The Iron Age 1917-11-29: Vol 100 Iss 22

THE IRON AGE New York, November 29, 1917 ESTABLISHED 1855 Fosterin 7 aha. he in fi al SA . rg, oe BY W. E. BIG factory in a little city has its own big prob- lems. If it has grown so large that in a measure it dominates the town, it has also its big respon- bilities. This is the present situation of the New veparture Mfg. Co., maker of ball bearings, at Bristol, mn., a city of less than 25,000 people. The propor- lon of growth of the factory in the last three years t been almost ten to one of that of the town. So it h be readily seen that the problems of welding a large retion to its original working force, of housing many families brought into the town, and of de- oping many things in the community at large have d to be met. Back of such growth lies an interesting story of in- rial development. The New Departure Mfg. Co. § incorporated June 27, 1889, and its original prod- was the older types of mechanical door-bells. Out this business grew the manufacture of the New De- rture bicycle bells, so well known to men iddle age. Later came the development of the coaster ke, perhaps the most important factor in bringing bicycle back into popularity after the near dissolu- m of the bicycle industry in the early years of the sent century. In 1 now of ¥06 the manufacture of ball bearings was taken . This has now become the major interest of the com- "Y, although the output of coaster brakes and bells ntinues to be an important part of the yearly pro- jon. One of the things that has promoted the growth of company, aside from the constant betterment of muct, has been its continued and finally successful g the Shop Spirit FREELAND 1285 VOL 100: No. 22 effort to change the character of ball-bearing measure ments from a multitude of special sizes to the standard sizes which now prevail. Prior to the outbreak of the European war the company had a ball bearing plant that seemed adequate for the growth of several years Then machinery and motor conveyances of all kinds were ordered in enormous quantities. The ball bearing business received an impetus that swept away all pre conceived ideas of factory expansion. In the two years between June 30, 1915, and June 30 1917, the company was compelled to add to its factory until it had doubled the value of its plant investment and tripled its output. A series of buildings was added First came a grinding plant which is believed to house more grinding machines than are assembled under one roof anywhere else. Then a steel ball plant was added that has a capacity of 25,000,000 steel balls a day. It is also building a big structure alongside the railroad track, locally known as the Terminal building, which will house over $1,000,000 worth of steel stock and a large equipment of the machinery used in the initial processes of manufacture, as well as the packing and shipping facilities for the finished product. While this story pertains principally to plant A at sristol, the company also has a plant in East Bristol, known as plant B, where bells are made, and another plant, C, at Elmwood, a suburb of Hartford, engaged principally in the making of the smaller sizes of bear- ings. 102 Houses in 102 Days Naturally, in the rapid growth of the plant, the 1286 housing facilities of the town quickly proved inadequate. Then the company took up its own housing work through an auxiliary organization, the New Departure Realty Co. Twenty-two acres of land adjoining a city park formed the site for an extensive effort to overcome the housing difficulties. Streets and lots were graded, a somewhat difficult matter because of the hilly nature of the ground, and water, sewers, electricity and gas put throughout the tract, called Endee Manor. The work of building was begun in June, 1916, and the which is first house was occupied Oct. 17, the same year. In all, 102 houses were built in 102 days. 150 red by the company’s engineers, 1 and were de- ft. All are of attrac- These houses are on lots 50 x ve design and well constructed and comprise about eleven different types, including quite a number of both the usual two-family house and the duplex, two-family house. The 102 houses have altogether 174 apartments f four to six They are both sold and rented. rooms, In case of sale the property is put under special rigid restrictions intended to keep the tract thoroughly resi- dential and to prevent nuisances that would lower the The houses are all set 20 ft. from the street and only people of the Cau- value of neighboring property. ha pl JACK casian race are permitted to live in them. When rented, the follow ing rates prevail four rooms, $14; five rooms, $16; single The ts are collected >18. houses, ren in advance. _ The sales plan a ee eee eee has several inte features. esting Varying initial payments are permitted, $100, however, being the minimum payment. A local bank takes a first mortgage at 5 per cent and the realty company a sec at 6 to pay off this second mortgage in ten years or less, ond mortgage per cent. Arrangements are made The houses vary in price from $2,900 to $6,500, being sold at net cost, as there is no desire to make a profit. In the care of the property after purchase the company maintains no paternalistic attitude. The men are com- pelled to look after their own property as they would if they had built independently. The realty company pays for the fire insurance for the first three years. If the purchaser becomes ill, payments are extended, with- The insurance of $3,000 on each pur out interest, for a period of not over six months. ompany carries life chaser and in case of death within years his ten animmediate cash payment of $500 is made to his family and such other por tion of the insur ance money as Is necessary iS ap- plied against the second mortgage, the surplus being turned over to family in a provision that the grantor has first option on the property, if the grantee desires to the cash. The deeds carry sell. Endee House—An Employees’ Hotel The single man is a problem to every manufacturer. Just how he should be properly housed is nearly always THE IRON AGE Nover 9 1019 a question. The manager of the realty Wheeler, maintains a record of all the ing places in the city and is able, beca