Survey of American Industries to find Employment Opportunities for the Blind

BS a 4 DDI TSS ZA : ae x VIS a Se Se wee AMERICAN FOUNDATION FORTHE BLIND we. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/su rveyofamerican00abse SURVEY OF AMERICAN INDUSTRIES to find - EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE BLIND A.B. : Segur Red Cross Institute for the Blind LIEB=VOUG Copied by The American Foundation for the Blind, Inc. through the courtesy of The Américan Red Cross Fay , a \y > > i 5 4 , 1 } iM ae ] ' . ¥ : . ; i | 7 : bait of i | Haryee,, fk | baie ont x08 odut dent ext) Dod hat 3 | Laser eref-sLeL Contents Letter of trensmittal Report Introduction Part I Classification of Industry Part II Methods of Survey Part III Motion Study | Avpendices: Appsndix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G | wtdembal to aoitsottieael© yeviwe to eboddsl IT tuet Re, ybute ooitoM Il duet ; 2 gee we Ps aa Oe "Ee »: eee é ‘ ‘ : VeRO R RE At RRA sper OE . Py, i ar A [ ‘ i y pigpian st s ; esse & iy Chicago, lllinois, July 16, 1919 Comnittee on Direction, Red Cross Institute for the Blind Baltimore, Maryland Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit s report on the industrial survey work done for the Hed tross Institute for the blind to date. On Jume 26, 1918 the undersigned held a conference with Lieutenant Colonel James Bordley, then Director of the Red Cross institute for the Blind, at which the following conditions were pointed out: ‘tthe Germans had been driving down toward raris at a terrific rate; the Marne drive had just been halted at vhateau vhierry, and the first reports of the blind were coming through. ‘he drive on the western flank of the German army was imminent, and a vast number of blind were expected from this source. ‘the number of blind in the forces of the allies in proportion to the number of men in action had been rather large, and it was expected that the same ratio would hold in the new drives that were to come. A long war was expected, and the work had to be so arranged that the blind would be taken care of as the war progressed. The only place that any really satisfactory work had been done for the blind soldiers was at St. Dumstans; London, by Sir Arthur Pearson. Here, occupations had been taught, fitting into Enelish conditions, but having practically no bearing on conditions thet confronted American industries. The problem of placing the blind under peace time conditions had not yet been worked out, either in England or in the United St»tes, and much of the placement in England had been on the basis of senti- ment. The total percent of placements following training had not yet beencetermined because of the wmmsettled cnnditions of affairs in Europe. St. Dunstans, however, had taught the world the lesson of normality for the blind in daily life and in earning capacity. It was very largely in emulation of what had been done at St. Dunstans, that the American Army took hold of the work for the blind in this country. Cres .af ylwb .sioniLii ,ogsoidv ioitsetid oo settimnmod bSaift odd tot stutitenl avory bei Sasiyrsli ,eromid{[sé siemro.itaeD Yovise . 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Sas .eot ¢% botisU adt ai to baa lant ni tedtie duo bovrow aeod -ittnee to siesd edt mo ased bed Suslont mt tnemaoslg alt ‘to dorm gon bed -aginists salwollot etuemeosia to tmeoteq Letod edT .tnem erigite to enoitibnas beitieeny aft to sesgood bonimretennesd ¢ eegouse to moeeol edt Sliow odt tiguat bed wrevewod aang lates 2 ff “Uhioedso gitares al bie otil ylisb ni balid edd rot Vi Lawzon t& te snob neod bsd tedw to notte lime od ylegusl yrev saw $I edt tot aAxrow edt to bfod ai yet saab ont tadt venaten In this country, the status of blind work was considerably worse than in England. Outside of a few people who had veen placed by some of the more advanced workers among the blind, com- paratively few men had ever been placed in industry where they were successfully competing with sizhted labor on an even basis. It was generally considered thet the blind man wes a hopeless individual, foredoomed to beg forever, or to be dependent, at least in a great measure, on someone @lse. ‘his feeling was not entirely universal, still it prevailed through a large portion of the population. One evidence of this feeling was the attitude of the blind. They had been in the habit of thinking of blindness as such a handicap that, once a man was blinded, he was forced, as a matter of course, to depend upon someone else, and the sooner he made wp his mind to conform to this condition, the better off he would be. In fact, in a great many cases, people who said that the blind could work, were simply laughed at by the blind. In many cases, the directors of the blind seem to have shared the same feeling. The subject of pensions for the blind was discussed very>largely from the standpoint as to how large the pensions should be. As a general thing, the discussions in workers’ conferences on the employment for the blind ran to the subject of broom making, chair caning, and piano tuning. There were a few of the workers who had the idea that the blind could work in factories, but they were in the minority. There was very little differentiation made in the placement problem between the capable blind mam: and the incapable blind man, all men being placed on the same footing very lerzely because they were blind. Employers seemed to have very much the same idea, and the general custom seemed to be that when a man became blind in any man’s employ, he was an outcast for the rest of his life as far as getting a job was concerned. True, there were several more far-sighted employers in the