The Iron Age 1918-11-21: Vol 102 Iss 21

New York. November 2]. 1918 S] » 1855 ’ Keeping Close Track of S ; d we r < Keeping Close Track of Shop Operation Reeords of Production and Labo) Bulletined to Manag ment—Reports with an Alarm-Clock Attachment S are usually planned to be prompt nt e complete and as nearly rrect as r reg ns allow. That they hit the squ the bull’s-eye is very important, but it ; is ntial that without delay they come to t yn of the person who can bene most irticulars covered. No small factor P in s management is the delegation of jutic rs, leaving the executive free to care lire these responsibilities he prefers , DEPT MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDA VAX 80 {and | lota Mach | Hand| Tota Mach | Hand} Tot Me , Opers|Opers Idle |Opers|Ope ile |Ope e die Mp 4 ” . : rres a ee Lk i. ae as $ LT ra) Li oa] J gram of soard Seen in Fig. 4 Fig. 4 view ol ME DAILY BULLETIN OF ALL THE 1 : R AND OF ALL MA ‘'T PROGRESS—AN INSTANTANE to the successio} nd wee report Promptly after beginning work « which need « nmarizing al itu the various foremen jot down the pa lation to mal ( e rether r machines idle and men absent. T] call nformi! imple blanks printed to require tS Gay ( rinee! clerical work from the department lant oper: ( Cleve nd Os ( in’s assistant takes these slips leveland, | ‘ 0 and chalks them up on the board. B ee hich he fine n re ready for inspection. made r info? } evel Many of the figures given in F d e enters | ( vil labor and machine indi on 1 erv mor? have small letters attached to the Is al hing He e I o distinguished to express re: aepartment 1! I ] U! tput nowling ot events. It s seldon why it is idle, ar hat tl an operator is absent or a machine mat bsent He the tne the reason for the condition is shor ( n¢ ¢ tne { these initials are R, L, O, M and A, S } ht before f H 1 el r pr tnat repairs are found necessary at duction keep pace ' the rde? the machinery is put out of busine whether it s tep rg lack operators—not mere abse) hind the er te 01 ( I none is available for that purpose; | records as the Sf ‘ re no orders on which the idle None of these things re employed; M, that there is ne ¢ rgotte drawe1 hand for working up, and A indicate roe and life ‘ the operators t near range Of course more than any one ol One de ( é é nay be and unfortunately often is go st wl ree ’ the idleness items. The more init dé vith the exceptior the doo} re reasons why, and the more pr ntire filled with blackboar ne to eacl wed up and solved. he roor These bulletin boards ;: ruled off For instance, a lack of materials as Figs. 1,2 ar > and their general appear question to be considered with s as depicted in Figs. 4, 5 and 6 ing department. A lack of orders, O, I the use < red, blue nge v hite than that the sales manager and his crayons the message of the various figure not supplying a need; it means that brought out prot Red figure ndicate must be given this idle equipment rk held up and t for some reason cannot be find out what it can best do and t! shipped per schedule Blue figures present dé supply of that particular work be tails the previo month’s shipment unt given it to do. orange shows figures of the present ! th; orange Every machine and every operator and | is also on board, gs. 1 and 4, use n the foot of floor area doing its greatest u ‘Value” column to ress what t da the manager’s motto. He is constant idleness of e pme that ever-fresh exhibit in which he i Se en ree ate RNa BRUSH MACHINE. iy M ve We Thy Mo Tue Wed | Thur | Fri aT | Raw ores } s Shipping Power House 4 ‘ Sweep «& C ea Othe Fact. OF. For ae SR | o bs | by ps : RE oe a THE IRON AGE ON-PRODUCTIVE LABOR Novemlhy View of Non-productiv‘ 21, 1918 CENTRAL EASTERN NF BOOK Dt hee p idleness from those of its activities distinct offset to the record « | a halt or a recession somewhere else. of operator, A, or lack of operator ne on record, L, are problems for the manager. He gets a line at once on f an absence or goes after the leads r a further supply of labor. not all by any means that the bulletin It is one thing for the chief en- ve these things before him early every it it does not end there. Each day, early, the head of every department t the company because of any situation in his department. Good es may be, they do not meet the case. a thousand people are employed in plants of the company. What has been applies to what is usually termed pro- bor. Mr. Carman’s office wall also I very luce. loses Standard Steel Specifications ron, Nov. 19.—The Bureau of Foreign Commerce has issued another series of text of Standard Steel Specifications, for trade with Latin America. The new series S ‘ Carbon Ste Ra i op I Mediun ( al I S ird Spe ca ns for H ‘ } S ope 1 st t i = I : i Spe i Carbon Ste a preceding series, copies of each pamphlet ‘d for 5c. by application to the Superin- Documents, Government Printing Office, nion Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, has re- rder for two 40-ton, 60-ft. span electric from the British American Nickel ranes , Ltd., at Sudbury, Ont. IRON 1253 AGE i MACHINE Oo ORN } eee ie a re. | carries a bulletin coveri: ! tive employments. This hown in | 2 and 5 Figs. 3 and 6 divide the order nto tne four characteristic type he third colun unde each of the four main heads was origina ise for the cheduled” work, but now emplovec for the record of the last month’s shipment An exception is seen in Fig. 6, where the three months to come, October, November and December (the bulletin being the one for September) are item ized with their requisite quota Fig and 6 show the best month’s record, in the respective columns, the average showing, and the result of last activities It is found that the record by three days is quite sufficient fo the purpose. 