ence of the company, practically to p cessive charges for board and lodging however, proved to be only a partial so! a year ago the company bought the lead city, the Gridley House, and turned it hotel, changing its name to the Endee H of an adjoining building was taken « present number of rooms is 74 and the lodgers from 100 to 110. Room and Eleven Different Types of Houses Wers Built are awarded on the basis of a rating of the men’s seni. ority and conduct. The house has 22 baths scattered about in various parts of the two buildings and 30 bowls with hot and cold water. There are iced drinkir tains on each floor. The street floor of the building is occupied by stores, above which is the large office with club features, pool Adjoining is a large room used as a writing and music room. Whist and pool tourna- ments are a part of the usual entertainment and a bow! ing club and other features add interest and promote acquaintance and good feeling among the men. Every tables, card tables, etc. Sunday there is a musicale, and an- other Sunday fea- ture of much in- terest to the older the cus- tomary session of what has grown to called the Amen Corner Club, where subject is and usually agreement is men is I e no taboo no Office Is Equippe sa Club Roon the reached upon any Section of subject in the free-for-all discussions. One of the chief uses of the hotel is as a clearing house through which a constant stream of men can be kept circulating and kept happy until they find for themselves a home or boarding place to their tas® About 60 per cent of the men are single and some of these stay permanently at the hotel. As a rule the mar- ried men stay only long enough to locate a home which they can bring their families. Mutual Relief Association Another way in which the employees of NeW Depart ture are drawn together is through the New Departure Mutual Relief Association. This was organized in 1904 and any male employee, 18 to 45 years old, who has beet three months on the payroll, is eligible for membership upon approval of his application by the board of = tors, which consists of nine men, selected from ~— departments. One dollar first payment is required # 29, 1917 50 cents a month during the first year. The rate continues at 50 cents at such times as there may be less than $1000 in the treasury, but when there is more than $1000, which is ordinar- ily the case, the 25 cents a month. Extra assessments can of the C Building ympany This that has only been necessary twice in the rganization and those two instances were days. The organization pays, beginning d week of illness, $1.50 for each working ore than thirteen weeks in any one year. nefit is $50. The company does not con- funds of the organization, which is run { through the efforts of the men them- rreat means of adding to its funds is by imerous social affairs. The bitious most of social affairs and the of the the the barbecue fal] company food, music, prizes and but am these big event year for employees is annual held The furnishes every everything the work. This year a con siderable group of friends of the company enjoyed the affair several reels ide by Pathe Weekly and other operators. ial barbecue just held, 3500 people were 1 grove eating at one time. The barbecue, vhich was really a sheep bake this year, was held on a aturday afternoon and the employees worked until l] k. Then the New Departure band took its place administration building and filled in the re the parade with a concert. A parade of irchers and floats passed through the main actual the irade Annual Picni and of ‘ THE IRON AGE streets of the city, drawing a large crowd to the grov where the barbecue was to be held One unusual float, which won the first prize, cart »3 girls from the inspection department, who wer dressed so that when seated on the rising tier of seats on the float they formed a United States flag. The me from the tin shop had composed themselves into a band with instruments made from t plates. From the ec pany’s grinding department 30 af mutes organized themselves into a sectior f parade and carrie no! s sign Over 1000 em ployees the ompany are members of the New Departure division the Health Protectiv« League, estab lished a year ag which ha ran he = in e\ eral factories of vue ' | Bristol. The work this eagu 1s wholly against tuberculosis. The dues are $1 per year and the provisions for ef ex to the mily o the employee wel is himss a 7 nber eco! Zz ill from this diseass fy i S8 a we cording to his needs 1} ‘ ser ie state sanitorium. T} ni t are the families of membe1 t nce h rh there is no sucl \ \ = I ganization. Social Activities of Fire Fighters One of the interesti ! 3 ‘ cial je at the New Departure plar t reat s 3s of the fire de partment, both 1 purpos nd as a social factor. It has its own business organiza a treasurer, bank ac ‘count, kitchen and reer ! The fire department is a live factor in building up g od feeling and bette: acquaintance among the employees o and be f the plant tween the employees of the plant and the citizens of the town. It has a chi sistants one 1S a the piping department, a f ©i and four a ants. Of sist these as workman, another is the foreman of third the shop electrician, and the fourth the head of the safety department. Two com panies are maintained, each of which has a foreman and assistant foreman, six regular men and six call men There are also two men who are designated as fire po lice. The chief of the department The Plant Fire Department and Part of Its Equipment paid $50 a year; the . — 3g 1288 $40; foremen, $35 foremen, and the call men for the actual assistant chiefs, ; assistant $50; regular men, $25, Three men known as bunker men are paid $75 a year and given free lodging. These men never leave the plant without providing substitutes to take their places. The factory buildings are equipped with sprinklers time devoted to the work. ind standpipes. There is also a 1000-gal. steam pump irranged so that it can be operated in any one of three ways: in connection with the 8-in. city main, with the river or with a reservoir on a hill. This pump is also connected with a pump of the same size in a neighboring factory. Hydrants built according to standard insur hout the the Secause