates p on as in the ordina factor in reducing repairs is th: 1u t rros of cast steel as rrosior ng about ons rt The Special Joint ¥ iit e Method of Casting ire made from scra te : f One ed , Se having not over 0.06 per t of pl vil et ter re were ne. Thev fit 6 f : Q ( ‘eels ; : 1352 THE IRON AGE Ma\ , The interlocking parts are so arranged and designed welding by a system of wedging. Wher tl the necnar i trength of the joint, due to th are fitted to each other there are spa tensile strength of the dovetails and the resistance to ends of longitudinals within which to d shea f the lugs, is equal to the tensils trengeth of bring the edges of the casting tightl the plat TI eat } 1¢ ilso ele or two men can tighten the edges of t trically welded to render the joint water tight, as is fast as assembled and faired up A ft ated in the drawings The mechar trength of been wedged together, lugs at extrems¢ tnis joint s 100 per cent rt tne piati! i result long ng are welded between their dovetails S erht fo hipbuild ’ llaie ims here and there are we lr} n the idd b veld into pos w ( O00 pe ent to the str t if the jo lovetails; after which the seam upor I SO ‘ struments are oped for ac ny ‘ welding hap} welding labor other purposes ‘ } Fatigue of Welded Joints Cas eel d Sl ¢ \ One \ tn S Saving in weilg we n¢ nal Casting with f ! States for locon due to t endit f the frames, vest joint und bl cars, trucks, « st ‘ ! ‘ idly placi! D} tne trate eted forms wit! whic! I i user ind ad ma Ul I the traveling l cannot ! 0 he cast steel shi} joint rt ¢ ! ilmed at a sin recurs in the p elt! men r ma side ¢ t} | De tation n , ; Upon are pre ente ? é é ‘ ng their ré ! the hat be sify cast ste strall nN exe ~ een Technical De} stresses in the nts al the United Sta welding I ver weal >( rd Emerg S oints are of tl ery greatest Importancs Corporation, has also approved our plans welded ship The welded ints heretofor oposed teel welded ship. are subject to these fatiguing strains, ar t Dé It is believed by the company that if tl lieved by the writer that in t serious damage and ment had left shipbuilding open to comps possible loss of hip may result from the parting they would have been able to get equipment of a welded joint heretofore proposed, due to the and steel to produce by this system hulls of atigue of the metal unde? ntinued stresss While strength and carrying capacity at a great a weided jo nit chnow?T n ' pnotovrap! it Ss nos cost But Government ownership and sible under the patent rights of the company to ild vented any actual shipbuilding from being riveted cast steel ships as well and either the trans The company is arranging contracts at verse or longitudinal system of shipbuilding time for a few hulls of ships and intends t : \s the joints are superior in strength to the plates enough American shipways and provide ¢: butts no lonver have to be shifted sources therefor to care for normal needs The castings are fastened toeethe temporarily for ditions that should give the lead to America! Steel Mill Practice and Heat Treating Effect of Various Producing Factors on Ultimate Product—Dirt in Ele Steel—Effect of Shape of h t M \ At SSION f re é \ practice \ é ste I i 3 ) i t T ~ th i h ( na ce il! f ay ‘ lv ge z i ? 1 ficu s existing to-day i | i¢ | irn ( T) - i ire oT té I é ry , S } Y tuce ie determ here t , ¢ + l e! I er . aboratories ! ner aA é i , iu vl er ig pted This trend ild ‘ Controlling Factors in Heat Treatment ! ‘ Co! ler what me ! to these f ’ I ) to | t etn for attall { l i In t Bessemer! i eactio ‘ ire red with o ry ef ) TY cr y y £ er y sea a I eC l ( e furt ¢ 3 oKe, nd ‘ r contact with ti é ittention to : ¥ era i nr illo 1 Sieben : lar structut f 1 y +} T ‘ T i i > \ t I lo e mo re dice \ i ‘ + + +} nea ) ne ru ; y g tne meltitr ‘ mare! ver th ss? What tly under t ! ipo the f I i : y 1T ‘ t T es airy T ) D ) | , Dirt in Steel , : ‘ ed roubies l f th; — . r ises for this difficul ” to the melting departn been found frequ Tr 4 of T é I ft daeleterious ‘ts es : ‘ ‘ ' 4 ie material. Of course, the best test of the pudding is in the eating, and it is the service rendered under actual working conditions that tells the tale. This is unfortunate, inasmuch as the known to be defective until it fails. Steel used for wearing parts such as ba steel may not be 17 bearings, rapidly goes to pieces unless it