The Iron Age 1918-12-19: Vol 102 Iss 25

New York, December 19, 1918 EST ISHED 1855 gr: Sona Pre-War Russian Iron and Steel Plants Output and Equip- ment of Leading Works — Prospects in Russia After the War The Simbirsk Bridge on the Volga Fabricated and Erected by the Hug A tour of the GOUVY, who recently made a_ the south, including the Donetz a Poland tour of the various steel centers of the United The output of the different grou, n 1913 was States, delivered an important paper early given in Table 1. tis year before the Society of Civil Engineers of Trance t was entitled the “Iron and Mineral In dustry Russia in 1913 and Its Future Develop ment,” and is based on a personal study of the Mrous mines and steel plants of that country. The eper is voluminous and deals with the coal and Mnganese ore industries also. We reproduce here- Mi abstracts of a translation of the main fea- Htes of the paper as it appeared in the London ma oal Trades Review. The illustrations are In Group 1 the pig iron (charcoal) was produced HM Orivinal photographs loaned THE IRON AGE by at Segovets, in the government of Olonets; the stee Coy ingots, 113,300 tons (of which the Putil works at The iron and steel works in Russia may be divided Petrograd produced 70,800 tons), in three private five sroups, as follows: (1) Northeastern and works and three government works (55,200 tons) tie g up, with Petrograd, (2) the Urals and In Group 2 the pig iron was produced by some 20 nort east, (3) the Center, with Moscow, (4) private companies (761,200 tons i 1501 and 12 govern 1502 ment plants (162,500 tons); the open-hearth steel by 19 private plants (809,100 tons) and in 13 gov- ernment plants (81,400 tons). The number of pri- vate plants is 69. Some of the plants, both private and state-owned, produce puddled iron (23,608 tons) ; also steel castings (3970 tons) ; one plant (at Nizhne Saldinsk) Bessemer steel (45,100 tons) and a government plant crucible steel (430 sides the tonnage given in the table. All the pig iron was produced with charcoal for tons), be- fuel, on account of the total want of coke, which accounts for the low output of this group. The fuel for the open-hearth furnaces was _ torrefied wood, which is wood parched in special kilns built of bricks with central firing. Some of the districts have used lignite as fuel even for making steel. Torrefied wood has also been used for puddling. The mineral wealth of the Urals cannot be de- veloped more fully until coke can be delivered more cheaply than at present to the blast furnaces, either by water or by rail. Charcoal iron should only be produced for special purposes, and in furnaces situ- ated on the banks of rivers and canals, so that the timber could be supplied to them by rafts. Donetz Forge Co.’s Blast Table 2 gives the six largest private producers in this group, both of pig iron and steel, in 1913. P duce ‘| G K F In the central group, Group 3, including the Moscow district, the largest pig-iron producing con pany is the Belgian Co. at Tambof, producing 115,400 tons of pig iron per annum steel was produced by 1913 The open-hearth four plants, their shares ranging from 48,000 tons (Viksa Co.) to 69,400 tons Goujon works at The was made in the Sermovo works near gorod. Moscow). steel Nizhni-Nov- This plant, and another at Moscow, turned out also 10,700 tons of steel castings not included in the tonnages in our summary table. One company) in this group produced 1800 tons of puddled iron. > Bessemer THE IRON AGE December 1918 The Kolomna locomotive works recent mated with the Sormovo works are in t! It is at the Moscow Co.’s works (G the first tinplate mill in Russia was 1908, with an English crew. The five . furnaces at these works are fired with n seem to work satisfactorily, as the subs stalled gas producers, using coal, are r The Viksa Co., in the government of N gorod, was a German concern. It produ pally merchant bars and certain special ; Group 4, comprising the whole of th works, including those in the Donetz reg the backbone of the Russian iron and stee producing about 66 per cent of the total pig iron, 52 per cent of all the open-hea and 94 per cent of the converter metal in ¢ country. The tonnages given in our sumn le were produced by about 16 companies, inc! r the Hartman Locomotive Works at Lugansk, have their own steel works, with an annual output 61,300 tons in 1913. The blast furnaces |x a to this group consumed 3,680,000 tons « e iy producing the 3,101,200 tons of pig iron and 32.39 Furnaces at Druzhkova tons were used in foundries and other sho} As the whole of the coke output of the Do was about 4,400,000 tons in that year, mained about 687,000 tons available fo naces of the Central group, Group 3, and dries at Moscow, Petrograd and elsewher: requirements are to be satisfied in the the output of pig iron is at the same increased, the mines yielding coking coa to be exploited more intensively, whic! could only be done up to a certain limit, : recent seams have not yet been fully dis Coking was carried on in a somewha' manner up to 1913, but in that year m: greatly improved by the introduction o! recovery processes and regenerative fur! more, however, remains to be done in t as with the development of agriculture 1 try, sulphates of ammonia will be requ creasing quantities for manuring, as pho only be supplied by the two or three producing basic steel (199,300 tons in 19! in the tonnage in our summary table) f) In, 1912 Russia imported 184,300 t ores. bulk direct, and a portion of unknown prove- rough Holland. author gives particulars in great detail from Germany, Great Britain and principal works in Group 4. One of t up-to-date plants is that at Kamenskoie, Dnieper, with additional furnaces at Ka- lievka, belonging to the South Russian Dnieprovsk Metallurgical Co., in the government of Ekaterino- slav. The company’s output in 1913 was 418,000 tons of pig iron, 138,000 tons of converter steel, and 252,500 tons of open-hearth steel. The appliances at these works were modeled after those at the ( | works at Seraing, in Belgium, full use eing made of the blast furnace gases for engines driving blowers and dynamos. The greater part ++ ling mills is driven by electric motors, with regate power of 