5 and 6 could be month’s every Of course, Figs ele, «} 2 | clearly and pernaps as impressive given pounds or tons of output as in dollar This car be arranged to suit the requirements of the ind vidual plants. German Products Under the Ban The firm of Frank D. Cha I neer, Peoples Gas Building, Chicas offices a sign which reads No GERMAN PrRopwu WILL BE BouGHT, USED OR SPECIFIED BY | It is explained that the sig vhich has a red, white and blue border, is placed in the offices for the benefi' of the compar y's customer and it own personnel, a a means of combatting what is described as a “cor tinuous and insidious propagand: from Ger many, having for its purpose escape from the retribu tion which is due her pe r The 7 Board of Education, Newark, N. J., has + 1 + L1e¢ eu \ arrangements for the inauguratior of evening classes of instruction The branches of study will include ship « machine work, blue-print reading, and allied branches. A total of 526 employee local shipbuilding plants has registered for the course. Dec onstructior for shipyard workers naval architecture from Modern Coreroom for Malleable Foundy,’ Designed and Constructed for 50,000-Ton Foundry—Provides for Economical Hand- ling of Raw Materials and Finished Cores BY DONALD 8S, BARROWS NEW coreroom building has recently been placed in main floor of the coreroom and discharges int 7 | operation by the T. H. Symington Co, at its mal- hoppers approximately 29 ft. above the floo: This leable castings plant at Rochester, N. Y. The arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. From th pers installation was designed to balance a melting capacity the sand is emptied into steel cars similar to 1f approximately 50,000 tons per year and comprises at the mixers, running on a suspended platfo 6 three batteries of eight ovens each. Each oven section coremakers’ benches. Each of the latter is p: accommodates two core racks 5 ft. square and seven’ a suitable spout and hopper to receive the sa shelves high. Each battery of ovens is provided with Empty core racks are placed convenie 1 firebox in the basement thus avoiding the handling coremakers’ benches, as shown in Fig. 2, f fuel and ashes racks in the coreroom are pi proper, transp From Fig. 4 it electri vill be noted that truck sand and coke aré After lelivered on the baked, slevated standard are } gage track over the the nate at the placed ( | shows othe) rang f buildir rrow gage tf are n the nt in either er n vith under ach storage bin directl: The oven fireboxes wheeled ire designed pri- on a ti — ly for the ust er | nor Ce ‘ Te ned for Effective Ventilating and leading yf coke, and tnis 1s dry. Wi supplied from bin No. 6 by means of small steel charg- tain job is-running, the core plates are left ng ca hich are also used for the removal of ashes and the latter returned to a bench working ( Sand is shoveled from the storage bins into small end kind of core. The tracks leading to the f jump cars, each holding exactly one mixer batch. These shown in Fig. 2, one extending the full ler ars empty into mixers placed he basement floor molding floors on the west and the other on evel, the latter being arranged to dump by power on a_ that cores can be delivered with the short belt conveyor from which it earry. The main < turn the mixed sand is emp ( in this layout w ied into the boot of a vertica tinual movement bucket elevator. This ele | across the buildi: vator extends through the the successive stat coremaking process room has been in sufficient length of justify the arrange: equipment. Fig. 1 (at Top) \rrangement of Sand Han \ tus Fig (Uy r Right) Basement Plan of Coreroom, Fig. 4 (Lower Right) Cross Section of Coreroom 1254 (at Left).—First Floor Plan of Coreroo! 5 THE IRON AGE 1255 ing the building itself the principal object inusual obtaining the truct.on possible consistent w.th a one of most eco pern a erviceable structure, securing at the yf Same e ventilation and lighting both by day and The entire interior, including the steel work, e, shadows are eliminated and uniformity The use of the Pond truss wit sash and with continuous sash for he east and west walls has provid is secured. which can be adjuste ir: conditions Provi yn has sting weather hoods over the oven door vit i eh the monitor r ot, but expe} S hown them to be nnecessary. vith the Te York Stat iws j that portion of the coreroom occu ators should be in a separate enclos and this portion was therefore « osed walls and a light reinforced concret« rom the trusses \ stairway lead oreroom to a rest room in the bass ng with a. separate entrance at tl stairs t of steel-work in the building was redu m by maintaining purlin and rafter s] 10 ft., the ick poured in position. This type of roof F high insulating value ar t Theoretically a roof slab being reinf ed because of its £ gypsum roof can be irdless of temperature as the material sets This particular roof was applied er and January of last winter and the diffi VU minutes. culties encoun ered from the ‘omposition freez ing to the form and the inability to secure a smooth upper have satisfied u that a monolithic roof is not a wil ter propositior The character of the upper surface made the proofing doubly difficult quired a surface water and re Leia ‘Ons Further Details of Construction and Variety of Fue Used e of H ea i ne fe) } ' i ? ? ) i} \\ > 7 1 te r } ; , ‘ ‘ | ) t i te merat ‘ rt} f , ’ nf rie ite Tt re of I ‘ ‘ ‘ } > ind [ I i ract In (y I i t acete mined t hres mont tne wo pa It W ) re é t thy é ire designe p i t reé } ©) ‘ {’ . ipplied ind ny operated with ar ra tat tr Tr ‘ h for These oven nave e€ ‘ : to come to a definit 0 ‘ , ‘ ‘ ‘ I* mv oft the t 1 Tu i I } : later to equip on¢ battery with burners so that threefold compar ison may be made rT? = » 7 ° The provisior fo y bh} f e possiD e se 0 ~ any one o fuels would seen to insure 1ed operation the coreroom ri‘ gardless of ur foreseen oT d tions wi h may . ico ; the Tue arise iT he Empties Into Mix« ed +} . market t Fle r + Warping of Steel by Repeated Quenchin How the Metal Contracts—The Direc- tion of Its Flow—Interesting Fea- tures Revealed by the Microscope BY J. H. WHITELEY URING the course of the discussion of Dr. Car trated by these examples, tl.e pies.ure on t penter’s paper on “The Growth of Cast Iron internal metal due to the more rap.d cont after Repeated Heatings,’’ Dr. Stead referred to the chilled outer layers having uitimately « the effect of repeated cooling in water on some large piece to assume the globular shape shown steel tongs which became red hot each time they were The circular edges of the cylinder can still ised. He remarked as follows: however, and it is probable that, if the metal Tice denell af tha sontiiied emtien ake somewhat harder