is dense and free from non-metallic impurities. Tool stee] Pives poor service if it is not clean and often the tool hardener gets the blame unjustly. Dirt in gun steel causes rapid erosion the life of the treated of the bore, and When any cluded slag and gas it it is quenched. Steel makers have been very admit that “dirt” is an almost unavoidable component of all commercial but it is that the problem should be faced squarely with an earnest endeavor to improvement rather than camouflage ‘onsequently shortens heat contains crack when gun. steel to be oc- is liable to check or reluctant to believed steels, ward trying to ts true nature. As an evidence of this, the vice-presl dent of a certain company insisted that the black spots on the author’s photomicrographs were not 7 dirt, but defects in polish ~ 2D ing. This statement was made, not on account of D, ISS - Slag ignorance, but, let us say, pass +k sé} ¥ for “business reasons. Effect of Ingot Mold Shapes The passage 1 ste from a quid to a solid . r a phase in actual practice \rrang Suggeste r | presents Some »f the Be Papp gic knottiest problems steel mills manufacturing high class material have to deal with. How to make good ingots is as much of an art as it is a science, Besides tne inherited influences from the melting and refining the temperature of and process, teeming, methods of casting and the direct syy0+ SUIL- design molds have a and its proper use of ingot bearing soundness of the ingot ability for subsequent forging. Perhaps one of upo! the the best known ources of trouble to consumer’s heat treating departments is pipe. The influence of the pipe, or shrinkable cavity at the top of the ingot will depend to some extent upon the ability of the steel to we Some of the modern alloy steels weld with difficulty, but, even if the weld complete, the central] part of the rolled or forged ba will neve be the same as it would have been had tl ips beet absent. Steels exhibiting a hard center have often been encountered and have given trouble This abnormal hardness may be due directly to segregation and indi rectly to pipe. The shape and general design of ingot molds have a great deal to do with the troubles en countered with piped steel 4 steel maker was overheard in making statements to the effect that mold shay ind design had little effect upon the results he had obtained, that he had tried them all and one was as bad as another, and that two-fifths of the length of most of his ingots had to be cropped. Mold shaps ind desig? not a i! ill for pipe and should neve onsidered as such. The pouring or teeming temperature f molt stee to gether with its rate of flow into tl ire more mportant consideratior lan making seund ng? Progress in Research Sp ittine not to examine their nternal onditions s both an expensive and time-consuming procedure Steel manufacturer however, have efused o let trouble and expense stand in t Va ( nding out and a vast amount of investigation has been carried ut that has proven extremely profitable and ruct ve. The world owes a great debt of gratitude to Eng lish metallurgists, as Great Britain has been the leader n carryil Oo these fruitful experiments. In past years, especially before the war, the American steel THE IRON AGE May 22, 1919 industry was on the whole a tonnage pro}; ing the next decade the United States has opportunity to procure a steel business, only equal, but countries. Share of but the quality of our stee that large manufacture surpass, Effect of Scorching Steel The examination of split and broken been very instructive as to the bad effects steel at too high or too low a temperatur: ingots are best known among the tool steel haps on account of the small size of the It has been found that by casting slowly en increasing the size of the mold (retarding t} cooling) the scorched effect may be elimi: spective of how high the temperature of ca be. Scorched ingots are fragile and often trouble in cogging, forming cracks on th: the bar which are caused by weakness due developed crysta - characteristic . Stee scorched ingots She// at excessive ter re ‘J " also delays the VW Fire | ee ae ae Rack | the ingot by « ; er warming up the (x such an extent WI deleterious to b S DETAIL OF SKIMMER ow Sleeve and ingots. Brich Many tons steel billet scrapped De cracks that develop the cogging operatior There is little doubt