11,950 hp. The new wire-rod mill is the most powerful in dealing with billets weighing 470 lb., and producing 132 tons of wire rods 5.5 mm. (1-5-in.) oa eter per shift, while the old mill was only THE IRON AGE 1503 able to handle 3 ewt. billets, and did not turn out more than 80 tons per shift. Bessemer steel made at these works in three 13-ton converters, with 150 ton mixer, principally f rails. The open-heart! ior ] ) plant comprises four old 25-ton furnaces and five new 50-ton furnaces, with another 150-ton and a new 500-ton heated mixer. The next plant of importance is the Alexan drovsky works of the Briansk Co. at Ekater- inoslav, with six blast furnaces of a total capacity of 786 tons in 24 hr., with inclined chargers of the Gogotzky type. The six blowers are driven by fou cycle gas engines, with four blowers driven by steam engines in reserve. Electric current (three-phase 3100 volts) is generated at these works by Curtis steam turbines, fed by boilers fired with furnace gas, the total output of the five generators being 13,500 kw., of which 1350 kw. are transformed into direct current. All the rolling mills are driven by) electric motors aggregating 7240 hp. and other motors aggregating 12,015 hp. drive pumps, a briquetting plant and sundry other machinery. The rarer AT td Tul, I bal é 1504 THE blooming and rail mills, however, are still driven by steam engines totaling 4000 and 5000 hp. respec- tively. The two reversible mills are electrified. The author publishes an interesting table show- ing the comparative cost of steam raising in the two principal blast-furnace plants of the group, with about the same output of pig iron per annum (South Russian Co. 418,000 tons against the Briansk Co.’s 410,600 tons). The former company’s engines total 12,500 hp. using gas, and 1500 hp. using steam, while the Briansk Co. has 20,000 hp. installed, all steam and no gas. Taking the same number of working hours (5000) per annum for both com- panies, the South Russian Co. spends (at par ex- change) some £7920 on raising steam, as against the Briansk Co.’s expenditure of £76,663. Of this sum, however, some £50,528 could be saved, accord- ing to the author, if the exhaust steam from: the two reversible engines were utilized for driving low- pressure turbines. The Bessemer plant includes three converters of 12 tons each, with a 400-ton mixer heated with blast-furnace gas. The open- hearth plant consists of four 30-ton furnaces, two IRON AGE December 1a} The Hughes works (known as the N Co.) at Yuzovo were established by a formed by John Hughes in 1869, with a ital of £300,000 sterling. At first the co voted its exclusive attention to coal mi: the iron and steel works were not started when at the same time the company se ore supplies from Krivoi-Rog. The com; reserves, which are estimated at 870,000 include four seams, three of which yield coking coal. Until 1913 some 330 ordina were at work, with a coking time of 40 to the “‘waste flames” from which were used { raising. In 1914, however, the constructio: 15 Coppée ovens was begun, a portion of whi nov at work, and when all are completed thei: output will total 270,000 tons. There are four blast furnaces, one producin 200 tons and the other three 280 tons of pig iro, each in 24 hr. for steel making. A fifth, of a dai capacity of 400 tons, is under construction wit} inclined automatic charges of the McKee t) 14 old non-condensing blowing engines and (4 | a ae ee oats. rs eke | =a General View of the Steel Plant of the Hughes Co. at Youzovo 40-ton furnaces and one 50-ton furnace, with a sub- sequently added 200-ton mixer. A new plant for building bridges, roofs and other structural work has recently been added to the Alexandrovsky works, which will double the former output of 12,000 tons per annum. A plant turning out 10,000,000 slag bricks per annum is about to be completed by a large Portland cement company, the first in Russia. The Russo-Belgian Co. at Enakievo has the ad- vantage over the other two, that its blast furnaces are located in the Donetz coal basin itself, while the other two are some distance away (200 and 175 miles respectively). On the other hand, these two competitors are nearer to the Krivoi-Rog iron mines (125 and 150 miles respectively), while they are some 325 miles from Enakievo. The special feature worth mentioning in connection with the Russo-Belgian plant is that the rolling mills are to a great extent driven by gas engines. The nine blowers are also driven by gas engines, with three steam units, representing about 28.6 per cent of the total power of the gas engines, as a stand-by. The Bessemer plant comprises two 9-ton converters, and the open-hearth plant four 25-ton and three 50- ton furnaces. cashire boilers were put out of commission in 191 and were to be replaced by six Brown-Bover! turbe blowers of 3340 hp. each, two of which are alread) at work. Steam is to be supplied to them by 2 3abcock boilers, fired with blast-furnace gas, rougn) cleaned of the heavier portion of its dust in inclined pipe lines. Owing to the exceptionally good situa tion of the works as regards an abundant supply excellent coal, the use of large units of gas engines expensive items in Russia, has been negatived, ane all the motive power at the mine and works !s sur plied by steam turbines (two Curtis and two mixeé pressure Zoelly turbines, the latter using In 0 plant the exhaust steam from the two reversible mill engines, in another the exhaust steam from ™é blowing engines of the blast furnaces plant steam is raised with coke-oven gas, an¢ the other two with furnace gas. The Bessemer plant is now standing has been replaced by open-hearth furnaces : 30 tons, three of 40 tons and two of 60 tons with two mixers. The rail mill is driven by reve™ ble steam engines, all the other five mills }! ele a motors using current at 3000 volts. The OFS building yard and wire works, although not lle a 1dle, ¢ Sve OF y The coke 20 per cent of ore. December 19, 1918 THE nt as those riansk, are equipped. teel girders he large over the a at Sim- about 7000 r were built yard. e Donetz- ka Co. has ast furnaces irievka, the being sup- in part by ill gas en- le on the In these s, too, the ner plant nally been it of com- n, and