The Iron Age 1919-01-30: Vol 103 Iss 5

ELECTRIC FURNACES our organization devoted itself exclusively to the manufacture of furnaces for the production of essen- tial war materials. Der the period our Country was engaged in war, With the return of Peace and the need of a rapid recovery from the material losses caused by War, we offer to Industry furnace equipments of the same class which demonstrated their superiority over all other types used for the produc- tion of war materials. THe Evectric FuRNACE ComMPANY ALLIANCE, OHIO BUILDERS OF FURNACES FOR THE Heating, Annealing and Heat Treatment of Steel and Other Metals, IN Rolling Mills, Foundries, Machine Shops and Motor Car Plants AND THE Melting of Copper, Brass, Aluminum, Zinc and Non-Ferrous Metals IN Mills, Smelters and Foundries (N02. tn vist NNO (4 LL 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - 317 ADVERTISING INDEX - - - 450 : Buyers’ Index Section.. ‘ Contract Work Section.............412 Business Opportunities Wanted Section ...... . 403 Help and Situatior Wanted.......407 Clearing House Section ITREOVONUTEY PNE91 12 20RRTNOEETYERONNNNODNALE EDEN 84444LE 2 THE IR ON AGE January 30, 1919 a ecanme ancics praves. Bans sneer’ wnt eouest PLANT ae é \ ASN >’ yas o% <r c -earexteT*) . : FROM (FOUR (LARGEYSERVICE WIRT 1 a, - ~) 1G 2 NE ~— wits ly “ offi Wy, New York, January 30, 1919 ESTABLISHED 1855 y VUE LL y pyyyy UMW 0 OPV AMA OV) VOL. 103: No. 5 Physical Qualities of High Chrome Steel Relation Between Hardness and Double Car- bides in Solution—Critical Temperatures— Maximum Tensile Strength and Ductility BY L. R. SEIDELL AND G. J. HORVITZ* ternal combustion engine, the manufacturer has had to rely strongly on the services of the metallurgist to furnish materials which would possess the necessary physical properties to func- I the development of the high compression in- tion properly under the severe conditions existing in an engine of this type. The higher development of these engines for use in aeroplanes, where low weight per horsepower combined with maximum stability are absolutely essential to the success of the motor, has thrown an added responsibility on the shoulders of the metallurgist and the science of metallurgy has been taxed to discover new ma- *Chief metallurgist and chief metallographer, respectively, the Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation, Long Island City, ie i Photomicrographs of Internal Structure of High-Chrome Steel Resulting from Different Kinds of Heat Treatment: (Left) Slowly cooled from 1550 deg. Fahr., Brinell 168, structure sorbitic containing some free crystals of chromi-ferrous ferrite ; (Center) Oil quenched from 1700 deg. Fahr., Brinell 512, structure martensitic matrix with numerous double carbide globules ; (Right) Oil quenched from 2150 deg. Fahr., Brinell 565, structure 190 per cent martensite; all 200 magnifications Photomicrographs of High-Chrome Steel, Magnified 200 Times, Oil Quenched at 2150 deg. Fahr. Drawing temperatures (Left) 1000 deg. Fahr., below Ar;, gives Brinell 477, structure martensite surrounded by troostite envelopes ; (Center) 1100 deg. Fahr., at “red hardness,” gives Brinell 340 and structure troosto-sorbitic; (Right) 1450 deg Fahr. gives Brinell 241 and structure uniformly sorbitic 291 292 / j i al a <> a eT } \ 1500 000 1700 1800 i 300 a she PREVIOUS INITIAL TEMPERATURE, DEG. FAHR. Heating Curves on High-Chrome Steel, Showing Fig. 1 Effect of Previous Initial Temperature on Magnitude of Red Hardness (Shaded Area) terials or new properties of existing materials which are better suited to the severe conditions imposed. A typical point in view are valves. These parts have been progressively made from tool, chrome-nickel, low-tungsten and high-speed steels. A most interesting development has been the use, within the last few years, of a high-chromium steel for valves. This is generally specified with a chromium content of 11 per cent to 14 per cent and is known as stainless steel on account of one of its qualities. It is interesting to note that this steel was patented at about the same tin Jngland by Harry Brearley and in America v. sod Haynes. To adjust all interference, the rights and interests of both inventors have been purchased by an American concern. The steel exhibits interesting tensile proper- ties and Brinell hardness figures under different heat treatments. For valve duty, however, the prime requisites are non-corrodibility at higher temperatures and freedom from warp. To arrive at a better understanding of the position of the critical points and the effect of different tem- peratures upon them, a series of tests have been run covering critical points, microstructures, heat treatments and brinells. Previous Experimental Work Faraday and Stoddart in 1820 first conceived the idea of alloying chromium (then a newly dis- covered element) with iron. They proceeded on the theory that chromium, which was thought to be of very hard nature, could be used to replace carbon in steel used for tools and other purposes. cil hidden i Aeon oS 500 1600 1700 1800 900 2000 2100 2200 2300 INITIAL TEMPERATURE, DEG. FAHR. Fig. 2.—Effect of Initial Heating Temperature on Position of Ar; Range of Cooling Curves on High-Chrome Valve Steel THE IRON AGE January 30, 1919 Later work undertaken by M. G. Rolland (Annals de Chemie, 1877, vol. XIII, p. 152) and R. A. Had- field (Journal Iron and Steel Institute, 1892, part 2, pp. 49-175) disproved this theory and showed that without carbon, chromium had little harden- ing effect on iron. Up to the most recent times, chromium steels could not be made with optional carbon contents, since methods for producing carbon-free ferro- chrome were not known. As a result the carbon content rose in proportion to the percentage of chromium present in these steels. Thus while ex- tensive investigations were made on the proper- ties of high-carbon, high-chromium steels, practi- cally nothing was known of low- and medium-car- bon, high-chromium alloys. Osmond (Journal Iron and Steel Institute, 1892, part 2) in his exhaustive work on high-carbon chrome alloys found that there were remarkable variations in physical properties with slight changes in thermal treatment. His deductions in regard