that furnace been much of this loss was occasioned by the excessive temperature of casting ingots. In the open-hearth and crucible process the margin of temperature attainable above that necessary to get the steel out of the furnace and into the molds is probably not more than 100 deg. C. It should have been foreseen that troubles due to casting electr would be encountered because of the greater t ture of the bath that is possible to attain in the electr furnace. Cold-Cast Ingots Cold cast ingots exhibit badly pitted surfaces must be chipped and ground smooth before This is one source of troublesome seams and the finished bar. Also blow holes and segregations. cast Ingots otte! The bottom po ingot is usually lower in carbon cont the remainder of the ingot. This is due tion of individual crystals and crystal groups iron in the molten steel, which sink to tl due to their greater weight. Blow holes in finished steel parts are a neve! ng aggravation to consumers of steel a their heat-treating departments. A blow hole causes ing, warping, blisters and many other troubles origin may be traced to a variety of sources, a 3 no one factor responsible for all blow holes. St cold cold cast pure source of be thoroughly deoxidized in the furnace, but w! : poured into the ladle or teemed into mold energetically with the oxygen of the through which it passes. Therefore the strean should be kept solid, and minimum splashing cur in order to keep the surface exposed t of the atmosphere as small as possible. Oxygel with steel forms iron oxide which in turn r carbon in the steel, liberating gas. Some Pp s trapped and forms blow holes in the steel as idly solidifies in the molds. Rusty Mold Surfaces ¥ Mold surfaces, if similar rusty, also are the orig due to a action between rust — noies steel. Therefore steel mills have found it n surfaces and to Split molds offer ! nee carefully inspect mold scraped clean and smooth. on 1919 THE IRO sing = over solid molds for inspection and dre N AGE l: and are being adopted very extensively where of ste. weight permit of their economical uss otec treatn g ‘ thoroughly killed or goes wild in the la ends « ains blow holes and should be Dp n f S oy lepartment yw . rmation of blow holes by tl ! ! irbon I steel S ISU \ | e ferrite segregations fan i S The blow hole may we i shu ] ir nD? | : ) ng, put the ferrite segregat This na e tom to mark the place wher: urt ed and died under the hamm« If steel, in casting, splashes on t the level of the steel, it imme ately sel ‘ f \ 1 oxidizes, causing ferrite S f Ban \ H mold is led and thi ngot fre es G : ste ' lires leritance fri he ingot ar by laminatior r splitting ~ ! . ered in strip ste Hair Seams and Other Defects irf defects it irs of fir I } f trouble in hardening ‘ _ Potency of the Persona Equath y Hair seams, no I en pass Inspection in the n r. who doe not detect them each his heat-treating depart a ius by bad ingot surfa : é irface of the i1 nsuffi a 1 din rom the heartl é I to the su e of thi ( ether with plenty of ! “ ite most of these difficu , yllir mill, faults having ff seams, but often appeari h as roaks, overfills, laps, et 1 rolling scale into depressior f a et r , ises decarbonization o tne irround r se to defective areas which 1 é i is soft spots, checks or crac] Ur ; Employment Method n Government Shipyar Degree of Reduction init ‘ f reduction from the ingot to the billet on : Manage et to bar to give maximum physical pro] : hic * le , ; nother influencing factor of import a ( hard and fast rule in general usage for per se = reduction, as it depends to some extent upo! : 5 = se : . : et Corporat P} Ihe ai analysis and properties of the steel being ‘ hen : In all cases, however, the ingot should re . ae : ROre CCOl ng sufficient to obliterate all traces of ing eit oe - oe ‘ When ingot structure is inherited by tl : a wher ens : r it is known as ingotism. P} a mn Uryn temperatures, soaking periods and f ae : Se ae - : verview ' s should be under careful control in forgir od Be o oy ' ‘ T ‘ 4 T rery er order to impart as near the desir¢ 3 perties to the finished steel as is pra \ . ; . 