of this good fire protection, not much The portable fire-fighting equipment consists of three 50-gal. chemical tanks on ance plans are scattered throug plant. yard of heavy apparatus is needed. wheels, one hose reel carrying 500 ft. of hose and a set Hundreds of hand chemical tanks the buildings. The plant is equipped with a Gamewell alarm system having The the f extension ladders. are scattered throughout various 35 boxes. alarm system operates factory whistle and bells and sirens in all the workrooms. Weekly drills are held in the summer and there is keen competition between the two companies to see which will get the chemicals and hose-lines to a desig- nated point first. In the winter the companies meet monthly for instruction in the handling of the appara- tus and in the location of piping, hydrants, valves, ete. The men are fined $1 for absence from drill. Control and Promotion of Athletics In common with most companies, the New Departure Mfg. Co. has found it wise both to foster athletics and, In a measure, to control athletics and sports. It main- tains teams in practically all the major sports and has inter-departmental teams in the more quiet sports like bowling. There is very great interest in the inter-fac- tory contests. Such contests are, perhaps, more a fea- ture in Connecticut than in any other state in the Union. For instance, there Connecticut factories that have baseball teams that are ready to try con- are several clusions with any other amateur or professional team in the country at any time Other Service Departments The employment, safety and medical deparments of the company are not dissimilar to those existing in most modern Just at state of flux because the growth of the factory is mak factories. present all of these are in a ing radical changes necessary. The company is now en gaged in installing a modern hospital department, in charge of a competent graduate physician and surgeon. This supplants a hospital that has been doing very ef- fective work for some time and is only a step in the direction of extending the supervision of health and of medical inspection and services along a path that is ex- pected to include not only the employee himself, but also in all probability his family stalled the Suggestions Modern safeguards are in- stream of the and a further safeguarding flows in to wherever need is shown for head of the department. The activities of the company in its social work and of the social organizations and protective organizations of the employees find expression in a lively shop paper called “The New Departure News,” published weekly. This paper has been running about eight months and has established a place for itself in the minds of the workmen that makes it a vital part of the whole social fabric of the organization. Its editor-in-chief is DeWitt Page, president of the company, whose keen interest in their welfare is understood thoroughly by the older men who have grown up in the business with him and who form the most efficient missionaries among the new men for the building up of good will within the entire organi- THE IRON AGE Noven Gg zation. Its managing editor is Charles tising manager, who has also seen the from a group of 300 or 400 men to its p day “New Departure News” is a rea] ating the good spirit that now exists a community of interest of management As the company grew so rapidly in t! drawing to itself so many young men ar it became evident that something must young people and for the older ones study showed, however, that other fact were also growing rapidly and drawing n over-burdened community. Out of thi organization of a Community Club ar of a fund of $250,000, more than half of from the New Departure Company and build a clubhouse. President Page bringing this about. The work of the for the benefit of men, women and boys, of the Y. M. C. A. or Y. W. C. A., but wit! on the religious features. The building y rate sets of rooms for men, women and | parlors, reading, writing and game roon be dormitories, class rooms, a gymnasiu pool and a theatre seating 2000 people. Enough has been said to show that Bristol is rising t meet its needs and that the New Departure Mfg. | which has been such a factor in creating the doing its share, not only for its own people but for the community as well. Such a linking together industry is one of the ideals toward which American industrialists are trying to point the way f all manufacturers. First-Aid Work at Bethlehem Steel Co. First-aid work at the Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem, Pa., is divided into two parts, according to a paper presented by J. R. Mulligan, assistant safety engineer of the company, at the recent National Safety Council meeting. It consists of training in the rescue of men from danger, treatment of shock, bandaging wounds, etc., and also along another line which pre vents injury to fellow employees by knowing the hazards « the various operations and guarding against them. Eact shop has at least one first-aid team, which is give course of instruction in first-aid work for 2 hr. per week for four months and a portion of this time is given ove to the discussion of safe practices for the various opé tions of the plant. Three years of organized ac prevention work has shown an average reductior number of accidents of 28.38 per cent as compar a similar period of unorganized work. Price Fixing and Production The National Foreign Trade Council discusses ' principle underlying the co-ordination of price-f taxation and the maintenance of foreign trade In 4 © port which the council has submitted to the P and to Congress. The report was prepared f Council’s Committee on Banking Facilities f rt ry Trade by Lewis E. Pierson, chairman of the board” the Irving National Bank of New York. It recommeil” nat) to the Administration and Congress the co-oraine nrintl of its efforts at price fixing and taxation upon P! #71 08 ples that will stimulate production, insure te ul maintenance of foreign trade and so provide 4 st source of funds for the vigorous prosecution 0! the wal The report declares that “the relation of prt ing and taxation to the maintenance and develop™ of foreign and domestic trade in war times is direct ® of the greatest force.” e it ment For converting dollars and cents into pounds - ; ing and also into French currency, Edward Lebes Co., 64 Broad Street, New York, have preparee " tables. They are designed particularly for ™™ in catalogs. 