to microstructure and the nature and ex- istence of the carbides in chromium steels have been strengthened by the analytical work of Car- not and Gautol (Journal Iron and Steel Institute, 1892, part 2) and more recently by that of Arnold and Read (Journal Iron and Steel Institute, 1911, part 1). These in substance are that chromium can exist in at least three conditions in steel, namely: (1) as a solid solution; (2) as a com- pound of chromium, iron and carbon in form of globules and (3) as double carbides in solid solu- tion. The composition of these carbides was found by Arnold and Read to be Fe.C, Cr,C,, Cr,C in a steel having 0.85 per cent carbon and 10 per cent chromium. Ternary alloys of iron, carbon and chromium are classed in that group in which the special ele- ment not only lowers the critical temperature, but also results in the production of cementite. A study of the constitutional diagram (Guillet, Genie Civil, vol. 44, 1904) shows that with a car- bon content of 0.40 per cent, steels up to 6 per cent chromium are pearlitic from 6 to 15 per cent, martensitic and cementitic above 15 per cent. “Stainless steel,” as commonly known, comes into the second class and has the following ap- proximate percentage composition: Carbon, 0.20 to 0.40; chromium, 11 to 14; silicon and manga- nese not to exceed 0.5; sulphur and phosphorus not to exceed 0.04. The steel on which our experiments were made had the following analysis: Per Cent Per Cent eer 0.330 Phosphorus 0.015 Manganese ..... 0.460 Chromium 11.020 Sulphur........ 0.080 Silicon ........ 0.450 Critical Temperatures Differential heating curves on specimens (Fig. 1) whose previous initial temperature did not ex- ceed 1550 deg. Fahr. showed no transition points until in the region of 1300 deg. Fahr., at which point the characteristic iron carbide change oc- curred. That not enough iron carbide was re- tained in solution, however, in samples quenched in the range between 1300 deg. Fahr. and 1495 deg. Fahr. to cause any hardening action is shown by the curve in Fig. 3. With specimens having previous initial temper- atures of 1600 deg. Fahr. and above, an evolution of heat was noted as occurring in the neighbor- hood of 1100 deg. Fahr. However, the most sig- nificant fact which presents itself is that the magnitude of this evolution increases with higher — rr a — _ EE ke January 30, 1919 initial temperatures up to 2150 deg. Fahr. This is illustrated by the shaded area in Fig. 1. From a study of the differential cooling curves it is evident that the higher the initial temper- ature the lower is the position of the Ar, range coupled with a suppression of the Ar,,, range, until (as indicated by the slope of the curve through the Ar, points in Fig. 2) the former oc- curs below atmospheric temperature after cooling from 2150 deg. Fahr. In obtaining the heating curves the rate was approximately 12 deg. Fahr. per min. On cooling, all specimens were held at initial temperature 5 min. to insure equilibrium and then cooled at rate of approximately 16 deg. Fahr. per min. Experimental Heat Treatments The relation between quenching temperature and Brinell hardness was determined by running a series of test bars *4 in. in diameter and 1 in. long at various heats. Quenching just above Ac does not give maximum hardness as would be ob- tained in carbon steel of the same carbon content. But instead, hardness increases as quenching tem- perature rises, due to an increase in amount of double carbides held in solution until at a tem- perature of 2150 deg. Fahr. all carbides are in a state of solid solution and maximum hardness is attained. That this temperature gives maximum “red hardness” is indicated in both Figs. 1 and 4. Table 1 Effect of Raising Quenching Temperature in In- creasing Hardness Specimen Oil Quenched From, Brinell Number Deg. Fahr Hardness l 1200 198 2 1300 201 3 1325 192 } 1350 195 ) 1400 196 6 1450 174 7 1475 179 & 1500 172 9 1550 $05 10 1600 30 11 1700 912 12 2150 64 / Note—All samples had previously been pack annealed at 1550 deg. Fahr. and very slowly cooled. In order to determine the effect of different quenching temperatures on hardness of heat- treated samples, three series were run. All sam- ples were pack annealed at 1550 deg. Fahr. and cooled in furnace. Series A was oil quenched from 2150 deg. Fahr., series B from 1700 deg. Fahr., and series C from 1550 deg. Fahr. Samples were then drawn at heats indicated in Table 2 and air cooled. Table 2—Brinell Hardness of Specimens Oil Quenched, Drawn at Temperatures 800 to 1500 deg. Fahr., and Air Cooled Series A Series B, Series C Oil Quenched Oil Quenched Oil Quenched Drawing from from from Tempera- 2150 Deg. Fah 1700 Deg. Fahr 1550 Dee. Fahr ture, Deg. Farr. Number Brinell Number Brinell Number Brinell sUo Al o12 Bl 144 Cl 418 900 q*9 415 1000 A2 77 B2 117 C3 37 1100 AS $i) B23 282 e 269 b150 A4 521 B4 282 L200 AD 330 BS 7 ( 94 1250 \6 SH B6 z C6 24 1300 C7 237 1350 A7 6 Bi 228 Cs 1400 AX '¢° co 1450 A9 41 BS 223 C1 1500 A10 $30 Bo 387 C11 99 It is interesting to note that as the quenching temperature increases the Brinell-draw temperature curve is displaced proportionally. And also, as the critical temperature is reached, air hardening takes place. This air-hardening property which is char- acteristic of the steel and is equivalent to either oil or water quenching, can only be eliminated by slow *Arnold and Read—Journal Iron and Steel Insitute, part 1, 1911 THE IRON AGE 293 ae f ae = 500} YZ oi ls | A ” | ae = 400 | j = | l | = xo| | . | re | 200 1300 4001500 00-700 OO~ OO 200 aldo L QUENCHING TEMPERATURE, DEG. FAHR Fig. 3.