country, notably the Crocker Wheeler Company, of Ampere, New Jersey, who had placed the blind at winding armatures; but even here, the general thought was that the blind were in a class by themselves and could not be expected to compete with sighted help. The efficiency of the blind was generally placed by the blind workers and employers at from thirty to fifty per cent. Under these conditions, the blind did not especially appeal to the employers from the standpoint of economical labor supply. p,! yldetehienoo eaw axvow Siild to estate odd .ytiowoo etdd al aeed bed odw slqoogq wet 8 to obiediwO .Dnelend oi nsdt serow -—109 ,Sbuild sdt gnome ersttow boonavbs etom sdt to omce yd booalq yedt oredw yrtanhbat of Bsosig used teve bad nem wet ylovitatsq ; ~@iasd meve os co tods{ botdeie dtiw guitequoo yllnteessour, sit°ew esologod 8 esw nam baifd oft tsdé herebienoo ylistones asaw sI etuobisgeh ed ot ro .xsvetol asd ot Homooboxot .lenbivibat guifset eid! .esi@ gsmosmoz no .siwesom daets 8 ai tesel ta & davord? bolisverq vi ilive .Laere vicur yulsiitas fon esew Mottsingog eff to nxoitrog sarel to shoubitts oft esw gnilest eidt to somebive sa0 eeonbatid to gotsinidd to tidsd odt ai mood bed ved? .batid edt ebeorot esw ed ,bobaild esw asm s 99m0 .¢adt gesotbned sa dove es edt base ,oelo omosmee nogy basgeb ot .sexsroo te rotten a es edt ,mottibaoo efdt o¢ mrotnoo of Brim eid gr obam off ton008 ef{qgosg .eseeo Yaam dsota s ai dost al .esd bieew sd Tio retted sdt yd ts Sedasel yiqnie srow .Atow biooo batid odd teid Size odw evad ot meee build odd to atotosrib edd .goeed yrem al” butid haifd edt rot enoiensa to tosidve of? .wgnifest onee odd Dotade esrisl wod ot es tatoghbnste sdt mort ylosta ki yrsy boeenoe th esaw Mi enoleenvoeib edt ,saidd Istomes s eA .ad Hbiwode encieneq oat edt o¢ asx baild sdt rot tromyotaqne odd mo esdnerstioo *erowrow ored? .wxsnines ongiq Bus .waitao tisdo .enidem moord to tosfidre Hisoo baild edt tet sebt sit Bed odw-erosltow oft To wot s orow eaw orsdt® ,ytitonin sd nt erew yodd dud .eoiretost ni atow meowted molderq tnomeosiq sdt ai shen coitsitaersitib eliril prev nom [fe ,nam batid sldeqseni edt bas dman baild eldsqso odv yedd sexeosd yYloural yrov saitoot emee odt ac beosfq gnied build stow eit Sas ,g9bf omse odd dom: prov ovad of bomsoe etoyolqmi yiie ai Daild omsood asa 8 nsdw dadt sd ot bomese otavo ri abeage es Stil eid to feet edt rot tesotyo us ecw od .yolquis ea’ naam fatovee exew orodt .osxT .beutesonco esw do, s gnittes es rst sotoord ont yideton .yrinvoos adt ut eroyolune betdsate-rst rom Build eft Bbessiq bad odw .yserst well .sisqwA to ,yasamod relesd¥ sew tisvodt Isvones oft .sxsd asve ted ;eourtemrs guibaiiw ts ed ton blsoo bus eevieemeds yd eeslo 2 ni etew build edt tadt edt To yomotsitie ed? .aqfed betdzie diiw steqnos of betoegqxs eroyolane bus etozitow bnild edt yd beoslq yiferones esw batid cemoltibsos eesdt tehnY .tnso r9oq ytit of ytaidé mort ts edt mort eer ait ot Ieeqas ylletosqes tom bib bati{d odd «Vigque todel {sotmonoss to tniodbnate F a i : fee Bos ae ¢ F Pi ts de wee De ed ae RH Cy LY = The work among the work shops and schools was not in much patter condition. ‘the shop which made money or which came out even was so highly advertised that it only served to call at- tention to the fact that the average shop where blind people were employed was a money losing proposition. ‘the conception that the blind should be carefully trained to get maximum production had apparently not penetrated to the shop managers where blind were employed, largely because the feeling thet existed among these men, as with all other workers for the blind, was that a blind man was practically hopeless anyhow, and that if thg got any work out of him at all, it wes so much gained. It is not so very strange thet under such cirscumstances the blind over the entire country were considered objects for cherity, and that the blind man with the tin cup was an object which always brought money from the passing public. seedless to say, if money came in thet easy, once a blind man had been broken in to the point of view of taking alms from other people and living without work, he was not very likely to hunt very hard for a job, especially where everyone tried to convince him that a blind man could not work successfully. This conception led to a vast amount of pauperism among the civilian blind, and one of the main things with which the blind soldier was feced on coming beck to Americe, was the well meant charity of a large number of people which would be a positive detriment to the soldier himself. In fact, one of the things that the average blind soldier dreaded more than anything else was the thought that we would be regarded as a subject for pity for the rest of his life instead of being regarded as a companion by the rest of the people. Fortunately,a desire to cooperate in the rehabilitation movement prevailed among the employers. ‘the work done by Sir Arthur Pearson in Englend, and the publications by the Red Gross hed made a vast number of converts to the doctrine of normality among manufacturers. ‘thé feeling had not yet penetrated to the average euployer that the handicapped would make valuable employees, but rather, the spirit prevailed thet, if the soldier was willins to go over and give up his eyes, which the employer considered everything, the employer could at least give up some of his attention, and perhaps give up some of the output on his various machines to find him a job for the rest of his life. Un the inside of the Army and other institutions, however, this spirit of cooperation did not seem to hold quite to this extent. Due to a lack of centralization of authority and 4 lack of understanding as to the problems involved, there was a@ constant running fight going on between the different agencies handling these problems. whe question was whether the Red Cross, the Federal Board of Vocational Kducation, or the United States Aymy was to handle the problems. cer "v A 2). 