The Iron Age 1919-03-20: Vol 103 Iss 12

New York, Mar . 1 selec lon Ace ral Oo Tr P ‘. ; —5 If t Le mf eee | iié i¢ t , ) ) } I , ; t re , } \ ) y y y +) ‘ i ; ‘ ne oO ‘ ert ¢ etne! } ? ina tired tl y ‘ , 4 ‘ l¢ ¢ f nronel ? wr if ry ict ' en Sald, tne erves reiterat n . J re its of tu ire ( lf Origin / se , + » ! sult- f : - or} sand mold / ¢ el definite ¢ re ulsite It “1% lo > + privilege LU t ™ few men who could sand and instantly determine its foundry tv, but few are endowed with such discern d therefore there have been devel ped other mewhat more scientific for the determina he qualifications of sand. In uch as the ' n stored up vast quantities of sand in beds \ rie H xp g ‘ v i Vy ~~ « Tr } +} é i , roper lé nf : t Requirements 740 THE IRON AGE M must ( re steal a ¢ 1 r re tne tempering water and $ ) t must re + +} portant it 1s bvious that ne inese tnree n re tend to fill the pore spaces ther subd eaa ‘ ting qual tlé Each addit Rigidit er also tends to reduce the ~ a re note Perme j ¢ ( re ull Porosit nts reported in THE IRON ) \ ) (i Te 7 T | per e) A: el é re rer T T¢ o1yve Refractorin¢e that incre the temperi1 () ls t ( ¢ t ( cre es tne stren rth 5 ‘ fuantity lenke o shows the ume ter 5 of grail exception of fine sand where “the el! ( eem to serve he z. Rigidit id Bon when the greater irfac © ares if ! ¢ { UY oO! iered rt rm pr Ur pe of the na \ series of water tests were mad £ralns, ana als Deal A I se relatio! Vitl floors on which the same sand w: the bona nd. It tnat ir] e general class of work was n and flat-sided grains wi nterlock and form a and was mixed by a sand cutter, bi stronger ! than rounded grains, but uni ial molder tempered his own sand. tunatel ic! interlocking Se? USI) reduces mal plained hy the superintendent. whi ‘ facile escape of gases. It is also a fact that ran molder rammed the sand to different de ming oft i sand pr ijuces ‘ less e enl packed Oo was allowed to moisten the sand t me d than I round grains, due to the more perfect tnat was satisfactory to him. In vlew distribution in all direction {f the force of the following results are interesting, and fo. ammer by the latter shape TI lalit S Aalst able instance of the necessity of eliminat intimate connected with the amount of tempe! personal element and the standardizat ing water used, the proper amount of which is dé ac termine yy the quantit nd na ! i tne cla i tigidity should be secured by the nd of the cla rather than by dependence upon sharp sand a : The power of clay to stick the gral f sand Fifth day 1 6.( 92 48 together depend O! T te} f t r stich 6.4 f Cla [he form: tion < tne < nas been efrected \ , Note the minimum is 4.14 per cent and t ( en eT oe 1 Dears ee 7 , mum 7.91 per cent. Unfortunately for thé lho aang abel rapipiotesuaticnaes ; ee tendent’s explanation, the maximum ani . the eee Grane Chi we" een ras mn mum happened to be with the Same molder Stuminum silicates Have CARE ED WEKer 12 CREBIER bvious that uniform results cannot be « a ee ee eee ee vhen it is considered that the higher per t ) leeor sed x } ‘ ; ; eas Nh, Te | ceo. f weli aS redur ng the bond and conse a ras a , , , the rigidity, decreased permeability ant the hydrate iuminu te t} ore el resned the sebtine vate of ths eanting hond ne Y ey f the cla ! t t titue whicn 18 natura stick ae nd cont , Refractoriness isn percent al iV I I ¢ bonding power as one containing large amount (he ease with which a mold is broke poor cla The necessit f sufheient bond 11 fter use and the damaged sand is recla the new sand is well understood, but it { fre rgely dependent upon the quantity of ient the case that the fi ands receive ve} material in the molding sand, and ther ttle tentiol n maintaining the bond within the Sé related t refractoriness. The necessary | { The fatnes f the iy 1s de sand is practically unfusible while the stroved by .contact with the hot iron in the mold and aluminum silicate will be unchange and care shou be exercised haking it the heat of molten iron except at the inner n castings 1 ee that the mii n of irned sand = face [he residual mica and silicates of the 4 is returned to the pile. kalis fuse at very much lower temperature uxing materials. Therefore the ire of these alkali silicates not only redu Porosit tne term applied to tne es ex eabil Dut may also reduce the fusing p ng between individual grait fsand. The proper the mixture so that cutting of the mold take Permeability and Porosity venting ot si nd, or } , ise Wl ' | I im gen Vitn excessive loss ol sand and poor castll erated from contact with the molten iron with the faces. The fusing points of the various silicat mold or gas liberated at the moment of setting cal follows: Of aluminum 4350 deg. fah1 escape through the mold is dependent not alone nesium 3960 deg. fahr., calcium 3810 deg. fal he po sity but also the permeabil Thiscan be 3270 deg. fahr., sodium (alkali) 1500 deg. f described as the shortest linear distance through Examination of this table shows that the lkali silicates will cause sinter he other. That is, a ticking of the metal to the mold, and als the pore spaces between the grains from one side ence ot tnea sand may be porous but because of the shape and further loss of sand by the more ready penet! size of the grains, there may be no communication of the heat into the molds. A very excellent between adjacent pore spaces, and therefore it is on this factor is the determination of the a1 not permeable because gas endeavoring to escape of sand used per ton of castings of a given 3s cannot find a free passage through the sand. Here fication. This figure varies a great deal in fou 1919 THE her the ( ent or the ‘ tne S ’ ) tne é A sma t : T e Tey ‘ t t t ~ ne ere It é é 4 y T i y Tes na } SS1LDI TY? cy? S / é é pl eri | ntorn 1 ? é = I i al ilvsis rel l tne 1 reel lart nd feldspar, and the relative the Cli together with a 1, while the floor nd can be best ] . rr} eee : 7 } emical tests. The following samples : ss tative of two well-known brands and ed 1n a large toundt! 