—Brinell Hardness Curve, which Between Quenching Temperatures 1200 to 1500 deg. Fahr. Shows No Iron Car bide Retained in Solution, to Cause Hardening Action cooling over a period of several hours. As stated above, the draw curves indicate the range in which “red hardness” is lost and in addition the magni- tude of “red hardening” properties. The tensile properties of a series of alloys con- taining 0.62 to 32.46 per cent chromium and ranging in carbon from 0.75 to 0.95 per cent have been in- vestigated by M. Albert M. Portevin (Revue de Metallurgie, vol. 8, 1911). The tensile strengths exhibited by steels containing from 1 to 20 per cent chromium are unusually high when the fact is taken into consideration that the only treatment was an annealing heat at 1530 deg. Fahr. for 3 hr. With the chromium running from 10 to 15 per cent a range in tensile strength of from 150,000 to 188,- 000 lb. per sq. in., a yield point of 94,000 to 113,000 lb., and reduction of area of 4 to 15 per cent were obtained. That carbon plays an important rdéle, in that smaller amounts give more desirable properties, is borne out by data of physical properties obtained on heat-treated specimens of high-chrome valve steel, as follows: Table 3—Properties of Low-Carbon High-Chrome Steel Drawing Temperature Deg. Fahr 1250 1350 1450 Elastic limit, Ib. per sq. in 127 1) 113,250 99,000 Ultimate strength, Ib. per sq. in.154,600 137,650 123,87 Mlongation, per cent...... oe 17 Is 21 Reduction of area, per cent.. 14% 12, 419% Brinell hardness a agi 321 302 255 Note—Test bars were oil quenched from 2150 deg. Fah and drawn as given Upon very slow cooling, from 1550 deg. Fahr. over a period of several hours, a sorbitic structure was obtained containing some free crystals of chromi-ferrous* ferrite. Photomicrograph No. 1 is characteristic of a specimen which had been slowly oA ' ; 0 0 \ | | ‘ ~ / | ~ a. . } I See — ~ WO 80 MN 00 00 00 00 Ad DRAWING TEMPERAT RE. DEG. FAHR Fig. 4 Brinell Hardness Curves of Test Specimens Quenched as shown in Tabl UILDING THE IRON AGE January 30 Summary —. nul 1iter Sultabie draw - 3 4 1 tnat the restriction ren ‘ ag a t] ¥ yf the Pres dent. [ shall not speculate upon why the Presi King f Utal ntroduced a joint resolut Inited States Shipping Board : rected to uncel, abrogate ar es or regulations which pré Y for foreign Government orporations in shipyards witl rit nected with the metallurgy of iron and steel s and ys. A mmittee to work out plans was a] loll It - which D. L. Mathias of Mackintosh, Hemph irman acs oe a: 2 ~~ & -* we om mw +. aodaors -e@ee ent seeraas Fe om oe 7 OS] a 1 D T ‘ y et ‘ ~ ¢ + ne 1! y y L } y , L fle t ; y t ef } y eu rnt to ign ? > y y ¢ 7, } awl af ] ‘ - y ake e al ror Tne nave " kcal 2 pny pn 1) Ta ‘ a aa . Stee 1 Spee ‘ ‘ : e t rn? y ? y r +} 4 > + ‘ 1 ry . > ¥ >é re " expel en ¥ . nre ry nal Teata vere y 4 e + ‘ 1 +h +tineg 2 Was na ne cu 0 Ped WwW % » y £ + a ’ ct ‘ e <"?T € ¢ ¢ y } eed } ’ ¥ ley ¢ Fr A b MUI i + £ ‘> + + th the 291 THE IRON AGE January F ¢ Le T ta ve U.6S 1 7 — n rder that ¢ a not e pritt Cr) th; the latest { irbon conte. y ) tee] snc ( l [ peed ry) f U.50 ner cent t no ne @ < nireé ‘ \ T ‘ ’ ( } au f ess ritt } re 1S orgeal rs i 4 Tt y ’ é t x i i ) ood ' ecommend t! I { een ; epted., We see even ti 1 ‘ { weoct content showed t ; T¢ N\ ~ and 4) It e¢ e! col 1, to a certal , , 4 y t the influence of tungsten (« ‘ { F No 1 ane ) pnospno. conte . ; Le¢ Vv espe é I { t I ‘ 5 to 6 per cent | Tnese recomme! ‘ J , ild nara l l there ! es] + +h, et that the , ) se ray ( vec ‘ | —f VW al ? 4 nt i conte! t it would be highly int e} ( ( : ( gate the influence of this element ( ‘ | ( re rtie hig peed steels. ioe Ss See eww eee wre lard Large Taper Shanks of Magn and Sockets S ple > Rankir thar al i¢ I } } Mi ey { } mote 4 Y t £ + he ‘ i é at Januar THE IRON AGE \ \ ‘ ! is t é George R. Stetso n discussit i nD , ‘ a ‘ tapers { T tne é tapel for SOC KE ision can be drawn that if t to he lepended on t consider [ driving, the taper should be sma finding occasional difficulty in ()y the othe, har d, if adequate n ir pr ( I iddit I to the D1te there advantages lI making the t Bb er gh not so great t allow of { é ¢ pT it readily rh \ mil that | ises of mach r tl G hess ! tape! either longitudinal] oO! t th Wil be used I | ¢ tap per fo can be used, thu ! i ntage of ¢ ren al with no sacr sail die 2 [fo meet these conditions a f for res seen ideal, bass ia n the ¢ nerier of ] | - - e I ‘ | ! il needs ar tne t if gages a ve n \ |] portior Ve 1 tne dept! t ¢ r ely roe . é . ‘ [ pl ! n would , j I cr The Proposed Standard f , + nt i t ’ Dy ‘ wide range I Y D rtior | proposed tay it I l Ul VU lia, t & § that the i p f o! eyond tl! < “~T rry As a re of this investigation the 4 T posed, T nown as Mag l! » ! «Al Dp I - yn l tne I if? be > ( e il y n use, N 18 of the B. & S. standar ? s ki n, the largest standard as : 1919 | ) » that y tne ew = frerent tape! e dian y lan i ‘ nehe ‘ | Caw a + Ui A . ‘ tc ener ir I +} - n the prop estion of the p1 n up witl ne nee ak . fy nA r¢ es | ) y l a rete ey | | j ne Ising e war (ye! THE ay ‘ eemis , } is foreant } ; ; - é ] a } f n A - - + oO ‘ t ( ~ e ' & Viachinery Needed in Japan IRON AGI Bae APPING an open-hearth furnace as seen by Vernon Howe Bailey. The scene, reproduced from a black and white drawing, is in the South Chicago works of the Interstate Iron & Steel Co., where there are four 75-ton open-hearth furnaces Pee The action Vernon Howe Bailey drawing idening field which increasing ry he South Chicago works Iron & Steel Co. ding in indust gots at t his for the w artists are fin Interstate of the ASTING steel in and atmosphere of t argue well numbers of w + eee @ ee 302 THE TAXES ON MUNITIONS Court Rules Government May Retain Large Amount Claimed by Carbon Steel Co A precedent in suits by munitions plants to hav: munitions taxes returned to them was established by Judge C. P. Orr in the United States District Court at Pittsburgh last week, when he ruled that the Gov- ernment may retain $271,062.62 paid by the Carbon Steel Co. Judge Orr held that the profits on which this tax was levied were properly munitions profits, though the company contended that their product was not properly classed as munitions. Judge Orr held 2xplosive shells are munitions when the steel bars are made in mill lengths. Concerns holding original con- tracts for munitions, he ruled, which sublet parts of the contracts, are liable for the tax on all specifica tions The principal features of the decision of the court n this important case are as follow Plaintiff (the yn Steel Co.) recover from the defendant ( G ) the su yf $271,062.62, which the plaintiff charg: vas gal ssessed rainst t l Pail fi it is a munit 1 m f 5 X I per od nding Dee 1, 191 I p ff paid the amount if the tax under prote oht relief in the required manne: ro com! é 