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In the beginning, the Red Uross Institute for the Blind was as much at sea as to a definite policy on details as was anybody else connected with the blind problem. There was very little definite policy as to the detail work of the whole school; but Volonel bordley had one policy which became the general policy of Evergreen, namely, that the Hed Cross Institute for the Blind was going to train the blind soldier until he could compete with anyone on any occupation which was adaptable to him. ‘the only instructions given for making the surveys were 1. that a ‘survey should be made of all the industries of the country to determine, once for all, what occupations were adaptable to the blind, and 2. that courses of study should be laid out which would enable the blind man to fit into the position for which he was adapted. ashe general idea was that there were only a small number of openings for the blind at the best, and that tt would take some time before any real results could be accomplished. the Army Medical staff was in control of the s¢éhool at Evergreen, and hed charge of all teachers and the work of all the pupils. ‘the American Hed Cross had control of the Hed Cross institute for the S5lind, supplemented the Army appropriation for hospital purposes, found openings for the blind, and made it possible for the blind to enter industry. Under the law ereating the #ederal Board of Vocational Education, the Federal Board had control of all handicapped soldiers, including the blind, and it became the duty of the Board, not only to take care of the education of the soldiers, but to place them in industry as well. ‘whe Federal Board, on the other hand, had not taken the attitude of surveying the industries to find openings, and consecuently, the only agency which would have the data which made it possible to place the blind man intelligently was the American Red Cross. Very little opportunity was given to the manufacturer and to the employer to be heard in any of the discussions on the handicapped. «she employer was asked to cooperate, but was not given any means by which he could cooperate. she plants were not thoroughly studied, and consequently, there was very little coordination between the handicapped and industry. » ae oo ae jnomtneest eesl to stom od ot beroese sronit oromrodtiss ON» yd boteosuwe es marzorg odd Fenians ateviow Siild sniog ectoms ebem toy ton bad aoitesilsioege to sniatoob edt .eeorS bei edt ~Hhigit efds wt ‘yawhaed buil® edt tot etuttten! eeoty bod odt gntamteasd odt al eaw e8 elisteb no yotlog stiniteh s ot es see ve domi es esw yrov eaw gion? .meldotq build edt dtiw bstosnnos sele ybodyns elodw edt to axow Liateb odd ot es YokLoq etiniTeb oldsil edd sugssd doidw yoifog eno bed yelbrod Ienofov dud ;Loodoe etytitenl agore bolt odd tadé .vlemen .nxeotsrevi to yotfog fet dies of Liter retbloe baild edt aiatt ot gatog esw build edt tot elidstqsbe ecw doidw cottequsco Yaa ao snoyue Atiw etdigmoo blyoo otew syevine odd gntden rot nevig enoiforsteni yino adit .nid of eoittesbni edt Ife ‘to sbsm ed Slyode yevive s dads”. tadw .[fs8 rot som0 ,omimreteb ot yxtouos odd to ms ,~baild odd ot oldstqsbs otew enoidsqyooe bivow dotdw two Biel sd bivaie ybste to esenoo tsdt .S doidw rot moktreod ott otmi FEIT oF mam Hbaild odd sidans -botqaDs eaw oi sedan Ifene a yiao o19sw oredt tedd esw sobi Isreno, ode aist bivow #h tedt bus .teod odd ta hutld ods ret eaninego to bedetfomosos od binoo efiveert [ser Yue stoted omit enioe ts foodde odt to Loxtioo at saw Tiate Leofhetl word edit ~ ffs to avow edt bus etodoszst {fe to eatedo bef brs .nestytevi box od? to forénes bad ecor2 bei asobtomA off Veliqng edt fottsirgerqgs yrds edt botnemelqque bail sit rol strditedi georv abem Due ,batid odd tod esmineqo bavot .eoeoquyd fatiqeod tot wel eat robaU .yatesrbiti sib ot baifd edt rot eldiesog ti Isvebe'i oft .mottaorbT LenoitaboY to brsck Larebou edt gnitseio edit siibelont .erotbfLoe becgsoibiked Ife to Lortaoo bad bracd eiet ot yino ton .dtso8 oft to yYtob odd omeood ti bus .bulid oi modt ooalg ot dud .ersibioe sit to mottsoubo edt To ets. bad .boed xefito edt no .bra0d Isrebel eft iifew es yatewdni buit ot eointeubni oft subyevwe Yo shutitte oft modst ton edt eved bisow doidw yoregs yloo add .yidaernsenoo bas .egninego ylineyillotnt mam batld edt eosiq ot eldiseoq si obam doidw stab .B8010 Holi nsoitomA edd Baw bas totmpfocstsaam edt ot aevis esw ytlautroqgo eltsil yrev oid mo enoteenoeth edt to Ute nf biaed sd ot royoLame odd o¢ ton eaw tud .staxoqood ot Bowles esw reyolqma: sds .beqqsolb: otew etuelg ode .etemeqooo Sivoo od doldw yd enssn yas aevis olttil yrev saw orodtd .yitneypeetton bus .boibste: yidsworodt ton -Yitesbai bas a hur eas asewtod bei gat a* PP s av © Y During the early days of the study, I think that all of us who were connected with this work can truthfully say that the inspiration of the whole Institute was Colonel Bordley and his devotion to this cause. When it seemed as though everything was going to go against the Hed Cross Institute for the Blind, and that all the work that had been done was to be wrecked over night, Colonel Bordley wes generally on the job, and came back with flying colors. The divisions of authority and lack of coordination has made the work of conducting industrial surveys difficult from the besinning, inasmuch as it was impossible at