The Iron Age 1919-02-06: Vol 103 Iss 6

New York, February 6. 1919 ISHED 1855 VOL. | Effect of Heat Tr eatment on Bronze Characteristics Disclosed by Brinell Hardness Tests and Photomicrograp hs—Qr lenching and Drav Give Greater Hardness Than Quenching Alon nvestigation of the A ffect of heat treatment + n the microstructure ell hardness of bronze the fact that ine ! é nvestigate from 800 deg. C., ving c¢ >Y F. F. HAUSEN AND O. A. K) drawing at 300 ; ' Ca gives a Brinell hard F reater than quenching This is to be expected study of the -micro : vere rs e strencth. 65 tures, as more alpha is Sete AWeAT 9 10 the quenched speci n the one quenched iwn Drawing above 300 deg. C. shows 8 sit) THE IRON AGE well distributed separated out of solution of alpha has separated from solution J I ited sample of Fig. 1 entical with that produced by draw AT TEMPERATURE FOR TWO HOURS, QUENCH SAMPLES WERE ETCHED IN ROSENHAIN’S REA jEN: RS THOSE IN THE RIGHT, 500 DIAMETERS ry 6, 1919 THE IRON AGE 349 in oil, and Brinell hardness and photomi- A somewhat strange phen i taken. Samples were then drawn for’ Brinell hardness. as well as in the microstructure 300 deg. C., 450 deg. C., 600 deg. C., and | il Fj A h C. respectively, after which they were ex- 800 deg. C., and drawn 1 hour : 0 deg., that there roscopically and the hardness determined. decidedly less aly pre t than in F SV ind 2 show the structure of the metal i: va ie) land not draw! The Brin test ver ndition after etching with Rosenhains fies the. ision to be draw tr th the light alpha crystals imbedded in ture, : t the specime1 t 3 ler, | ground of beta. Figs. 3 and 4 show the would the hardest fter quenching in oil from 800 deg. C.., In order to verif port experiment ter part of the alpha retained in solu inothe e] eated to § e] nount is seen to be around the cz 800 2 } ( ind a little in the cleavage pla di i 6 give the structure of the sp e} the 800 deg. C. and drawn at 300 deg. C ime a 00 ! Ch has the appearan ( y 5 eta state than tnat Wnicn was quencned \ ‘ pha is very finely distributed. Figs. 7 t the sample quenched at 800 deg. a) 150 de \ little more alp! 3 seer ( t rat it of solution. Figs. 9 and 10 . 00 ire of the specimen quencned at S500 t wn 1 hour at 600 deg. ( Hers n that while the original outline of tl { t ins pl luced on quencning still persist al amount of alpha has st parated iro? It distributed in finer particles than ted specimens of Fig. 1 Figs. 11 and 12 ture of the specimer! uencned ir ( nd drawn 1 hour at 650 deg. C The ilmost identical to tnat produced CARBON STEEL CO. ADDITIONS Building Erected—Jobbing Plate and Steel et its entiz rem | Mill Soon to Be Completed Large storage | , D Steel Co., Pittsburgh, du e | , as completed some important extension W ; ements These include the erectio1 i ; ng, 60 x 389 ft., equipped with one 1000 Ps — vo 500-ton steam hydraulic presses and one S ae one 3000-lb. steam hammers, overhead ee 4 . es, heating furnaces and other necessary oe = ee ae stleg! 5 aid ; : R Reb 1 fur I I that its facilities for producing both “hs Pit t forgings are complete and up to date 5 * ; } ny during the past year has also enlarg« plant, which now includes two 1000 ; iightening presses, five Rockwell type, ; Jones and two Bellevue heat-treating fur ovements now being made include the i ; f a 72-in. jobbing plate and sheet m to 7 1H . thin the next 60 to 90 days, the |} isings j ; for which were built by the United En; x indry Co., and the electric drive and } ‘ haw 7 are being furnished by Mackintosh, Hemp T} ig , Also a two-story machine and finishing shop, 2 , th lathes, straightening and cutting off — . : iilding of its boiler house and the instal _ The Kittannit eis Ms 4 new Stirling 800-hp. water tube boilers, ,. a Raa ' “a give the company a total rated capacity « Co Tene tat . vad an These boilers are to be equipped with Ws Pig: rset oe a % Kite nderfeed stokers and modern coal storage and 7. aay edie ok aia saan ties. The company has also extended its RPS pe Pe ec , te lding, which is equipped with additior aad , : ines and ample heating facilities to t oalene , additional output of finished forgings, plat 2 ‘ ] 7 \ll the new buildings are heavy steel modern in every particular. A new water! T timulate interest in pu ; nd ! s also in process of construction, con- st? n | vin Coolidge. Governor M ott 1 concrete well which is being sunk in the ha nounced the appointment of a ttee pped with modern high-pressure pumps. The posed of representatives of r al pit He producer plant, which was built by Arthur G irgues that the return to no1 ness |] " not Co., Cleveland, and completed early last year, e a mplished by worrying e! t may happer ; - . ial o2% a 1. _— * } ew hx Ininog the <3" nand ery satisfactorily Although the company it oF y doing the 4 ind ye UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT British in Open-Hearth Plants Some Experience in Generatin g steam by the use of waste heat fron open-hearth furnaces was discussed before the Iron and Steel Institute at its meeting in London, Sept. 12 1918, by Thomas B. Mackenzie, in a pa} >} n * I if Waste Heat from Open-Hearth Furnacs Utilization for the Generation of Steam.” The author giv results obtained from an extended experience and the paper is replete with detailed ca ol ! An abstract follows: About 20 ve rs a vn I \ I I iuthor was conne ed Du I ev near h furr ices of nal t if ns was decided to put hoilers etween th ind the chimneys in order t ‘ rate eno to ur th. vas pl ice I e { rnish bo f nd e 3 2h ce é ’ vith single | , Alii were du ere ed T Vir oO é t ’ ¢ gases the draug ne ) es va re iced j their operation sik 1 vn n xte7 compe the t me t ’ An Experimental Plant Later it occurred to the author that the problen could be solved by placing an induced draught far beyond the boiler, and this method was tried with acid-lined open-hearth furnace of ordinary constructior and of 30 tons nominal capacity In serie vith a Green’s economizer havi 1 heating surface o 720 sq. ft. was placed a boiler with a heatir irface of 1619 s ft., the far adopted being of the Keith and Blackma: type, W tl an impeller 20 in. in diameter driv: by a verital speed direct-current motor ol ZU -h.p Origina two openings were made chimney l in