the wl ‘f the steel vy made in pen-hearth furnaces (five of ) to 35 tons each, 50 tons and one of 60 tons), working with 80 per cent of molten metal from the blast furnaces and The installation of gas engines ind of turbo-generators for the partial electrifica- tion of the rolling mills has not yet been carried out. The steel works at Tsaritsyn-on-Volga, established 1896 by the Ural-Volga Co., now amalgamated with the Yurievka Co., are supplied by the latter with all the pig iron required for steel making, and are running five furnaces of 30 tons, two of 20 tons and two of 5 tons each, for castings and special steels. All these are fired with naphtha, insuring hign temperatures, and so are all the other furnaces, as well as the boilers in and about the plant, with the consequent absence of sulphur fumes and smoke. lhe Makeevka works, originally (in 1898) estab- a French company, vegetated for some the company amalgamated with the col- pany of the same name, under the name of IRON Boilers Fired by Blast-Furr e Gas 1505 Union Miniére et Méta lurgique de Makeevka l h ¢ coke for the three blast brought fron lurnaces distance of about 7000 ft. in skips on a cableway which empt themselves auto matical nto tne hoppers »T the charger Che ore is filled travel l! yantries and nopper ttomed tubs VI n ire placed n trucks and fted vert cal i ve tne Iurnace to] L rie r T ice ? VaALeT ‘ e ?} ¢ | irge? er | Diast ul Hughes ¢ I t at You | i by three cas blowers (1800 hp.) made by the Société Alsacienne, with thre« blowing engines (900 hp.) of the Creusot type as stand-by. Three gas engines also drive the gener ators supplying 500-volt current for the rolling mills, while two turbo-generators of 1000 kw. and two steam sets, of 175 and 225 kw. respectively, are used for generating current at 3100 volts, for de livery at a distance. There is also at the colliery a reserve power station with turbo-generators, wit boilers fired with coke-oven gas or coal in case of necessity. The rail mill, two plate and sheet and continuous mills are still driven by steam engines, but one plat mill of eight stands of rolls is now driven by a 1000 hp. motor, using current at 3100 volt The new mill for rolling shapes and merchant bars is driver bv electric motors of an aggregate power of 4900 hp. The whole of the steel, including that for rail is made in basic open-hearth furnace four of 30 1506 tons and two of 45 tons each), using liquid metal from the blast furnaces. The plant comprises also two Héroult electric furnaces of 4 and 6 tons’ ca- pacity respectively, and six Harmet presses for special ingots. The Union company runs also two foundries, one of them a modern pipe foundry, with an annual out- put of 16,000 tons of pipe (about 3 to 13% in. diameter), and has recently acquired the Khartsisk works, where the plates rolled at Makeevka are welded into large tubes and boiler barrels by water gas. THE IRON AGE December 918 Finally, all the plants in Poland, in en pation almost since the beginning of the \ small. The tonnages given in our table d clude 2580 tons of steel castings, the outp plants, and 50 tons of converter steel mad other plant in 1913. ‘Two of the plants in made also 8350 tons of puddled iron. T) producers in the group are the Hutaban (with 110,400 tons of pig iron and 167,00 open-hearth steel in 1913) and the Hantke Czenstokhov (111,500 tons of pig iron a: tons of open-hearth steel in the same year Prospects After the War The author, in discussing the prospects of the Russian iron and steel trades after the war, pre- dicts an increased activity as soon as normal condi- tions are restored. Many new works have already been established, and existing ones have been en- larged to be able to cope with the increased amount of work to be done to replace German products. Germany had managed to swamp the Russian mar- ket not only with her imports, but also by the estab- lishment in the country itself of numerous so-called Russian branches of her own industrial plants at home. These branches continued to be active after the outbreak of the war, and one of the ticklish problems will be how to get rid of the German in- terest and influence in the future. The total imports of machinery of every kind into Russia rose from 139,846 tons in 1903 to 312,354 tons in 1913, 50 per cent of which in the latter year came from Germany. Russia in that year imported also 249 railroad cars and 122 steel boats of a total displacement of 35,800 tons. Her prospects are, therefore, very bright, especially with the good re- sults already wrought by the restrictions on the con- sumption of alcohol. The author gives a list of the principal engineer- ing concerns existing in Russia in 1914 within the five iron and steel making groups, with the number of workmen employed and the business done by each concern, over and above the iron and steel works already enumerated by him. Special attention is drawn to the numerous companies of German origin in the Petrograd region, and to a certain exodus of the German element which had taken place during the war, quoting as an instance the great electric machinery works created at Kharkov by the Allge- meine Elektrizitat Gesellschaft of Berlin, but turned into a Russian firm in 1916. A similar but more modest concern in the same town is of French origin. Another French company. the Société Russo- Baltique de Constructions Navales at Revel (founded in 1912), has started new works at Taganrog, in- cluding a forge comprising 14 hydraulic presses of 150 to 400 tons each, and other finishing shops. Another group at Petrograd with a large amount of French capital absorbed has purchased more re- cently the Hughes mines and works, and is con- structing works on a large scale near Yuzovo. The Maltsev works near Ovoznaya, in th group, was arranging for a large develo; its business and trade by the purchase of keevka mines and iron and steel works. One of the latest ventures is the new built by the English Vickers company at Tsa: on the Volga, for the manufacture of lar; guns. The plant when completed will inclu open-hearth furnaces of 50 tons each, three ging presses of 6000, 1500 and 1000 tons respect forge with 15 power hammers, a large s|} hardening steel, rising