29, 1917 [RON ORE FOR THROPP FURNACES prospect Phat Conneaut Will Be Made Available as a Shipping Port W on, Nov. 27.—A recommendation that the Dor and the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad H : to open Conneaut as a port from which ist furnaces at Saxton and Earlston, Pa., ron ore has been made to the Interstate a nmission by Charles F. Gerry, its attor- f we r. who took the testimony in the complaint fhropp vs. Bessemer & Lake Erie et al s that the railroads mentioned should pub- ae f $1.375, plus the six cents per ton charge for ¢ ng the ore from the rail of the vessel to re p to this time, the commission has always made the reports of its attorney examiners the importance attached to this one which ospect of a rate of $1.375 per ton from to the furnaces near the southern border inla. t the Thropp furnaces are paying $1.60 per ffalo and Erie. The report says that for ore es these furnaces are in a group the east of which is at Wharton, N. J., while fo purposes on pig iron going to New Eng e in the Johnstown group. Thropp ca: : only at Buffalo and Erie because joint furnaces are published alone from those neaut is 285 miles from his furnaces. The : other ports is substantially greater, but inia has rails from them to within a few [hropp furnaces. Presumably, it has made istment so as to keep the tonnage on its sed order is based on a finding that “in nergency” the $1.60 rate from Buffalo and nreasonable or unduly discriminatory but pp is entitled to a reasonable rate from the because there is a practicable route, com Bessemer & Lake Erie rails from Conneaut to and thence via the Pennsylvania’s rails to ads leading to the Thropp furnaces Bessemer & Lake Erie Through Route r iron ore rate case, in which a general re- nent was ordered, and the so-called “‘a la carte” tating rates on ore was introduced, the com- lered the Bessemer & Lake Erie to establish sute via Butler as the junction point. It er, that carriers from other ports might meet ide to Johnstown from Conneaut via Butler, lesired. They did so desire but the route vas never established, because the furnaces by what rails their ore moved. What ind what they received was a rate based ter mileage via Butler, regardless of the [he commission acted on a conclusion that the not performed the legal duty placed on ish through routes and joint rates from 1 nea Johnstown. the his complaint Thropp set forth that for the 77- et he ore receives from Pittsburgh to Johns- ailroads charge only 12c. more than to Pitts- curgh. For the 75-mile haul via one route from Johns- Wn t xton and Earlston and 90 miles via another, charge 51c. more than to Johnstown. On | Thropp and a considerable number of fur y situated were grouped with Wharton, on finished product sent to New England suuped with Johnstown. The railroads re- to the rate on pig iron to New England, s the benefit of the competition, with them, lirect route of the Buffalo, Rochester & ‘he furnaces in question are beyond the influence. ginal complaint, filed before the rate was ents, Thropp made no demand for repara- hearing, however, he argued that because allowed an advance notwithstanding his | in effect modified his demand so as to THE IRON AGE 1289 insert therein a prayer for reparation That is a novel plea, says the report, based on an obviously un tenable position. we . G A Recent Valve Seat Grinding Machine The Ott Grinder Co., Indianapolis, has added a new machine to its line. Although designed especially for grinding the valve seats of internal-combustion engines angle, the similar work where the as a special wheelbase, ops vided. A straight-faced wheel at a 45-deg machine can be employed for angle is between 15 and 60 deg.. rated by a hand lever, is pro s employed, and is traversed across the valve arrangement which it is em phasized insures quick and accurate work. The traverse of the table is controlled by a handwheel of the capstan type. If the used heads of which have no centers, operated by a foot lever, s furnished. seat, ar valve stems the a draw-in collet chuck to facilitate quick machine is to be with handling, Niles-Bement-Pond Co. to Build New Plant The Niles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, has hased 50 acres near Kearny, N. J., fronting on Lincoln Highway River, and will build a plant for the manufacture of machine and The site is opposite that of the Federal Ship- building Co.’s new shipyard. The Niles-Bement-Pond Co. took an option on the property about six months ago and at that time it that a plant would be built at Government in pur the and Hackensac} tools cranes. was once to understood the assist providing large tools and cranes for war work. Fay Ingalls, secretary of the company, states to THE IRON AGE that plans have not definitely been made. He says that it is the intention of the company to build a new plant, but whether this will be be of assistance in the ong the war lasts. completed in time to war progran depends upon how The Alloy Steel Works, Ltd.. Toronto, Ont., recently incorporated, will take over the steel plant on Front Street East formerly operated by the Moffatt-Irving Steel Co. The new concern will continue to make stee! castings by the electric-furnace process. It proposes to make considerable additions to its plant and to instal! an additional electric furnace. John R. Russell H. T. Armstrong of Toronto are interested in the com pany, which is capitalized at $100,000. and Utilizing Domestic Manganese Supplies Manganiferous Iron Ore in the Blast Furnace to Make Higher Manganese Iron—Conserving Manganese in Basic Open-Hearth Bath Metal SY EDMUND NEWTON HE difficulty obtaining ferromanganese for steel Until a few years ago in this count , anufacture has given some companies much con- was usually specified to contain under ern \ careful analysis of the situation shows ganese, for normal practice. Recently, that, because we are depending almost entirely on im- have been using considerably highe ported manganese ores, the future quantiti of avail