the stee] ached to the l furnace a lower one to admit the waste gases to the boiler and a higher one for their retur after passing over the heating surfaces of the boiler and economizer, a cast-iron butterfly damper being fitted in the chimney between the openings. This ar rangement did not worl could not be kept tight; a plate damper was fitted to the top of closed, and the fan the air. The results obtained having indicated that the ar rangement was quite practicable and did not with the furnace output, it decided to similar equipment for a new plant hearth furnaces of 45 tons nominal capacity. The equip ment for each furnace consisted of a Babcock and Wil cox water-tube boiler with a of 1827 sq. ft., a Green’s economizer with a heating surface of 960 sq. ft., and a Keith and Blackman fan with a 30-in. impeller, driven by a 40-b.h.p. current motor. The fans discharge through short fun nels direct into the atmosphere. The satisfactorily, as the damper , therefore, the chimney, the upper opening direct arranged to discharge into interfere was provide containing open surtace 1! able-spe¢ 1 direct furnace chimney have disc plate dampers at the top, which are kept nearly closed when the boilers, economizers, and fans operation. The reasons for not keeping the two—one, that the boilers and her a fear lest ar are in dampers fully closed are fans are rather small, and the ot explosive mixture should become po the chim- ney at each reversal, with the risk of taking place and damaging the plant. This plant was put to work shortly before the war, but no test ‘keted in “kicks” Ss were made Test Results Since the war the author has been jointly sible for adding seven boilers and fans to old furnaces and 10 to new furnaces, and he regards it as unfor tunate that the theory was not developed, for if it had, larger boilers would have been used and more steam obtained. Tests have since been made, and the paper gave full details of the data obtained and of the heat balance-sheets calculated for five installations with respon- THE IRON open hearth and 60 tons nominal capacity. Boiler Installations economizer and February 6, 1919 AGE furnaces of respectively 30, 45, For these the yf heat usefully employed in the boilers was 1] 2,540,000, 2,360,000, 2,934,000, and 3,031,000 gh steam of dryness factor 0.95: g« per hour was 2440 lb., 3792 lb., 3728 lb., 4616 1736 lb., and the weight of steam per ton vas 1084 lb., 949.3 lb., 855.3 Ib., 1252 lIb., and average of these weights of steam per ton 987.5 Il As only one of the boilers te tne wel rht of ece ! ill the products of combustion and ! to deal properly with the amount, and tl sing only about two-thirds of the produ there seems reason t ’ of steam per ton of ingot e obtained under more favorable conditions. shown that in a steelworl and bars, and in which the pi ilarly up to date, most of the mi simple high-pressure type and t} length, the steam consumpti it at 3200 lb. per ton of ingots. Even in su boiler fuel that could be the use of waste heat boilers on the furna Another source of steam the waste heat from the reheating furnaces. 1 * products would be less per furnace, | hat the temperature is higher. On a; e estimate, therefore, it would appear that cent in boiler fuel can be made by neat tnat at present their respective furnaces, 1 1200 Ib. plates not partic eing of the considerable saving in erefore, the 13.75 per cent. ' } + n nearly every case is With regard to the actual setting of the fan, it is important to keep tl iges short and direct, avoiding all quick ben ‘ } . wth} oO ao eve rythin g poss ble to prevent air ‘lenty of explosion doors must be provided, ar be airtight when closed. So important revention of air-leakage that in the author’s vhen waste heat boilers are to be used the air the furnaces should be water-sealed, as the fly ilves commonly used for air are far from airtight Secretary of Labor Warns Manufacturers In a recent address to the Lawyers’ Club of New York, Secretary of Labor Wilson made an 4] American manufacturers to “get your busi ness going and keep it going.” He warned that if the } peal to country has any great period of industrial unrest w ay have a revolution such as the French Revolution yr we may have Russian Bolshevism. He said in part TI mie pirit that dominated the Americar r must thrill them during the period of We now face the demobilization of our war r work and the readjustment to a post-war If every man would realize that he should get going ’ tal ! ( tl same basis as before the w E 1 be simplified. Many think this unwise b¢ i present war prices, the costs of materials, and of labor, and that the thing to do is to wait until prices .a TY) vould be unwise. My vision of the sit will not be more than a four or six n hs’ tween the signing of the armistice and getting nto the post-war swing If there is any attempt to force down wages unduly A t mie 4 stance of sufficient strength and ljuration to frustrate it, and in this connection I want to say , that if we have any great period of industrial unrest, there 4 no one } in where the resultant social uph¢ ival : vill leave us Wen have a revolution such as the Fre! olution, or we may have the Russian Bolshevism In its series of Spanish Texts of Standard Specifi- cations the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce has issued two additional numbers. They are “No. 3, Standard Specifications for Open-Hearth Steel Girder and High Tee Rails,” and “No. 4, Low-Carbon Steel Bars.” Copies of these documents may be 0! tained for 5 cents from the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Government Printing Office, Washington. They were prepared under the supervision of the Bureau of Standards. The English text is copyrighted in the Splice United States by the American Society for Testing The Spanish text is not copyrighted. Materials. verized Coal for Metallurgical Furnaces Greater Efficiency Claimed for Furn: Design—Continuous Service Mor Combustion Figures Different aependent heat be generate: ] aesign oft tne rit I ipl | Cat Oo! I iel | n +1 +} . Li\ ere W tio to the intel ea? ss ialit © mater ered coal | ; oduction as compared o generate the necessar invVal iably fuel surplanted where the pee! correct. fact that powdered