1c ‘ orting to further heat treatment I Seared Half of lire more careful handling than the or 1 it has been found advantageous t nn¢ : . | +) ry re placing lit I he heating i ‘ “ { rying daown. Soom Ss f (; ( \ ng has dealt mainly with n é aka ny emed ind the effects the Dp ] n re “¢ oo ng departments of the consumer. M “ ' ; v¥ an unwarranted tendency t rag? : ery little good steel on the mark If oLaf ; vy le about the quality o : tention to improving his n : : imaginary ste¢ troubie would : the truth were told about |! I ' een and is being sp n tl treating departments, due to ur the use of antiquated methods and brary would not hold the « I H f ( ney lost Wh ther < t f S ‘ methods of manu ring t V ‘ re¢e I s Ipply tnere t sumer to progress by the r f May 1 I 1ipment and the improvement ! Har Rubber W g and heat-treating steel part Hent Souther I ( r ifacture of steel is not a rule f thu nir fi Combination Ladle and Truck A device for pended an overhead crane on the market by the T. W. Price Woolworth Building, New York. It consists of a specially designed ladle Suspendae a ladle sus- been put small ingots from a pouring from has Engineering Co., + from I the ends of which are ale on a Dal n fastened steel astened stee pyramids astings in the shape of inverted sq hollow iare which engage castings of similar shape fastened to the truck, the object being that when the ladle is lowered into the truck it s self-centering ind oO extre c¢ icy ¢ yperatior Ss necessary on the part of the crane operator in placing it in the carriage Che ladle il De ppeada tor pouring irom when suspended either from the crane or when seated in the carriage by means 7 ] wheel actuating self-locking worm gearing. re movable For ad- controlled by a projecting over the ide of the carriage justing the stopper rod over the opening in the bottom = - , ie - t , ; of ladie only one screw found necessary A singh operator st ng or e truck p atform es the truck on the ti ‘ ARES” segs TIEN nand Ww yh h « ' , ; THE IRON ‘ g I t lan » t I I c t? ( at the rate of 50 f I mir vnen loaded wit! 1die filled with 10 to of molten metal. The oper protected from the splash of ! y a plate on the side of the truc In tl} in ope overed with isinglass, throug! } tl ; tl bottom of the pouring spout and the toy] f tl ngot molds. If a teaming pot is used it is placed ona s ring bracket mounted on the side of the tr aimed that pouring into a teaming pot and from thence to the mold reduces the pipe in the ingot, t lessens the force of the molten metal’s falling into the mol The single stream of molten metal from the ladle can be divided into several smaller streams by means of openings in the bottom of the teaming pot. With the T. W. P. ladle and truck the one operator standing on the platform, with one hand propels the truck and with the other hand pouring. After the have poured, he tips the ladle by means of the hand wheel on the bale, and the slag is poured over the spout. The ingot ; 1 controls the potton ingots been molds are automatically lined up so that AGE line is on the center line . nozzle, by means of channel-shaped casti: to the floor between the rails. the bottom of their center These cast the molds and filler blocks to accommodate different Where split molds are a mold rack provided consisting of tee o1 straddling each rail on which the molds a moked after each heat. The company is offering these ladles capacities of 2 to 10 tons and specially d: driven trucks for any capacity above 10 pouring devices have also been designed to requirements, one of which is very similar described, except that instead of a botton the pouring is done from the lip of a teapot is tilted about its pouring lip as a cent mechanism in order to control pouring acc ingots are lined up as before, and in additi ing fall of molten metal, certain difficult attendant upon the bottom pouring are elimi: The company device for rows of ingots instead of one, in which a lar ladle pours into a small bottom-pour ladl where necessary heights of molds. has a also transversely on the truck position of the truck. and pours three ing The ingot stripper, designed by the samé¢ and described in THE IRON AGE, May 1, may t track and I the same operate in conjunct) adle trucks. Will The site of the Traylor Shipbuilding Co Cornwells, Pa., will be converted into a < manufacturing village as soon as the Unit Shipping Board releases control of the shipya! was built there during the war. Although has not been worked out in all details, the corporation has stated that there will be a half industries, all under one head