manganese. It is evident why our p: ible ferromanganese will be controlled largely by ou around a manganese content of 1 per c ibility to maintain such imports or to utilize our avail iron. The average Lake Superior iron able domestic material to a larger extent tha hereto about 0.70 per cent manganese which fore. If it were possible to utilize such domestic sup pig iron containing about 0.70 per plies to a greater extent, at the same time maintaining assuming a 40 per cent loss in the the quality and amount of our steel, we could do without Higher contents of manganese in the pig 1 certain amount of mported ore and thereby divert be obtained by mixing manganese or ships to other purposes. How can this be done? iron ores. While we produced only a relatively small quantity The line of least resistance has been gy of high grade manganese ore in 1916, we produced lowed until recently, and the advantages of nearly 170,000 tons containing from 15 to 40 per cent ganese in the open-hearth have been d nanganese, and approximately 440,000 tons containing this country. Oddly enough, there appears from 5 to 15 per cent manganese. Much of the 170,000 or nothing in our technical literature descri tons could be mixed with a certain amount of high havior of manganese in the basic open-heart rrade ore and used to pre duce an alloy carrying from seen private reports by steel metallurgist } 10 to 60 per cent manganese. While the use of such against the practice on the basis of certain tests n material is not standard practice in this country, such In certain European countries, even befor alloys haye apparently been used successfully on the the amount of manganese contained in basic pig continent, in England and in at least one steel plant in Was considerably higher than that used in Ar the western part of the United States, even in ordinary practice. In some cases this was due to higher n times. It is desirable to try to develop satisfactory ganese in the iron ores and in others it was obtained practice for utilizing them, at least during the war. by mixing manganese or manganiferous iron or The producers of domestic ores are trying hard to cause the foreign operators believed that certai beneficiate these so as to make them more desirable for tinct metallurgical advantages were gained by making alloys which are now used in standard practice. practice. It is now generally realized in this All logical and even very complicated processes are that manganese in the basic open-hearth tends being investigated. In some cases these methods are ¢liminate sulphur, to make the heats work better successful, but in others the physical characteristics of offers certain other advantages. the ores are suci tnat re iatively no impré vement Car Manganese Retained in the Basic Bath be made. ; 7 Attention has also been called to the fact tl ganese is not completely removed in the bas Now Used hearth, particularly when the original charge « Relative Amounts of Ferromanganese and Spiegel p . ' considerable manganese. Forsythe, in his resent ir? pI ‘ Y y ac oO s , I id f blast furnace, mentions this fact as a disadvanta : ising a high manganese iron because the usu ot rerromanvaness OT Splegveieisel t tl nd Ol tne ip ; < > ganese addition may then produce too hig] nen-} n I t oO I e ier blow [he jurpose . ypen-hea ‘ > me! V pur} . ; rt] lditior : t Sica n the steel. Campbell also speaks of it and sa yt id tions S rin I Vv oO emove ox1d oO ro ‘ce c Fed) ie} ; er erage not only must this be allowed for but there { ) in¢ S¢ uipnu OT ne Stee a alSo oO . eae : less oxygen in the bath and consequently, impart certall desirable properties Dy rtus or the ac . . a. ind ot ti ae T loss of manganese in the ferromanganese addit aqcaet langanese whnien main ADI rv: om eae > es 1 ead | net 4 that of D. F. H “oe rhis possibility of retaining manganes i, moaines somewnat, rom nat O ° ° ewitt, SNOWS . ° . . . ea : ' ; metal is important at the present time with « the relative amounts of ferromanganese and spiegeleise1 on cae a : . , ‘ +} / age of ferromanganese. If it is possible by ed 6 inclusive, the tonnag of ' : a hy enn fairly high manganese pig iron, to retair mat tained in the same and tne per i : ; ie residual manganese in the bath at tapping t ¢ oe ( t net ? al eq Tf - . = : ° would be a direct saving in the quantity ’ manganese added. The manganese content of From this table, it evident that in normal p1 iron could be increased by mixing manganifer e before the war, about 10 per cent of the total man ores in the blast-furnace charge. ganese wa sed in the form of spiegeleisen while 90 There seems to be considerable difference of per cent was used in the form of ferromanganese among American steel makers as to the poss During 1915 and 1916, it is evident that the use of retaining manganese in the bath under such greater relative quantities has been practised. In a report rendered by a committee of oper ‘ ; ‘ men it was state y é anese lI! Manwansie tn Basic Pic fren is tated that when the manganese iron was approximately 1 per cent, the residua lhe data now availa indica a e are d ganese in the bath was 0.14, while with a 2 2 anes advantages to } gained thrano nen ‘Renan , ‘ . inct advantage a fe hrough an increass manganese pig, the residual manganese was manganese content of pig iron used in the basic open On the other hand, I have talked personally v hearth process, although there is considerable differ metallurgical engineer of a large steel co! ence of opinion among steel operators on this point stated that it was practicable to economize fer The American Iron and Steel Institute reported that in’ manganese in this manner if conditions in the 1916 there were 29,616,658 gross tons of basic ope hearth were properly controlled. He further hearth steel produced in the United States out of a that with from 2 to 2.25 per cent manganese in the Pi total steel production of 42,773,680 tons. In other iron it was possible to retain from 0.25 to 0 words, nearly 70 per cent of the total steel was made_ residual manganese in the bath at tapping by this process Another metallurgical engineer of a large stee! 1290 s 4 29, 1917 hat a high manganese pig was advan- jucing sulphur and making cleaner heats cree