coal of best method by ombination of air and coal which pro- degree of perfect combustion as resulted, it pneumatk Typical Installation of ; _ oO 3 IRON AGE Februar The cost to prepare a ton of powdered coal tense heat and noxious gases as far approximately the same as is the cost f to |} comtort. To assure this thers ton of coal 1 me i perated prod prope! designed vents and hoods t The low price of the raw co is compared t products of combustion not dispos: other fuels, many times « t t of pre Che gase generated in the ratilor | vaeredad Coal aré adequately take) Continuou ; DU ese means e? d coal th: t] he following are average figurs ply of coal is more ctice giving the consumption of | fuel which so read espol to different types of furnace tic T ant De ré é matint ed S P nstalliatiol ‘ ¢ t ( ) ( te operatins un tl down the on immediate [ é Tne ? ! t tire attention 1 e hi sta < hig ‘ ‘ some I l ror T T The proc ¢ t } , é T y ) I 1 si } ’ ( ; so in buying mits The class of In regard to ¢ phur, it is well been melted i erte I to I I we have to de] bustion of the ont ppt! about ne pougnt f being eq ’ most { p nables t fou ste Sc! } I OS Revar I s hig ‘ l a shite a down the sulph were no sulpl to iis brings be necessary T ir reheating——Danger of Over- ng—The Three Periods of the Blow FISH] y [we hata can be u é I ! et | rood, but | I e D t l nucn aS iltisa ) nad I lend itself re idilv to ¢ xT ild be considered th Dp I I I tl one of the ? to 1 eated properly it makes bad p ily 1 metal and excessive slop] need riod Phe VO ! t common vy f . er crud or ga In some ‘ Ist It depend n local conditions a 1 ! t spe the cheape) r better available \ rs. I tee] « nes, 0.08 per cent su te hot and the iron melted it is put er cent phosphoru re about the per converter. The next most important item is th n the finished steel: and a er I of the converter; in other words, getting ese elements to raise rather than lows tal so it seems to just roll into the tuyeres. T ’ shrinking in weig N foundryma nay have hot iron and the right com ir and phosphor remain thereit t but unless the converter is set right before shou specif e conte! of blowing he cannot expect to get good ‘ hou ( lf of the v¢ Uniformity in blowing and control of subsequent 1 he lost nig it pi ru The three periods of the blow are as follows: Firs é s aside fi ! phoru 1 l f the flame makes its appearance; this is the s ( ft I ha veriod, f t then the bulk of silicon is eliminat t} f ed t ( The second is known as the boil or manganese pe! rder \t this time the latter is oxidized, going into the slag nere the making it thin, and accounting for its greater tenden nd upor é e cor tr p over and allow for the formation of a very puriti con and ca ! The iror long flame The third, or carbon period, comprises te f mou of cart ll the time from the end of the boil to the e! f Che on varies greatly, and it blow. The carbon first goes off gradually, but as it gets content that pig rraded and below 1 per cent the action speeds up very great n hich ntains the great yu until carbon appears to be eliminated almost ex! NOI price ill other thi sively The brown smoke at the end is an indicat he chean¢ Uy is it ntains t! that, having eliminated the other elements, the oxygt / ! pal heat-givir element and al is now attacking the iron itself; and care must © | ndrvman to er per cent of exercised not to overblow, or the steel will be red ( vn mate} full of blow holes, and worthless for casting purposes ranest t id a pig of tl but it should be gs} fied rm : 3 ae os ’ Se The by-product coke plant which is being er ble, because its function | Nola the Wisconsin Steel Co., South Chicago, IIl., ir content of the mixture. If thers i list of by-product plants under constru published THE IRON AGE of Jan. 2, 88 Wilputte ovens with an annual capacity of tons of coke. Contracts for the foundations hav me! awarded to Sumner Sollitt Co., 79 East Adams Str \rece n the ] t present in the in will consis nave mucn mangane Chicago. The plant will occupy an area of about e's W Ha ‘ oes icres at 110th Street and Torrence Avenue Jomen a Fixture in Electrical Industry Special Provisions for Employment, Welfar and Safety Are Made by the Westinghouss Co.—Shop and Technical Courses Are Provided rls at the works of the Westing tem of wages, a! ther practice & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, nsti ! men’s positions at the lathes, SS¢ gon chine etc Now that ( es wort over {; é ? ? r¢ e¢ é ‘ ( nda the most opt eX! { } Vv emplo ed are t il re I I ! } ¢ ’ tinct ¢ + cit ot v1) e er tT the We neh e ( n nt ect ment ¢ ¢ I Cr rve ( \ n ‘ DI ment nd welfare prot ! } ! ( rl leave the office, she is mad« ‘ ! e emplo ent “‘mothe ire ther a ( é 1ining and Promotion Schools , é emt Ver PAVE Tine emy i t ‘ ot put at shop work for thre She spends this period in a trail em] ees, wl vish t re the fundamental machine oper hange The novice is prepared gradu re |} { so that when assigned to a_ eve! cif julred the necessary self ( I i Ss tne me ¢ Té¢ | é ring ' r ' short and intensive QO. | ing waste | + ; ’ raduate machine-tool maker, devotes The trained girls ente ne to this work, teaching girls to read assuming some responsibility and pre} to use the scale, the micrometer, how operate machines Of course opera chines, shop rules, discipline, the sys- heavy lifting is required cannot be dons but they excel in application and dexterity. Some seem to have a decided bent for mechanics. One girl has mastered 10 different operations on a drill press, and asked for a chance to learn more. She has also operated balancing machines, holders assembling ball racers, cones, and brush Generally speaking, all the girls excel in assembling oper ations where application and speed count Safety and Welfare Features Extra precautions are taken that every belt guarded, and that the most improved safety appl machines. The ov tumes are so designed that the clothing getting caught. The women are paid a daily rate while ing, and receive a flat rate, a and premiums when in actual productive work. work the hours as the men, ? i ances are used on the erette cos tnere 1S no danger of learn bonus, certain They same from 7 a. m Sheet Metal Guards Are Used on These Drilling Machines until 5 