4 ' Method of Selection the nformation supplied by thess e must draw conclusions as to which est ad nted To the purpose. Che size | immediately determine the gral! indicated by the sieve tests Hav ected the proper size of sand, it is then IRON hoose the one that will give the most ith greatest permeablliit nd abiiit itting action of the hot iron A ver r point is afforded by comparison of the ds of the two No. 1 sands. The Alban +4 + ut the highest relative bond ngs being equal would be the most sand. This must not be mstrued as_, tatement regarding the relative values . well-known brands inasmuch as sand shipments will vary considerably. A ted, the larger the casting, using n the mold, the coarser the gra f ( It ir better to have l! orn orall the perfect sand would have rounde It th me size, thus allowing the max key ting. The admixture of large percentages ( t sized grains tends to packing and fil . ds with smaller particles. The pra e No. 1 and No or No. 2 and No 1] not be too severely condemned as the on f lerived is the greater rigidity of the vl ed by sacrificing the superior ventins Mm f the uniform sized sand. A sieve test grade he sand nd these have bee? Explanation of Curves The accompanying curves are found b) f g the percentage of sand that will be retained the ven mesh. The perfect sand would be a_ Str AGE e ey t ] ~s f ‘ 3 yer I \T yy vi T] ? y y THEY Y ’ ’ YI) + wu y ’ Y | y* THE IRON AGE GREAT ORE POSSIBILITIES IRON AGE of Jan. 2, 1919. He said D. E. Woodbridge Addresses Tax Committee of , ilk etl a sais ; the Minnesota Legislaturs it ns of to f waste rock are i ! ndustry that ‘A \ \ I l¢ mxper ent otation »s Concentration ( ' , | r t Pres \ ( ‘ M ve , V ‘ Te y rr : ( Q ( ; , \ The German Pig-Iron Output in 1918 . r V\ ! } é f bot len Gad German pig-it i 18 é In THE IRON AGE, 9 f , ‘) nth were pul n } ¢ y ‘ y l i) } ‘ pe > vely n ing | ‘ , 1.54 ( ec tons. The \ 7 M , l tric tons during the T t rn y cf ylir ; QTY f y ¢ now r T é nd 1 tn ee! but t ' f rat tix y i r ceries oO t ‘ ne W r y £ a lu ell fi 1,609,098 tons per ian i a x +} f ; a eee ! r 1913, to 979.545 tons per , WT ? ‘ tT? ) ? Billions of Tons of Waste Rock = — Mr. W bridge referred to the experiment carried re r ti Superior Court in the 8 n for ne time on lean macnetite f northerr California the name Advance Machine Co. is < fly ‘ t ; - "is to Los Angeles Valve & Fittings Co. mocracy Applied to Shop Management Ol New sSvstem \dopted [ \} ) 1] Vi } ' ‘ graph Co.—Congress Elected ) : erme T ¢ 1? Ve ent T 5 t hoe ¥ ting t - ‘ thes | \ rKer n adonte ‘ ] } pr ( ( é é I The American Multigraph Co. Election to Employees’ Congress, March 5,19 THINK AS YOU MARK YOUR BALLOT t + + i ee ‘ ~ —— a “ae. — | } +} ¢ rr the me ns of ontact ne ; 4 ‘ f r) eeS and e@xXecutlves consis ©! > nosed of 24 emplovees ans ~ I ae} riment nead i Wwe ( é Tine neress are T ¢ ele ted t } + x y t he , } T° vote ( didates Y | ( ngress estowed equ ( ] re e employees, tne oO! rest? ? must nave pee! O! } t y | t} HO ¢ g eTore ele i ree : } 1 é ected ) Tne I nest nu er! ) , vith the nre oer the « } T Tne oTtneyr T Ve t T eT pers I I f | f é I ntme T mal: tnree ¢ ry? no Tie TT e¢ na the t + ww] ; ; Y miectead and ] f y tT} é ess ré¢ é ‘ > ¥ ryY ‘ t | } not hese an ¢ ’ en f the fects t] ne ear oO} mnge \ I re ted State r wi 2 7 é re ©) e tne 1 ) 2 ; Len ‘ ‘ rt ’ re I +} ry? yt? T t T } i eed | — | } ( t é ré 1 i () t 1 ‘ ‘ 4 é € Ess 4 7 i) GAeCD ) ‘ t pif t +} ; ry)? ’ ¢ é + ‘ ; y , ‘ é é t e eY) } I re ‘ T rs es i r e re I y eT ) ‘ T re el +h ¢ . ++ » ‘ + . tho ; mittes ‘ re f y ' 4 ‘ . ‘ I ! ne etter nal ny As’ be ~ c + + r\? + gcac af ,creY ’ ‘ re ? ne ‘ ive t } é ‘ e¢ rre ; ? é respectlyv ‘ é er 1 I é | y Y Y ¢ ( é t t Tine pre l ( I ( For th nur é , 7 ¥ tT} } 1 ‘ ( i I \ y } y ny _ ir ) rT ent VY Ww + < I De Al I ‘ »? y ? T € c } é I> rr S I ? é t Ti) y fernre Ting ryi¢ T t ¥ y y tT r Tnhres Y en ere T é ‘ nres em ne tr Se] _ the ny? ey +} r\} rT i t t ai ai +4 + é é eY I: er th Noress oO} ne ers i | +} + 4 +1 ; ‘ fy, erson ¢ r ¢ rs T ? \ y ' y ryt ’ ’ , h< , , ( rv'¢ tne t¢ meeting | ry, Tie Y ? he } i ‘ t nt ef T PIT Ww } é é +] + + ‘ ‘ é " T 1 ¢ , ‘ ‘ r¢ re¢ y ¢ T y ) Pre iring f T y ne T ‘ t’t tr y T ‘ + | r } ( ¢ | I , ef hres é . y + YY re t 4 ; , , ne ¢ rYrlé i 4 . +h, ] Tarent dena ' 1 4 1 r¢ | ne T ” T} iat} 1 ey racy, T } Y } ’ eTé Tarry ey 1 1 : 1 W oy 1 ne worker NosS¢ itimmet nre ° } 1< is T o-“ nt if Tit I lpo! tn S ! t De ignt nas bee ippermost In our far po e to each emploves tion, a speedy and convenient mi ttee thoughts and opinions known r reate nar , Wwhereb ¢ tnrougn their representative bodie l ¢ nagement changes or it ed nditio1 ind regulations direct relat with the company; by thi ¢ with the management the same er [ de now wor tnrougn their re ills es tne poara oO! qairectors a) ae lt ¢ We believe that the plan as prop nould ne ly is solve the diffi I gyal n oul dustrial life. We believe t} the provided will restore to industr U! , touch of management with employee new ‘ me most impossible tO malnt t isine due ft the large init Wit! :, vork an : : . : By this pl ve pelleve that the elements, which, w working togethe el operation al narmony, will ¢ : : ° : t serve tne pusiness wor! ! product with greater efficiency and , ; + ~ ] . 9 f ene Oa concerned } ’ ‘ 1 ) ‘ thod adopted for “selling the « was interesting The presi () , ( t to each employee, so +} tne f nit n the mail Saturday morni: } } ; mn: Ys ht t} » fal _ 4 ( ccompanied by the follow + , . . } ] f ! y ne purpose of tne pla f a Das or management TY 7 ‘ ty = 4% ‘ ? ! wit My Osborn’ ! { lest ¥ 17 1 er ne to ! é nd talk tne } ’ 1. } out Q ne} ent OT Tne ¢€ t 4 } f é sing a n groups 1 + ran) re n talk ge over tne pian VW l 4 } ) rit pe red to he in favor of t! that although a few were skeptical. Howeve nur all of the latter were convinced before hich the president’s office. Each employee was pledge card to fill out, pledging nis support 1919 é e! r ple ee nas since slene nierence petltw ee ne I ] + + pioyees an eiection OL member following were cast, tnere 1 J is neid the 220 votes ting TO vote. because of absence Or no An official ballot was ning the names of ey A lively he empioyees, temporarily ery employee iS were : : peeches could be made and campaig1 } n during g the rest periods and en were on exactly the same basis as popular candidates won t L MAIL DELIVERY SYSTEM Efficient Service Developed by the Westinghouse Company of 20,000 pieces of first-class mai ver e in lengtl proposition is baskets distributed « severa facturing plant nearly a mi ind a still more difficult mali f é S er i - 1 I I ist P [ I 0 1 nirst 2 yearly busi yer $250,000. 