in quality, these edges wi a very materi cont ’ the lenegt av ka flaked off, as they were the parts most rapid ope contracted when being cooled, whil ( in quenching. ow were more plastic than t ed outer The Measurements taken indicated that, Oct ‘Was that the more piastic central portios forces quenchings, the cylinder had contracted in lens Sian a “#8 sae 7 eee ere — e ees s ves 0.75 in. and had also increased in width by sialic lias ‘aici ; a aaa eae rae oe sponding amount. Each quenching must catia. bt machetes ea een Rad ied eae eden ee es have caused a maximum displacement of m: Abed) thin ane at aati vein , ran eee a lateral direction of about 1/1000 of an inch. of soft steel were to be heated and cool ficient connection it may be remarked that the inter umber of times under pro] tior t w eve tally due to the tension of the skin may be reso! ssume a globular shape two components, one acting parallel with the axis, and so tending to shorten the cylinder, acting at right angles to the axis, and so te lengthen the cylinder. The direction and ar t of movement in the piece which will take plac each quenching will depend upon the difference the sum totals of the two components, acting Til ous points in the material. An almost perfect instance of the effect here so well predicted has recently come under t 1e author’s notice. Is order to warm a small tank of water used for molding purposes at the workshop of Robert Roger & Co., Stockton, a piece of iron, weighing several pounds, is heated over a coke brazing-fire to a blood- red heat (700 to 800 deg. C.). It is then gripped with 1 pair of tongs and moved about under the water until The Flow of the Metal . + « t is nearly cold. Some years ago a cylindrical piece f soft steel, similar in shape to that shown in Fig. 1, In order to obtain some idea of the way i was cut from a round bar of about 3.5 in. diameter the metal had flowed, the ball (Fig. 3) was ind used solely for this purpose. The analysis of the two and a sulphur print was taken on the cut surface steel was as follows: Carbon, 0.05 per cent; silicon, The lateral expansion was clearly seen, and _ just 0.01 per cent; phosphorus, 0.08 per cent; sulphur, 0.05 below the top and bottom surfaces the metal peared ver cent; manganese, 0.45 per cent to have contracted, since the two heavy sulp} there bent inward. Sections of this sample ex Number of Quenchings amined under the microscope, and several int ting features were observed. Two in particular, About two hundred heatings and quenchings were given in a year, and in the course of four years of described below, seemed ~ have been brought tnis treatment the cylindrical piece had eradually be the numerous quenchings sas which the metal ‘ome nearly spherical in shape, as shown in Fig. 3. subjected. Some attention was given to the sea An intermediate stage in the transformation is see dentations seen on the surface of the 5 ea Paes , . but no evidence could be obtained to indicate whether n Fig. 2, which is a photograph of a similar piece " 7 : . thi ‘eticulated appear: e the surface was ifter it had been subjected to about two hundred his reticulated AP PCA anes of the irface corrosion or to a creasing of the skin throug juenchings. ‘ ’ ] traction, Dr. Stead’s remarks, quoted above, are clearly illus eee Figs. 1, 2 and 3 (Left to Right), Represent a Piece of Soft Steel (Fig. 1) as It Changed in Shape After 200 Quenc! = (Fig. 2), and After 800 Quenchings (Fig. 3) They are each two-fifths of their actual size 1256 21, 1918 THE IRON AGE 1257 ' A WASTE CLEANING PLANT * . aes 4 ~ P 1 & Substantial Saving from Re-using Material 7 t =e "“Taenea * ° J 1 , 1) 5 Times—Cleansing Workmen’s Overalls 4 A It w ann ’ f . ictu v | le j | r ra ‘4 > Ve irneda eT ; p 4 Sa t of these ‘ ef . , i , re installine : en me y discarded 4 ae 6 The Glo Wert ( ( ) ilied iI ts plar nN ( ; nat I a w bee! t i? rh principal units of ! : d ng tumbler s a) | ~ ( The equipment was illed t Ame I ; S 1 Su < 2 | Machinery Co., Cir nat She red Two ry ' St \ careful record kept vy the Globe-Wernicke ‘ yws that the average net saving for the past twe narticles had been 1 ie , months is about $300 per mont oY vaste ind y t } nehir Saver neat . The cost of this re laiming ieT rt? nt ’ | epeated quen 2 Seve! L Ll Unl I aim y depal ( ld eve the par e had been bent t thing, even to rent for the space occupied and interest rea g \n example of t on the original investment. A charges also made T r t M4 4 Ir or eT T ir? I + .+ r + a big. 4 I ry he estimated amount of steam and hot water used T ye 1 T - - , , : I \n average of about 10 of laundry washing soda Ex how the a rked d r 1 i i ild é ~ ri p [ et leral | 1 i i I) ) ‘ 1 i ta ved S inds ' le wa e ¢ pe ed tne 1 I ] en her par ‘ é ence n Fig. ¢ whi phe graph re the band Some seg ed } cl ! spl thers. and irgest 1 I . had o r! hor por oO é \ me . fror t¢ } ' es oO eT 1 I ne T ter i i ire, like the previous one, could scarcely sent in the steel as rolled. (Dr. Stead er forging, such phosphoric grains do to the same extent as in phosphorus.) It is far more prob to growtl following ; M he metal cools, rge grains are due eeing that after each quenching the ited to a temperature (700 to 800 deg r this effect. Within the temperature ed the small amount of carbon present ffuse into the phosphoric bands, and thi , - n-growth in these areas would not there sa d by the diffusion of carbon into then ALLE CXtended expe! e case in other parts of the steel. Ga DS FeCsained : ds of 1 ( times. TI vaste afte perfectly dry fluffy and t LDSOrvIng ¢ 1 i re ‘ Another use of I I I cents per piect ‘ ) i ‘ I laundry cos lr} r? é I atisfactory fro l hief of is that the workmen a I erall nd he psychologi eff ( n a cleanet ippearance of tl nop Th rt tended t ‘ mer ror i ng their » appre ! }, the . ‘ of me | } ormse P Commission, has made a favorable report on the War rior River improveme! n A ima, asking $1,750,000 p for new and proper cra and deepening fron micrograph (X140) of the Grain Size of the eight ft. minimun Early actior s expected by Mr ; Taken at the Margin of One | The Ferrite Grains Vary in Siz McAdoo Important Phases of the Labor Probl Men, Low Labor Waste, High ) ea ee f Reeruiting \ the Promotion of Con- ‘tive Bargaining