p. m. with three-quarters of an hour fo! lunch, and a half holiday Saturday afternoon. Lunch and rest rooms are provided, equipped with everything to make them attractive and home-like, and they are scrupulously clean. Here the girls bring their lunches and are served tea, coffee, and milk, free of charge. Besides these lunch rest rooms, a cafeteria furnishes food at cost. A separate relief department has been created, where the girls have trained nurses and a medical staff. But there have accidents Many girls have been attracted to the indus trial work at East Pittsburgh from all sections of western Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, like other munition districts, has been badly congested dur ing the past two years, and a real problem has arisen in providing a place for the girls to live. In conjunction with the Westinghouse Co., the Western Pennsylvania League of Women Workers has organized a large community club at Turtle Creek, adjacent to East Pittsburgh, with recre ational activities and dormitories. and been few severe Elementary and Technical Courses A easino school is at East Pittsburgh, in the center of the Westinghouse industries, with THE IRON AGE February 19y¢ courses of instruction planned primari! employees of the company, though admis tended to all, regardless of occupatior education, or present places of employ: objects are to afford a general elementa: for the boy or girl, or the man or woma) been forced to leave the public school ivelihood. Thousands of foreigners w they need to learn our lar Then there is the employee, denied the advantage of desires to study electrical e: For him and for her a course is provi equivalent lley and ustoms. ng been ( hool, to that given in many er The women’s school affords in sewing, the commercial branches, mu ? | } ChnOOLS meter operation, and general clerical tr The engineering department is open This Punch Press Operator Is Protected by Wire 5 rhe course gives a clear comprehension ot scientific principles upon which practical © depends. Mathematics, drawing, physics, me cs, English, chemistry, and a knowledge 0! rials form the basis of the course with speciali tion in steam and electricity. The student ompleting the course should be well prepared | enter the field of steam and electrical installat testing operation of power stations, wiring inspt tion, general road work, various assistantsh]] the shop, and special apprentice courses + The Electric Furnace Co., Alliance, Ohio, ha contract with the Standard Roller Bearing Co., P delphia, for 1900-kw. continuous automatic heat ing equipment. The set consists of one 150-kw furnace for hardening and one 40-kw. electric heat drawing bath. There will be supplied in oil quench bath located between the furnace oil drawing bath. The furnace will be used treating alloy steel balls and ball races, which W automatically handled through the furnaces, quen¢! ilrawing baths in metal baskets. The Liberty Foundry, St. Louis, was damaged $20,000 by fire last week, the blaze originating " cupola room from heated metal. The operations foundry were not seriously interfered with. tash Content of Blast Furnace Charges Alabama Iron Ores and Foreign Man- gvanese Ores Contain the Mos Potas - in the Burden of American Furnaces United S ' US n Potash in a Blast-Furnace B : | i e it can readlly be seen tnat tne m 0.29 per cent total K.O to 2.07 pe Experience seems to indicate that the ‘ ke district run low in potash, while fore n potash, while the manganese ores high in K.0. None of the Brazilian ore ve used has run below 1 per cent K.O t It w ores from the Lakes, mentioned as Iror res from the Merritt Lake district ru the same in potash; the content seen 10 per cent K.O. It is our belief that res from this district run around 3 h, but as yet we have not been able t ink next in potash conte: ve survev of the K.O content f these rk ible occurrences we have made is the |} me of the Brown ores of reports of Alabama ores running as high of potash, but an examination lately ne of our Southern clients developed ven the Brown ores of Alabama may 1144 per cent K.0O. The gray hematite Y e known to run between 1 and 3 pe! ind while to our knowledge they are! tensively in blast furnaces, we believe ay come when a proper use will n the manufacture of iron. Great ndr : i ind ‘ esult the materials that enter into a Diast greater amounts of potash being made ava e. The the exception of air, contain potash The szmounts make i le e tot that it : matter of nten as ntey t ts Hine it wt t mav he the > ¥ eer i é } THE future supply of potash in the United States with the blast furnace as a source of supply Potash Content of Iron Ores Consumed [The production and consumption of on ore the United State now! tl owing table tr years 1889 to 1915, in é ' . \ 1 It will a t i ey ( OOO to nroduced th [ S } | on NtIoO! \ 4, 00) i) ) ) XX ‘ auct Or 1 OOO 1) oO? + ’ . y ) | + rr nTY ’ T y ( é of 1 per « a figure t ( f ; TY Y ry vy? ,Y ; y ? ] Y a iil Piuulli, ¢ A Ail A alone would conta eal 166.4 { At ‘ { i W he charos with t+} maki p the t nar? 1 T I { nr v no WO to 05,000 net tor K () The potash u he |} S 1] From ' + 4 + . f nota 1 Pe. ( while ne iximul ITO TRO try \ ry } this maximum Ww agall ialled oon as the potasn avalla t we ‘ nerfect SA assumptlor it w readil\' ‘ ee? +} he¢ #17 naces can become a decided factor in the supply of large portion of tl necessary commodity It has been estimated that between the blast fur naces and cement plants all the potash required for United St 07 tts ‘ : oe nited States consumption cal e f ire of Dy domestic productio1 The figures given above for the possible potash supply from blast furnaces are based on the lowest pota h content found by n our investi : iain one : ; gations That a much larger amount of potash 1 actually charged into the furnacs f the | state is our belief, as a great many < the ores highe. than three-tenths of 1 per cent It is, of course, not possible to recover all the potash charged into a furnace, as there are | and losses by absorption with the brick work, by escape through cinder notches and iron through the bleeders and throu We believe that between 40 and 50 per cent of the potash into a blast furnace can be , secured by