1 recently 75,000 piece f third-class . rs ma ae er bovs were 1S€ DOY organization ecame 1 probi not carry é large juantit ot , and lect outg« mail at the same f his trip takes } to a point thres ‘ fro the centra office 6 and 1917 considerable saving was change from the boy-delivery system t f storage battery truck. The truck was . } a manner similar to a railway mali Ca! THE IRON AGE 745 ‘J rit ‘ t re t La ey] t ‘ ; I ere é t () 24 t DI l thre } | ‘ + + | + ic er See ed 1 ¢ I é é er Tne ? é ? t t 1? ember! ' ‘ ‘ ( ? Tou? t ) 2 ear nd f T > > + > 1ere el ne ele ? Q I en iI ¢ S T TeyY , I tne ers Wil é ré é ter nsteada ot ! V tne roe ng the names of all wi e ¢ elect + .Y 1 ¢ ; t is planned to have eneral pr 1 ‘ + + ) + na ‘ ‘ acn aepar e! \ hame VO ¢ 1 here will pproximately 100 1 , tron l ne ‘ e! ‘ } ) he aking the tri ry ( ¢ | r ¥ were su ul 1 y Dut na lestionabDle effi é t y } ’ 1 mal ine j neipa ye I » carl I I ‘ Pes 14 Vv ruc} \ tne fficul x peri iroug! 1e I A1Si¢ ind a tne Vor ¢ MnLeste l Wa VOT! rowaed I H Tr r F et en ¢ r é i y ‘ 1 li¢ f Y } I ) ; \ n ¢ mst ar ) eT , : re t Th : , e ' I ‘ | ‘ ‘ he y } y } | ] é i eT } ' ; ‘ hh. } ‘ t 20 | j } , + i f + y ing ne ise of iniform«s | ’ , 4 y ht ‘ e wor! ecause of t ste nat the riy r¢ ta rena 746 THE Small Electric Trucks for Factories hea Sets ; turing - | f sSner } t pe i sizes | ec y y at f \ inSsSpor i n € il} he | VE Parke Electr ‘ Lilt L S 1G cC h SI ii I 4 r ‘ { > ‘ prevalent in 1 plants than in those of modert yn struction. The truck is 30 in. wide, has a 48-in. platform, and is 78 in. long overall. The outer edge swings on an 8-ft. radius and the inner edge on a 8 ft. 9 in. radius. The carrying capacity is 3000 lt Ir onstruction and lrive it follows the company’s standard design, 2-wheel steer with vertical control, and wheel drive vith the motor direct-connected to a worm on a full floating axle It has an Elwell-Parker heavy-duty motor, drum- type controller, and is equipped with Edison or lead } ++ 7 ae | + ] ‘ } Jets . suri } ‘] . a batteries located over the driving wheels There are three speeds in either direction ranging from 400 to I ; D0 ft per min The brake l foot-operated The wheels are solid and demountable, with solid rubber A device for supporting and aligning motors from 0 hp. up is being marketed by the Adjustable Anchor age ©o., Vetroit By the use of this anchorage it DOSSIDIE¢ tw move I Y To é extent lirections, so that the mot shaft may be accurately aligned with the machine to be driven. The device can be used on motors driving belts it is particularly for those equipped with magnet itches which require IRON AGE , . + ‘ a y or \\ y s we he y ’ e mov + 1 + t T i ) te? t = J { t out tnat mot ¥ } it ting to «¢ ; y : ' t pern ? nf livnn ; ‘ 7 " yt é Y D> > =) = OO — = = —_ a Oo o © Oo rn he i n motor trucks tor n *~hine de oned ¢ lly for I n t! a ind Goul Ww I ( N re re? a macnine it worl V et vith ta pe red angential feed, a sti ght hob wherei nto the worl whe < i not acros { i itting worn vheels neans of a fl method particular eful wher f experiments where it would sper il } ) TOY ‘ ey whee The cutter spindle drive is throug} with a large flywheel, mounté e end of the cutter spindle. To insure 1 able mounted permanent bearing hob carriage is mounts stanchion. This permit \\ Gener Wor Wt s t 1 ) VW Swings Hol I M table being arranged with a long cylindrical 1 ng in addition to a conical and flat bearing ¢ y VO! eE¢ iro d merey wi ni l ! ( t vor} ti ¢ \ I Ts f I} ce | nd u ling. R ner: ‘ \ I 1On ed ¢ I n I e pulle nd I I I eda ~ { t tne ‘ T i pped i ne e s ‘ S y , QR to 1% Yn? l ! I era I . ¢ V ne u : \ Osi! lL oft pe! tne \ [ l oO he t 1 ge c y or} itomati« "e¢ ‘ i| , ¢ ) nd ) ng 1s Dp hers & Co Inc., 166 Sout! rty i) xX tt) fF ind steel jobber, has purchast on School Street, Long Isla N. Y., which it will hold for future needs. P rts ot plans tor a warehouse are without fo Viewof Unemployment from Employers’ Side ‘ ? ‘ D me . lL. 4 |? Ly urs — . | \ecuracyv of Some Reports Doubted a KE xagcvgerati L) iin ited — Employers Striving to Hold Skilled M ettil v Slackers Go — Wor! fO} ‘ er Ic the “ , a Decided Improvement ! , } . | l t rie } ‘ . pi i Fe | I \ } \ 1 Ve is ( + \f ‘ ‘ arc! H. La | ( y y he Nat ona ‘ i S it r } i ‘ y y ’ : I t f pioved T ] ] which e t is t ) la y es Tr} y nm} li€ 11Y if) r HOO . y ‘ » oO nally put 1 ‘' Dp eT r T} i the em! é T lreau t ne i < wh rease , x , ‘ t r , ( I eT nda iraf ¢ hh, AT | ed \ of he , ‘ _ : Ur ed State ser to r old \ y re tu o} 2 w +h h } imber n reinstated f r two W ’ ent the ’ : ’ I } pe nou res pe ] , y ; . } cent 1 dt ‘ : Ir neal y O - j ; Te (it) mer ? y + ‘ rop : j . 10) ner | He tate 4} eI me! y AiisS A ? rT I i ? eT r Conditions in Various Cities ( é ‘ I \ I Ch na : = ii Po a A ] F } ry : + e Ma h ] ssu f hy ASSO n ' ' r ~ LA Ir y } + é Y t I re ! ly A . t } € 4 I tO \ oO ry)? j IAL) ye ’ N e¢ y ; é t } } i eP Y é n Enumerates \SHINGTS \i N ! W I nm tne Ni: ne t i ifactur ( his finding W I ‘T nret } er DI 1¢ nt} begint r ? yy y rel The award n vy in effect at *¢ a ( re Bei +f auses W ot - mae ] rey ‘ S17 oe May 1 ; we é iT’ 7 ) e I int R ra i} THE Unemployment IRON AGE ' i I - & a y } y fn, ‘ wee nth S¢ é naid *¢ Conditions il Mma’ 1? t it ig ¥ té i to l tor I lest en ( Variety ol } ¢ : . T ry ' C 7 I l ( ere ] y l my] nee that the is¢ WI \ mM? A ‘ nt nere eY ‘ ns to rea mace t i } x Wi I D ae y . may { I on mat ? i follows rup opping ol ire ¢ the (,ove C Y } te ‘ tT ’ Suit y y Hesit y? I ] ' > Insta ty of raw > Higt ost of labor. eased efficiency reased produ < 1¢ eased } c ‘ ‘ eeds no +} f 7 f . ‘ . } L +} teresting } ; ( ‘ Wal Wor rnment t ne T ) é DO V ry teriais ‘ ne part ind prohil iOul ind i! 1 Governr 1usé Ly \ y r to t had bef Ale pa rp ti¢ ‘ ’ tT) y a r ‘ oft the emp ees \ ne? N J not clear, i e time worked nd midnight Sur ng on their s¢ regular wor gr mend, therefore, t é ho 1Y a e by men working and who are doing tl! t compensation for su ate o louble time; wl m. and midnigh 1919 THE IRON AGE fA9 nion Demands Denied vy 7 | e R hes e! nd - ( re de ri} . \u \ I \\ i t f t ' Y | \ ¢ y $5.64 : I y | ni Vv € ? j ’ ecard to the & 4} Ir Dy al l r 3 : ‘ I tnat tl artie ‘ f t r t 1 t ‘ ; re Wa i misund tand rY i . \ VI n Tr > in ] he | ild | ipplicabl e as] mos rable ‘ . \ i } t tims a } y lin? } y n |} ) f nou , } lence i ! reast ae } t pe Su ed pu 4 7 | \ ‘1 i VV tiat s and 1 tions of ese parties : i 1 mil ] LO! ne eT! l > | : . Accused of Bad Fait 10 } Ny rd y +) =: respect ch The a in t] | , ~ 1 1918 N other | ore ’ the ‘ hal] $ ‘ : + ‘\ ‘ 1 I e |] snail e etiective ul Viay 1 . ' - ; . ‘ : re is ( i \ I ft at least 5V days notice of change , : »( I ‘ i r een given prior to tha date > e rl. > ; +} Reading Plants Involved he a J \ ' m that 1 y | \ ibor Board also handed down a de eep 1a | I 1djustment I! wage rates Dv agree i hig ‘ > : » a } Wa} , ‘ ~ 1 r ‘ () 1 | i \ ’ ne ~ y ¢ ! ‘ } ¥ ' Ty ; na T e! rey enda () ner hi for nechar > S 1 i be materia ncreased We rec y nar es nvo ec Y Tr = iSé sno I ' t s¥ ‘ i ‘ ¢ ¥ +; Sr it th WW ] ant rm ti ‘ te f T I Ties 1 T Siry I \ + + +} W ¢ na ne tne empiovers agree f ect ning We ‘ ymmend I 11a ees of « meet at tne earliest [ i A ‘ na aadaopt i svsten for the electior { Lait! r the purpost f adiusting the wage n ne conditions.” : liy : ) ; ' toy Steel Co ind the Long Hi ‘ Pat ynrec ng evere ler ] } +} f+ r y ”? ] ‘ . 1. y ara . idad + employees be hearings were he i f the mer! h,; ther orno ise ‘ } tr ymme? f wt fon Slee , the Bethlehe ; f the tmer ‘ I> . x a ‘ D ; ees were working five day it 10 hr. a Becker M ng Ma ¢ i \ ; ; . Da VV I Sat rday Dut tnat the Bet} ener | ( ( M . , ’ . ‘ | & ‘ nine ¢ : notoar { | Vi ted a basic 8-hr. day Oct. 1, 1918 We f Inge vi uA ’ : ; } 1 > } y ( ‘ NI nor ( | expressed wi of the Russs y : ' + ; ° } +} n ; i y ( ( I B iffa oO to S a ed ‘ R i £ ' > f ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ Board recommends its esta t in tne w ' . \ i : vv ‘ } + + ‘ { ry { t ~ { , ; mpany It recommends that tl ‘ ae : aA ( , ‘4 . f the discor ‘ f piece wor! e left 1 : iM { ( | I I tne pioyees as lg? t! ¥. Y i i : ; a ae.1 o - ra r¢ mmends : shorter workda' he Lrthu cs \ K d ( i ( 4 } T: , > ’ . ‘ ‘ tmant £5 a ¢ ace + Cas | ‘ he Williamsport Wire Rope Co., Wi aken a ract for a furnas hat y v being e1 i at the M P . . ” 1.4 +} Pittchure r Ste ( Dit¢ } lence discloses,” says the recommendation e Pittsburgn ¢ é er I rg "44 ] , . , nu? ; r\Yy 4} ag..t , n this case “that the wv rK pe formed ympa mrst . f ] ‘ March THE IRON AGE 750 BLAST FURNACE SLAG CONCRETE British and American Result f Its Use in Place of Gravel, Rock, E } ( | | ( ( RB ' ( ne discus ) Ss Y S hould be r m with a good output ( developm« g I d Ly al * 40 yur a e? + Radka . . ;. ») Tea [ i ent or the resu ialities o l By sh fir I ] al é ( ] ne trengtn o gz mi p antry walls t D were (¢ rood I i pre ed yund that mi ( é 1e i ) 11a I use ¢ ike it ] | é ever had to de 1 ¢ re lly Supply Convention Committee ! n of the Nat S \ artic ind the A I I el Manufacturers’ As W m Penn Hotel, Pittsburg! I irg] vention committee re i the meetil and pr¢ for é é rte The comm the Pittsburgh convention committ \utomobile—J. E. McLain, Midvale St Ordna Co.; demobilization—R. A. Lackne1 Nut & Bolt Co.; dinner—W. W. Sanderson, T rul l ( * inance H. B Wheeler. A meri Plate Co.; hotel—A. M. Harper, Carneg : C. W. Wright, Steel Car Fo Robert F. Blair, Pittsburgh Gage & Suppl} 5. Rooney, Youngstown Sheet & ( reception—Jno. F. Hazen, Pittsburgh Ste: | on—W. C. Carroll, American Sheet 4 uu ( speaker—Robert Garland, Garland Mf; Machine Tool Builders to Meet in May convention of the National Ma I Builder Association will be held at the I Tray re Atlantic City, on Monday and Tue r sae cr ale a VV ¥ n industry will f the New Jersey State ‘ Robert Treat Hotel, Newa! m and evening of March 28. H. R. He Newark, is secretary. Building, 1919 HANDLING SCRAP tized Scheme for Gathering, Cleaning and Transporting Turnings e subjects that wv give! rreat deal of the Natio Acme Co., Cleveland, when screw machine products plant was scrap, and the method adopted of re of this material of interest because it nvenient and economical, and is a yrovement over the method former! ised ng scrap wheel-barrows. pany at present produces in its plat ou of scrap per day, but this output will be cor ncreased with the plant running at tull ca The scrap is all turnings, which are bulky i I} lay’s output in screw-machine products s scraped out from beneath the machine n order that a full day’s work can be done maties during the daytime. The material n steel buckets about 8 in. in diameter and p. In the morning the buckets are dumped eparators, and after the « ext ted the scrap go to the chip paraton Iron roduct passes on thro h washing machine spection department. Every machine is num da large sheet iron tag bearing the the work until the product is weighed and Then the tag is sent back to the Iirnings are snoveied trom benea rs into nopper trucks. dump are used and 1 for hauling the one storage battery } trucks. THE IRON AGE iuis ft 1aed I i ! pper ‘ noe Che oa I l l lumpe I > ‘ ind app I rt ) ru ‘ [ t Su é é é oO! Ky the } p ' l i : ( The erane j . ‘ née } ? } y ‘ k ' \ re { 1 fy | + i r re witl é { ) , ' Pressed Steel 1 | nas } sti) Y l i Standard type i ' Electr ( Cle | iat supplied \) V ton, Ind he ’ } ’ ‘ or ere + f ¢ ( ¥ ( y ( | itor ()nt 1 “IF hy +, ‘ } ’ uutbrea ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ r 1()) ind w ‘ ) ! ed and he ¢# probab the new ' f ' Most f tne prot T ro ] tion vere | rré 1 + . + DacK to ne Govern eT ba) Ix * - > P (oe THE IRON AGE Mai . ~ - > + al ) le 4 . a | , Air Compressor for Tires 1 that all loose play is taken up : = : port tor the plate secured DY Operating 41 portable electric alr co nNressor nhiating tire The nivot ww which the plate moves i yuunced b he B D ‘ [ ( B ‘ a i re , it and clamping sleeve, made to or \I Th I é ed é i resel 01) ] ) sufficient alr $s asserted, t late fiv iverage tire from flat to full pressure, or 10 tires f: 10 to 80 lt The compressor is operated by a %-hp. motor ru ning on alternating or direct current. The motor,. gear train and compressor are enclosed in one housing, the motor and compressor being ¢ ed by forced circulation