trolled by one executive force. Among the to be established are shops for the manufacture trucks, automobiles, aut automobile accessories, spades, shovels, axes and other such tools, and a plant for t! ment of railroad ties and telegraph poles wit! and a jobbing machine shop. Have Varied Industries dozen mobile passenger bodies, laborate Survey of Bel Official Report (sives an Idea OT Needs ol1um’s Industries the Country in Iron, S ied epo {1 dustries oO fi npor \ ! = o é ‘ I é a I state I b ind is Wi \ t t y State ( W é ( tri i i cit i> : é Hat ns 6 3 rie ( ol torn property I Be pS i é eilverate r t n ¢ t ecte nows innumet \ f aus f Signts la | { } ! t Seraing ‘ ‘ ] a which Be ] iff Steel Works Destroyed ‘ “ we: wiantn ‘ oned dp 1 unde ' ‘ ered W ‘ yusly affe | t t La Ma ar f Rebuildin Ratlroads ) } } ) tl y ’ ' oO otives, cal | e le al £ , ‘ l nil nec A it ru d there wa » shop ( eT ed f pest ne copper parts ol t l ! ises the destruction ext machines, which were det even to the foundations of the Morlanwelz, Nivellk ( R Louvain, Buysingher really deplorable examplk 1! er of h ps, esp I ‘ ind car nstruct é el d exploit roads. Thev w ( ( ipp!l ed AN s 4 I nt n t Ww I i illy, of the ab t notaDdly tn ho med e replacemé¢ \ e! nave bee eft w it fuse I < tiny f y , ' it I vevel! na‘ Equipment Lost ft public ’ tru ‘ . ‘ ¢ t é yf equ pment tne esult . h will seriously hinder the J The uunt a great dea tne . ; the military authorities may offer the 7 : ; ' ; : an f ition and ilso ‘ f I of wood and other mate . 1357 Continuous Production Tilted Milling Machine New Work Placed While Other is Being Cut — Flywheel on Spindle to Eliminate Vibration —Rigidity and Lubrication are Features =, » —, = —& & Ff Ps 4 TILTED rotary n ! ! hine designed for con i Ss opera I nnounced Dy the Oster ein Ma e Li C1 nnat The purpose lr ne lesign was tne reati! ( i machine I would ad- ance the limits f milling ne pl 1on Dy ] ting down the idle time betwes 1 elimination of parts with increase ! y, and copious lubrica tion of the cutters Continuous milling obtainec equipping the machine with a rotary table which carries the work to the cutting positio During the cutting operation, work is being replaced at ppos side of the table. This not only eliminates lost time but also sets the pace for the loading operation and results in a uniform output over a given operation period. The cutter can be held in a fixed position and the table rotated continuously by automatic feed for con tinuous milling, or the cutter may be reciprocated radially in combination with an intermittent motion of This the table controlled by an indexing mechanism. indexing mechanism is capable of from 2 to 72 divisions and the table revolves rapidly between divisions so as reduce the idle tim« By feeding th itter radially over the surface f the work it is pointed out that the loss of time between milling surfaces is avoided on such j that can not be compactly spaced, also the non-productive time of cutter approach is avoided, the cutter travels the short est possible distance, two or more sin ple mixtures may be used instead of one large fixture, and the machine is practical when applied to small! quant lots Rigidity is obtained vy reducin e number of parts to the minimum and by heavy construction of these parts. The body of the machine is cast in one piece. The working surface of the table and the cutter spindle are both contained in this casting, thus to avoid the possibility of relative deformation under load of cutter and work. The body of the machine is directly under the cir cular table. From the table bearing to the floor there There is no over- the ram bearings in the advanced length of the ram is is nothing to depreciate the rigidity. hang on any part of the machine, being extended in front so that position of the cutters the full effective even A worm wheel of 28-in. pitch diameter, dri of 14 ‘ircular table. worm -in. pitch and 4-in. diameter, dri The worm wheel is located as the table surface as the taper table bearing will perr and is bolted and pinned to the table at the extreme of the bearing, the central stud merely serving means of aligning the worm wheel and tal table bearing comprises a surface of 475 sq to contact. The table is 30 in. in diamete: 15 deg. The ram bearing comprises a in. and three provide directions. The spindle carries a No. 