that it effected a saving in ferro- further questioning he admitted that, manganese in the pig metal, the residual uld range from 0.10 to 0.14 per cent, practice, which was based on the use o ¢ i ent manganese in the pig iron, produced dual manganese of 0.30 to 0.35 per cen arently are different in the various cases. ; conflicting testimony indicating on e Amount of Manganese in Basic Practice stated, there are practically no discus ehavior of manganese in the basic open- terature. There is, however, in German the Germans have apparenly realized the rr some time. Dichman* states that nd of the heat, if the raw materials of the ifficiently high in manganese. tatement, Cone} says: ‘ . .. . ractice also involves the incorporation of ‘ in ‘ open-hearth or basic Bessemer, satisfac- be made without any additions of ferro- Corrobo- : nganese in basic open-hearth pig iron T ynsiderable manganese ore has been neces the manganese content in the iron ors made * * * The metallurgical reason inganese content in Germany’s basic open the belief that a better steel is the result so much manganese. This is without doubt ractice is gaining favor in the United State - . ne for these facts, Dichman states that the the Metallic Manganese Used as Ferromanganese and Spiegeleisen in a ‘erro- Metallic ganese Analysis, Manganese, Spiegel 7ross Per Cent Gross Gross rons Manganese Tons Tons 1,515 79.17 177,740 103,5 1,565 79.49 196,798 107.0 3.728 79.36 145,806 79,4 523 76.35 152,344 114,7 $6,225° 76.35f 218,533 197,5 . from IRON AGE, Feb. 8, 1917, p. 374 sumed to be the same as in previous year metal in the basic open-hearth will NIM ooo free FeO in the slag or bath and will ate, FeMnSiO,, which passes to the slag. ifficient manganese present this action will a state of equilibrium is established langanese of the slag and that of the the greater the quantity of manganese in la Ce etal, the sooner will this state of equi- es that manganese passes to the slag or ith metal in the open-hearth, depending ve amounts of manganese in the slag and ipon the temperature. A vhen the manganese of the slag is less ron, the bath loses manganese. in the slag, manganese is reduced and the bath. Dichman also suggests that powerful reducing agent upon the iror or metal, returning iron to the bath whils MnO combines with silica and joins the 1 further only take up a specified maximum oxides, and the more manganese contained ig ist its content of ferrous oxide become n rich in manganese oxide will contain not react as powerfully with the metal 12 e bath metal. : there are then two tendencies at work— s ’ of the bath decreases more slowly and of ferrous oxide in the slag permits of : irth Steel Process, Carl Dichman, p e e, THe Iron Aas, Dec. 28, 1916, p. 1452. n of the Open Hearth Process’—Theod 3 i Eisen, vol. 27, pp. 157-161, 191-194, 229- series of tests than If the tron se of the slag are equal, the manganese of iins unchanged, while if the manganese THE IRON ore o¢ AGE the reduction of manganese from its oxide by the carbor of the bath. Manganese in the bath tends to destr ferrous oxide contained in the n regarding wl he makes the statement: ( ‘ ree i £ Ww i Let us see how Dichman’s ex] ion applies practice. It is, ol rse, necessa t | ean < slag to act upor carbo lic phospho the bath metal. Iron ore oft lded during heat to work out thes« mpuritit | nere suffi manganese in ne charge to ituratl im, we have considerably less ferrous oxide contained that has been reduced by the manganes« I will contain practically as mucl ygen on a that combined with the mangans d Ww therefor have nearly as oxidizing an effect on the carbon, p phorus and silicon as before, it not manganese of the bath. While this theory is interesting, it is essent make actual investigations in the laboratory coverir the equilibria of open-hearth metal and slags and confirm this with large-scale tests with a number of heats with pig iron containing from relatively small amounts through successive increases up to ] oO with large amounts of manganese. Samples of the bath metal and slag should be taken at intervals so that it would be possible to ascertain just what happens unde: a certain set of conditions; what the best conditions are for retaining residual manganese in the bath, and whether such conditions could be applied commercially 0g t the i Metallic Manganese Analysis, Metallix Total Metalli Per Cent Per Per Cent Manganese, Manganese, in Ferro- Cent in Manganese Gross Tons Gross Tor manganese Spiegel 19.12 1° $01 197,541 RO.a8 10.02 19.43 20.804 | 90.44 9.56 19.76 15,70 61, 90.28 72 19.91 844 86.98 04 19.91 39, 326 : at the present time without retardir practice or pro ducing poorer steel. The argument has been that this pr ce would be wasteful, because a large quantity of manganese would be lost to the slag. However, tl manganese would be lost in accomplishing a useful purpose in preventing oxidation of the steel and in the amount of ferr manganese for this purpose. Manganiferous Ores in the Blast Furnace Without considering the advantages gained in this practice by decreasing sulphur or making better stee let us see whether it could be justified on the is ¢ saving ferromanganese. Certain manganif« i ores could be used to increase the manganes: mntent of the pig iron. Material of tl character could be obtained from the Cuyuna and Lake Superior rang: which on the natural basis analyze as given in Table 2 Table inalysis of Cuyuna and Lake Alumina Phosphorus Lime Magr e Ignit lo Moisture 0 12.06 Assuming first that a pig iron containing 2.50 per cent manganese used as 50 per cent of our open-hearth mixture, we would have a residual manganese content in the bath metal of 0.25 per cent. Let us also assume that the steel to be made is specified at 0.50 per cent manganese. If, then, there was a loss of 40 per cent manganese in the blast furnace, a ton of pig iron con- 1292 taining 2.46 per cent manganese would be produced with the following ore mixture (natural basis): Per Cent lror Manganese of Weight Per Per Ore Mixture Pounds Cent Cent Cuyuna 14.44 618 33.36 11.48 Av. Lake Superior. 