of air through this common hou Motor, gears and -ompressor, including cylinder walls and piston, are grease lubricated A Sine-Angle Measuring Plate The Kar Engineering Co., 79 East 130th Street, New York, has recently placed on the market a sine-angie plate tor measuring No Special Measuring Tools Are Required for Setting Angle .on This Plate for Measuring by the Sine or Cosine Functio without special measuring tools. It is made up of a movable plate swiveled on a stationary base, the move- ment being permitted through a full quadrant. The motion of the plate is controlled by the telescopic ad- justing screw which acts as a brace for the plate. It prevented from turning by a key and the plate lug. This arrangeme Id both lugs of the plate withou to distortion. Measurements are take the two pins and the under-side of plate. The pins are provided so that the e and S npiement can be e: To set the plate at 25 deg., looki found to be 0.9063 in.; setting th igure and placing the anvil beneat!] he plate is rocked by rew until the distance from beneat » abo the pin gives this measurement so set at the proper angle. Hand Punch for Metal \ hand punch for cutting holes bodying a number of new features, has on the market by the Parker Supply ( ‘5th Street, New York. It is designed motion which so operates that the dire ‘orce approaches more and more a straight punch bites into the metal, thus approaching results from the effort applied. This feature, with a leverage of 48 to 1 and over at thi where the punch is cutting into the metal, possible, it is stated, for a mechanic to pun H I ( te with i 1 whi ( to M I s from | | ADI . It ¢ 64-in. holes in 16 gage iron and over with one \nother feature emphasized is the ease with the punches and dies may be removed and repla By moving the swing stop to one side, the hand be lifted out of position and the punch changed The punches and dies are made in sizes of 1/8 16, 7/32, 1/4 and 17/64 in. German Machine Tools ‘he chairman of the Schiess Engineering ‘ Diisseldorf, Germany, addressing the shareholders at recent annual meeting, referred to the question of chine tools, which, he said, were constructed in numbers of the lighter types for munition purpos' during the war, and as a consequence the world’s ma kets were over supplied with these classes. On the oth hand, medium sizes and heavy types, which the pany specially built, had been produced only in s! quantities and the hope therefore existed that the mand for these, particularly by the shipyards, ! motive works, etc., would now be considerable. The export inquiries for these types for working shipbu!! ing materials were already numerous, but hesitat was shown in the placing of orders because foreign bu ers were uncertain whether the Germans could eff delivery under present circumstances. The speaker remarked, however, that neutral co! tries had every interest in placing their orders ! because of the low price of the mark, for as soo! an improvement took place in the German rate of + change, the export of medium and heavy machine ' would be out of the question unless the 8-hr. day ™ a matter of international regulation. orrect Lubrication of Air Compressors ‘ ' ] }* ‘ , eon +1340 “7 j 1) Cylinder Temperatures and Phys | ests oT ()] ~~ C71" en aS ( rLLIce i Se Le ( I ' ' C ° "Ihe , cy Lubricant — Cleaning O e | y ( N RY ] ’ y ; ! eee ait f th; Paraffin Base Lubricating O - y ' ut ? y ’ + y ¥ ) \ I ‘ ‘ ve ‘ it 1 ! | rm arif y t | f the oil a ' i ilat on which ar¢ ‘vy in the early stage ! ] hard and flinty later Suc! ] € Oo he ( i! eT ilve S r tne | 1? ‘ . n t pipes and ially it ( ed fo. ~ Y ' r\Y ¥ : ’ { i re mt ‘ f ¢ t nacni! It r that « a f titi ‘ r¢ ~ ‘ ' enc nro r t no < i ( nd heir ‘ _, Asphaltic-Base Lubricating Oils uilure to act proper probably the chief » this a n from the standpoint of the 1] rat n of the « pre t the 4 ry on of excessi é i? n aeno ts 18 ap one or more of the WHT causes x s of too gz t ‘ t ' heavy oils.’”’ Thes 1o t Zz i y > t der t . é + ‘ wt f ij . ’ 7 I + + - + ( i , ( pro y I < thus . f r of da ao . . ‘ . . 5 der. Baume minat t entir ‘TO ron r bjections to this carbonization aside from the ee sks air valves and choking of the air passages a : » e . . . A 1 pulde | eit Lior o! j f T menace of fire entailed by carbon deposits. If ‘ $s Piverl andescent carbon particles should happen to as deed , ‘ ; ” . 1 1 O! 1 I contact with “oil vapor” given off by the lubri- . ‘ o4 : . recommendations give! t , ove l, a fire might possibly be started whose menace ae "i ; : ituation as well as 7 pecia 0 ir e small or large depending upon how much car- pet : ‘ req y r investi¢ca y rnc Nec} ’ ‘ t , of 1 been allowed to accumulate in the compressor 2 ng to the receiver. If these are kept properly 4 7 o. 17 7 } 4: ¢ y xc «6t : » eho 1 neve »¢£ time t time here should never be a time o Proper Quantity of Lubricating Oils ° *] aa hte ¢ ‘ , ‘ ¢ ' Heat of Air Compression rhe ’ : , , , ers ompr innot be stat r election of an air cylinder lubricant is, Of 42... due to the varvine vis lt I ; —_ — ett . . he oo ie oul . , . , governed to a considerable extent by a knowl- j4,.5+ of nression and the -- of or per prepared for the Com i Air Society, e stated general, however, that after the « ler The article is the result of r by the have acquired smooth and polished irface the 1AY nmittee of the society} of wh ri ti? =} ] i be red ed ¢ the le vest lin t i i +he —— i099 THE | ++ { + poss Vy < atic os = wit Y ' eY ad ‘ po ] I 1u¢é l TI i ; 4 f re ? T ) li , i ne ’ \ l ive! Thess f } ’ ru ‘ « ‘ I l i ment r r ] } set of wor ( A ] ea ] ! é y fy + | ' Ss} ] er t} ( j ea. , ‘ é } } . ry? ry te the S y operate the quantit this ex] Periodical Cleansing of System oft «¢ Y mnre my} f Tr t y f For } , P nt h ] , ‘ } ' SI A 4s ‘ ‘ A Cyr 7 I V il y wer Mm <¢ f I ( I I l i ite ; ‘ } } . \ ( i ne the a ¢ V T rity \ ? ¢ ) y ‘ ‘ , + ? = mace Af Y suds. op i ! t ‘ ‘ ter ry?) i» } intercor a ( ) ] I f ny ; ld +} off a i l 1u U nouia i oF 32 4 tr hour efore shutting down the n hir order to pre ent , ’ + ‘ 1¢ y + ‘ + IRON AGE March di Never use } ysene, gasoline or lighter eylil r any purpose whatever, bs t nature under heated condition Cleaning Air Receiver and Pipi: A r il method of « no air é er 1OwW y y ? cut U f ‘ y , WwW é + y + Y ( ‘ J) Day . : j rts ’ 5 s x 344 18 6 iry ; re 4 6 VW Q > ( I I I y y T} ; lL, 1 +l, + a o pl ne ] nows the construction and vy ferent 1 represent If mixture of Seal ly 1 18 of wate1 passed into t} i e 1 f ¢ or 70 drops per mir mpre ris running, tnis will eat out a I t Su if the and in tl y f +} c e I W I eonr eY Ss oper f ¢ tLe! l ( ed T ne ] ed ( \ I I Steam Cylinder Lubrication proper quantity oT < to e Ted : ich greater t t vlinde ) ? t ] ‘ thy ) n nr ) t ? } ( , Te tnose ( I + ] r conalit ns t osityv. a pint of sté I 00 to SUUU drops , f / _ ° / per é Q v 1 (x24 ° 30 x . 