any point to use the follow-up, which was absolutely necessary to get the maximum results out of the survey. It has been an easy matter to find the openings and make the job available for the handicapped man, but it has not been possible to find the man to fit into the position after the employer was once sold on the idea of using a handicapped man, and to lay out the training as to the various positions es the work went along. It has been difficult from the beginning to determine who wes who in all of this work, whether to appeal to the tederal Board of Vocational Hducation, or whether to appeal to the United Ststes Army. Nou doubt the very best plan from the beginning would have been for each to have gotten together and determined what each was to handle and worked out a cooperative plan. But this was not done for some months after the passage of the various acts. It is sefe to say that, with the labor shortage which existed during the war, had the various agencies been able to get together on a souhd program, practically every worthy handicapped man in the United Ststes would have been placed long before the war closed, and even today, if the agencies were all working in perfect team work, the capable man who was out of a job because of being handicapped would be the exception rather then the rule. inside the school, more or less disagreement existed between different people regarding policies to be followed. those who believed in hand training were pitted against those who believed wholly in industrial training. Undoubtedly there was room for both. How much better it would have been if both of these interests had been brought together, and something like a schedule worked out for the blinded soldiers. Needléss to say, under the circumstances, it has been impossible to keep some of these disagreements from coming to the soldiers themselves, and a great deal of difficulty in getting the soldiers down to work in the school has been due, very largely, to the disagree- ments on the part of the people who were charged with the duty of taking care of these men. DE aa ve ie kaa ok , hat Ah Ly ROPERS WW sk Wht yt : Wheres Bay 4 " i oie : hao r Lie dai deat Seles oti to. eysb. ye wien oo ve te “th ; yar plivtdtort oso atow eid: dt bw botoennos stew: ‘ane pa ee. yelbrod fonofoo, esw odutitent elodw edd he aotteriqen is. add. badd \ deveds ag bemese ti maiW .oeneo aiat of motteved eid ‘bas aN stwtitenl ezord bod edt temiegs og ot aniog maw, giidiyreve My eew entob wood bad dads arom sdt Ife tAGt doe dati edd, 20% v0 ylfistenss eow Yelorod feaolod.digin teva bexoexw od of | serelos gaixlt. violate dosd omae bas we. edt . esd Moitsxtbroeca Zo Daal bare ch eet 0 engin ky ih ‘ed mort divolitib eyevine [ettyerdar aiktosbaeo to dnow jedtd ebam ot datog yaa ts sldiesogmi esw fr 2s domisent .potantzed: edt tes ot Yrsecoven yietwloeds eaw dotdw .qu-wollot edt cen . ge tged esi tl .yevive odd to tro etiveot sumixem adt elgglievsa dof, edt stem has exainego edt batt ot totisn yeso ot gidiegog mood tom sad ti dud .nam Boqqsoibasd odt rot ew noyolome edt sodts moitigeq edd otmk titvod asm edt Sait eit tivo ysl of bus .msm beqasofbasd s sxiew to sebi edt no bloe sono oma triew auow odd ee enotthteod exoiney, edt ov ae i asroaad a octyr’ laclomatne od pe le adt es’ [cr 2%% bb inact eel $1 1 breod faxebou edt ot fscqas o¢ 19ndtedw .ztrow eidt to Ife nt onw Hotinu edt ot feoqge ot todiedw to ..acitaoubh Lanottsoo¥ to aithained odd sort mela seed yrov edd tdvob Hol ..wmtd aetate | howinveted bus redtesat aetdivos svad.ot dose tok need 9vad bivew tod 6.ttelq oviverogoos e two Sowvow Sue olbuad ot esw doas tadw : evyoiney edt to esasesq dé rette, adtmom omoe tet snob ton eaw etdy doidw egstzrode rodel out dtiw ,tedt yse ot etee ei dh» etds tog ot aids teed eotonoye evoitay ah, bad ytaw sgt ‘sated: beta tre Spaea pasa ydinew yr9ve, vilsoisoarg eAHOTROLE - 08 8 LO reddegod \ et etoted gaol beoale seed aved bivow eoteg8 hatin edd mr sam ai goictrow [1s orew goion add TE .ysbet seve bas bevols taw seusoed doi, g to dvo eaw odw mam oldsqeo edd txow mast teotteg _ -olsrr eat ment tedtsx soltges: ada od Sluow bogqas Lbmad boned te veal iremesrses 1b eeol “0 TOM wien ett sblems os) Beas - shawoLLot, ed) ot esivilog Quibrasct, elgoeg dngxotTip nbowted: odw eeodt teniage bottiq erew guiniatt bhed’ ab bevsiled edw sedds moot eaw ered? qibes duebad .gningect teixdeubal nb ylodw bovetisd _geodd to dtod tt seod sved bloow oi setted dowm woH pethtod sot _ 8 stil saidtenoe bag ,redteget tdgward aged bad g@teomeint = eyee o¢ vedibool .eratbloe bobatid odt <o% dvo berow elubosdioe af . Geet ot aldievoqmk asod asd di yeoometemmoxto ods tebur eovloenads ersibloe edt.ot nalmoo mort etuemge gas ib seeds toamoe ot awed etolbloe edt gxittes mb ytivorttib, to [seh teers 3 bas ~eotsceih edd ot .ylegtel yrev.avb mesd eed Loodee edd mi-ztow ‘to ytub edd doiw Dbeyrtada ong ore hag edt to tag edd mo atnom ha sian sei Tovetso. aya: i In the plants, the work has, in many cases, been made exceed- ingly difficult. ‘he question of authority for doing the work has been one which has come up constantly. ‘The employers, of course, desired to deal with the agencies who had the authority to place the handicapped, and desired to deal with but one party in the entire matter. It has only been by dint of salesmanship on the part of the fi@¢d men who have been on the inside of the plants peace themselves, that the Red Cross has been able to get much of any information at all. Most of the employers, however, have been satisfied with the results that they have obtained. Once the work was started, we have received the highest of co- operation from the plants themselves. ‘his has been