about 150 ft. above level, with deep quenching pits, a pumping on the river, etc. The list of works in Group 1 includes t! Petrograd (the Putilof locomotive and engine works employing 8000 persons, the Nevsky shops for build- ing boats and locomotives, etc., with 3500 workmen, the Baltic company building boats, engines, turbine construction, etc., with 5200 workers, etc.) ; those a Riga (Russo-Baltic Carriage and Wagon Works, employing 3000); at Reval (the same company’s shipyard, employing 2500), and at Narva. Those in Group 2 (Urals) of any importance are most! branches of the iron and steel works already men- tioned, and comprise principally foundries. Special mention should, however, be mac: South Ural company at Ust-Kataf, with 1200 work men turning out railroad goods, cars and sundr other kindred Work. Among the state-owned works in this group is that at Perm, employing 6300. The five lists only mention the most important com- panies. The total number of industrial establish ments doing more than 50,000 roubles’ worth business (say £5,000) aggregate 182 in the fiv groups, and the business done by them in 1915 was over £23,000,000. Of the world’s output of pig iron, Russia in 1913 occupied the fifth rank, with 6 per cent, as against the United States with 40.2 per cent, Germany ané Luxemburg with 25 per cent, and Great Britain wit! 13.6 per cent. The puddling process tends to Gls appear altogether in Russia, as everywhere else, an¢ only 48,770 tons of wrought iron were produced the country by puddling, etc., in 1913, as agai 282.460 tons in 1908. One-half of this output came from the Urals. Russian Vickers Co.’s Gun Plant at Tsaritzyne on the Volga Dect THE IRON Pow er Plant Erected Under Difficulties recent meeting in New Haven of the Con ctions of the American Mechan- neers, a visit was made by the members to | Avenue power plant of the Marlin-Ro oration. Built under the pressure of war the particulars behind the development of llation form a very noteworthy history, one remind many of similar experiences in meet- traordinary situation. An account of the dif ountered was given by C. C. Society of Siblev. plant ember a contract was awarded for the ere w factory and a power house of 1500 boil ympleted within ten weeks, or by March 12 e time the contract was let for the design, 1 erection of the additional equipment for room, and work was started on a steel stack ameter and 125 ft. high of a self-support ‘ond-hand 500 hp. engines direct connected alternators, 2200 volts, 2-phase, were pur West Virginia. These engines had to be shipped to Hamden and thoroughly over- wo of the generators being water soaked had pped with new coils and: rewound. This was the generators were placed and in operation weeks. Shipment of four 240 hp ed in six weeks and edule in February. of the difficulties due to the zero weather yas iary and February, inability to get appar size quickly, owing to transportation diffi 913 plant was completed and the manufacture a started on March 10, two days ahead of “We have a rare combination,” said Mr ‘new and second-hand equipment, all blende: rmonious unit, which has operated 24 hours ‘ept Sundays, without failure or shutdown ade changes under the most trying cond! ave still | fortunate in ” o boilers were installed accord- h been keeping the mmary of the most important equipment \ hr 3 1 c I zg e Ww h ft 1 for ‘ | w. mot g t r r hone and clo box - « yr ge erator I : ae ~ KW ot 4 La Lv S WwW — / | set I use ise sut esl P| he c ( I AGE 1507 ‘ ; W I I (Opis yhiect it f ell ‘ more el f t t! ondensing plar 1 be ope é f nigh pre ire tea History of the McKinl Me t The National McKinley Birthp I \ ition ha sued a handsome y I ‘ ‘ ed McKinley Memorial,” giving the | he beaut il memorial building erected in t ty of Niles. O} in honor of the martyred Presid vi} vas born near that city [The book ta half-tone engray 4 of the court of honor and marble statu f McKinley, of Henry Clay Frick, who contributed the memorial ] brary; of Joseph G. Butler, Jr., pr ind guiding pirit of the association, and of David Tod Civil War Governor of Oh il p er { H. Andrews, leade: yp ‘ ) ind railroads of the Mal \ f | | lone founder of tl J & Lau ! Ha Secretary of State in President Mc] { Theodore Roosevelt \ | edi ! es with the addr P W le 1 Ar = er of e f M. A. Ha 3 ¥ nteresting pte ’ R g CG ist a te ne i r plat e Ma I \ | : printed : ting r i ie ( ‘ uct t Vi Butle on, of the Inland Waterways ( B nam, Ala., that contract W he mmediate for he construction of craft for the Warrior River. to be steel, especially lapte 1} ft erca ie a we j dustrial service, and to take the place of the ten ry wooder craft now ised by +} f ' wy? ed line Formula for Strength of Basic Stee Made position — Influencing Calculations from the Com- Principal Elements—A pplication to Basic Steel BY DR. ANDREW M’WILLIAM OR many years before coming to India the author was mildly interested in formule for calculating the tensile tion and normal factory for strength of steels of known composi- treatment, but found them all unsatis- use on the very varied series and high range of tempers made at the University of Sheffield as well as on the general l.ne of those produced commercially in steelworks in Sheffield. On coming to India he felt the desirability, in nection with the work of inspection, of obta-ning a for- mula which would give results within the range of the British standard specifications for structural steels, that is, 28 to 32 tons per sq. in. maximum (s nce altered to 28 to 33 tons), and this was easily accomplished. When steels much above the British standard in tenacity came to be re- juired in Sakchi the empirical formula broke down, ind a strenuous endeavor was made to obtain a rational basis. con- reasonably correct fairly one on It was felt that by closely estimating the tenacity of pure iron and the effects of the various elements present, and of their influences on one another, it should be possible to evolve a formula that agree w.th the tensile strength obtained on the testing machine within about 1 ton for steels within the lim- its of the British standard specification for structural steels, and within about 2 tons for tempers above about 40 tons per sq. in. Assuming