6x . ‘ 49 x ive e ot out 6500 drops, a | uur times , ll ¢ I nders o in size, nd e at t speed ven r table t re ’ an t to teed the steal vlinders or their ¢ ] ire eT rane T'} he - r r ’ + "Ix nt x i rie I ire ipp mate oO \ 1 ait the t¢ cond mn the —— ft oil ised a et j r , luctio o th tean Iso W _ , es . + OI | end a : ; sac ‘ , hor Electric Welding Machine for Small Shoj ‘ ‘ 13 ; ele ? we ne ma ? 1 express . . I ind garages nas bee! } > Pp Arewell Corporation, 42 Bi I \ It differs from the company's 1 10 ry , it } city = not suff ' T OY Tl tT speed It \ 1 eY ‘ h<¢ ? x eine lone vy tl ’ y , ? ‘ T y t ) S 1S¢ Y T p the time nsu 1 per operatio1 the 1 tended for the use of those ind $4 ‘ ] } 1 hathor LW x é er weldine o ao, wnelnt 1 ‘ . an31 fy r rot il ict ! eclamation WOrkK. It is bulit for opefa — ‘ wii _ + SC anx . ‘ified walt re or i mm aiterna oe” curren ot any specine? voitage OU! 0, 1919 THE IRON AGE ypen Die Double Stroke Rod Header to be remen r 1 iesigned | lie, dou } } I nad \T ’ f ( I nary W vl [ { . I ry I ised r heading or ups« f . nd O re S ( pit ! ) 4 ! . of lenetl rreate +} ‘ isly straignt¢ ind tne I nother n hi? A t +i» ‘ } + ryt L AOU y W excel ‘ % } h ope. te the chit neg o ne , ’ ] tT? Stop vave ing the ‘ ¢ . Dp die T} m ns ’ y [lie 7 f ever ¢ ( re ) y Ty , r liy } y Natal Pi f Ex é or ) + ’ ’ nveat . } S f { W SS t I Heading Gat i } AT } . ‘ ) \ s i ( ) \ I ; Hi £ . ) Ant j + . ; { 4 I s rul shaft and the head vit gives a high head nr y 1 rn? } ey erat y of +t} machine ar s or oa T ~ } . 41 ) T t Y f i i i bv the ovnerat r ne ween tie opel! t I idjiustabDle stop vave ar pr ng ti } 1 + } + + > +} races tne u¢ecn tha lave ne mec! o t] dies which sé ] rrips the rod t ent r oth pre ecting na tne ta ory t re red h ad I ¢ top gare FY } } mAb t ' } I and ine to o7 1¢ earir the punches : . ‘ ‘ nd ad t na nme with the « \ Z ry ] hea 7 y } rot rr na low ] pu l a hs w the he | ne The dies the f ‘ ° 1 4 t s free to be re! 1 with the ughnt to a posit I to give no tl ext . oe ae ee rnished wl 7 ‘ . , + + } , y + i \ n ope nless ft foot readle vain aepresst : ‘ orrect rat f e¢ the machir ‘ ‘ +x » +hy ‘ +a f eft tT ¢ e ¢ ry ' I inder i I va LA I bsolute rrespirable y to +t} VV +} y ¢ imber ne 1¢ ‘ T ? ¢ ’ roe ting 2a f ‘ , | nrote y | } j ‘ rfore ‘ : shad the : . ne percentag S r he iT ea ) y y ‘ ‘Ft YY +o rot + ’ } may afford complete protet ] ey ] } ; Yr iitions and nreak dow’ t once when used in ] 1 : ' = ere a Pas yntainer Nas burst na ed tne : ) I t raate ‘oOncent? Y f oac + to na greater conce! it 1 O va | mu 756 THE IRON AGE Mar FREIGHT CAR SUPPLY IMPROVED eran Rae Cdice co ee I STé ( rat yr é e ¢ { 5 i} iver U S. Ste reat nd placing tl > Uad Line é 10r¢ ’ 1 d , the } 2 mpani I the | 52d } l otner l atte ed ¢ + thy l ed co erselyv, the ls shit ng W he ( 191 : . ‘ 4 more I { ( t e ¢ l one vear a rn) J t 1 ; . j y re ed Ty iff Was eniove | ; vit t al iditional operating exper How > > ‘ . ‘ ee Record Compared with Seven Years A rea ry n¢ the last sever yeal the t 4] Q ] . ats ‘ tne steel Corporation lave I ‘ erage arload fro1 69,200 | per I 111. to 91.500 ] per car in 1918. an incre ne f 99 | | ° r, or 32 per cent, thereby effi ) } t ars through the heavier load re ar, ; F P nent, a record unmatched in this country +} + ? } . l . hi ilroads, consignees and shippers y ntit : . ; : rreatly benefited through the redu } esttstheal amet “anke ce =‘ ‘ W ed and welgned, to say no 1 ' 2 | ‘ congestion on the railroads, part : I ‘ » , I I ved service made pi ide | , stior nd the eat sa T tnat was reo ' a t V t ’ eff } : es and ioads vere kept t I nterchange yard Noir hinm, t lestit : | y ord ‘ } hy } Stee] Corno? ' 1x . y I l ely real ipme! ] time 1 T t T t rmo - y t T ? ‘ 1 . . ne? ( f verage Carload of 91,5( l ; £ +h, he R 1 ; y y rT Re tions Ca tht a1 Sian "7 Sf a rv ¢ 4 t i i MM ‘ ve Ls ( ; ; > rn ( : ' f 1 ; é ) \ ; ‘ . : v\ ‘el ( ‘ Dp + ‘ ? ( , a ( \i lft. ’ : v ‘ ( / 1 um) fT ‘ vs y 1 tit y Y he ms of the f + ¢ ! x ont? Chairm: »ss-Shefheld Vey ‘ i? Y i “ ( ly ( is S i¢ tax lp ( O > > tit * ~ ne Q5 j Lut I é ' ) } ist } r I l t {) € j f a r I VW j I en ( é f ? vw? Y ? Py pit } 7 ¢ . A fi + y y YD x r t . Oo "1 eT ] eal : } Waddill ' ‘ }? . O14 i+ é r ' o 1 of lé i 1 , ec Y ’ f >. 4 ; ) fo in War T line 196 THE IRON AGE Mar SW roe ry Pre nt T y y } T ’ ed in 191% : y ) y | I rr ‘ i IS ne sts ( R , C+ | nr 7 T x steel Spring Co. Issues |] > ’ ‘4 ry vay ote = ~ {) » SII? f a oe l irpiu I red witn SS.6 (df) P . I ! I t ne A! N , Y Neer r+ i | } I J »* ' Tollowl!l ne I Y ' y ey ( ‘ y nt} he ] f y ¢ ( intr i y +} ) 1) } ( ) re { } ( , j r , Ney i : : r hirher >a St ni I e Ra re I ent ¢ , + ’ > | , ’ . C ' I rt i ! ii ter ( ‘ f 1918 . Py — ; ftoy ad y ’ - +4 07.860 yr S94 1 ‘ net ¢ rnings va ive t 4 y t yy et fy r y | { ear t past The ( ‘ } } ° i ¥ ] 4 ‘ t deliveries ever +} y r ror y nt y f } } f . } f Ww ire Lor f i! I Tr Reth!] } TY) Ste »| I iT he POLITIC etl ¥ CC sarTnings ry , ty +} , enor » 1018 f “ts ( it i M } 1 19 +} , ) ) opera \y ] , y OY repall } } whe CoO ()+ } ry + +h, ¢ y ¢ es i expe ( f j 140.75 \ y lan? } ( aep y net ir , { 1 f \ Y i. ar + ~ 14 1 ~ AS epre nted \ oY S } irgvest n the compa! , 148 RR With the » 7 Q ] nt. Md Y "mt at y 1 1 } nn? ‘ with fi y ac noo ‘ ‘ 1 ert + y Y ( f + GO Y ‘ { nited States during ! ind 40 pe I i war } iu ‘ ‘) fiy hed 1Y I - 1 ] : j R92: f ed naval § ‘ 0°7.197 ] cor * ' ~ A M a ect ; co TO T | ' ’ uy. . f ’ ' ‘ } ‘ heo?r } é { he Disk] Affairs.” by Morris L. Cooke, S rat from tl : . on “A Broader Type of Train > Pegram, 5 by Macroscopic and Microscopie Study— \ Effect on Physical Properties of the Stee! ECT in steel, which is comparatively new, was tl American ordnance program in the last few entirely in nickel steel made as ing to them was “snow flakes” or “flake Considerable attention was bestowed the American Institute of Mining Eng important papers dealt wit he s One Flaky Steel” by Henry S. Rawdon, as ate p Standards, and Forgings,” by C. Y. Clayton, cor ting metallur Mines, I B Foley, metallurg Gs United t B reEOLO? 