especially true in a few of the plants which have been very progressive in their policies of management, and will be mentioned a little later. Notwithstanding the difficulties, the surveys were under- taken, with the understanding that the engineer was to be permitted to carry out the work either in Chicago, Baltimore, or any other city where the best results could be obtained. About the first thing discovered on begining the work was that the literature on the subject of industrial surveys for the blind was extremely meagre. Previous to the war, there had been practically nothing done. In this country, Mir. F.B. Gilbreth, Consulting Engineer, of Providence, Khode Island, had stated in public speeches that it was possible for the blind man to earn the same wage as the sishted if he were properly trained, and that with the proper method used in industrial analysis, it would be unnecessary for many workmen to use their eyes. In Canada, a very good Department. for general analysis had been worked up, but the surveys were made mostly of very small plants, and the statements of openinss was of the most general sort, very little dsta being given which was specific enough to give the placement people much of any real information. Furthermore, the cost of maintaining the Canadian service was very great, and the funds of the Red Gross would hardly permit of this expenditure. ‘The Department of Vocational Guidance of Hervard University had been making a number of studies of different tredes over the country for the purpose of teaching vocational guidance and emoloyment manage- ment at Harvard University. At the request of Mr. Douglas C. MoMurtrie of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and disabled “en at New York, they had made one or two surveys to determine the possibilities of the handicapped. But asain, these surveys were of rather a zseneral nature, and did not bring the operations down to specific terms in such a way that it was possible to say whether the blind man could perform the operations or not. eit te ebmut odt base ,dse1g yte Wn NE i ee Be i Ney utr ng 7 i ay, A > enren abem ased .eseso - eed sro edd le culpeiaginias t to .ereyolone of? ._¥ltnetendo ox emco asdl do ide ene 119 Bad Ytinodine edd bed odw eotonose odd dtiw feeb ot beriesb ,seiro0s ni ytrsq eno tod diiw faeb oF Hetieap bos .deqgsoibuad edt ooslq ot Gidensmeo{se to tuib yi nood ylno esd SI sxottem eritns edt edt to ebfeni eft a0 seed evad.odw oem DSI? edd to draq edt no ter, ot olds mesd eon avot? bei edd tadd .esvioemedt eomeby etuelg ~tTovewod ,etoyolane edt to veok .Iie'te softamretas Yo doom -bonigide eved yedt gedt etirees adi dédiw Soiteitee sped sved ~o9 to teanlmgit oft bovisoes svad gw .bdotuete esaw atow sdt oon0 vifstoeges ttesd esd ein .povicemedd etnsigq odd moxt motharego st eviezorzo%m yrew need oved doidw etnusiq edt ta wet e at errt eltiil a bonoitnem od ifiw bus .daemesanen tevestotiodg shredt -iebus stew ayevine edt ,estiivolttib edd satinstedtiwiok .retel bottinxeg ed of eew te9minne eid tet goibnetersbas odd déiw .nedat soddo Yas 10 ,stomitis& ,opsoidl ni redtis avew edd dgo oyrteo ot Denisido sd hivros eveilveer teed edt srsdw ytio saw Atow odd anikaiged ac botowooelb guint derit edd toda» eit tot eyevave Isinvdembat to tosidua odt ao sustatotil edt tadt neod bad stedt sew oft of evoiverd .argsem ylemetixe sew Daild dtord lis .2°0 scl pyxdawoo etdd ml) .emob eaiddon yilsolicerg ai betste bed ,boelel obo ,sonebivorl to (usenisad snitivenod mrss ot mam build odt rot eldieeoq saw ti tedtd eoedosage oildug tedt bus benisst vleegerq erow of Ti bedigte odd es ogaw omae ont od binew ti .ebeylens {aintevbhai at beer bodtem rsgoxrg edt dtiw e ,»shams0 eT .geys thedd sex od semlrow Yuan TOT) YIssesoennr -qu besktew nseod bed etevlens [eremeg wot dromds, aqed boog y1ev edt bis ,stnelq Lfame ycov to yiteost ebsat stew eyevire edt dud elidel LO¥ 2t20e Jearenon tdom odd te ea eminego to atnemetsie tuemeoalg edt evig of darche oitiesqa saw doidw mevig anied atsb to teos odt sommes wottewretai Laer yas te doxm elgosg eew oolvree asibansd od¢ guinisiniem tnombusgqged ed? .emstibasyxe|eidt to dinweq yLlbted bivow eeotd bei & atizem neod bsil yiat eVinU bisvial to somshive Lancitsso¥ to pi sot yxtaveo edd revo gobstd tnerettib to eeibyte Jo redewn “OR SNAN fetgarco Lame bone senabing Lancitzoov eitidosst To ssoqurg -D eslgr0@ .xil to teewpor)edd tA .ytlevevial Srsvusl te them boldseib baa bolggix) rot sdwtiteml eeoxrd bei add to gindruloll edt ominreteb o¢ exovme owt to ome obam Sed yodt phtoY well ta ne uxow odd amiob ot tiinodtns Yo mois eoxa ent stLeoHDTED ‘creat oe stew eysvine seodd .aiene twa boggeoibnad sit to eoitilidiaeog Ke eroitsisgo edd zoind ton bib bie ows en fereaee 8 sodden) to Yee ot eidiesog eaw ti dedt yew a dove mb emmed, gitioege ot swob ton To eaaiiinveni ant arta nee bine: “ap nis bet soddecw Of course, it is very evident that if a person is simply to look at a job and form a rough estimate as to its possibilities, there are very few jobs which would be specified as jobs which could be performed by the blind. Unless the job is very carefully analyzed, its possibilities for the blind can never be discovered. Practically none of the data had been collected along these lines. ‘the purpose in handling surveys has not been to enable the men to obtain maximum production, but rather to find a job that they could fill in some sort of fashion, the idea being that the Government would make up in pension what the men lacked in income. With the beginning of the war, questionnaires were sent everywhere by different agencies, asking for all sorts of information and receiving consequently, all sorts of answers. The