Discussed NI W. ALEXANDERT Subdivisions of Employment Rel : ; . i ere > | ! , ) r e y T \ r é « ri O S Vv wor s ! ‘ ss s the six p1 ‘ +} = t . S ~ \ e S . a . t = \ ~ -~ re ~ i . \\ ~* ~ r ] 5 r = ry - Qur Duty to Non-English Speakin | ( ce oO < as - = rT , 4 \ ’ » Yr ~ t . P , = = r re I ] I é Su D : in nir Ss i r ces rac ar y y S T vs o r y the en wr " : iain. tamil ws and e Y 9 yr the nT vment women T — + y ’ = ~ S = ‘ ‘ 3 } ~ + + na + ry I ons under wv h tl S sions for their s ty and t . - 21, 1918 THE IRON AGE i al = - on 5 es i gl numbers it } il lucing th y Governm«s I S = r ~ 5 1 duction of Female Workers Maint 2 7 i } iting of Labor S 1% A = ' j Ss I ¢ r , _ A 1259 1260 THE IRON AGE ' Novembe) him in some other employment fo sp 1 oun tions that prevail in that particular en vood, as an econom alue we make him acquainted with it eithe i struction at the time of hiring or short Physical Examinations Opposed by Unions a f y the posting of bulletins, or in som ‘ + ? Phvs l examination wa : : j . suance < ooKiets of rules. \ 1 imillarizing of the ne W é y | the } I met we nave lt liffere i 1 minors All are being guided ny exa 1 s , remal 1 the iperintendent, but : : nie Spe i instru ms eve thou ‘lo " ghly molder, he mus f dis I lla thods prevailing in tha sa ( o have le s need 1 ictie ye aadguitSs Who Nave no ‘ é indre ’ I ) ymie npioyments aS so ille | Spe er i¢ Il é set of instructions fo ? ( t . ! t ; , mont} ‘ * t il I} ] _ You wou e s | ’ Pal ea , The Problem of Apprentice Instruc I na ma I 1) } , Iyif ‘ I \ AS iffere: ited from that is the oy V ror ¢ ployme! Amounted ¢ pe! the plant to become an all-round skil \ . ( ut a n apprentice and to wl tnis | f mr ie emo I nstru ! Vvering a ye od ) S ‘ ¢ I ‘ ) é S ied I tne particula ; . h« ul respe tne rious ope 1 ms tnat wil I I nder his supervision if he rises to t ! ¢ ret S remanship or superintendency, and mer ( ! ‘ l ‘ £ t yy virtue of his inte £ ‘ U F I N s in vitnout il lurtner eno! oO ir | { np i ome Va oval te n 1O VE the G nmeé vho tem} irily employs hin loya stror { S wh he is a citizen. When thes I ens I I odu n | f een finished, the mar tata . iS Nhe \ semi-s! ed r evel rtu Ss $ é Ss ri f é nua eu ded on the 10 na I toi tn erm} dT ; iv or¢ ral supervisory Way W kne ‘ ‘ l ave p the management and also n s rot tne ? t I f re ras that nus, W \ t only to t Some concerns are keeping, and more the nditioz t o 7 tudy el I preparil to keep, records which show det venting I ! I { I i ‘ ny tne! n , attendance, his habits and the char \s e s nd f ) il exal itior erformance; attendance in respect to absen may § t ¢ r | tunity tnat ' ness, | nabits in respect to conduct ar S< S St na tf i ide toward fellow workers and | } I ( ¢ rmance n regal to speed 1 pre Sis of sucn re ras nore I ‘ | ‘ I roe real \ n thar n tne ma ca ne eil pr ( not only t rher p +f } 7 ‘ it to 1 mea ‘9 ‘ther ie 7 f f a y liy ) ions } } to-dav st Full Justice to Workers Not Always |! ta . ‘ | vic this vou ittentior i I I | r it no one Vn has é Selection ot Workers by fri il sn ars ol ; est . ver f not eing aone ilwa S lut I 1 tu | meas H S ! é ( he shuffle The managem« ! é yn ft superintendent and he dey is bli , ters the man and the foreman depends on the s I I rmation, and a tne v£oO dow I I natura sn il I par \ a < ‘ ra ! l tne VW 1 not e dow tne} tney é I ew! nt and if they na nr eY \ he sub-foremar Val ) ‘ est ecause { S tn easiest r nin me ! I rodu I ne m eing, t ana ( e! na ne Ca I inf i € sn \ i i ¢ S { nis ne s doir Y I njyust € I who} Ve I ( St successiu nstitutions i! me ; y C ni¢ re onstantly being singled it I me} ! t S irtl nto the highest positior 1 stal That the connect ment to the new man and a standing ince! The training of e) elate t to the fitting of new man, that there is some outlook for h the mat ror tne i l ! . Ul fuldll | is the lack of outlook, the lack of seeing the man on the job aft e | een fitted for it. Nov among our young people, in our educatior the fittir if the man for the ites to | ntro n our industrial system, in our commercial duction or his becoming fan ‘ vith work nditions eral employment system, that is, in my est know what cause of much of the sullen unrest, of mucl the hours of labor are, what the time and methods of in its final analysis, terminates in Bolshevisn and with work methods. The man ou; » + payment are, and generally oug o know the condi I could mention, and you could mention this addr Ss, a { evel t the ‘ I se ( 1 and gy to d iss W \ S ‘ f} er can n ie, A ‘ 2 3 t n¢ ints unde l yea rye nts: tT ‘ S é t ? rect ives r Dy SUD} er f n \ ised n ne I our y tne da y ne ) be pa ent eit r oO ' < re T t 2s a spea { t Ss agreeing to pa L { t pel we pr? { 1 I \ | } performances t ‘ out i prot I l l | | i ner ry ‘ ‘ té minat | ? vorus n com! 1 group of men ur ! t tn th emplover to _ ¥ ¥ nract : ‘ I i . 4itl i « } AC time ement Sor times the ' ] | e en vers 1 I ( and s So etimes the em! ver ir? 1 ry tir } ; ? t ind sometimes he does no \ the piece rate svsten Unde rdance Wl nis orn ) ippe yu is 1S¢é t Ss ncentive é ( ‘ ‘ ' } rreatel effort t. ild work ex eY i! i es enter nto ft t pr ye! taken care 134 ‘ — t ; \ n part, i S ? ting =+ redetermi! i lribulations of Piece-Rate System r t | eT rr ‘ — thy; mn y i é Y T é y 7 ¢ i } r+ ma , ety y et , $+so | ‘ f ( Ver no ft es re nis pie \ . t t to t T y ’ ; cic 7 t > : ¥ e ‘ y tT + + + 7 7 ‘ r S eL8) rye ‘ ? t the expel ‘ : ‘ . erates cr y é rat - ST ind emi + $ + ; effe é emedie i ‘ neo nrer = Fry vor ner nren 1! system S t iT re . ’ i = y ‘ torn . t ‘ isis ~ s either paid for the t saved »1] we y y +} wt Yr) 4 We 0 t t 4 ; - . h »y nount of Ww tne ¢ I Injuries from Molten Metal The Three Ordinary Perils — De- fective Tools and Appliances — Basis of the Foundryman’s Responsibility ( SHERLOCK ' ADT * é LIDADI ) rT W noisture oO! idn i ( Dio ( nown that an employer is en with a safe place in \v S easonably safe tools and app pe? é t | ) ecognized o1 the basis of good + 4 } ‘ ‘ } ‘ ] ] . ] f l it! that his duty is nondelegable , : a I tn Ss aul nin ( t to hat I he present ¢ Se ' ‘ ’ vy ? l ) a I th Dp ! ec ¢ A ? n th fla hey had d f ‘ ‘ hereby ge n rbors that d nat ed imperfectly I nie ed | the I Y } ) : - hese molds and used e] ) ne fron e | is of ur illed y