results for the various elements that were fairly well established for the low- est tempers, and deducting the totals from tests of very mild material, the strength of absolutely pure iron was estimated to be about 38,000 lb., or 17 tons per sq. in. In all the calculations that follow the sections of the steel bars are assumed to be of the order of 1 in. round, or other sizes that would not differ much from these in tenacity, and the condition of the materials to correspond with that represented by the term “‘nor- malized.” In stating the effect of any element of the tenacity of the steel the unit of the element will be taken at 0.01 per cent. It seemed to be fairly generally would that recognized per presented at the meeting of the Iron and London, Sept. 13, 1918 The uthor is Government of India, Indian Mu *From a p nspector, T ' ECT OF 0.01 PERCEN CARBON ON MAXIMUM AD IN POUNDS PER SQ.INCH EFF N POU ud uw = t= Yon YU uw = = (OAD WAL ece cri Fig. 1—Effects of 0.01 Per Cent of Carbon and of M Respectively on Maximum Load in Pounds Per Square Inch phosphorus adds about 1000 lb. per unit, a: rf was accepted in the preliminary series of which po.nted to the figure 100 lb. as bei: the effect of manganese in the lower te: silicon in the steels was so low that it cou but afterward was estimated to be about as sulphur is generally considered, and fr of its occurrence in the steel would be exp very little effect on the tenacity, its influe: nored, especially as the sulphur in the stee erally below 0.03 per cent. In a series of carefully tested steels of 26 per cent carbon this left the influence o! ir bon at about 800 lb. per unit, so the first rational formula for steels within the ol standard of 28 to 32 tons was: Maximum load in Ib. per square inch of o1 38,000 + 800 C +100 Mn + 1000 When basic steels were made of from 33 to r 6 tons per sq. in. the formula was tried and as with others, to fail. The problem of obtaining t! rate effects of the added elements is a most cor ated one, and is made still more difficult by the fact that re. sults obtained in works practice on the testing machine, even when the test-piece itself is analyzed, vary than the differences that one would care to allow be. tween the general results of the calculations from the compositions and those obtained by testing. This being so, the only way seemed to be to calculate hun. dreds of tests so as to eliminate so far as possible the effect of the variations in the test results. It is almost impossible to be certain, owing to these var ations, that the correct value has been assigned to each of the ele ments present, especially considering the different ef- fects of the elements in the presence of one another; but one comforting result of the hundreds of calcula tions made is that the elements seem to preserve thelr individual effects much more strongly than might have been supposed. In searching for a reason why the forn gave correct results round 0.20 per cent carbon gavé results much too low at about 0.50 per cent carbon, ! was thought that as the carbon would be present in te form of pearlite to which the added strength was cue the more pearlite present the greater effect the car would have per unit on the tenacity of the mass that as the manganese influenced the nature pearlite, its influence would increase with increas proportions of pearlite. Another long series of culations was then made on the ordinary resuits tained day by day, supplemented by as many 45 sible from our records, with the result that th on tenacity per unit of carbon present was increase with the amount present, and tha‘ : appeared to be the case for manganese. 3 neure obtained were at 0.20 per cent carbon aby per unit of carbon, rising apparently quit to somewhere about 1000 Ib. at 0.70 per although the upper figure is not so reliable owing to the very much smaller number which it has been based. The manganese range seemed to vary in effect from about 0.20 per cent carbon to 200 Ib. at 0.70 per These are shown graphically in Fig. 1. Lat lished and other records, the silicon used v to add about 120 lb. per unit, so the forn more 90)7 C+ 12 1000 P M.L 38,000 + fs00 +4 (C (Cc —20)] Mn-4 M.L. represents the maximum load in pout “ va inch of original section. This formula has § 1508 ] ber 19, 1918 wonderfully well. THE IRON AGE : . rial Even with to the test results ild not be obtains the formula toale t ac rive , : . steels it has given good results. it were civen v raising the rbot ; 7 + ‘ ’ . r Y + } . ; , ° . ling Dr. Stead’s paper of September, 1916,* and the manganese { nt ’ ’ ‘ . in Ll nang: hngure ine a ve a ] led to extend these results and put the mat- carbon 0.60 per ent it W € irv to raise y for <« « ae ha ar 3 ' ‘ I for a paper to tne Instit ite, in the ht pe these figures ava t ] ind ¢ As no ° le ’ ] eo e o rmula would be tested by many of the mem- sign of an ab , a ed in detail, and that ultimate f found’ cided to take t ( inge fr 8 Ca ») any marked degree a new one would be 1000 ¢ t sted ! hat would apportion the correct effect to each In Fig. 2 e nlotte . , ’ ° , - , : Ones own steels are apt to run in lines, and The f t \ ry . rn ; the defects in a formula which might be the tted ne I ! g thé é vit he n many mak and experimenters test tota ies for 1 ' nt my ' esults. To simplify the calculations T; l t eliminated r e s st ] i giving the effect by the formula : ies as obtained i er irbon from 0.10 to 0.75 per cent., allowing eulations on ordinary n : he n from 0.20 to 0.10, and from 0.70 to 0.75 tion of the t-y nter ‘1 } 1 } 1 - There seems little doubt that not far above est for the r r the nt the value per unit of carbon begins t test-pieces So far the formula had sufficed for our own One t te ' preparing the material for pu ation it er t ther f it it should be tested on 1 ible published t rbor We . ntaining g ; is ‘ ‘ er the first to Arnold’s classical carbon series of ffect of t r rve ‘ ] . P ; } ‘ . } + e e steels, 1t was tound tha for h els i ne t r t , } range, namely, No. 1 with 0.08 per rve hetw 0 ) ne 7 th 0.21 per cent, No. 2 with 0.38 per cent, the method is not apt to detect a s e of direction in the irve as aa ‘ ‘ exper ; : P ment. C ‘ } ] j ly nr y ‘ » {t; ‘ ¢ 4 . Ww eries P thy t j . ent ‘ ry} + f y f : Fart y wen f the other elements é t | r the mn . a me : 11 samr vas representes QRQ/) ‘ ( ) i 2 6 12.1 { ‘ by 620 lb., and in the 0.509 \ . 