general feeling persisted among the manufacturers that the questionnaire had been greatly overdone, and consequently, the answers given the questionnaires were very perfunctory. ‘he State of Pennsylvania made a questiomaire survey for the handi- capped of Penn. of what purported to be all of the industries of Penn, and found openings for some few thousands of handicapped men. ‘the nwaber of positions which were specified as being open to the blind were less than one hundred. As a matter of fact, there ere considerably more than one million positions in the State of Pennsylvania which could be handled by handicapped men, and the number in the State of Penn. which could be handled by the blind nunbers well into the hundred of thousands. ‘this was the gener-1 result of the questionnaire method, and con- sequently, there was but very little in these questionnaires which was of value. It wes necessary, therefore, for the ted Cross to work out its own program, and to dekelop a method of making surveys which would uncover practically all positions which were open to the blind in any plant, and which, at the same time, could be handled by men picked up and given a short course of training in doing this work. Since that time, the policy has been to make a thorough job analysis in every industry thet was studied, and to open to the blind man every occupation which could be made available. ‘this meant a csreful study of the occupations from practically every angle, and a rearrangement, in some cases, of the usual practice in the field in order to make this possible. sut all of this work has been done in accordance with the general purpose of the Red Cross Institute in carrying out this work. =" ; 1 ‘Ve RK ; H Mool ot ylamte ef noeteg a Th tadt dmebive ywrsv ef +2 oethoo 20 siedd .poitilidipeog eti ot es etamites devot a mrot bas do, sa ts Sisco doisw edot es Hsitiosqe ot Sbhinow doinw edok wot (itSsv' ote vlinteres yxsv at dot edt eesial .baild odd yd besnot1eq: 80: bersveoeibh ef tevem a0 build sat rot esitilidieecs ett besyisia second saxois botoslloo mesd bad stab odd to snom eita dtd boet 8 edt sidene ot need tom ead aysvise soilbasd ni seogsyg oft | .eontt yodt tsdz dog s bait of s]edéea ted .woldouhorq monixem afaido ot nem *: edd tedt enoied sobived? .woidest to dtoe emoe ai [Lit BLsoo -omooni ai Bbetoel nem edt tsdw nolLensq ni qu odaw Dinow thsmnrev00 inee stow eotisnnolizerp .tew edt te aninnined edd dsiw tev etroe [fa tot gnities .ecioness dueraTiib yd stedwyrsve -eroweig to edroe Ilsa .yltnempeeno® guivieso: bas ntitveuroint edd tedd ererutostonam odd gnome beteiexeq gnifest [exsae3 odT +, Vidnespoenoo bus ,.snobveve yitsers sesd bad stiannottessp efi .yrotonwiteg Yrev Stow eetiannoiteonp ext asvig etowets eit ‘-itbusit edt rot yevawe etiannoiteesp 8 ebem sinaviyenns’ to siste esittembai edt to [is sd of botrequya Ssdw To .anet To boqges to ebusesodt wst omoe 10% esnineqo bavot baa .onsi To’ ss boititesede exrow doliw enoitieog to tsdswa edt .nem Sboagsoibasd todian @ eA .botbowd ono madd eeol stow Saild adé of nego saied Ni enoitieog soifilim ono madt orom yidstehbienos ers exsdd tog? fo Seqqsoibust yd Selbasd ed bivoo doidw sinsviveanacl to ststd odt bsibasd of bisoo doinw .nast to otsté sdt at todmum odd doe (oem eid? .abusesodt to Sorthbard eft otmt Ilow ersdiwna Bbaild edt <d -n09 bus .bodtem etisanoitaesp edt to tinest I-teteg odd esw) dotdw estisanoiteeryp ssodt si sltzil utov dud esaw ovedt .yligenpoe -oslsv to eew tio stow o¢ se0m0 box ort tot ~ototetedt evrssesosn esw dl doidw eyovare adidas to Bodtem\s golefeb of bus .mersota nwo tht edt ot asqo exew doidw encidisog Lis Yllsoltteatq \revoons Divow! ed Hivos .suih omee oft te .doidw bie .dnsid yore ai Soild it sainfert to eemoo trode 8 fev £8 bas qi bexotq nem yd boLBnad wirow eidd gibod dot dusotodt s oalem of mood ead yoliog odd omit tent oonr@ eis o¢ seqo o¢ Bue .Dotbute esw tedt yitewbni wrove at efeyisne~ eidt .9fdalisvg ebem ad hives doidw noitsquooo yYreve nem bail’ yteve vilscitesrq mnt encitsquooo edt to ybrte ivtereo 3 teem eolvearg lawesved? to ,eoeso eos ni .tusnesneirs94 3 bis oigne | sidd to [fe tua .eldiesog eidt salem of tobro mi bYort odds my edt to was LIatenes odd Atiw sonshiroses ai eaob used ead tow | .Atow eiult: tio ackiyrtse ob gtutitenxl eeord bet Pe A In making the first surveys the Hed Cross undoubtedly made @ number of mistakes; but it must be remembered that the survey methods of the Red Cross Institute for the Blind have been lergely a matter of development, and es a new idea has presented itself which seemed better than the old one, it has been adopted and the old idea dropped. At the same time, the data which head been collected under the old method has been preserved and is being utilized. the next item which wes realized, was, that in order to make a study of all the industries of the U.S. to determine what the blind could do, it was necessary to have a list of all the industries of the country classified along the lines of occupetion; that Plants which had sihilar occupations should be placed in a group by themselves; and that these groups should be placed in larzer groups representing some other major division of the industry. A study was made of different classifications that existed to determine where this list could be obtained. The first study made was of the Bureau of Census Heports of the Department of Commerce. This chassification was found to have been made without any reference to occupation whatever, and many of the industries which were widely separated in their methods of manufacture were grouped as one. Yor instance, lumber and furniture manufacture were grouped together. ‘The Department of