16 B. & utters are positively driven by means of a clut end of the spindle. A 250-lb. fly wheel is mo the upper end of the spindle. Its momentum imp a steady motion to the cutter as it is driven it an angle of surfa tota! vibs Sq. gibs for adjustment S. taper the work, and in connection with the heavy tion of the machine, vibration that is so det to the permanence of the cutting edge of t avoided. A pump of 35 gal. per min. capacity is us¢ cooling the cutters. The coolant is raised unde sure several feet above the surface of the tal expanded into a large pipe so that it falls on th ters and work under practically no pressure system prevents splashing that would be cau high velocity of the coolant, and the around by the revolving cutters so that a cant is passing over the cutting edges during travels. The tilting table places the cutter in a low like position and a greater flow of lubricant used without splashing than would be posss horizontal table. The flow washes practical chips away from the work, the tilting ta n condensing them in the space provided f the machine. The tilting table iliary pan so that the cutters could be ru beneath the surface of the coolant, and the wor! from the lubricant at the loading position. T! cant drains from the chips into the base of the n This reservoir has a capacity of 60 gal. This § coolant } rlow Oo makes it possible to ust May 22, 1919 THE IRON AGE 1359 + } < a eral . 9 ‘ . ng is not supplied as regular equipme! mitted, so that simplicity of nstruction 2 ' : h; . t f id. th; } sont : iers lave not ount tnat the system mv be odDtained ihe machine tner é : ! ifficient advantage over the quantity of tion miller. apy able ir : tical wa nly le in the stream from the pump. Should bs that y reasol e 4 ntity stify x vling enable the cutter to remove metal penditure of the set rapidity, the construction of th iching the application of such a systen e is driven by a belt over a pulley ted Electric Resistivity of Hardened Steels of the machine. It may be driven fron ;: shaft or by a motor mounted on a special ¢ ocated on top of the machine. Power fo1 ; , 1 17 ot y } i . 1 j e spindle is transmitted from the pulley, eel 1s reheated LOO tre gears to an intermediate shaft rh nd eve when stand I eratu ure ’ Y } ‘ . ‘ rel er { ‘ re ‘ ‘ ts with the first change gear shaft in the Eiven in a pap Dy BB. WD my L | means of a second pair of mitre gears. A me¢ r the - I hange gears connects the first and si ! . \ naits “Pick-off” gears are used o1 l tie Spur tle sper ~ \ l M4 RB ( nge geal nal mesne wer i I ru pindle , ! n é ! ! ediate splined a i I é le ( I i i rs nter ead ! ed \f I ‘ I [ reciprocation of the ran measure f : ide tor reversing ne ‘ or ‘ rhe nn ‘ t spindle to low the use f eith Y wet - ' e mills as desired. Char . ( he 1 speeds Ball bearing é st nl hree | itions throughout t rivil I é ‘ eC! ( i re ifacturer emphasizes the point that specia SISt : is 2 0, 9.01 exercised in the selection and treatment nd Let I vith surfaces subject to wear ir ffor ne fe. Other points considered in the iracy in alignment of parts, pr Ip wear and economy in the ted out that the mechanism necessary k adjustment of the machine has been A . 1360 Improved Sine Bar Owing to the demand for a tool which will accu also be readily and quickly Tool Co., Woonsocket, R. I., has The user adjusted, the Simplex placed on the market an improved sine bar. ‘ measures an angle by finding the sine of the angle to adding the cor stamped on tf) t ft Y ’ ie ( en Wing) ng down the arm, Carrying the but l le measurement obtained either of mic! by the use ometel measuring over the base, cr by gage DIOCcCKS aire from the top of the ise, and tightening t} ( ng mechanisn Gage blocks fo setting common angles wit uring are furnished if de rea The adv tages of this sine bar are pointed out as follows There is only one dimension to set due to the t at the bar itself is l ed on a base, the con- ruction is such that it can ised against an angle I | late o1 iid flat upon its oa we side, some classes of small Set work can be clamped direct to the bar owing to the chant! construction. | ; f tne bat ‘ phasized as ' method which loc] the r to the base witl ! i y p ant it th in time without té é } ror? e t} ( ? of he 5) Work ion of the Northeast Safety in Cleveland Ohio Safety Council, working in opera vith the Nationa S