5 3.3 c.¥ 6 126 : ! t r ’ e¢ t ri 41 4 29 $ 20 f Ni f . t “ { ) 13.4 dade i it 150 r unit t e t t \ rst 2 4.9 _ . 39 f ' ' , re co : > ; ‘ > ; S I these resu a t 52 0 37 2116 14.3 ) ‘ C 6 0.38 156 14.8 f nance to the « Y ‘ iy D ner f the 6.0 0.39 34.164 l Ss. S04 t = | . for ates nta ; { ry} t 6.4 40 35 00 l ‘ 016 & 8 } ae 2 his @8 O41 326944 1é a1 o64 : rus. but on plotting them as a wee . aon in 7 0.4 7 6 f { f 64 j inctly to support the ew and " 7 0.43 S f , the é 7.9 \ 44 ) - 33 f 64.944 rectness of the usual estimate pno ns 83 0.45 40,56 $1 66,191 6 nhor which although it has been taker these . SF i6 47 4 ' X ‘ 156 n ) 047 124 19.1 ) eR 4 tee! it 1000, ma e 900 for t} ee ta y V2 + ole yr ¢ 0.48 43 77% ) ( ) 7 ( 0.06 per cent T} rlue of nm has eer rathered ’ 190 49 {884 ) l 4 . ° ro) ’ e 1 050 46 72 é ‘ from published results, such as Baker’s For Ar 5 tr’ 8 051 17 { ) 0.73 73.876 silicon steel the formula gives 31.6 tor my ed with 11.3 1% f 1.5 0.74 7 R4 f : ‘ ! : r toat 11.7 53 4 16 221 0.75 76 34.2 1.4 tons by tes nT ’ 1:1 } f } , ; < = r [The author would like |} while cr lly ® examining each part of the fo ila, t y particular h 0.59 per cent carbon, the formula gave for ittention to the manganese, as there 1 f the dif “ compare wit} 1 > tons r 47.914 rerence oft opinio see! t pe W retere e to t? ga ement As we are attempting to general agres + tons compared witl 9 tons r 5€ { L Sé € ( 1V a Work \ I n ly n compared witl 194 tons r 67 f ‘ , tons with only ar , siona mils f the series é evand 1d +} > tone for rhe ‘ nd 002 compared with 42.82 1 a ynd, and within 2 ! his em] a . per ent carbo represent ove t n tena J t Q ee ; t much use taking special notice of divergencies ur ’ results are in fairly close agreement, un " It is noted that between 1 and 1% the car f 689 lb. per unit to the tenacity; betweer : : 1 . "7 . “ ¥ } lb.; between 2 and 3, 1374 lb.; or, again, 1 ‘ ) 1} ° ‘ ] | ‘ sv lb.; 1 to 2, 638 Ib.: 1 to 3S, 941 ID.; OF, j ; ft r the slight differences with other element m 1 to 1%, 648 lb.; 1% to 2, 596 Ib.; t eam or 1 to 1%, 648 lb.;: 1 to 2, 618 1 t , nteresting to note tna _ accordir y tne ‘ P ) + YY 2A the tenacity of pure peariite and no J be almost exat 51 tons per 1 j/ d minating the ileulated effect f he wre ent . ‘ or’s results were obtained by tria ! ‘ “ i1lation On ea h dav’ work, and he nha “> t f comparing the results with Ar l ry the ty als Since the attempt to g i "a 1 rat nal basis pevar the same nstar ° or 17 tons for the iron has been used I - ‘ ) 1 of 800 { 100 Mr 1000 } erve in to make and test steels above about 0 { ther was found that results near enoug! < 4 . ? Some Eller ents +> Vi ¥ . - 3 , > ‘ 1510 less the test-piece is analyzed, as distinct from the ladle sample. In Arnold’s 1.29 per cent manganese steel the manganese adds 150 lb. per unit to the tenacity. It is interesting to apply the formula to some of the published lists of tests, so it has been applied to Har- Table : Harbords Basic Besseme S¢ Heated Mean As Re t of 2 By Car Mang Phos Mark ceived 62 e ind3 Formula bor nese phorus lf 26 } 22.4 0.0 4 i4 i 3 t 20.0 0.0 } Ss Ls 24 1( 4 Ubt 19 ] 4 069 20 2 \ : \ 2 X ) 12 0.66 o.o7e 21 29.8 30.7 ).22 ).51: 074 oe +f J 34.0 z.d 0.24 ) UdIY 2 6.0 ) 5 0 0.30 } O.O7¢ 24 7 f 9 2 ) Se ( 070 25 9 ‘ 3. 4 39.9 0 is 0.06% 26 $0.1 g.2 9.9 Eg 81 8 04 27 +1 41.4 £0.{ U.53 J t “8 4. 12 6 iZ.9 } 0.44 - 063 ev +5 6.4 : $7.0 , U.Ut Means 34.¢ 33 34.1 33.8 bord’s basic Bessemer and basic open-hearth steels, as shown in Tables 2 and 3. In the mean of experimental and collected results, assuming 0.60 manganese and 0.50 phosphorus and silicon negligible, the carton per cent recommended for 30 tons gives 30.8 by the formula; for 35 tons, 36.6: for 45 tons, 44.3: and for 50 tons, 49.6. The agreement in the basic Bessemer series quite good, the mean of the set by calculation being 33.8 and by test 34.1. The mean of those between 0.2 and 0.7 is Tat Harbord’s ] O Hea H é Me As | oO RB ( \I g } M f ( ( Formu { 24.2 24.4 25.1 ).12 0.4 0.05 49 27.4 28.( 28.7 0.20 0.51 0.05! 43 6.8 25.5 26.2 29.8 0.23 0.45 0.054 $4 57.8 3 37.1 39.2 35 0.853 0.077 45 34.0 2.0 33.0 36.7 0.355 0.49 0.071 46 +.4 2.3 33.3 36.9 0.36 0.91 0.018 47 ( » g 34.4 87.6 0.37 0.66 } 054 48 ‘ 9 25 8 26.7 0.368 0.625 0.040 49 7 5 36.3 39.1 0.42 0.575 0.041 ‘ t 6.3 37.5 40.7 0.43 0.61 0 058 12.5 41.3 41.7 0.45 0.72 0.060 52 44.( 42.6 13.3 45.2 0.502 0.68 0.064 2 F 49.9 50.4 6f 0.07 Meat 6 34.7 35.5 37 still nearer, being 38.6 by calculation and 38.5 by test. The agreement in the basic open-hearth series is not so good, the means being 37.6 tons by calculation and 35.5 by test. It would not be feasible to give the many hun- dreds of tests on which the calculations have been made, but a few have been gathered at random and are given in Table 4. Table 4 Ind Ba Oo Hearth ¢ i ( Manga- Phos- N Sec ] I I | Pillico nes phorus l “4 1 rd Z 4 { 2 1 in. rd f ( 0 3 % in. rd f i 4 0 4 r d f f 0. F 6 in. f x] ( + 69 0.00 6 10 * 5b ‘ x { t Nn O08 7 1%in.rd.. - 2 0.016 8 1% il sq 28 f 9 7% it ( ? ¢ f 10 4 il ] ( 11 r ( 12 sq ( 1° 1 Ae aU : f 14 b l { 1 rd } 17 16 } 46 17 n. rd 7: { 1 18 q 5 f 010 19 q ya 2 rd f { 2 7.6 9° nail 2 re 7 24 Imnor } ‘ 54 2 n. sq { ) 2° f 1046 2% oct f 9° - , ON = t ’ g \ oC - " 9 29 @ rd, N 3( 7% rd f ( 20) 7 Although the formula is intended for basic steel, it is worth applying it to acid steels to see the nature of the results. Another of As an aid to inspection it has been helpful. the causes that led to the search for a THE IRON AGE December 19]8 formula was the possibility of being able 1 between acid and basic steels by compariso: results with analyses of the test-pieces, high silicon alloys, simple analysis can 1 tinguish between steels made by the two pr author’s Sheffield friends who long for a Table Acid Bessemer Series of McWillia - N “ = z = © = x s E Ee one & “ be CS ny =e @ - S 2 § &S£ ze: ; a < Zz Ao Aen . a 25.9 24.8 25.4 25.5 l b 35.8 34.3 35.1 33.1 2 c 40.9 40.8 40.9 35.3 d 39.9 39.3 39.6 35.5 e 46.6 48.1 47.4 42.3 i f 52.2 52.3 52.3 46.8 g 59.0 59.4 59.2 58.9 h 