Internal Revenue had worked out a classification based on the name of the industries as set forth by the people who made their income tax returns. ‘his was a smaller classification than that made by the Department of Commerce, but still made without very much reference to the question of occupation. The National Chamber of Commerce had a division which was very good as far as it went, but it only contained a list of the members in the various divisions of the National Chamber of Commerce, and as a great number of industries which had assoc- iations were not members of the Netional Vhamder of Commerce, this again, was very incomplete. None of these classifications contained the information so classifiec as to be of great use to the Red Cross in handling its survey. Wor did a combination of the various classifications aid ® great deal, because in many cases, the omission of various in- dustries was practically the same in all of the classifications made. For instance, specialties included a vast number of industries, all of which varied very greatly in the nature of their occupations. It therefore became necessary for the Red Cross to work up, in cooperation with other agencies, their own class- ification of American industries. ‘The Hed Cross, has, consequently, 3) J ‘hire ee NE EIR A RCN GN HOY 1 ak eben Yibetdvobay eeot) bet edd eyevare derit edd sectiem al yevise edt tadt Serodmemer od tenm ti tod zescdeteim to tednua 8 yleztsl weed eved Balle odd tot etwditeal eeor) bof ent to.eboditom A tieeti boinseotq esd sehi won s es bus .tuemgolevebh to tedtam s eid baa betqoba neod ead ti ,eno bio. odd aadt tetted Danese doidw meod bad doidw steb edt .onkd omee out tA .beqdotd ashi Blo Baied et nite bevrseste assd esc bodd'oin Slo edt sobaw bosostloo igpont Lear s stam ot tebro af tadd .esw .bssilsoxr esw Ant pre Fane. eile baild edd tadw onisreteh o¢ .@.U odd to eointdeubni edt [fe to ybute aofrtesiai eft [fe to teif{ee oved of yraeescen esw. tt yob.biyoo ted .:coftequose to eemif edt anoles bettieeslo yrtaveo,edt to qvorg a'nt Bssale od Sivode enoltaqusoo tslidiie Sed doidw etnelq resist xi Beosic od bivode equorg sess test bas geovioamedt yd -Uttuvbal edd To motefvih tojam «Sisco emoe gaitmesorqes equots boteixe tert enciteoitieealo: tnexrettib to sham eaw ybute)d vbote terit oil .heniatde od Bleoo teil eidt sxedw,ominreteb o¢ to dhomixaqst oft to etrogend evened to meonwd out to eew bam twodtiw oben need svad o¢ huvot esw avitsoltieeag eid? ..9oremmod sslitenhai oft To ynan brs .revetsdw noitequo‘o:0s sonetetet yus erew srytosinaagis to ebodtom tiedd ni Dbetaragse ylobiw stew: dolidw erew o1tsstonam siotinnst bas tedmyl ,sonstent rol .omo/es begrors boxtow bsd ssnevel aivetnl te saemtreggE otf .rodtezot bequorg tse es eSindenbhat edt To oman eit no Boead fhoitsoitieests,s tyro asw eid vanrotor xat omoont riedt sbem odw olcosg odd, yd, ddrot to snoudiege edt yd obam tedt asdd nottaoitieeslo tefilame s Noitessp oft at sonorster dolm yrov twodtiw obam [Lite stud .ooremmov doidw sofeivib e bad estemmod to tedeied) [anoitsii ef .mottsqvooo to odd to teri s bonietwoo ylno tt tad .dnew tr es ast ies boon Yiev saw to tednsdl [enoitell pdt ‘to encdeivib esoitey odd ot exodmem _sooees bad doidw esivterbai' to sodumm Jeorg 2 ee Bue, .sotenmod eidd sovenmod to tedsied? Istoitel edt to eveduem tom eraw enoitet ' ,stelquooni yuev eew .nisgs oe Noitsmrotn? edd Sexininos encitsoitieasfo geedt Io enol sriibaed st eeotd Sofi ent ot seu dasiz te od ot es Jsitieeslo bis encttsottieesio esoitey sdt to noitentdmoo s bib to. .ysvawe etl “if eveitsv Io noiseinc eft .eozs yYasm ai sesmsgod .cseb dsora 8 enoitssitievesfo edt to Lis ai omse edt yilsoltosig eaw soirteub To rodngnitesv @ hobufosi eottlatosqe ,comateni, 10%, .odam Yo stvtan ‘ont mi yiteorg yrdv beixav doidw to Ife ‘,eotutembnai esotld hei edt tot YaReeoesn omavod axetovedd cI. »sencitsqve00 1tiedt -eesio mwo tisdd .esionsss todio dtiw soitarsqoos ai .qy ztow ot Vitasypeenoo .esd .seor0 Seti ed! .esinvasbai asgitemA to noitsolti made up, at a great deal of labor and expense, a partial classification of American industries on the basis of occupations. See Appendix A. It is now possible, by means of this cless- ification, to so divide the work in different industries thet a survey of one plant often serves the same purpose as one made of hundreds of plants very widely scattered. This, of course, is an improvement over the first method suggested, of surveying the different industries by town and cities, and enabled the central organization to get the data as to what happened in the extreme West of the country by surveying a similar plant in the extreme Eastern part, and being ressonably sure thet the conditions are almost identically in the two plants, at least sufficiently so that the plant on the Western coast is willing to accept the result of the survey made on the Eestern coast. Chicago was chosen as the location of the office for making the survey. Baltimore and Washinston were out of the district which manufactired peace time products; practically every plant on the Egstern coas¢# of any zreat size had been given over to making war materials. lt was generally assumed that the war would be over some time or another, at least, and that any survey to be permanent would have to be made on peace time industries. War plants in different sections of the Est were putting blind men to work on gauging operations, and the necessity that the manufacturers get production was the very best argument for the employment of the blind. Sut this did not at all apply to peace time industries, and hence the survey had to be made on industries which were going to be of long duretion. ew York