0 internal revenus Relief wv refused mis sioner of internal 1 nus ré di y this court Obtained Three Contracts Long before the passage of the a whicl rst pro ided for the collection of a tax from the manufac turers of munitions, the plaintiff procured three several ‘ontracts from the British Government fon oO tne ] rized presentati\ i ¢ rnment New York, of 4%-in. howitzer shells The contracts jid not require that the steel company should manu facture the shells contracted for. They contemplated that some portion of the manufacturing might be done Dy the steel comp ny, and that othe portion migt ye done by sub-contractors. However, the ste Oo pany was bound to deliver the shells to the government when they were completed, and the government ound to pay the steel company the price fixed in thi ‘ontract. The plaintiff’s plant was not equipped, and did not have facilities, for doing any of this work, except the manufacture of steel suitable for the shells in bar form. The plaintiff manufactured the steel bars in mill lengths, which were sent to another corporation, whic! partially sawed, cut or indented them, at points repre senting the required lengths of shell forgings, and thereafter redelivered them to the plaintiff, which then separated them into short lengths, which are known in the trade as slugs. The plaintiff then shipped the eut bars or slugs to the Westinghouse Machine Co., which, with the aid of the Union Switch & Signal Co., carried on the finishing process and delivered the shells to the plaintiff at the company’s works for transporta tion to New York. The freight upon such shipments was paid by the plaintiff, who in turn delivered the shells to the British Government in New York harbor Method of Bookkeeping For the purpose of keeping separate the profit upon said shell contracts, plaintiff opened a separate set of books, upon which it credited to an account known as “special contract account,” the advance payments received from the British Government on account of said work, and from said account made all payments to sub-contractors, and other payments for expenses connected with said work, and credited to said account all money received from the British Government, and when said contracts were completed, transferred to its general books the remaining net profit in said account. As a result of this, the said net profit did not show, in any way, upon the general books of plaintiff until IRON AGE January 3 yy} the profit was thus finally determined. The charged to said special contract account the in mill lengths manufactured by it at mark in the same manner as if plaintiff had purch steel bars in mill lengths in the open marke reason that such work was not part of plaint ness. This entry of the market prices was fo pose of determining the net profit upon all contracts. Subsequently, when making its ret protest, under the law providing for muniti facturers’ tax, the plaintiff, at the requ Department of Internal Revenue, altered for steel bars in mill lengths so as to reflect in its return at cost price instead of mar therefore adding to the amount upon which ths 3 was taxed the profits shown on plaintiff’s gen upon said steel bars in mill lengths. Thi Ha employed none of its capital in the manuf ' munitions, but it employed the advance paym by the British Government. It contracted no bearing debts or loans to meet the needs of facture. The total net profits upon which th computed were $2,162,500.96. It appears that inghouse Machine Co. and the Union Switch Co., and perhaps others who furnished mate work under the contracts aforesaid, were a a munition manufacturers’ tax upon the prof by them under their contracts aforesaid with tiff, and severally paid the accounts of the assessments. No Intent to Evade Plaintiff’s methods of keeping its acc performing its obligations under the cont) British Government, are not to be deen dence of any intent to evade its liability for because such methods were adopted and su of business was begun prior to the passage of he act under which the assessment was ed Sept. 3, 1916, and is entitled “An Act to and for other purposes,” 39 Statut particular parts of that act which de plaintiff’ ability upon the facts found are inder Title III, “Munition Manufacturers’ 1 “ nuf tu Y I I los fa kind for « I ul n addition to the income in ex tax of 12% per cent upon the entirs d or accrued for said year fron I tion of such articles manufactured withir = | l } x » that no person sha ix upon net profits received during the year 191¢ from the ale nd dé er of the articles enumeraté section under contracts executed and fully performed person prior to Jan. 1, 1916. Section 307. The tax may be assessed on any the time being owning or carrying on the business person acting as agent for that person in carryir business, or where a business has ceased. on the per owned ¢ irried on the business or acted as agent ing on the business immediately before the time at wt business ceased If the excise tax provided for in the foregoing sé tions be a tax imposed upon manufacturers of mu! tions, can it be said that the plaintiff escaped liabillt under the facts found in this case? The plaintiff, its engagement with the British Government, unde! took to manufacture, or have others manufacture, shells. It began the manufacture of the shells, to t extent of making the round bars in mill lengths. Th steel in said round bars was the plaintiff’s proper during all succeeding processes, and until the plaintiff delivered the finished product to the British Gover? ment. If this court would hold that the plaintiff cease? to be a manufacturer when it had finished the manu facture of the round bars in mill lengths out of whit) the shells were made, although it retained title theret during the processes performed by others, the construe tion of the law would be too illiberal, and would & to defeat what plainly appears to be the purpose ° Congress. D ond The tax, however, is not upon the manl facturer; it is upon the entire net profits actually ™ el i ee ie ee ee ee ee, _— Zea, ae ok a a ee Oe aust a wae a r 8 0! fi s . u es So 4a "“@ocoea & _ in M19 THE IRON AGE 03 American Iron and Steel Institute Will the tax 1s not expressly mited t Hold May Meeting ring ne nunit ns i I \ 4 » +} ’ ' VY son ne € € Owl I l \ . rie y <s oro iny pers t < ‘ 1 I y resent se ne pu é \ y i } ic Steel Co. In fact, the entir« 1s sso and ¢ r “a ' t +} Br t) } Govern? oO > isn rOvVe é ] . tracts, was I t é < ne yuund ! 