85.56 3,661 1.30 0.58 100.00 4,279 48.71 2.1 In a ton of steel containing 0.50 per cent man- ganese there would be required 2240 0.50 11.20 lb. metallic manganese. manganese With our assumption of a residual content of 0.25 per cent, there would be actually in the bath at tapping time 2240 x 0.25 5.60 lb. metallic manganese, leaving 5.6 lb. of manganese which would have to be added, probably as ferroman- ganese at the end of the heat. The large quantity of residual manganese would indicate that the steel was .ot very highly oxidized and, therefore, there would be 1 smaller loss of manganese in the addition. We will issume, therefore, that in this case this loss will be 15 per cent. Therefore, 6.60 lb ve added. This would be erromanganese per ton of steel. If, instead of the high manganese pig iron, a pig ron were used containing from 0.75 to 1 per cent man ganese, the residual manganese would have been practi- ‘ally 0.10 at tapping time. Therefore 8.96 lb. of metallic manganese per ton steel (2240 0.40) would have to be added. The steel would be more highly oxidized inder such conditions and a 25 per cent of the manganese in the addition would have to be assumed [The manganese to be added would be 11.95 lb. metallic manganese or 14.95 lb. of ferromanganese per ton of metallic manganese should equivalent to 8.25 lb. of 80 per cent loss of steel. Consequently the saving would amount to 14.95 8.25 6.70 lb. of ferromanganese per ton steel. This method of using manganiferous ores in the last furnace does not take into consideration the ther advantages which would be gained by such prac tice which may be summarized as follows tter working in the blast f ace The high manganese tends to eliminates nm i It keeps the hearth clean and prevent ffolds The iron is more fluid and results in le crap intr nd ladles Better working in the open-hearth furnace The high manganese tends to further eli: It makes the heats work better Results Effect 1dded ilphur in betterment of finished product saving in the quantity of ferro nganese to be The above suggestions are obvious and apparently ire based upon sound premises. It would be of great value if steel metallurgists would contribute in discus- sion of these suggestions any actual data which they may have gained by possible attempts along such lines. National Foreign Trade Convention of 1918 Chairman James A. Farrell of the National Foreign [rade Council will shortly issue a formal call for the 1918 convention of that organization. A preliminary announcement by the secretary, O. K. Davis, India House, New York, says that the fifth national foreign trade convention will be held at the Gibson Hotel, Cin ‘innati, on Thursday, Friday and Saturday, Feb. 7, 8 and 9. The secretary says: “The convention will cen- ter about the absorbing subject of winning the war what is being done in the various industrial and other lines; the part that foreign trade in its various phases plays in this great task; the wise program for the future, and the problem of the merchant marine. As in previous conventions, a considerable share of the time and attention will be given to the question and answer form of group discussion, which has proved so informative and helpful to delegates in the past.” Robert S. Alter, president of the Foreign Trade Association of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, was instrumental in securing the convention for Cin- cinnati. Mr. Alter is vice-president and export man- ager of the American Tool Works Co THE IRON AGE Novem 29 141° PERIL OF THE CLOSED “Hop Walter Drew Addresses Boston Br . Ne tional Metal Trades Associ Under the auspices of the Boston RB National Metal Trades Association, ov: : leaders of the machine tool industry of slow held an important meeting, Nov. 16, at Boston. At the afternoon session Wins Blanchard Machine Tool Co., presided. Th: was Walter Drew of the National Er tion. His subject was “The Experie: Industries in the War and Its Lesson f tically all of his address was of the closed shop, which, he abandoned by England, as it had bee) adopt the open-shop program in plac« shop in order to meet the national ex creased production. He emphasized his bh closed-shop propaganda was the greatest fronting American industry to-day becau for its establishment and maintenance up coercion. It introduces internal controv: not fit into our free American institutions about, he said, either a complete and aut of industry by unions which had no resp by causing a divided control was a still devastating and dangerous menace to th: of industry. devoted pointed Experience of England The speaker pointed out how English workers laid aside all the old rules and regulations and all cra and apprentice limitations. Millions of non-uni workers were introduced into the shops, and under these open-shop principles an industrial miracle ha been brought about. We now had, he believed, what England had been compelled to secure, and, if we should adopt the closed-shop program, we would accepting what England had been compelled to reject The first check to our war program has been th thousands of strikes which have taken place since w: entered the war, and the speaker laid much stress the point that in the final analysis the captains o! dustry had been to blame because they had shirked their duty and had not educated the workmen t better understanding of the problems involved closed-shop principle. Clarence E. Whitney, Whitney Mfg. Co., Hartfor Conn., told in considerable detail of the Hartford plar of co-operative employment control, which has been the greatest factor in the maintenance of open-shop cond tions in Hartford and Connecticut. David S. Earll, employment manager New Process Gear Corporation, Syracuse, N. Y., gave in considerable detail the experiences of his company in the emplo ment of women on machines. The first women were put to work in the shops on May 21 of this year. Th company has about 100 women at work on Gleason bev gear generators, Fellows gear shapers, drill presses burring and filing machines, and on bench filing inspecting. In all, it had hired 150 women, a! these only 12 have not made good after a fai The other 38 left after a short time because of taste for the work. Those now at work equal! exceeded the men in production in virtually every ca All work is on a day-work basis, and the women wert first started at the same pay as