kme c 7 the Clr me t The Ordinary Hazards he emplover was not liable t question of ssumpti of ri W é ! I d not cause employers a + QD i 7 : : f 1 workman cannot be harged ; na case ot tn Kind niles ; shed } with safe tools 1 ap ’ i + ’ ) r ntended, bu tr oO! y ’ : them and puts them to some use for which me i Bede s 50 ie ntended and for which they are not safe, a1 +} , , tnat n tn instance the employer w l€ TY > T ’ ed DILICY pla te f t t} Distinction Between Workmen’s Compensation Common Law 1 +] f While ) leril this case t mig } he n ; mber this is a common law cast - I l S t whicn na not as vet orkKme! compe! itior ts The “sol he M sippl River still clines to the ; ) i ‘ ! the doctrine of a imption of 1 her com} law defe . ed bv ¢ ¢ a ae oe a ial a ae time immemorial are still effective ther : ~ a ' ' ind Arkansas and North Dakota, west of tl ppi River, still have the common law pr es ror { ese rules are still effective in those State e would seem to be authoritative in tl IAS ne ; : ( . oO far as the point involved Is concerné re e cond ( elf. \ In every othe State in the Union workn | 1 , ' 1 as ; vensation laws are in effect and they have spea y) cp l aor oO ( . I +} . , — | ° + a e ; — - he common law rules of defense, so that i i t ‘ } A le "T i . nnarantts ut Site wee Wig . fference who was to blame for the injury, d by the employee’s “serious and willf . an impr ne * nd ; of a in ; sia er luct” the employer is held liable. So, in a ca I sally the mold s defe a Oa waa tri ny the tate of facts mentioned above, the n an Alal ama case decided in 1913 The defendant vould seem to be liable in every jurisdict yperated a pipe foundry and at the time of the ry OUNEEY the plaintiff and several other workmen wer: iding Cases Involving Explosion ‘ast-iron soil pipes in a mold called a flask s ; . In another case, decided in Illinois ix Moist sand was used to ] the hollow flask and , : os a ippeared that the plaintiff was engaged i two iSt-lron cylinders 1 a irbors ere placed Il! . : : : ' ron bedsteads when an explosion occurred side. It seems that as soon as the plaii had finished ; : : : a : . cay a : testimony developed the fact that the chill or pouring the moiten metal into Tl Na expiosion : z ; : Ste ea : which he was pouring the molten metal wou yecurred causing the molten metal to fly out of the mold, , Pie aa oa i tegen sg an explosion if it were rusty inside, or if the some of it striking him on the les nd iusing severe ’ insufficient or choked, or that water or moistu hill would produce the same result. It did not appear from the evidence that any of these three conditions were pres leveloped, however, that constant care was nece keep the chills in safe condition, and that oft the molten metal would blow out or explode eve! i every effort had been exerted to keep the chill in *Attorney, De condition. 1262 burns and injuries. It was shown that the arbor were in defectiv sondition, having large holes in the bottom which per mitted the moist sand to fall down; that they had been assembled indiscriminately by unskilled negro labor; that when the molten metal was poured into the flask, the sand having fallen down permitted the metal \ er 21, 1918 THE IRON AGE 1263 irt decided for the employer, holding that water or moisture on the floor or that the an affirmative burden of proof upon the tained molten meta The employer contended that he show that the accident was due to the was guilty of ntr tory n¢ rence not ascert f the employer in maintaining the chill iy ing in advance tl ndition of the nes before ndition; that the workman could not rely ing them, but th irt submitted tl est umstances of the case to gain him a ver- iry which found that the workman had not e t show beyond a reasonable doubt that the of contributory negligence in this r t the work 1ined of was caused by the defective con- man was allowed to re el ist ’ chill, and having failed to do this he must the employer to advise him that there was water tted to recover. moisture on the oO! rhe se came nd w throws light upon the matter from another decided in the Federal court the common law procedure, but in Illinois mployer would be liable for the payment on, regardless of the questions which co. Cases inv Responsibility for Defective Appliances Ss instance. ‘verturned. sp ne the ‘ : , are not always confined to the de the mold, but they may be due to the ther workmet hy of other persons for which the employer is_ his helpers may stumble, 1 ( te ane sy ectulve iporT nade is a matter of law. In a North Car na may be an Inadequaté n 1912 such a situation arose. lent may bi 1u wn that the explosion was caused by a ausing them t ' which had been made by an incompetent ile Several experts testified before the court It should not né f this core maker was incompetent; that ises in an exte? yee ides eh his work, exercising little or no re ppliances thers e ‘ ‘ ind as a matter of fact that the core itter tur ip t reflect : egligent; that he had made a def the ! f ich core had caused the injury. The t may bi n f it as a matter of law the employer w: the maioritr ‘ as chargeable with the negligence of the employe iving had ample opportunity of discove here the accident and that the duty to furr employed to carry was non-delegable and whether the In case ere t ' ' vered it or not, he wa liable f the if the ladle the core maker. t pe t n the molds, in the ladle or on the floor necessary W re xplosions of the molten metal and many In an Alabama In a Michigan case, decided in 1911, njuré ' : e was injured while using a ladle which had the kettle of th ( ’ ’ ter in it. It appeared that it was cus his ey While it wa that e ladles to be taken to a shed at the end irded fot me time t t \ vork, where another workman lined then nto usé ng pre ect t the 1 molder’s sand, after which they wer ourt held that the ff it tl irnace several hours before being used ployer had furnished | tive t it id n repaired ff had been transferred from one kind of ffirmatively he w ler ri her and was ordered to go to the shed and Cast nvo r plo ! ther ! ‘ He got one which had been lying out ir furnace ised t elt p the e re \ es had some water in it, not knowing that lifference so fa nounce re ous to use a wet ladle. The explosio1 nceerned, than