1 1 : i S ly Ve ¢ ( Ver l tT Union Switch & Sig ( ; ng up the wo i progr differer er e t S : por ry . | : | he Che plaintiff w ne rains wit il I Yr 3 Che r DY ' re hers i iden ‘ y + . ' . ; } ts of Steel Plates and Sheets + | } QO S pl ites y18 ‘ e of the veal ‘ : yrown until ry ‘ : » i re sca M thar tr ex] 1 f I Lal i [ . ! he receip ‘ y i 1 f WW f } ()t) i i > 4 of the eel she | I i rptior fs il plates ma I I irge consumer of steel plates, hav ting 1 i t 8,762 lb. to Nov. 1, 1918. Great Britain return, my ne é f it 86,245 lt In the same periods on the cr ft \ Great Britain took a very small _ throwing | plate export This is also true runt ne ompiled from the monthly officia recomme! 1. The itting speed is ntrolled by the Bureau of Fore on ind Domestic Con speed f the motor and : riable fro % to 1s troke Machine Designe 304 MAGNESITE AND ZIRCONIA German Standardization and World Output of Zirconia and Other \ ric of onterence na nee 1 re the Former—Brazilian ‘ } . ° P we . \ € e and rco i s retr: I wer I ) e | | ) ‘ r ( l | it : f ‘ f } ¥ t ? ‘ t } irp é ot a ecel é ‘ ‘ (,er I nter » € | ne re I en $ nad the re ft 1Y ! I i ‘ T ] t tl ¢ T re r i Yr r l f ey ( ‘ ne ‘ 4 f 5 y - - } , ‘ \ Worl Out t | : | , f y 1 i tne f ! ! ) t f } ire (1 ] na ; y nn f the A ty ‘ j f ne The Unite Ct e wa . > ‘ cent of the Au tr I } l reat B il! er ct e ] \ own 1A . ; ‘ UI Ger { per li ture eal p! aDle that. Car ia W @ able th or W : NT ‘ } supply her own nes \ ( ok pointe yut th bi n l¢ I Gre A I lI ro rec if ter W re ! t . } ‘ ‘ A only e! l te? tne \ rian Dt! ’ V cn useé \ j } [ ( i be ¢ Zirconia in Brazil and the United States In an interesting contribution on the occurrence and applications of zirconia, which are now numerous, H. C Meyer dealt with the recent progress of this branch of the industry in the United States. The Brazilian dept ire ne most important from the commercial standpoint, and are probably of vast extent. They are zirconium ores, but, in addition, us made of two zirconium-bearing minerals, brazilite and zircon. Ther are several important deposits of the last-named i: rious parts of the world [The remarkable heat-re- sisting qualities of zirkite commend it as a refractory of the first order. Its high melting point, low co-effi ent of expansion, and low thermal conductivity make in ideal lining for electric furnaces of either the are or the resistance type The disadvantage is that the nitial cost of the zirkite lining is high ‘ompared with magnesite brick, but this is probably more than off : rn set by its superiority as a refractory THE IRON AGE epends on the } tions, housing’s, savings, and busines: guidance and the education of employees; (% ion on industrial questions; (9) companies for effecting industrial betterments; entific ling of the American Association of January because the material has little or eriments have shown, however, that su selection of the proper bi: igh percentages of silica and iron oy portant part in the behavior of the 1 ibjected to high temperatures. A sati | process has now, it is stated, bee ks are finding wide application ii ( for lining electric furnaces. Over-Production Not to Be Feare [he assumption that there is only a ] done and never enough infinite mischief, assistant to the preside ror responsible for eorge E. Roberts Bank, New York, in an address befor: ent Bankers’ Association of America at A S.. Dh lO. It a mistake, he says uave ol warfare n describing i nougn tne cc ol yne natior her ou the field i ( { out the chief gris u! mK organizations is that ul l tl pon the theo int of w k to be d e it s far and Kve ch concey e) s fundams ‘ ‘ our " WOT { I nad, D iu i ‘ OT y Ly ed State live ] il f any other people ive I \ n tnis cour eve tT) vants and its commen | t S of fret schools, of che ( leas, the wants of the p r th their ab lity to supply them, I Vil liscontent which threate of tl ocial order. The sp nd expression in Bolshevism has desire for better living conditions, a1 nt t tnat spirit and an affront to ¢c te nduct the international policies of 1 theory that the chief danger to be avert ‘ yroductio Such an argument amount fession of ineffectiveness or non-achievement ndausti | management of the world, and affords I illenging the existing order.” \ irse on the Human Side of Enginee been outlined by Industrial Servi ment, 347 Madison Avenue, New York. It is desig! instruction in: (1) Human factor in (2) evolution of the individual worker; (3) in! factory system on the worker; f the modern iman factors in production, includ‘ng working co! etc.: (5) ethics of engi ; (6) employment management, 2 organizations; (8) legislation and pu programs management in its human relations; (11 intelligently of employees; (12) engine sponsibility for service; (13) readjustment a truction. Fred H. Rindge, Jr., is secretary I nization The compensation committee of the Chicag Engineers W at the regular meeting Friday, Feb. 7. A be presented by J. H. Prior, formerly chief eng"! linois State Public Utilities Commission, fol!o discussion prepared by Langdon Pearse, eng tary District of Chicago. The committee is of minimum salaries for engineers tables a - AS ~~ = Ss eS ~ 1919 THE IRON AGE 1 Westinghouse Employees yn and formal opening of the Essing provision has been realized for the onvenience of Westinghouse employees works, South Philadelphia ack of rooming and boarding accom Westinghouse company made arrange ¢ with the Emergency Fleet Corpora sing a commodations were to be erect On account of the prevailing + trade progress in the erectio1 ted on the Tinicum road, facing the one of the most picturesque parts [he structure is built in the shape of seven sections, two stories hn rh, for 500 cuests. The center of ipied by the two large dining ! porch. Immediate 5 +} + S € ire ne re I i I 1 Y 1dlt roon ness, cne ind I TY ry Is ? my i? | le r Y floor i ire t asia Or I i i rive pant ¢ ‘ ‘ Aims to Give West panoram las its trib ual are piet qua uted baths provi elv rters The K ven one