boys, 17% cents # hour. It is now starting them at 20 hour, paying 22% cents at the end of one month ane 25 cents at the end of three months. After that they were increased to the same rate as the men when ‘Me! reached the same standard of output. cents Women Exceed Men On 3-in. Gleason generators, making differené side gears and pinions, the best record of the “4 ae ; wie oft 91 gears and 260 pinions in a 9-hour day. [he re of the women was 126 gears and 320 pinions. On °*" men was : ont from Fellows gear shapers the women were turning out # 20 to 30 pieces per day more than the men. “" hrrrmn?g Tries - 29, 1917 nachines the women were turning out 250 day more than the men, the output of the ng 1150 pieces and of the men 900 pieces. press on a job of putting in a radius and e bore of differential pinions, two operations es placed side by side, the men turned out , day and the women 4400 each a day. On n of drilling out two 5/32-in. oil holes, %4 in. me ™%-in. oil hole, % in. deep, the women 246 stem gears in 9 hours, 50 pieces more en. The speaker said that all the women 1g show strong mechanical ability, and he ee that age or marriage made any difference. dinner Robert G. Morse, president of the ranch of the association, acted as toastmaster, nant-Governor Calvin Coolidge extended the the State. Walter Gordon Merritt, counsel erican Anti-Boycott Association, said that faced the problem of whether the majesty would be able to cope with the economic bor. He stated that labor was making prog- the fluid state of our present conditions. it that the work of the labor adjustment been a failure, the speaker said that “If nt will come out boldly for a war program pulsory adjustment of disputes, the entire people and the great majority of the workers ehind him.” We have had, he said, for a restriction of capital, and now we need of labor in order to curb its anti-social Troubles at the Arsenal racy C. Dickson, commandant of Watertown escribed at length the labor troubles at the the demands that the union leaders had Stanley King, who had been sent by Secre- Baker to bring about a settlement. He then de- some detail the additions under way which ly needed for the speeding up of guns and ints. About 1500 were now employed, and the ditions would require about 2700 more men. was great interest in his statement that it was to employ women on the machining of the rge gun forgings. The melting capacity of the new t ild be about 230 tons a day. It was expected 40 tons would be used for projectiles and gun forgings. t Greene Duncan, of the power plant conserva mmittee, spoke in place of James J. Storrow, nistrator for New England, who was detained in Washington. He stated that New England was not ne lly off for anthracite coal, as the shipments to Oct. 1 | 1,142,000 tons, against 8,300,000 tons for the period last year. The bituminous situation was $$ ferent and more serious. Up to Oct. 1 only 19,000,- e tons had been received, and at the prevailing rate y. nt only 25,000,000 tons could be secured by re vhich would mean that New England would go ew year with a shortage of 7,000,000 tons Plant Tests for Refractory Brick a g out that tests to determine the physical and adaptability to particular service of nesite and fire-clay bricks may be conducted int at small expense, H. C. Arnold, University . Urbana, IIL, in a paper presented before the foundrymen’s Association at its annual Boston, September 25, described some of irged that they be made by consumers. He ' operators would conduct such tests it would ‘hem a more thorough knowledge of refractory t would afford common grounds for discus- the consumer and the producer, and would ; : wiser and more profitable use of such raw tia! , \ thorough knowledge of material, he be- was help the consumer of refractories to pro- ore , er grade of metal at a less cost. He also a ‘ica bricks are subject to permanent ex- a heating and that allowance should be made ; the bricks are placed in the furnace wall. rom ring THE IRON AGE 129: A New 15-In. Lathe for Toolrooms A 15-in. engine lathe designed for toolroom use and also for general manufacturing work has been placed on the market by the Joseph Crawford Jr. Co., Erie, Pa. Instead of fastening the drip pan under the bed to the legs the pan is supported by the legs and ex tends beyond them while auxiliary legs directly above in turn support the bed. The bed is wide and deep and correspondingly heavy with a number of reinforcing webs. There are three large V’s and one flat way in front. The headstock also is of massive design. The spindle which is a piece of forged carbon steel finished by grinding has a 1-1! hole extending through its entire length The front bearing, which is 25% in. in diameter and 4% in. long and the back bearing which is 2% in. in diameter and 314 in. long, are fitted with bronze bushings. A quick hange gear mechanism provides for 48 different speeds and enables from 2 to 120 threads per inch to be cut These changes are secured by manipulating the two handles underneath the headstock. A separate feed rod is provided thus enabling the lead screw to be re served solely for screw cutting, an arrangement ca ‘ulated to insure accurate work at all times. The carriage has a bearing surface of 21 in. on the ways. The apron is secured to the carriage by an ar rangement of tongues and grooves. Friction drive is provided for both the longitudinal and cross feeds, thus Heavy Construction and the Placing of Auxiliary Legs it the Oil Pan to Support the Bed Characterize a New 15-li Engine Lathe for Toolroom and General Manufacturing Work enabling them to be engaged or disengaged readily, while the screw of the latter has a micrometer adjust ment. The tailstock has set-over screws for use in taper work and is designed so that the compound rest can be used at right angles to the cross slide if neces- sary. The tailstock spindle is 1% in. in diameter and has a travel of 6 in. The taper attachment, which is not regularly sup plied, is connected on the back of the carriage so as to be always within easy reach of the operator. The spiral relieving attachment enables straight and taper work and inside and outside relieving to be done on both right and left hand work with any number of