t e ‘ explosions is soon as the molten metal struck Danie ef Badovess tiie ing injury to the plaintiff. The court is permissible for the plaintiff to recover é \ I i vel et ent mployer had been guilty of negligence t i r f him of the danger of using a wet lad mp-oyers f ar y question of the negligence of a l. In States | rxmer mper tior ts t in not properly preparing the ladles for € employer 1s rd r tne tion of linary fault in the r has not Danger from Rust, Moisture’ or Dust = “ . u “ - sture or dust in the mold will cause ex rose out of a1 molten metal, the degree and danger of the ment lepending upon the amount of the matter 2. In the mmon law States the liability of the in the mold. If a workman be injured mployer exter y? » | wn negligence in failing ‘ause it is not incumbent upon him to show to provide ) Proper appliances and ife | e in losion was due to the dust, moisture or rus vhich to wor (b) Proper it on to the workmer illowed to accumulate in the mold, t F tl f all other possible theories as to what It should be remembered, abov: l] tl that in explosion. It is not necessary for the wor! f [ firmatively disapprove all other possibilities, that the employer luty vhat illed at law per by reasonable inference of facts, establish sonal and that i al ordinarily e delegated Such was the gist of a case decided in Massa another. Just what th meé a riddle to many 1909. employers, but it ordinarily 1 r that if another : ng up cones of slag containing molten workman is hired to repair defective appliances ther ' re is danger to the workman if the molten’ the employer or his representatives must properly i | 5 es in contact with water or moisture. Such spect it before it is given to workmen to uss If there 4 irred in 1907 when a workman was given a s an absence of inspection or improper inspection, the nmer and told to break up cones lying or mployer is held ble g ind load them on a car. He struck a cone molten metal and an explosion occurred, Old Dominion furnace at Roanoke, Va., which is now he injury complained of. producing spiegeleisen, will turn to the stified that he did not know that there was high manganese foundry iron about Nov. 10 production of ———— 1264 THE INTERNAL STRESSES IN STEEL* French Method of Measuring Those Developed by Rapid Cooling Internal stresses are made apparent by the deforma tions which accompany the various machining opera- tions to which the steels are ultimately Subjected and which consist in the suppression of bonds resulting from the cohesion of matter. If it is desired to with proceed the analysis of the state of elastic interna equl rium, one has to have recourse to the determinatior f the value of these internal ‘eSSt n thin layers ] successively removed by the cutting tool, by measuring vith a very high degree of precision the changes in limensions undergone by the remaining solid. This method, originally proposed by Heyn and Ba nas recently been suggested DY M. presented to the Paris Académie des Scienc« Portevin in a pape) (Comptes Rendus 1918, Oct. 7, vol. 167, No. 15, pp. 531 ), for the investigation of the internal stresses set up steels n rapid cooling by immersion in wat The test pieces used by the author consisted of either pla hollow cylinders of various metals and all (coppe ckel, brass, ordinary and special steels), the tests laving more particularly been carried out w per iens measuring 20 mm. in length and having their ends rounded off, with plain Pe ind with hollow cylinders of 75 ind 8-10 mm. wall thickness. Owing to the complexity of the phenomena invol mentions, the ained, only those of his conclusions which relate to the effect resulting from rapid cooling alone, with no con deration of the influence of the conversion points. He to the In specimens having the dimensions cylinders of 70 mm. dia! he author among results thus far at | ; +4 : +34 Pp mits his considerations investigation of iong1 udinal stresses. riven above, rapid cooling (by immersion in water) up -ompression internal stresses which put unde the outer and under tension the central zones of the plain cylinders. ' sets longitudina 1 4 longitudinal! zones, The magnitude of the stresses tnus developed naturally depends—with the cylindrical specimens as sumed to have all the same dimensions—upon the ; I i ( \ N physical characte 0 he material under tes oeft f dilata conduc ity, modulus of lasticity in tension and compression) Thus, in the e of test specimens of 20 mm. diameter quenched in water at 750 deg. C., the longitudinal internal stresses ire infinitely small fon ypper (amounting, in absolute ) value, to less than 2 kg. per sq. mm.). For nickel they vary between minus 10 to plus 6 kg. per sq. mm., and in a 60 per cent copper ass exceeded plus or minus 15 kg. per sq. mi By tempering the metal after a first quenching, which operation has for one of its all internal stresses may be set up effects the attenuation or the elimination of stresses due to quent h ng, new *Translated abstr re] EC. Bu Elmhurst. IRON AGE November 2? in case it is followed by rapid cooling. A Langley the immersion in water of steel at is said to set up slight tensions, the influenc: eould be made apparent by the study of var the specific gravity. The author gives figur to plain cylinders of 70 mm. diameter wh previously quenched from 850 deg. C. in wats tempered to various temperatures. (See tal For certain high-precision operations, on: be induced to adopt the slow-cooling method order to avoid further deformat machinal operations. On the othe that, for certain steels (phospho nickel-chrome steels) cooling at too slow a certain temperature « spicuous drawbacks, particularly with rega) tleness. Finally it is advised to bear in mit posing a judicious choice of the cooling cond tempering, and of the composition of the ste to the main purpose to which it is intended, tain state of elastic internal equilibrium m: favorable to the total strength of a piece to definite external stresses, than the total] pering’ in final known tempering above a internal stresses. The creation of internal stresses by sudd the temperatures is likely the investigation of steel-quenching met} eparate determination of the the modifications of the state of internal ¢ and of those due to