lence WI - é } We e } wa é ; \ | b = c Ir } i anjumnamp, tt i: a i : } Safety and Economy in the Boiler Room Practical Suggestions for Reducing Hazards and Increasing E:fficiency—Thorough Inspec- > O} Careful Training of Men Required VER : v if U a m pipe k flanges screwe , so tha > ) tl! I the flange had t efore tl flang ( sSu car! fi ing 1 t col le, and two a) é l Chess 1 vari { ) hr , T T l rt Safety of Stairways, Boiler Parts and A i nd WW ¢ ird $ nos = er of th I | I I 3a) ce ley \ ry V\ bb i Pip “ I 1 ) d ly e due to the con é i es, et the ist t Stee Of course it re g on t nd ymmor ense in decid n 4 th the replacement of cast iron in * in service a number of sm n tl ondition and probable ren re ; viley ind whether there is any ap] { In my opinion cast mud drums ought or’ : ” E there possibility of continuing f ‘ . e for even a few years , - ; ce :, \utomatic or so-called non-return \ eee eee : : as tant safety features of any boiler plant , 5 F: together with a gate valve pla , the main steam header, with proper : : Se eee ockets, makes a very good and ms cite [he automatic valve closes in cast 8 er, thereby isolating it from the , ; team system. The use of the non . » avoids the necessity of having a n ( ler while it is being “cut in.” I ; ) : rious and fatal accident to result whe! 5 nil .; nnected to the line, due to the accumu! é ensed stean the branch pipe forming : , when the ilve is openea and knoc! - of the valve or a fitting : Feed wat egulators are important ng nae the operation of boilers. The most sat ee, ] the valve to any position betwet pen, so that the water admitted vays just sufficient to supply the quant as steam. The function of the ! ve the water tender of the deta 206 nese 5 ; eT C i ea & na t } é i £¥ vy} + ‘ ed conomy fort inotner a , anot ' same gene , } ww to se , 1 len SU it present da 1 i vy the mer 4 , , T ‘ is e trall i } this tt yrorestions ¢ i fixy +} ] e ) nain rates . cned ) ‘ . rir I + ¥ t the = ‘ é 17 tating o7 Tr This w THE v¥ ite tel ae y ne , hat ‘ " e! ul ¥ v¥ . - ‘ ‘ I : 1 +hoa i V “4uUU . cis — < 9 . ‘ rio ope ipacit ne ft inte +} re ‘ ne OI ia Operat ion IRON AGE ' ‘r t t ere? ‘ . + , tT pr HDeT ' } : < . T y 1 ’ IT t I at ne a +} tr t na neil! ne cr ; AL) "9 ' the reeyT I Oa Vioisture ind » 308 THE IRON AGE January 19] BETHLEHEM STEEL PROSPECTS Master Controller for Mills and wan’ \ multi-speed full reverse master contro President Grace Says Shipbuilding Will Be an _ with automatic magnetically-operated cont) Important Factor This Year been developed by the Cutler-Hammer Mf; waukee. This master is smaller than prey PP At meeting of the bo: lirecto be and is especially applicable in connection wit iehem Steel Corporatior ist week, 1t was announced ind crane controllers where the operator’ that u i Government orders, i lding Ships, 01 should not be diverted from the work or tl Oo e corporati yn Jan. 1 were estimat where space is limited. An internal gear d: from $300,000,000 > DOU ,000 he ( osed but readily accessible, eliminates 1 lly v ff a lide ship f accident to operators through the catch lilding work for the navy and for the Emergency othing in the bevel gears usually emplo Fleet Con t x lent | n tateme! with straight line crive. This controller may vl 1 hat while the returns hipbullding ontally or vertically, the former permitt t Ss! e co t e movement of the handle and the latté r< ( l e { l 1 f 1 pe . { Ut UU e ¢ pend I , orpt aaa 0.01 ‘ } e To T ~ Beth Stee Corporat ! nnua { ; itput e tha 000,000 1 vith fi ovement \ centering latch operated by fficient capacity 1 t this e1 the handle indicates to the touch the “off” p ‘ ! ts, t mpleti ister, while a strong notching spring pro ( the great reducti G nment licate the five positions in either direction. A ‘ } ‘ t f re im of 12 fingers may be mounted on the fir r ! ns.” ! 6 in one direction or rotation and 6 in the other Mr. Grace stated that t porat'on produced O61 The new controller is so designed that per cent of the guns, 65 pe t of the gun fors il of two bolts the entire fingerboard may ind 4 é ete ! ! é t e frame, while the removal of three b I 1: neo tl W t snipped t our Gt the tire shaft and contact fingers to be n Allies the followi1 rhe fingers and segments are clamped to insu fts, and adjacent contact points are sepa1 by arc barriers. Safety Codes to Be Issued by Labor Department WASHINGTON, Jan. 28—The Working f { f the Department of Labor has a rogra »f safety work which it plans to yeal n co-operation with the , Ie rh hief iten s the establishm« I ry he follow.ng industrial probl E Plant arrangement, including rout | mn 4 nment We i 1.000.00 : . > eae . ; ’ product, design of buildings and layout ’ ] t I t { + ] + rd entrance and exit gates, roadways al ro tracks, material piles, clearances at 4 y ? , } ; re hazards, including fire fighti1 er mains and hydrants, spacing betwe ; yeal to occupancy, and arrangement I ! i to occupancy of buildings \ ’ ee equipment; fire prevention and prot ( ind derricks; conveyors ar! 12 NHN ON team eng-nes and turbines; | + } vy? ’ ( i! c er nes ete ' Foti ae unted to ut $16.000.000. represent plac n operation its new plant on Iv . f ' f r that of the Cleveland Metal Prod I { i pront t yo I } ss ippro itely 90 x 350 f il ; resolutio? n the death of G with one furnace with a melting capacity RS} r of thy ri , the for and ‘ stands of rolls. The compan'\ e +} aie aluminun nd roll aluminum sheets in : | capacity 00,000 lb. per month, but the pl | On Fx 1 t office of the purchasing agent of tl] out with a view of making large extensions i I n Coal Corporation w e transferred fron increa ts present capacity. The plant is w | Waylar 1 oe, Wheelwright, K management of D. R. Yolton. & I V re ane a 6 oe sv @emwewo ss So oe ero ste ee OH, wWeeaowwx Fes renvre = nployment Problem Worries Washington Absence of President Wilson and Samue mission Will Study Conditions in Great j Zo The la r situa \ lovment, its threat of lower wage S itdowns, with a general spread of ge at H nd a background of Bolshevist tire other Government worrit Ey lution, however, is being attempt the absence of President Wilsor Worse ( ll er the United States indicate a inemployment, without any con Ul industrial a t On the ! I ill districts