the proper treatment of the charge and by proper collecting devices The device that can charged successfully collect this potash with the greatest saving for blast-furnace operation is the Cottrell electrical precipitator. Experiments conducted by us on a sem commercial scale indicate that such a collection is pos sible. IRON AGE expected February 6, America and the Industrial Recon tion of Devastated France toration of the invaded nd the reconstitution of its industrial life m wer in materializing than the Americ: ndustrial equipment has been led section ¢ pointed out in Commerce Reports of tl Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, nity life has been re-« stablished, wl e, provisional repairs to and make tories must be made Resto \ nd flooded coal mines are a prere ne rY ill water pows r resources of » ( ;s at least a two years’ ta lor fostering agriculture there, admittedly the French Government is encour f n of co-operative bodies, a step necé irge-scale cultivation with motorize ichinery such as America produces, a1 hich orced upon the many holders nd characteristic of French farn n of individual capital and equipment \d é from Paris to the Bureau of For Te) Commerce state that orders ultimate \ ed States connection with re e will probably be handled as follow | y will originate in the Comptoir Central pour les Regions Envahies (the ¢ led central purchasing office) It it representatives of American fir! th the engineers of this Comptoir I minary way. Orders tentatively appr Comptoir Central will be passed on to the Office de Reconstitution. This office was forn part of the French Ministry of Blockade and I Regions, but was recently turned over to the M Industrial Reconstitutior partment was formerly the Ministry of Armai 8 : Vi rder fot ods to be manufactur 1 States is approved by the Ministry of Reconstitution is understood that it w ; ted by the Franco-American Bureau M. Andre Tardieu is the chief, to th Con yn in Washington. It pointed out that while industrial cay * France suffered enormous de d been a counter-balancing expansion the center and southwest of France. I rly true of factories, and it i tne tas Ministry of Industrial Reconstitution to sex ries are converted to peace use an 1 whe order to secure the maximum emplo' f den lized French soldiers. It is, therefore, e' America’s part in France will be to suppl Ere efforts; primarily to supply these plants raw materials not produced there; secondly, to which cannot now be economically n ictured in France. The bulk of the work of r Y on, it appears, can be done only by the Fre Silica Co., Ottawa, IIL, icer of sand for iron and steel manufacturing | poses, has just purchased the entire property Molding Sand Co., comprising 84 \f “Buffalo Rock” land and all equipment. Beforé purchase the company owned 240 acres, with a oi Two railroads trav the property and the Illinois River is adjacent, ena he inauguration last year of a fleet of barges bet Buffalo Rock and St. Louis. With the complet the deep waterway to Joliet a large Eastern den The Buffalo Rock is one of 17 sand de] in the United States and Canada suitable for it steel manufacture. Commonwealth Steel lica content of 97! per cent. } The Ferrell-Wight Co., Albany, Ga., has r been organized and incorporated with a capita! $25,000 and will operate a wholesale automobile 4 sory business vw Method of Screw-Thread Inspection Machine for Optical Projection Presents Improvements Over Gage Testi! lhread ‘i= , 4% I 4 \ N tT t cit t T ia e } re é iv) te T y will o : L Will &£ A } > y ) tT t nda Before I VneyY T UW 4 wn { lor a give ‘ eat fo ‘ ’ ‘ ’ rT é é 's J -- . >. *- . eo ** «? = ae } } + } , ectine oO t Y YY + f 4 , T wt Y I 1 met} 1 of nect y } f the for f ! strul y , e l y ? of the lead ‘ hortcoming f the yr Y . ‘ ‘ vor ar har | ) tion lantern brings the vac » 4+ , } J } c nd should be the basis of threads, and the final arbiter in a the produ t is functi n I e t t SiImt ler f rms of oases ? r ‘\ f . ‘ ‘ ‘ £ ‘ t rst and last plect t t i be tested bi the nterr A ‘Foy é T rougn wear or Y ortant l t ¥ ¥ : , , 1 J } T > ¥ e checked by sending a sample screw ! 1 fit For é t + oF [his sup! lemented by the percentage t t , re t nut product W ild be sufficient heck f ‘ £ the f — . Sen } } } tor fe . nite knowledg of the cha r of rn f ‘ . ld Indness, etc I ine i Dut r tne id l t} y I } 1 } ‘ + ‘ —_— . antern has been developed t 1 pr ea WV ‘ at a glance the diameter, lead, for } } . + T ‘ ‘ ‘ ation of the roundness ind smo | é ! mr ) I es In order to get all of these result t ret equ tY itior f ¢ no er ¢ f, 7 ~ w-Thre ya y y ‘ = ' 3} ’ ; i ] ¢ ger ssué i T ir? 1 of tl Amer C t tT iT tne fT t " r } T ’ ; . S The Lutho 3 preside ] < | et such demands the p1 ‘ ‘ , antern eheme d \ e-president Natior Ser I 1 Vv I id wa . - . . ¢ . . ‘ . furnisnes 2 solution ys e-half of ne problem for 358 g is half of idy WOrk, gaging producing practical and re: method of g to produce the paratus the specifications may isplacement due to le: Measurement of Inte While the projectior ‘ pre e meal for l for producing the inter! t vell known that t tap does not indicate the « hole t v be produced that ete nspe mett ] ’ duced | Fu ermort ( nded for num t! lg’ e ! I rY ( , y +} \ — YT Yt ’ lou o> 4 W t t I ft« 1 ; — nt of t rniect ’ ‘ tne ' f sting ( ! f I result T 1? | ne na tne i which operate wu f ‘ ee ore j T 1a ret a v1 ¢ foy vorkshoy roducing ning | bee! rreater ba lly l re I \ I t n ol ethod ‘ f y Description of Projection The iratu ! ts of t the macnine \ tne oust ind the cha olde on which the pr ] f the t hart holder slides on 1 s te order to get the desired number The general plan of operat ng the work and adjusti1 { chart so that the in ive ol | fall on the chart along certa no sample of work on whicl be satisfactory a standard s put in the work holder and us After that the work may be pl piece after another, and insta ts diat sad error and pr rtall f tolerance a ce the pre ind minimum boundar The resents tne outline of the thre tne screw must fit ar the malles icceptable diameté rolerance The exact forn { f the I requirements, but I prefer daries indicated have stated g¢g for a screw thread of 10 p the outline of the thread form of crests of centers tn 3y