64.2 65.4 64.8 62.4 will enable the purchaser to know that he acid steel, and our Middlesbrough friends, proud of their basic steel that they would at anyone inistaking it for acid, will be equ pointed that in the lower and more usual differences do not seem to be sufficient to be acteristic. In Table 5 the results by the formula 2 100 > ws vw ; =z z = 6 800 = oS u Oo x oe 600 EFFECT OF 0.01 PER CENT. PHOSPHORUS ON MAXIMUM 400 LOAD IN POUNDS PER SQUARE IN 0 0.2 04 0.6 0.8 0 PHOSPHORUS PER CENT ‘ig Effect of 0.01 Per Cent of Phosph Loar n Pounds Per Square Inch as Deduct and Stead’s Result the acid Bessemer series of McW1 Barnes are shown, and for comparison th formula M.L. 38,000 1000 C 200 Mr which is the formula for basic steels as it sta! per cent carbon. The tenacity of steel (a) cent carbon agrees with the basic steel fo! (b) with 0.27 per cent carbon agrees with carbon and manganese of 900 and 150 |b and the steels from 0.29 to 0.70 per cent fairly well with the formula in column 6, wh 0.75 per cent carbon steel, would require steels on Table 6 Harbord’s {cid Open Hee = >, £0 Rao Siren GQ c ae Heoe C - Xo a ae oe a a a C 3t 25.6 25 5 25.6 0.132 0 26 26.8 26.5 26.1 0.128 ( 2 0 30.2 30.3 29.1 0.183 ( 33.4 33.1 33.3 3 e 0.311 v 4 37.0 35.6 36.3 0.370 { 13-6 41.7 €2.7 0.436 0 36 49 43.7 46.6 44.7 0.45 37 45.8 44.1 45.0 47.1 0.50 0 88 50.4 47.9 49.2 50.8 0.57 39 60.8 56.4 58.6 55.2 0.6 t 40 55.7 52.2 54.0 unit of carbon in the formula to agree result. In Table 6 are given Harbord’s acid series. All these steels, excepting Nos. 36 within reasonable limits of those obta The only other series of acid open-hearth which similar calculations have been made lar results between those obtained by test and the formula for basic steels. There seems to eal difference between the properties of even semer and acid open-hearth steels of the sam as ordinarily d Bessemer and basic open-hearth steels, but determined, and still mor ich between acid open-hearth and basic open- cause of which has not yet been satisfactorily H. H. Campbell, whose researches on similar so well known, remarks: the metalloids have different quantitative on acid and basic steels. Now, if acid steel follow the same law as basic steel, then they he same, and if they are not the same, it is that one is better than the other, a possibility gorously denied by some people.” “The results in Summary publication of Dr. Stead’s 116, the author felt that as a contribution to determine more and more closely the each of the elements on steel it would be eparing for publication his own results which btained as a help in his ordinary work as well eir metallurgical interest. All these formule e as their constant the strength of pure iron. ila used at present for that ts near to those obtained on 1-in. round ba) 1 is given with a table of the effect of carbon 1.10 and 0.75 for ease in calculation. The re- he application of the formula to certain series ire shown. ography on the influence of some element inical properties of steels was given by Dr September, 1916. The papers by McWilliam es on Heat Treatment were given, excepting “A Heat Treatment Study of Bessemer which it is well that students should refer, vs what can be done with first-class English emer steels, for comparison with results o1 material. paper in Sep- pt to sections would ing the British Rustless Steel Industry British Ministry of Munitions has agreed, says yn lronmonger, to set aside a small quantity steel for the manufacture of cutlery, and sted its distribution to the rationing authority tlery trade in Sheffield. The use of rustless the cutlery industry was prohibited about a because all chromium, an essential alloy of al, was wanted for munitions, but since then in the steel industry have changed, and as there is a surplus of chromium in the coun- ission has been given to seven makers of teel to use a certain quantity of that substance irpose described. That quantity will only be to clear off a small part of the heavy accumu- overseas and home orders for rustless knives, e supply of chromium is maintained furthe: will doubtless be made from time to time. expansion and the further development | waterways along the Atlantic Coast wer many important subjects discussed by lead from all parts of the country at the tenth an- ention of the Southern Commercial Congress saltimore, Dec. 8 to 15. John Hays Hammond f the speakers on the first-named subject. At nce of mayors from many of the coastal cities . iry to the Atlantic Deeper Waterways Asso- is organized to further the plans to develop waterways. Vhiteley Malleable Castings Co. and the White Co., Muncie, Ind., announce that every em- went to war may have his job back and erence will be given to soldiers for al! kinds vhen they are equally as well fitted as other THE IRON AGE 1511 Stern Posts One of the new developments in shipbuilding work esulting from war cond s has bes ‘ i] t ’ ( stern posts made ( heavy stee t stead of the solid casting erly ‘ ployed rt lea wa onceived and carried out successfully by a shipbuild concern in Eng land. When the United states Shipping Board decided to put the building of ships for America production effort was made to util ize this plan. Af- ter several at- on a Dasis an tempts fabricating plants and_ shipbuilders the Shipping Board referred the problem to by steel he Petroleum Iron Works Co., Sharon, Pa., and after considerable xperimenting the ompany Suck eeded named in do ng the work sfactorily on a production basis Stern posts have been completed for the first 50 | mats t t pDulit ~ by the Amer can Internationa Shipbuilding Corporation at Hi I P As will be seen in the accompanying istrat the ate had to be sl} aped and tne lifficu v1 this operation lay in putting a proper rad plate and at the same time keeping uniform thickne yn the edges. One-inch plates, 62 x 160 in., were used lhe plate was first heated and formed on a die and then given its proper lius ¢ 00-ton hydrau pre Che fir opera mwa ilso pe I ne } lraulic pre lhe e¢ Wa renea a rm per on. r} Pet eu Ire Worl ( f } r ce elop this p iccessfull ind tnat i ivier pre would be necessa and one 1500 t s now being lilt fo e worl M ntosh, Hemry hill & Co., Pitt irgl Another interesting forming