indicate ecrea i [fo make matter ‘ ! ¢ tal points and the genera ( ‘ » brittle that the Departme: ‘ erilousiv worrled Ak e, suggestions are made in Was! the de! rence of employers and employees to Phe F ition So far these suggestio The labor officials insist Gompers Causes Officials to Hesitate—Employers’ (‘om- Peest azm Britain the cos ng has be ne, the demand for all product ( Mlir port iough it has I rease in prices I onference Not Called eason no ich contere ha e from the United States of Pres ) ‘ +} I t i ad President Gompers ol he Ame} Labor. Without these two, the of Washington hesitate to undertal ther the Govert a ’ nD ] t} | . Ke > ’ om ng I B , +} kor S dil I iS]! IS oO! me | ne! elve But the s vor \ he would ‘ I ! elegraphic « ( nor f the , : ho ! f . v] ‘ ‘ | } } l » 4 \ i irplu r " yy ] of 12.000 ene ed } - figures | 10 d 25 I : ) Q ? é oO i I ] l p { ep le he de 1 The i ! per cent of these 5 now ; ‘ 14 per cent report a TT supply equals the den S Connex it repor nemploved. O Neée B ht shortage ine } ~ f r r) Tt I rine ( I he 1 ‘ en ! W { ~ r T j Wi ! VI a cf reé t Ne l a, Buff Al ; NI York ec ‘ New * harged r r nt The sar lition 1 f [ Jersey. part rly in Trentor order f \ 1 has been the o1 ly state in the ble to absorb labor. But it I ' } Lae onaitions ! thio y ‘ ' | | ° | | x re | r \1 if GG y i ‘ ¢ ()r ‘ ‘ kemobilization Progressing 310 THE IRON AGE Januar i iS t T i Q Yr I Oo inl pol ( 1) } lusty - W lu I yn B. Keit ty es Ses \ | G ’ Cc} Le¢ Pr. os R. I KE. Mel M. Squ J 1. W 11 oa (14a) r Nove P1714 VI W rie ° i' = % aa DY ‘ aAYDS UL | \\ en to QO] me Wilson?” Judee Gar i bo ! he rep : T eo the I f ry ier) I Bu | ! W vi I r¢ tné ~ { Y W it de r A ire iy "Vv. Wwe ¢ ? ; We had a great many me National War Labor Board Defines Policy l rie DY . 1 WI1UnN eq re t a , 7 T } T oT a We tT ! t t due to the pride of ti ition, and the technica ai trou ibles ave arise! npletely d by a clear the Na itional War Labor I N rn oving the Shackles from Foreign Trade Chairman Hurley Cables Shipping Board to Meet All | . ] ] | > > ‘ Quickly Done impo! Ant Redu W ‘ \ A Basic Schedule ( n Washington ar 1 +} } c An r | 312 THE IRON AGE January 000 farm wa 88,000 harrows, 50,000 1 18,001 GAGE LABORATORIES OP! y; hoes, 36.000 seed drill 13,000 fert ‘ 6,000 beet ee *xtractor 1,000 winnowing machines, 18,000 hors . . : . : dr nae 000 reaper 1 lind O00 roe Sections Established Will Furnish drawn rakes ; eapers al ers, , jeattien Make Tests for Manufacture: The Greek 5 ol ust at cad age section of the Bureau of St the agricultural equipment need t ret ae be me known to a large number of Am 10,000 plow 00,000 plowshar¢ vv nal = irers who required limit gages in the reapers, 25 threshers, 100 press “epee Spee terchangeable parts for munitions of wat . and oUU copper sulphate pr yo eral ‘ ! l€ veloped at the Dureau an adequat ; lhe British go aMCnL Mas 4 : oe n, and the apparatus, equipment and m ' export rest yY \ rding 1 I ANC? ‘ ich as to permit accurate and quik is types of gages; including screw l ring gages, profile gages and plain gag: © tandards, measuring tools and Branch Sections Established N addition to the gage section at W h se ons have been established in t} Societies Building, 29 West Thirty New York, in the Plymouth Building, Tv ind Prospect avenues, Cleveland, and iz Building, Bridgeport, Conn. While the br Bridgeport was discontinued or ; eee inned to continue the other laboratoris aman Ain’ : eed for these facilities remains. ee { — fe 4 la ‘ ‘ With the orgval ition now 11 allable at W cae ; , eps - , t the ranch etions t wil Ye pos : 9 ’ e te : ertification of quite meé ( ? . ves The nen poasib ne - as ( ) In epend ¢ é noweve! ipon ti! ane m manufacturer for the pr KE xpor I ter tne Technical Staff Retained ng of U _ | nne with the work of the te : ded — = ; Soo ert s been accumulated a vast amount oe Sa oe aaae | | i t on the construction, mea igi : e ¢ kinds of gages, and it is planne mports i : 7 | staff now available for the pre} ? ae : phlets, publicatior and other literatu , — make th nformation accessible to Amer I rthermore, the technical staff ee a esearch work; on steel treatment a1 Coke Prod W wur" Vutput an " n the manufacture of gages: in deve Rep ¢, designing and constructing simpl r instruments for shop use; and harts and methods of computatio ise of tool makers and g¢g iought that records of the exp ner practices gained by American the production of war materia ne ° co-ordinated for distribution, as tl ild be of inestimable value to mar ; Che Bure i of Standards could : ’ e field to visit manufacturing plant : nditions throughout the country Rnenooes ections could be used as headquarte1 tration of apparatus and methods 1 of Standards, and of such commerci nethods of general utility as might apps ie for the measurement or product ms as to lines of research that wou ther ould also be sent by manuf © Spru wh tly to the technical staff of the Gag Washington. For the work of the technic: ults are of general utility to Ameri : ! ! ‘harge wi e! le for the se Schedule of Fees for Gage Tests { ne { Tr f whe i , ¢ n ( é > P no ‘ tC Db rT ié ) ith the present e the n! p! pend largely on whether the gage is one Ly 1 ec ror >6, and I operavlo! easured, or is a complicated gage requl thout d ture of considerable effort in its test. t for a day 1 er 1 rplu sea upon the accuracy of the test des Although é f ( n f Such gages, instruments or tools as ! the mat ng a the Conn ville mitt for test should be accompanied wit re Last week a considerable quantit or specifications with which they are supp f vas put on the market, and some spot coke wa ‘orm in order to facilitate the test and t ; | getting some busines eporting of the important dimensions of tl yr the first time in many months from operators whos«s mitted. Also, complete information should tire output previously was under cot tract. is to the route of the shipment of gages, t! + 1919 THE IRON AGE o SS ee oe eee NEVILLE ISLAND PLANT’ m- oF — re - ~ < 2" , 4 Gage Shop Available nized R \ ? ( Oo tne I f ’ | he Wa » Manu ture It is p ned t f su r . | f ; ' fr, ' ’ ir rr \ y if y y h | ‘ ition ‘ ‘ , \ cturers Should Act Promptly i ed to u ve the facilitic ] + > : ne Tullest é T Y In order that Y le to indle prompt ti ro manuta il iré l¢ Star irds now a to ti I I } > ut e the t yr f ‘ ; ‘ the Bureau ) ‘ \ vy i t Electric Export Company : | , ( , ha ’ it ‘ r r | y (,ene Ble t ( = f nitions nd ir The new pany has a ca] ' Cs h $10.000.00( ; 7 per cent A Genera mneinee:ri! ‘5 f I stock iné : 10 OOO mon | f f th ck and $10,000,00 yn 18 ( ha been pald no puDi ed plated. The directors in addition to t th } ( h. N : Du f iy president, include Gordon A tt, A ple t! I \. Coffir , George P. Gardner, J .. 