the use may es thread, ar February THE IRON AGE forms e work If we have a irawing these in light pencil mat ging, it much easier paced at 0.8 in., which amounts to 0.004 . e of the v1 n al f screw thread, for at 200 magnifications ill for cap screv ‘ per thousandth of an inch. id ne ect ind Inasmuch as it is not easy to locate 1 tior relation to straight lines, I use black d vertical width of 0.8 in., which amounts rnal Threads itely a width of % in. on the flanks of dot hese dots are made of different lengths t ead eadily recognized in the partial lig} } \ n roor The light of the projection ] [ usted to see the black dots, even in f ne et 1 00 light to dim the shadow led By numbering the lines of the charts f ’ babl nning at the upper and running to th ' t \ eans for recording, if necessa1 t ( a screw. For this purpose w ly e instrument with a standard plug g f read so that the shadow of this px ild fa on line 5, and this wo ild constitut r ter t woul e tolerated for free eing the basi Let 1s is J iL, owable tol HIT pitch diameter ara: aaa crew is 0.008 oe a me il bee ; rew ! agp t} 1 besic ai oe a oa a Ne or it may .< a + naller, in wl se f 7%, I hadow should Pafia ane farther than line iss < . tm by placing one } { 4 a ' -° q after another i1 *; i r .- a “5 3 r the shadow fall ~ xv ? 1 of 3 to boundaries eat ts size 1S *s falls | accepta shadow ccrameicieeia toward No. 6, it for that grade ge run of w with the proj rs that it forth i present me new thoughts to the inspe t e that the lead is not uniform. I a Al i . pe I crew tne lead it one end of tne norter thi: it he other end He w ng ews are not round, and some are 1 mountainous on the surface; not nts have been created by the projectior \pparatus and Chart but merely that they have been brought cleat hre ems ould be recognized by any systen \ ind ler + ym] nat na ror ts ultimate purpose determi: v] erwe 1s . lability of the screw read is project Rotating the work in its holder brings « and f1 the wor , rities If the screw is of good form of macnificatior Wil remain stationary on the chart. If t on starts with 1 tior s drunken, out of round, or very irregular, the light. wot ens ane will move A ragged surface also appears f crew wi inevenness of the line, and frequently the When we have confronted with the necessity of determ he thread is known + part of the line he is to designate as indi hread plug may 1 real working diameter of the screw. ed for settir he chart It is not unusual to find one of the flan! , n the machine. ons hread, instead of presenting a straight profil ts s] v will reve; for instance, a ridge near where the crest of t file If ese fall within rotated hart the wor This condition has always existed in screw ind it is for us to recognize that the projectio: rew inst n project nerely shows how deceptive has been the gag rt that | maxin tem which depended on the tactile sense or ximum boundary rep feel of the gage. In gaging, this ridge would 4 of the hole into whicl rtant part in eliminating shake, and yet t , mm represents th ht be under size so far as its holding neerned — An interesting book, called “The Road been issued by the Lakewood Engine t will vary with different Cleveland. It portrays in 19 half-tones, each 6 hart on which the boun the company’s military portable track leaving radatior For instance tory, en route, delivered, and in use at the h at 200 magnifications France A page opposite each illustration ’ measures 20 in. between to text on engineering progress, instrumenta I I produce a chart by thering peace. Var Department Warns Against Fraud Attempts to Defraud in Connection with Disposing of Surplus Material—Tonnage of Scrap on Hand Is Far Below Estimates at () nce be ) Y () { m0 } nD ( tit) ire FS , | i s rp le ' T dispos t is ] " il ' : tnat irresponsible ru al report t! ( tastic figures of amou : : ; : Uncle Sam had pl r} 20.000.000,000 lb. seer ed the t \ tay? } ' ‘ V\ Ss Ww re g en ft n é na OY i ( Dp \ 9 ‘ l : 7 " neni ' — rs oem -_ _ a ee — % A aA Gi, (ictiaaininin, ‘pieeatnieaani i T ene) ss T . . i | | | | reser n «¢ n } if ‘ n d of $1.500.00( The detai f thea inv to put a } - + epu } f 10.006 , ‘ ay fr he G na ne lid tnerwise ib I npal}l ] \ ul W } i al f +} of ’ now d tl ‘ DY ¢ 1 ‘ 1) ‘ j np ble mitted ( - ffey ( +¥ ¢ ‘ é ‘ ‘ i A » f I I ‘ | ‘ ‘ I ‘ a , ‘ ‘ r ‘ T . . ‘ f crap is being handled ; A : . : a ° ; f tior if the office f the Direct | irke ind as far as pos e€ is ; } a . ' nlataa y The i ‘ po Ss wnere S act liated a + 1, Tl, Snial rharcea rket values The officials in charge t enough in any one place seriously t pro pr ‘ ‘ i nand Lie! nd tne G wae I ; ’ f scrap market. Where there would , , T + ‘ > ¥ tney say every precaution wl 1 be taken t A rie raat nould distil ; er g the market. e | y ol i I ell propert . 1 ¢ j ; + y ime the War Department has ind yone s ope, pe rts ety isthe f ihe. ae ae ae OP pees ey t wan eT to eas (4 ; . & A gh 1 ; ~ VAlprenny ee i, ! ¥ = ~~ : 4 \ ——~y— _ ese ns . i irn +> f — 7 2 ee re oe eee eee eer er Le re TRY ae ees SI LTA en <- Cet Ne! HE views here shown are photographic reproduc. tions of drawings in black and white made for the Interstate Iron & Steel Company, Chicago, by Vernon Howe Bailey. The one on the facing page shows the 35-in. blooming mill at South Chicago in 4, operation. The view above shows chipping and pre- : paration for shipment of alloy steel billets at the South Chicago works. The chipping, which is done with pneumatic hammers, is of course to insure clean re- rolling of the steel, which is intended for automobile and truck and tractor industries. Reducing the Cost of Disability Rehabilitation Restores and May Enhance Earning Capacity—Insurance Costs Lessened —The Economy of Liberal Medical Attentior N etr r . . , n< y T é t ~ ( t - ? a , vorkine on s t s involves ~ ner 19d Y requi! 4 ~ é Senseé S ht S ; ‘ sible < . 1 ’ I ~ a . il ] “ 1 cg y Y ’ : : ra Pas Ww ig I > . : ; Function of the Red Cross Institute "Y Q ‘ . i led it l ! [ st s é S Red Cross Ins ++ | hl; ‘\ Il y 1OLISNeé T > l “f , er eremiah M Economy of Liberal Policy Toward Medical Attention : S ns and s : Ni c Art ¢ é 9 x} etviens : ' ‘ elops. Gr i = enterpris sas i C x S \ } rec : ; . 