operation for ship rk s a bent keel plate. | mer practice nipyards had heen to build a die 5 then heat the I late 1 do the torn ng by hand. This forming now done on a hydraul press at the plant of the Petroleum Iron Worl ( with i ing of yt I ind expens« \ decidedly u e wall calendar for 1919 ha sued by the National Safety ( ] { tine ur Con e! il Ban Bi Cl} i I nnot f especially to respect danger signs ‘Humanity de mands safety” is the tchline of each of the twelve sheets, and this t me forcibly by cartoon brillia colors of “the world’s great hance taker,” giving the Kaiser’s ireer in 12 enes. Copies are supplied at 25c. each for one to 10 copies; 17c. each for 11 to 100; 15c. for 101 t 00, and 12 for 501 na ¢ eT The Independent Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicag ul nounces the opening of a branch office and service sta tion in Cleveland on Dec. 15, at 1103 Citizens building under the management of Hayden F. Whit« Detroit, Chicas WwW ho Na and M rey represented the company waukee districts for some years past War Board Did Not Consider Steel Pri Decline to Give Any Sanction to New Sched- ule Which Judge Gary Wished to Submit— Much Pleasant Talk at Washington Meeting = ’ WASHINGTON, Dec a. Reduced ro} and stee: prices to take effect Jan. 1, prépared by a committee f the Am« Iron and Steel Inst.tute, were brought » last We es s session of the Pri i] Com mittee of W Industries Board, but Judge E. H Gary, chairma e steel con lid 1 et an pportur to read them They were give it later by the stee! 1 esentatives, and it is rep hey WwW ] ) tne I e | of tne | nite | > Stee (Lor poration s WwW is of most of the iep ent pro- ducers. The Price Fixing Committee | ed over back- ward to avoid giving them any official sanctior Not only did to permit Judge Gary to ri id the figur to ! ng, but later Chairm Brookings of the Price Fix: Committee gave out an offic al state- ment underscoring the fact that no pri had been ixe t ess The statement which Judge Gary g¢g he news ' - j } paper men at the close of the session, 1 ) S eduls f prices, follows I Ste ind §$ Amer- I ~ I t ec Fixing ( \\ Indust ] on } ¢ T ‘ } t igT I I War I r B \ Pre | } 100 ( I 3 Redu Lb y. ‘| r G 3 $ ; t LQ ’ 2 i cq, Skely J $3 S 1) Shalt : ( W He f J é N Bar Ba v r } t ‘ I i I 5 ' pr Judge Gary Interrupted The session the steel men with the Price Fixing Committee had been announced in advance as fhe final session of this k nd. Every intimation from the War Industries Board seemed \ there wou.d be no further price fixing Suggest.ons that there might be a need fo) 1 to fill ernment price the The report meet ng of the American Iron and Stee! Ir n blanks on Government contracts s were not enough to warrar tion of comm ttee’s work. its suggestion of a schedule of reduced Washington. Ap; had also reached the War I lat tne steel caused much surprise in intimatior men m ght attempt to secur: Government sanction for their new schedul it read at the meeting of the Price Fixing | itself steel men, it had been d At the meeting of the committee session with the no such list should be brought up at the se When the steel +} o Lning into the started in w.th pleasantness. ings of Price Fixing Committee made praising the work that had been done by the dustry us to win the war. J. Leona logle, Director of Steel Supply of the War Ir Board, seconded this tribute with considerable el men came meet Chairmar the in he'ping Then Judge Gary replied with an address of tha Board the which the War Industries given the industry throughout the war. Thereupon Judge Gary unrolled a few sh manuscript and said: co-operat on “We have prepared a series of prices which wi would be fair to the industry after Jan. 1 “May I interrupt just a moment?” said Breok “We have agreed that there sh d-scussion of pr'ces of any kind at this meet Judge Garv pocketed the list and the in over. After the ngs session, Judge Gary met men and gave them a copy of the price schedul “Th s recommend in case the committee decided the fixing of prices. would be fair to ‘Were they newspaper men. s the list of prices which we had They are prices whi the industry.” read at the meeting?” a “No,” said Judge Gary with a smile, “but referred to.” Chairman Brookings’ Statement Brookings taten nt of the Chairmar then gave out ess on for the Price Fixing | of the War Industries Board: “As maximum prices on steel will expr the el industry had its usual meeting w Fixing Comm ttee to-day, for the purpo the Government pol-cy 1 fixing of steel prices would be after the “At ths meeting the chairman of the P Committee called attention to the already resignation of the chairma) Board, taking effect Jan. 1, and d letter of Industri ince of such resignation by the President, the War Industries Board will cease to fu Jan. 1, no new price agreements will be ente! the Price Fixing Committee, and that all for hereto‘ore fixed will be allowed to exp re by The chairman of the Price Fixing Committe this the last meeting of that committee wil 1512 ~~ De er 19, 1918 THE IRON AGE 1513 xpressed the Government’s appreciat f \ g \ ri. | nthusiastie and patriotic serv ' the ilton, P Mi er é ( had rendered the Gover t ( tant and vital iu pr \ | I ~ ¢ e winn-ng of the war W e, Judge Gary, speaking for ed its appre on of t & Ss . t it has always re N | Comn f and t ! VW 1, the industry \ reduce difficultis f the c tte yllowing president | S es St ( ! - E S. Clar I a the ( New Yy ‘ ] I t Inland Steel ‘ Chicago; I. A. B Co., Troy, N. Y.; J. A. Campbel R f 46 | ‘ “aAnar Py _ ee a vefusal to Consider Prices Emphasized ON, Dec. 17.—The refusa f the Price Bi tee of the War Indust ; Board : with the fixing of steel prices after illy ended the Government war the iron and steel industry. The offi 3 concurred unanimously in the de ee, and the schedule of price reduction Washington by Chairman Gary of the from the American Iron and Steel Institute ylely as the opinion of the industry, with sanction by the Government. The fact that e contained a reduction in pig-iron prices e comment from men in touch with that he industry, but the various sections of the ‘ies Board have been exceedingly careful ; a official discussion of the subject : , on or’s Appeal for Price Fixing Ignored ’s refu