4 | ~ Geo] rica Survey \ | mpear | ( ind tne plain car for tne detect t! I 4 ct + U! ire eT ‘ = I ( SLee ‘ 0 n, 0.40 yn and .y rke [ I yrnie V } r M-crostructure Slat l to co ‘ f ts. | l d S | ‘ é of st Ww tl type ¢ t ‘ \ ire wl Vavs l the ing i 1 very structur n the 1 | contras g d ju w-fla ke Fig. 1 peal e of the faces of a nickel-steel r o show 1e4 Fig. 2 is a nickel- ‘arbon, 0.40 per cent; per cent; chromium, 0.35 intentionally added) in- ‘or use in the manufacture peller shaft. examination of material Fig. 1—Nickel Strange Defects in Nickel Gun Forgings Cause and Nature of Flakes as Determined Microstructural Features of Flaky Steel Mar The results of every nation of flaky steel ind are discontinuities wit} Probable Nature of | These discontinuities al associated with extremely of slag which are eithe formed of tiny isolated appearance of the face of the unaided eye or when exar hand magnifier suggests s the defect had its origin ear tory of the metal. The ce have rounded corners and general the appearance sug; bodies that have been sques and failed to adhere. of the glistening cleavage faces which are always to be found when grained metal breaks normally, that intracrystalline break. The usual arrangement of the flakes, except of which parts have been very muc! such as the twisted portions of cranl suggests that they were formed early tory of the piece. The fact that the all intercrystalline in their nature also this. The sectioning of large-sized blo f ingots has amply verified the cor based on observations of the finished and demonstrated that the defect orig Oo rig graph Bar of Sound Nickel-Ste« & : . Fig R: graph of Similar Bar of Flaky Nick the ingot and persists throughout tl hy wait : verse Line Mar Locatior forging period and the subsequent |} Flake. Fig. 6—Cross-Section of a Bar of Fig. 5, Brok« Along the Lir n Radiograp x 2 Fig. 7—Fractu ‘ ment. ee es mackel Bteel Showing Aitions wit Although flakes have been found to ciated with slag inclusions, either as thin films or as isolated globular masses, the fact that have a rather definite and at the same time symmeti teel is “dirty” is by no means a sure or safe criteri al arrangement. for condemning it as “flaky.” No general statement ca: be made that the presence of such inclusions is a neces ary condition for the formation of flakes. This cor The examination of steel suspected of being flaky tion, however, if it existed would aid very mater by means of X-rays is of instructive interest and n their formation. What the X-Ray Reveals throws some additional light on the nature of the defect Figs. 4 and 5 show radiographs of a sound }e-in. (9 mm.) bar of steel carbon 0.41, chromium 0.106, nickel 2.85 per cent, and a specimen of very similar composition, carbon 0.37, chromium 0.010, nickel 2.83 per cent, but suspected of containing flakes. These 1+ bars were transversely out of finished gun forgings of the approximate composition given. Each whit transverse line in the second radiograph. Fig. 5, ind cates the location of a flake as was shown by sawing n from the les of the line and breaking the specimen alor oo the line The large flake shown i! Fig. 6 was revealed in this manne The white lines marking the location of the flakes indicate discon tinuities in the metal along these lines due to the metal eing more transparent to the rays along these planes. Microstructure of Flakes } When a section of flaky steel at right angles to th general plane of the flake is examined after properly polishing and etching, it is seen that the metal border ing the flake is normal in its structure up to the im on; that is, the flake has no depth. The flake appears as a discontinuity in otherwise normal material. After quenching, the metal s hardened uniformly throughout, the coarsely crystal- ne appearance noted on the face of the flakes in such material, Fig. 3, is a surface configuration only—the real grain of the metal constituting the flake is refined to the same degree as elsewhere in the specimen. The discontinuity in the metal, which in the fracture appears as the flake, is an interecrystalline one. In a billet of chrome-nickel steel before receiving any heat treatment whatever, the course of the flake follows the grain boundaries. The presence of flakes in the billet was mediate face of the separat + ae . Fig. 9—(Cirecle) Fracture of Bar 36 in table Silk first demonstrated by polishing a cross-section of the jaminated with about 50 per cent flake. Xx 3% Fig billet. A series of interior radial cracks was found Microstructure of Bar 36 Etched with Picric Aci . ’ . network of needle-like ferrite and sorbite. Areas cont which, when broken open, had the characteristic ap- irbon shown to be in some instances sorbitic and i! pearance of flakes. approaching true pearlitic. xX 260 20, 1919 THE IRON AGE 761 s shown the appearance of a specimer el cen “ interior of an ingot of defective chrom: A * x ae a the composition, carbon 0.40, chromiun = ; . ae RES . > re » per cent. Th ‘ondition revealed i: . v os +. ae ; 1 : ; Zl ADS ee >. “# thout epresents the initial or £ +) 4 1 a - } er in the history , } , v7 vould be flakes The dull, é Vs racture ha é di to unite to the \ the spec men ls . é structure char et metal learl how? «| r i metal iS cieariy nown, aiso some tinuous with the smooth surfacs fr: These cracks occur between the e dendrites, which is the portion of the } + + he last to solidify and contains most of (small cut Fig. 8) and hence is the weak 1e steel. The cracks have the same appear- e shrinkage cracks often found in defective ronze and brass. Such shrinkage cracks m in the crevices between the branches of tes and so far as can be judged from their ippearanace these ingot cracks n stee 5 nsidered as of similar origin Origin of Flakes whole, the microscopic appearance