4 4 I a } (; - y : i Yt i . ~ pather Lowering the Cost of Injuries ; —_— S Mass setts was ' In due rs er = 4 r? uid $10 a w nj y y + . n+ r 3 % - Y t =f Y I Si f thoir 1 g 4 + ear \ +35 . , ’ ~ ‘ ng mr ne sat cys y en Y uestio : at the ffice P 4 Rehabilitatior Instead ort Con ensation ™ P nines t I S€ SUDDOI $ ’ +} + | rt osition t ; , ter I that you can bet ns VW p> Iw t 1T le rst ' r » U S proposal is to tne , S r © r c F the my I als elieve THE IRON AGE 6: ! nane ‘ . Ty ‘ + » X ( ” *s A .* i n to t . n y + @ : Tr S40) 4 Les So + . £ a . T i r expense } ¢ : Increased Earning Capacity — ] ‘ : vac Yictiy tly ‘ no y ‘ ‘A -_ i rie l . | ‘ . S : : ' i ne mmur! \ ‘ ’ . rers Urganizing for ola! . St te S} ; i nstructior Contain - + > . ‘ le pal I as. 4 " ¥ 7 1”) ) y ‘ : 1 8 ‘ T ; _ Dp an ‘ ' + ’ 4 ° - T T T ’ T , > 4 +1 A r - ‘ - | ‘ c \A y + {i & . ‘ ‘ . Mot —_ g + r t 2 TT . tr o uf + , ; +} C R ‘ Ming ore ‘ eo ' Dp . ‘ y ‘ . y I tor ‘ ) ‘ sea 2 ro + ’ - * eyner . . , - . : » 1+ Li (i? etat r f + Staple Vi f former iy pera WW l e aepartme . inp } aft the L'niversit' # Tlé#alh + ort ~* rr > Would Permit Business Men to Co-operate John Franklin Fort. Member Federal Trade Commission, Suggests Plan to Allow Associations for Domestic Trade Similar to Those Permitted by Webb Act for Export Business W ASHIN YN } l It ! to light lately Dy rey little indicat ' ( t forwarded through the State Departme: nities for o} ; M | t, “that foreigners are organ the Webb law Eve th Cor itions under the Webb export act tl ganized ecel \ in-owne rporations, in fact F ! an Ameri Department of = ! \ I e ft be exercised a poss Tr ( t export are i th To} Frat } | ‘ 1) result ft : Commissi« . \ r in f gn trade fr to tell the New y ce VI \ thine in det at 4 “a ; Power of Federal Trade Commissior be done t | + , x7 y oe le ; ‘ : ‘ amending t : é il Trade Commission to er it under Fed e Col ! they are unfair, and if the fact . : ntion of the Federal Trade Com Webb Act and Good Faith The business men of the The Ws ta t help t ee to it that if there are any unfair met} foreign trade it ee not é red fi oY ild get these methods to its attention guards Mr. ] The Ame} business man engaged ‘Good faith in foreign dea e essentia e is on trial to-day more than he e' success under that act r} eat l be t the integrity and tact which he poss« see that our ( nt not u inf be utilized in the interest of increasing attempting t \mericar It wou trengthening his standing as a world busin be very ea t e misrep} tat prope vould be very easy, by exercising shrewd or unfair nvoicing, which might injure rather tl our for ethods or ingenious schemes, to break gn trad Our business ( ist | e} ther than build it up. If honor is pract idea n all t lo. There ist a litt feelin it lucting foreign business, the growth of the « present in certal! intri t | meé ! vill greatly increase and help to stal \ fa ! roug ! ‘ lustry along lines.” 1g e need for modifying t is for ! as tio? inder the Webb a to permit greater industrial and bus act, and the put ir ti t ‘For almost 30 years the Sherman A it is not required to observe at ne under the She enforced, and while under it much has been man act bi irgely from fear of business men of thi “Of course t ; not the « , and the Webb act had t bserve it that business has been more no such purpose, but it t difficult 1 e perso! red, even among honest merchants. The a abroad believe that ker t! Dt 5 im é I t S rman act has been of difficult ur for home protectic ! lo not ap} for¢ ind business men have never felt really sure trade; that thers yme motive t Lust ( they stood under the act, and what they coul a difference betwee ru nd for Or t It is unquestionably true that the 5 statement put t t nota v the ti to oper ( rt ctrine that this act must be constru ate here, but wv llow tl te abi ns eht reason has greatly helped the situ Mr. Fort the t] ' even that still left in what might be called 1 5 which he said the | n of the inti ist bear ne as to what can and what cannot be in mind Co-operative Organizations e ae “The country should be relieved from y about conducting it in such a way a uffering of some penalty which the bu t expect in organizing and carrying ch he was engaged. We have rea vhen there must be absolute freedom in business along lines that are known not to be iny law. No man can conduct business feel that there is all the time more or | he will be brought up for some viola W There must be some method devised rhe nts engaged in competition in any li inderstanding without fearing impriso! ns to look now as if co-operative organ ociations similar to those under the export be allowed among business men. Co-operat S to be one of the apparent solutions, but ¢ must be regulated so that when a conclusion 1919 ation will understand perfectly whether not violating any law. rfectly protected under the Federal Trade and the Clayton act against any unfair they can be stopped without fixing seems to be inhibited by law ns of our courts. Apparently, the mere er for the purpose of fixing pric ibout prices, seems to be held unlawful. le, and I could occur, and business men in dif- re permitted to gather and agree f arriving at a fair price, under some on and approval, and this could be I do not believe that it would injure ind certainly would prevent any regulation of fair and just prices. ve organizations in any industry were nfer together and agree upon what they be a fair price for their goods, and o submit that price to the Federal other agency, and that re then to determine by ir some investigation r cost to manufacture, and whether the was a reasonable one, and that com- hus investigating, determine that hen let such a price be fixed, sub- if complaints were made reasonableness; n tl they could be safe from prose- hat price was honestly | irse, this price should be a maximum merchant could sell above it, while any uld sell below it. It has been said im price thus fixed will become the the industry, but I do not believe It would leave competition at any price below the maximum, but fifth section of the Federal Trade Commis he price of sale below the maximum were = s tly reduced by any one in the industry as to utting below a reasonable and fair price, t could n as unfair to nest to everybody. It would be open to mn complaint could