1¢ ‘ off ‘ ‘ ell. G. F. Morrison. Charles N — O. D. Young (4) emt] t pe f CIOr tl f eer Catalogs Wanted »Q The sure im. of ‘orelgi and : . s —The I Foreign an . i aaa , . yperating with Government, cata _ e + aes : ; , f ] $+ > ‘ } + . , ‘ 1? a for electri macnine! r€ ; ' : ; W the ichine t , all kinds of articles ting : : 1uU g t hile ) tors hardware iutomobilles, motors, Narawa! tr the tit ne the movement ir ( the uct } a! h, haberdashery, shoes, coal, tar : that , ] ¥ ry nt + ry Y ; ( ou i e en » A etis } ‘ es ‘ ‘ he itomat Co., Amherst, Ohio, recently and invite recta hanauet le The Slig & Sd ( f ‘ sk. 4 i invived pue a Va 1U e “4% ; + ; ‘ + L ; . pletion of a new addition to its plar ol nd ‘ , e additions H. Schiblev acted as toastmaste The Federal Resse vlew, |! le publ la the wester! vuuntric approxin itely double ning of the war, and "Om far occurred, the board cons will probably be gradu: drop to their former g ymeth ne nv! KIM; interest price S ondit Che hich TY re ne na I t T t t t The the t rte! ? Tns + é ny A , Pee ‘ } ‘ ‘ , ' be tr ‘ est i ert | y rise has not occurrt ge 4 e qaown; du SLnCe ybserves THE ON AGE )I An 4 \\ Str Ne , ‘ ( | ‘ nr ‘ nged: It is easy to see which is the e fluctuating element, and th whicl ne is going to move t he horrible example of the industria 1873-8 is both a proof of the cor view and a warning. By reason ificient supply of gold and beca equate banking and currency ial value of a dollar greatly declin« p fter the Civil War—the situation vw d being at a premium’—al! er L¢ of real and personal property did ’ ntributing to the bad state of rs itions such as existed then and e» probability this would not have } had not been for the curren One the results was that the popular parlance was ‘he present generati ) too tru term f1 e physical ( ! to be ecalibrat ‘ | thes untrv the 1 e} nal property, \ ! lue of the dol purchasing powe1 reatly reduced in a ¢ f life, is going t é if ndition me bankers or : prevent thei erte nce, wnlle apparel! ni n the long rut e readjustment. tration, suppose the present Led St tes were $5 a day, re n all-powerful labor union and ved a declining tendency. 17 ecree hat hours of labor be red rd o provide employment for a full day’s labor thereupon becon ig a railroad train, ling, a farm or a factory is increase in so far as the cost of operation is 316 THE IRON A il] been | the statistical re ephemeral steel. few figures cited from Br of pig iron to ords how Germany’s had in Germany in 1913 to 1903 had German W show rise he maximum production and Luxemburg prior to the war wi: aC 19,291,920 metric tons In no vear not no ear have to pa tnroughn tne state cause tnel yrovel courts I variou ore own Nave bee! ¢ V re ed 1pol ett differences of tl ch: er they cannot bi ( assel tne nave never et S nN i yie ot con ! tra ts, SO mal nyt ve que busine reial n Al l rtunate ! imstanct O! go ne te rne nigne? int ! 1¢ tio? tf law | ne sure Sor t r is e n: r¢ j develonec and have been passe Ip! known among then ng f the gold on the Where Kronprincessin Cecilie; t British courts have e tablished various precedent ince the beginnings the of the war. but these contract issues will clarify eas For one thing embargo ‘ ISé a ps putes. The docks on both the Atlant nd P tre coast nave been p ed witl ds be pped, first be ise of the Br el Lr gre ana nen because o the Amer Cal Thou nds Oo! I tons < American materials and goods necludin ( ' } macniner} eml argo ne instances deteriorating. 11e ,UC disputed 1G] biiii ented bD' ispended. Chis At Sud h vhich could not essence of the contract, at least ised.” In not a few cases the questio1 AGE January 19 went into effect, and upon itish ports their consignees were not take them. Nor could the consignor and unust Where p: before the articles were so they have remained K, ade peen m tion of payment under the contracts Should the consignee be one. pay for goods delivered at this late d that Governn the ‘Onsists of de Austri: the other just British should the and ion 1S rty pay ot cases f Germany and } } id and Amerl ontracted ans on American of lading ' ror by bill German fact by them on receipt of Austrian nome and ports, and were ni commandeered by the ‘ [t ] contended nat the mone previous was Imposslil these contract itomatically, as it might l'o dg lumbia L l uote trom article an Re execute e710 rormance of an made tne pel ‘ ? fact iS not generally rey "1can courts as common law ri erou case where than a sti ( performing a es the promiser from | decided determining whether tne ire nclude¢ contract ol made DV al certaln good Lf vened hefore al The rood ter bargo in War ends al Shall Or made the late the ionger wisnes day ? can the the he goods at the time agreed? ‘| Mr. Hall says: “Where has be Dargo nas laid, it is ed al ause manufacture ver the war neen tne perrormance Of Wi not dissolve such embargo, is nothing more A means the performance ot prevent irgo, non-performance of A is excus ntinuance of the embargo But regarded bargo as a temporary ely at any moment to be lifted, B, ty to the contract, is usually not | ) \ A pel as a brea until a re embars performance ie has elapsed without the e time” will have to be determined is interesting to know that though a 0. 1919 THE IRON AGE ts of belligerent nations after the var is usually declared void, a contract ectual performance required by its ken place prior to the outbreak of war remains but an obligation to pay ipon one of the contracting parties, re uniform in declaring that the collect the debt is not cut off by sly suspended for the period of over, the statute of limitations is the length of the period of hostilities Americans have the right to collect them by Germans, and likewise Ger the right to