of flaky vorking down of the slag inclu s to the following conclusions regarding th ire a iated from the beginning nd origin of flakes. They originate in the talline appearance of the flake which state they have the appearance of inter tion only and is a re 1 of tl rysta ndit shrinkage cracks. They occur in the cast’ that is, the dendrites, existing in t teel at tl ong with the slag inclusions in the angles be the discontinuity originated. Though they ar he branches of the tree-like dendritic crystals. associated with dirty steel, the verst not tru ersist throughout the history of the forging into the fact that ste¢ dirty or badly contaminated witl shed form as discontinuities in the metal, often slag inclusior ; not e criterion f lemnit! | with slag films, which have resulted from the the metal as defective bi if flake Flaky and Woody Fractures in Nickel Steel Gun Forgings no fracture is a term used by ordnance inspec- instances this type of fracture | led uty’ rs to describe the fracture of a pulled test bar appearance and occasionally caref exal ition Ww a fibrous appearance and to a certain extent eveal more or less foreign matter rg r, be es the fracture of a piece of wood. In some’ tween the plates or fibers in the fractu Che foreig: beginning of the greatly incr stee aque to tne W er y if making such great effort y suDI : sis witn more or! € i f t ¢ : other foreign ma r were fy nt to cau trouble T} | Iractures In many f e€ that leaves ttle to é “a, ‘ ulphide, slag, and simila urities, showing clear that such fractu ! l f t é itself and not to f ! ! I o teature ippeal t é the woody t} fl . ef | rolisher I es tf the ’ te} . ¢ nacro D ! ro : ( ner-bear g etch mediur s Rosen! 1 Haugchtor or stead | { er er fa ‘ a decidedly non-homogeneou } re’ and prominent but much elongated dendrit The microstructure, as brought out by any of the commor used etch reagents, ich as pic? a oO! m* nitrat closely resembles that flaky e¢ To the unaided eye, a flaky fracture inv type fracture in which occur bright, er’ not r area These spots vary usually from 1/16 t n. (1.5 to 12.7 mm n longest diameter and irrounded by tne sual gra t ‘ ore } ma hye woody, silky ! , eing the flake r s! fl \ r ¢ na ‘ hand lens, or better I | ilar 1 ype Ww that the flake appea to be made up of 1 re coarsely granular material tt the surrounding metal and ir (Circle) Fracture of Bar 53 in Table. About 75 per many instances what appear t he the boundaries of granular and 25 per cent laminated with flake : Fig. 12—-Microstructure of Bar 38 Etched with polyhedral grains are distinctly \ These are in Acid. Coarse network of needle-like ferrite and sor- the midst of metal of similar color or sheen but without tte certain areas converted to laminated pearlite » 1 : ee free pearlite shown than in Fig. 1 260 definite crystalline structure 762 THE IRON AGE March 4 y s amined 1 i shows ‘ s phosphorus, also lowering much unmistakable evidence of ov eating 1 the t which these particular areas would be ure y f ( ere ! t ° on : , Chemical Tests of Flake Areas pro é leve e! he W ru t ] 1} } I ! | t iso] 1r’é } é r ) y l re € HNOSSID LE oO iso f r ( run e fo ‘ } fl: ¢ aquantitat ¢ Y prod Widmannst , However, a cert f ’ P } f ( t I la? tative and ( . { : | ‘ rT whi ind rte t : ‘ ner l pnosphorus ind car 71 | te! Tl tee O The vas noted that the fla 1 i ‘ ¢ 15] + n the nor? ’ 1 ryl¢ ¢ NeEyY ttecd ¢ rema | that : y +} 1 ‘ and resembled the r tal 1 ¢ ‘ \ retu | shed surf y T} — , ‘ witl inv } ( nner-he riy 5 fF ey y , / cond ne 1 é fT ¢ SU ¢ Effect of Flakes 1 i Y | Lie eY ne vrit itte! re ¢ 2 4 te ne i? ntere ¢ ] } tine } t ‘ re : ire \ l l ut inf Mi crostructure of FI | , + ; ed y ne t ) | ) ( ) LO 100) 1 { ’ Suggested Causes of Flake + ‘ A ‘ ste¢ ‘ I US¢ in} wi o ' : are different ’ t ‘ | l I ’ . , t ey a Sma t i PP . ‘ania ‘ vhie OT € I 1 re } f W > ere ra ‘ ] ire I er pal f the me | : ; t I exte f¢ res are f] t to desc} t the r discernible ut he osco} arbu Whil roscopie exa ) . ss ae doe > ite +} they r ( i by +h ru ré ‘ y ( ou expect é + x t sm: reas rré llariv d ute throug e meta so ad fT ¢ fro i PT ta th oe y ture oO curs pot ¢ Té } i nrou T ¢ ( é Il the Wi nnstatt ate It ht ly 1 t ' fer ele t ‘ these areas repr places in \ ! n-ferrou t ered in the part t | 7 l 7 | element n segi tea in the ferrite, thus iKINE th t ‘ pos n oft | more br Lie thar tne rT l meta ict Tor inifor of heat of got | 7 THE IRON AGE Manutacture W It +} r will soon - E £¥5 \ Re . | ah i r Imp! f: Or eet - } ; i : mee GRAPHITE BLUEPRINTING IN WAR WORK Automatic Machines Developed by Chicago Com- pany for Printing, Washing and Drying In manufacturing and engineering, blueprints have come to be such a commonplace necessity that they are regarded as a matter of cours them give much attention to the means of their prod ic tion in large numbers. But, as with so many other things, the part played during the war by these i ERLE NTINUOUS ELECTRIC SLE PRINT! WA PEERLESS AUTOMATE ” ¥ HINT i - fom fees com 10u } ty I Pr ¢ oe M dispensable aids to production brings them to the front for honorable mention. Machinery was paramount in war operations, and its production in the tremendous quantities requirs would have been impossible without the blueprint, and this in large numbers. The immense production of shells, guns, grenades. bombs, airplanes, tanks, ship and countles other things might not have been. Ih many cases, hundreds of sets of each set involving hundreds of individual prints, were required to set manufacturs it work at the part in the struge ls In view of the portar f leprit r prey ratio1 tne expe enc f { } nul lrer ol! blue printing machines becon nteresting The co pany to which refere? » is made is the C. F. Pease Co., which manufat é ma leprint vashit ind drying macl ! y ‘ nes icce ore ¢ I ) Pia M. Morea vice-presid of , né everal f nters That other c¢ four t neces ry to1 t emal multi; b Dp t é aer a tne m Ul | f I vears has ship ' ' intr ‘Hol > Niorr Yr? 9? () rtorr »cter Denartment Engineers, Sig ( and Qua la partmen 1] | e +] ss , 52 en alee ill make use of the 1 hines. In conn on with 1 I Yr oO tne | erty moto | I N rir ff \ te the Bi rea ) Sta ras ¢ ! eT I na ? to i vith aire Sa lu Tio! and ite! n ] paper ? London reco