City was in very much the same condition, except thst there were a number of industries around New York which were engaged in their regular production. But the cost of rent and other expenses in the city of New York made operations from New York City almost prohibitive. the Western &fficiency Society and the Society of Industrial Engineers had their headquarters in Chicago, and were in a position to cooperate with the Red Cross by placing us in touch with the managing heads of the industries throughout the country and in practically every line of business. During the course of this work, the Red Cross has received the help of a large number of trade organizations and technical societies at different times. From the following we have received special help: paren 8s TBC loe <) bog rodeL to feeb Paes B ‘i we sbi te eed i ¥ ¢ a ty! i Ma AY, ot ay hte MOhy BAN MeCN N Fs 4 .exottequese te efesd edt no esintaubai agoitemk. to noitsoitfeeslo -eesis eidt to sasom yd .eldieecd wom ei ¢1,.A xibnoggd. s tad? solutesbat dngtet Tip af Axow odd ebivibh og ot ,.noitaos iBct ° to sham. eno es seomuy¢ omse odd asvise sevio taslq sexo, Lo yovise S8my00 to peidt .beiettace ylebiw yrov etasig to eberband » | to .Bsteozaue bodiem detit edd rove dmemovorqmé aa ef 9/ bus ,eoitio bas awot yd eointesbal tuerott th edd antyovase / iy: tedw ot 82 atsh edd ten ot notdesinagto Istines edt beldans |) 0 gautyevive yd yrdavoo sit to teoW omertxe edt of bonsgqgad yldsnoesst saied Dag .tisa orstest omertxe ot ni tuslo sealimie ows of¢ of Yllsoitmehi teomis ors encttibnoo oft tedd sae mrsieeW ods no sasig edt tedt oe ylineioliige sesel ts )etuslg eit no sbam yevave ot to dleeot odd dqacce o¢ gaifiiw ef tesco: stasoos avetes® soiiden tol soitio sft te moitgool odd, es aovodo eaw ogaoidy ¢oizteid edd to duo otew dovanidesW bas giomit {ead .yevine odt tasiq yteve yilsoitosig :etombotg emit coseq bowiosinasm dotcdw piides ot t9ve mevis weed bed ssie tsots yas Io peaoo atotagd edd no sd bilyow zwew odd tedd bemwees yiletenes eow ti. .elsicetam saw ed ot Yovive yas tadd bos ,tesol tea .redtomea 10 omit emoe tevo seW .esiugevhat emit seseq no sham ed ot ovead binow tastamrog ot oom build snitteq stsw vec edd to encitoae tnoretiib ob etnely odv tadsd ytierosen odd bug ,encitarego anisues,xo vrow edt 10% tuemrxe Seed y1ev edt esw acitouboug tes er9srutosiomeam emit soseg ot Ylags [fs te ton bib eidd tua .batld edt to.dmgnyolans esintesbat mo obam o¢ o¢ Sead yevive edt soted Dos ,estutenbai oi sew ytiD sxoY won ,mottanubd gaol to ed, oF mies grow doidw. to 19duun e stow evodt tent dqooxe to ttibeos, emse odt.doum yxrev, asisget tiedt ni bessyne iow doidw AroY, woll. brarors eointesbad ytio edt ni esenegxs redto bas, taet to. taoo edt tif. »Moitorborg -ovitididorg teomia yid aveY wo mort encitetege. ebsm, axeYiwoll to fgixtesbal to ytolooe edt bas yteions yonotoitid arotesW edit 8 ii stew bas .ogsoidy al exettenpbeed ried? bed eroenignd dovod mi ex gniosalg yd eeord bef edd dtiw eteroqgeos ot acitigog edt twordgvords esixtesbai edd to ebsed gnissnem odd dtiw eceontend to enti Ds ek Yilsoitosrq oi bas saibiap beyiaser’ ead eaond. bell ot prea aidd to. 91709 od abt {[goindoot bas encitastnesio sbart to, tedmsn asiel 8 ite qled oda Seviesot sved ow gaiwolfot edd worl .eemid tacrettib te, go bie tecs i i et area ‘i fs fs Wb hi i TED | Ny gas ' American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New ltork vity, Box Boerd Manufacturers’ Association, Washington, D.». #lectrical Manufacturing Association, Baltimore, Slaryland, Society of Industrial Engineers, Yhicago, illinois, National Association of vhair manufacturers Chicago, 1Lllinois Western Efficiency Society Chicago, Lllinois National #oundryments association Chicago, Illinois National Association of Metal Trades, Chicago, Illinois In addition to this, we have received help in the way of suggestions and lists of members from hundreds of other organ- izations throughout the country. In this connection, the Detroit vommunity Union of Detroit, michigan should be named because of the very active support that they have rendered during the surveys in Detroit. ‘the fact that a body of people of this kind have been enzaged in the work of helping the blind appears especially significant, and, if the work is so followed up as to maintain this cooperation, the solution of the industrial problem for the blind is not far distant. in cooperation with i. L.W. Wallace, at that time Assistant General Msnager of the Diamond Chain Company, Indianepolis, Indiana, the form shown as Appendix B was worked out and used in the survey of the DiamondChain Company at Indianapolis and the Johnson Cheir Company, Chicago. ‘the reztsults in these two surveys were as follows; PLANT NO. OF POSITIONS NO. MEN NO. OF SUCH PERCENT OF WORK EMPLOYEES FOR BLIND WOW WORK* POSITIONS POSITIONS DONE ING ON IN COUNTRY OPEN TO TEESE BLIND POSITIONS Diamond 1, 000 24 126 400 206 steel Chain co. chain Johnson 350 19 70 40,000 20 Chairs Chair Co. ‘moidatooses ‘erowdos tunel brsotl ‘ot ob cotgnidest dolteivored icicubacleusll abysanate bas Lyrslt stomitied ’ er99M gall Istatesbai to tinct e@tontit. ,ogesoldy exswiostums tisdy to doldstsored fanottall sionil{i ,ogsoidy _ ytoisoe youstoitta orsteoW efoait{i .ossoide nottsioogsa e'somprbovo% Isnoitell sioni{il ,ogsoidy <eebatl [etoil to soitsiooesA Isnoitall a eiontiil ,oazssidy -to yew odd ai qfled bevieset ovad ow .eidd ot nottibie al ~asgie sodie to ehorbavd mort exsdmem to ateil bus snoiteopaye eit ,rottpennos eidd al .yttncon edt trodswords anoitest femen ed bivede sesidoia .diorted to moind ysinommoy tiorsed goiwb betohuer sved yedd tedd troggse avitos yrev. edt to eevaood eindt to elqesq to