be revised at any price fixed was found to work injustice nt true. be prevented by the Federal competitors. This Violation of Agreement uld be provided that any one wilfully agreement could be prosecuted under as at present. This would have two It would relieve business men from doubt; uld make the enforcement of the Sher- ere wrong and injustice were done, easy prosecution for the violation of the act.” newer export organizations which have s under the Webb law are the fol- rtor Corporation, 60 South Street Roston ige Co., 17 Battery Place, New Yor Equipment Export Association, care { Cincinnati r question of “trust legislation” the Commerce of the United States has under- lum of its members. The four ques- prised in the following: embers of the chamber n of a special committee that hould at once consider the situation of all tuting our anti-trust legislation; ild be formulated standards of general 1 t to be administered by a supervisory sustain the 1 Federal Trade Commission should be visory body; rship of the Federal Trade Commission > ’ ised from five to nine.’ oF. &. THE IRON AGE 365 The storage ittery truck illustrated is used by C. H. M 1& S&S P idelphia I ilir to iler house and _ stor rd Coa ~ y gra 1! ! id cars ns ntt : 11a) gates r ! qu ed i f al by opening n gat a \ ‘ r into i \ : i ru ] In the 1 rT c é r , S ) f ‘ boils ne \ iff . Luled to ep the boilers 5 g i nd the tru ie carries ct from t bins yi tol Lie With this method about 20 tor i e handled per hi lhe iE ) loaded truck make tr trip tron t rag a distance of 115 f i ec., al (empty), in 35 sé The 1 ed To enable the truck to g t I 1 runw vas Duult This is used onc coal can b u ded on eitner The t ict Vit i four wheels and has no diff iit negot the omparat ely steep grade By using this method railroad i ‘ qu ind demurrage charges a battery truck, moving heavier loads in I time I rru D I I i S iS poss le with man power, keeps the receivir empty, so that coal can be unloaded Ipon arriva Anal data on several recent installatior nished by the manufacturer shows the dai r) cost of the truck to be $3.35 This inc] ides mec} maintenance charges, interest and depreciation The truck 5 manufactured by the Lakewood neering Co., Cleveland E ngi- ee ee ee <A eA Grain Limits in Heat-Treated Alloy Steels New Etching Process Which Defines the Crystals, Boundaries and Assists 1 in Detecting Faulty Heat Treatment , ( ! re shown in the ph i Y r t I t the tot ime in the etching I f é é Vv each 1 rograpnh. lal eft é £ $s By his process the clearest developn ts in he treatment I es i O 1ined at the end of e to b t the a | r4n more of etching being I ted In Ut! i y I ¢ ple was ther epolished and etched a hang ntit f ; 1uously in a fresh solution. Thi id is shown in F oO, J ethod |} een four I | witl icture at a magnification of 1000 } ‘ eel } Yr ted | ¢ t pl otog ap! s do not show the Same it is rdened and tem} to a Bri ! v1 t t seri nce the surfa iroUu UU \ per \ ot! ( e! i red n tne rep shing Fig. & I vill be referred to rance e same specimen as etched f Briefly, tl tl ! é sist ng t lution and dried without any ru tes ibout 10 mia i fres! olution f pict icid With the same specimen of steel a so + the ©) ide ? ¢ ] —_ = tte? n ) t ( i) ffe ‘ T SY Y ‘ | i ~ Tie y 1x } +y } ‘ 11YSI1S, Ne I I y Y »T> ‘ { y ’ y tT —_ ’ i | } J i T TO ) } m™ ( ] < , 1 | ‘ ae ‘ : j # s re I ry J << 2 he oy 116 j ¢ QD « ; * i, i i } re . te I 1d vl t! l pe A. n ‘ Tr ? ” 1¢ TP fing ) y x} , isua “ + T i ¢ ] - rated nre is t ¥ J t! ¢ { ! e ¢ re i ; £ y ¥ ee _— = —— ¢ ( c Fig iM ; t a y S t ~ A t _— — - 4 ed l ( Y) 4 = és ¥ * . s r y oy r ' < . } ‘ 2 th . . ; 5 Ler ire en ata es a = ‘ a4 . - om, e diameters. The properties of 3. 4 ° . _* r *¢ + ar f 5 Le¢ are a I ( 7 ? . * - * ~~ * . 6, 1919 to 100 c.c. of 95 per cent ethyl alcohol practically identical with those obtained ition in denatured alcohol. Absolute alcohol or was any dehydrating agent, such as le Alcoholic solutions of o-nitro-pheno] too slowly. Mixtures of this reagent holic solution of picric acid acted with cor less speed than picri were possibly a little more uniform, but ent improvement to justify the extra time fect might be obtained by diluting the picri vith alcohol, but this was not tried. The rents were tried unsuccessfully: Nitri acid, and gave alcohol, concentrated nitric acid, bromine ind bromine in carbon tetrachloride. xperiments have been made with other steels hrome-nickel steels of different heat treat- mpts to develop the grain boundaries in ym chrome-nickel gears, made of S. A. E similar results to those ob {5 and tempered to a Brinell hardness of the same steel in a softer condition. A rbon steel, of medium carbon content, was ater from 1600 deg. Fahr. (872 deg. C.) at 1050 deg. Fahr. (566 deg. C.). The grain ‘ould not be brought out by this method ith a chrome-vanadium steel were at least failed to give THE IRON AGE i rubl r Y VW | é i ce ' TY e by round irs was iu ne \ e! ron I PA: ec ( ) ind iraw } Ng it Ww or | é wre th : , () y nite } c i} W ti ? t ! T l il ru : It Ly rie that ! t indaries cal Lined possit to ge ood idea un lal examinati oy eld the it which is not enough for ate iny one a r} I ¢ ] ‘ \ } | Dp tog | \ The 1 t ? \ I t s i ow! i € = the ) } are ‘ , tou ‘ y ey é ths eC ¥ E17 j é ethod i é t 1 for tra ny he } L rut I I t test ™ me | \ I rittie stee vhere show! ice t yra indal { from the ime spe ! é ex hat failure } ' the vrai | la rig hy r T Che Whe oY das ‘ = or} } fy ire hy nh the rra i re r ’ t r) é nil wre t tine rralr indarie I t! fra ire rh ' nner of : re vevel read i} i I I f e tractul! : Hudson |] Booch, Henry ‘ Hoener, John F. Shepley, Louis H Riecke, Laurence D. Bridge and George Leighton Bridge The board elected the following officer Hud EF. Bridge, pre é nd trea irer; Leo H. Boocl resident ind manager; Henry C. Hoener vice-president; I I. Riecke secretary; A. F. G r. ass tant treasurer! G ro | ghtor Bi lg assistant ec! I The Tolland Mfg. ‘ has placed on the market a bearing metal known as “Tamco,” espe cially adapted for rolling mill and all other bearings subject to heavy pressure oe ety. ee emcee risen Secretary Redfield Calls His Advisers Unemployment Problem W Effort Business—All Is Not Harmony sideration and an WASHINGTON, F