quenching alone. below conversion stresses resu ITALY’S PURCHASES Large Quantities Ordered by One Com Gratitude to America Expressed Some very interesting information in rega buying of war supplies by the Allies is now available. Capt. Sebastiano Raimondo, writing to THE IRON AGE, America, whose iron and steel products were the Italian Army. C mondo states that purchases made by Gio. A in the United States from Oct. 15, 1915, 1918, were valued at $44,182,000, and includ owing items: Copper (electrolytic), $5,783,0' ‘hrome, $300,000; vanadium, $338,000; machinery, $3,873,000; $1,513,000; puddled iron, $755,000; spelter, steel billets, $1,798,000; billets (discard 000; steel ingots, $886,000; steel plates, bars, $12,308,000; steel (shell bars), $7,176,! (high speed), $435,000; steel (boiler tubes), $1,400,000: expresses great assistance to U0. ferrotungsten, $295,00( steel tools and equipment, washed met OOU, The Ansaldo company is itself a very large It is capitalized at $150,000,000 and has 28 | which about 100,000 men and women are emp! products include warships and mercantile vess¢ marine steel boilers, locomotives and engines, irmor plate, electric appliances, airplanes, iron and bronze castings, steel forgings, h¢ tubes and pipes and furniture of all descript wood and metallic. Among its installatior electric furnaces, Ansaldo type, at Aosta. In speaking of the war, Captain Raim to the fact that Italy, by declaring neutrality possible in August, 1914, for France to m« the North nearly 1,000,000 men would have been compelled to keep on its Sout Eastern guard against a possi from Italy, if Italy had decided to take pa the That million men helped to advancing Germans to win the batt Marne and to save France from being crus! hat reason and also on account of the part w! ater took in the war, Captain Raimondo belli here will be the most friendly feeling toward the part of all the nations that recently fought the Central Powers. service in frontiers to Entente. tide of t ] t who sents Gio. Ansaldo & Co., Genoa, Italy, in this « gratit \ r 21, 1918 ' THE IRON AGE 1265 Apparatus for Taking Photo- ingled prism. | linary purposes tl ple f micrographs* aa noe alae | ith nary vertical camera, in which the plate rrect cons it a distance of 10 in. or more above the e height of the focussing screen is ofter much inconvenience; a further difficulty, _— ~~ ally marked when the camera is suspended The annual repor ei Lu ire ( minate external vibration, arises from t Commerce for 19 extracts fr sve bee! h almost inevitably occurs when the dark publishe It was suggested to the author by J. H production of to meet these difficulties a means might considerat reflecting the beam horizontally and s¢ vear It a l focus without the use of a ground-glass 6,752,207 t position. The telescopic arrangement hers On the other hand, th ey e { lesigned for this purpose, and res pies fes n 1916 to 4 rm of reflex focussing camera. A simila f about 22 per cent | j — n adopted in the Le Chatelier microscop« a receded fi 106 ’ n 1916 to 831.800 it, in spite of its convenience, does not’ tons last year, and the lant 1 nerally known in this country y 4155 tor herea it 24 ane on of the apparatus, which might be rted to that intr n the ye bef front of any camera, is shown i! re the broken lines indicate the path into Luxemburg rose fy: 1,469,503 ton ! v1 onverges to form a point in the image 1,637,819 tor t ! nd the rts from | ng from the microscope eye-piece A, which from 67,800 tor t t tv converge to a focus on the photograph spective he ted horizontally by the movable mirror of these causes, had ed t 6,64 attached to a metal plate large enough end of 1917, as against t t the é f ght from the camera when in the position previous year The report, 1 ring prevented from passing beyond the 45 nd steel industry tates that the tuatior f ; y an adjustable stop D attached to th irket constantly stood under t fluet rf leflected beam is focussed by the tele lifficulties of tra t p E (focal length, 4 in.) upon the cross irose between supply ar the image so formed is seen, together with possibilities of pr ICtlOr rt es not ¢ when examined through the eye-lens G iny informat t I ; in.). The magnification thus obtained nda ste¢ nthe G D e as that given by the use of a hand ipon (or without) the ground glass een that to each length of camera thers A New Close Qu irter Drill position of the focus at F’, to which ro overcom : ¢ must be set by pushing in the sliding ,,,, actiot 0. wat ‘ ’ ate titoed f ¢ the clamp H. It is convenient to grad ( ro «6OP re g tube, by direct comparison with the ( numbers representing the correspor ( ngths. When this graduation has once , : sufficient, in taking a photograph, t f ¢ ' e for the proper camera-length and focus that the image is clearly define ‘ f As soon as the focus is ascertained Ss itisfactory, the dark slide ha id f 7 ‘ e focussing, the exposure can be maagé t ng back the milled head C, so that the n t t ito the ve rtical position. ! f t lescribed are of the simplest type and j | ; lite satisfactory in working; the t t} f er narrow, about one-third of the dian f e ty ; hed being visible at once. Mr. Swift, t ; ipparatus was made, has suggested tl Tooth rear ' tne telescope might be provided with I t tne } no doubt the full field could thus be o é r toot eing 1 i same time it would certainly be well t r t n standar tive achromatic. No difficulty has beer te¢ The toot tself : from the use of the mirror, which is a rt erefor galvanometer mirror, though the best 1 to harder pu no doubt be given by a silvered right- Special alloy steel is uss 5 = e-Quarter Dr au we to prevent breal r by A. F. Hallimond, read before the | gned for H ite, London, Sept. 13, 1918 Dut re MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS* Advantages Over Steel Castings for Agricultural Purposes BY P. A. PAULSON The purpose of this paper is to explain, in a meas- ure, the reason for the continued increase in the uses of malleable iron and particularly to show its adapta- bility to the manufacture of agricultural implements. The last few years have seen wonderful progress in the production of malleable iron, a fact not generally known. A few designers and engineers, not yet suffi- ciently versed in its present high quality, regard mal- leable iron as a doubtful quantity, due probably to the failure of some manufacturers in the past to safeguard their product, and to the generally, to enough. hesitancy of the producers, speak its excellent properties loudly manufacturers are past averaging over 50,000 lb. ultimate strength to the square inch, sometimes To obtain an Reliable for several now continually and years have been producing a metal even exceeding 60,000 lb. per sq. in. cent in Z In. per cent elonga some instances. The ultimate striven for at reach an average of lb. ultimate with a 30 per cent elongation. Thess might be looked with doubt, and it might be said these were exceptional instances, thus casting doubt as to the uniformity of the metal from different heats To dispel this idea the data do not results of elongation of 20 per has been a regular occurrence, and a 30 tion has been obtained in goal 60,000 present is to statements upon that represent the ympany many The ; . y ‘ ‘ollowing figures give the tensile strength of bars of one ¢é alone, put ot F 6.-in. diameter and the elongation in 2 in. They are from seven consecutive heats, and the tests were made in the laboratory of Prof. Enrique Touceda, Albany, N. Y. These how an average ultimate strength of 55,620 lb. and an average elongation of 19.85 per cent Ratio of Elastic Limit to Tensile Strength \ to the relation of the elastic mit to the l mate treneth the followine data are ibmitted, the first lumn containing the elast limit, the econd the iltimate tensile trength The average elastic limit will be found to be a littl better than 56 per cent of the average ultimate tensile strength, the best being a little better than 63 per cent These are some of the outstanding features of the metal itself, and these properties have been strikingly shown when in numerous instances castings have with stceod without fracture distortion into every conceivable shape. Castings for Agricultural Implements Castings for agricultural implements are for the most part light in weight and section. It is to the in terest of the manufacturer of implements to make his machines as light as is compatible with service. The *From a paper presented at the convention in Milwaukee, Wis thor is with the Rockford nl American Foundrymer Oct. 7 to 11. 1918 The Malleable Iron Works, au tockford THE IRON AGE November malleable iron founder is the one who can greatest aid in attaining this end. Thin sect poured with white iron which cannot be | cessfully w.th steel. The steel founder wou these sections to be made heavier before to pour them and thus the lightness of t machine would have to be sacrificed. To show further the adaptability of the n have been made on sections of metal up to | and 12 in. long, showing a fine, close-grained fectly annealed in the regulation annealing approximately 1500 deg. Fahr. in six to seve Soundness of castings is an important con and in this item I believe malleable is superi The steel bath must be heated to a much h perature than that to which the white iro h is heated. Castings poured with metal at a hig! er ture are very prone to have blow holes, and finished product of the malleable founder wou vr reliable as far as soundness is concerned. W ray to the selling price as compared with stee|] ference is naturally quite considerably in malleable, owing to the lessened cost of prod It will thus be seen that castings made of iron are able to give satisfaction. To prove been shown that the metal itself has superio which are more than equal to the demands of t required from agricultural implements. Ths reliability of malleable are such as would wai a more general use. To these consideration add the distinctive property which mall namely, its resistance to the process of rusti1 been found that installations of malleable iro: have outlasted several installations of the sam made of steel. Thus is added length of ‘servi vert important consideration for any machine thereof. Wages of Sheet and Tin Mill Workers Reduce YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, Nov. 19.—As a resu bi-monthly examination of sales sheets held in Warren, sheet mill operatives will suffer 144 per cent in wages and tin mill men figured on the base wage. The examinati average sales for the September-October p: was conducted by J. H. Nutt, representing th« Association of Sheet and Tinplate Manufact representatives from Pittsburgh of the Am Association of Iron, Steel and Tinplate Wor! An average sales price of $5 for Nos. 2¢ 28-gage black sheets and of $7.85 for tin base box, was disclosed. Two months ago tl for sheets was $5.15 and for tin plate wa Government maximum is $5 for 28-gage | and is $7.75 per base box for tin plate. ft two months of 1917 sheets and tin plate reach: advancing beyond the Government price esta short time before. The average sales pricé was $5.50 and of tin plate was $8.60 per base Further reduction in prices and wages of « affected is predicted with a return to mor conditions. A larger volume of steel available operations will insure, however, more steady such men. Sheet and tin mill operations h intermittent during the past few months, cur Government promulgation, and workers wou less compensation with steadier employment Youngstown’s Payroll YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, Nov. 19.—The Octobe of $8,298,789 in Youngstown was $682,874 hig in any previous month. September was thé month until its record was broken by October. ring the first ten months of 1918 industrial work: a re received $68,121,466 in wages, as compared Ww oe 926,877 for the corresponding period in 1917. +*™ total 1916 payroll here was $45,254,159. The incr = is principally due to the advances in wages in industry. \ r 21, 19138 ‘ ; THE IRON AGE D Jalve Controls at New Plate Mill erating mechanisms have been applied to iter and steam valves, especially to those and where it was desirable to operate the a distance. However, only recently have ed for purely industrial applications. The shows two Dean valve controls on the de- f the blowers supplying air to the blast the Mark Mfg. Co.’s new plate mill near bor, Ind. for the blast furnace is supplied by two Furnace Air Controls on Blast Mark Mfg. Co stage t