The Iron Age 1917-10-25: Vol 100 Iss 17

THE IRON AGE New York, October 25, 1917 SHED 1855 pe 2 VOL. 100: No To Prepare Soldier Cripples for Industry ROGRESS in the matter of caring for crippled P soldiers, to prepare them for taking a definite place in the work of the world after the war, is being made under the auspices of the United States Early this year scientists and sociologists who had seen much of the results of the war con- tended that the subject could not be given consider it seemed that nothing was being done, so all-absorbing have been the large Army. ation too soon. Yet immediate questions of other phases of war plan- ning. The economic and industrial, as well as the human, problems of re- building cripples are ad- mittedly important. With any long participation by our representatives on the fighting fronts these problems will be big, for with the great strides made by modern surgery in saving lives propor- tionately large are the numbers of those with missing limbs and blinded eyes. The fear has been that the unfortunates would perhaps be left to make hit-and-miss _ selections of an occupation. It was thought that they would be taken in hand by self- directed, if albeit kindly disposed, volunteer in- structors and turned into producers of articles of low commercial value. Handiwork for which only an artificial demand could be created, and this from charitable im- pulses, would not long be regarded as any able- bodied man’s work; the cripple desires to be put on a fully self-support- ing plane. The net re- sult, otherwise, is a lowering of morale and & tendency toward wil- ful dependency. Though fort : ately there are, as yet, no war subjects Outline to Reinstate of Government the Maimed Plans ot War on a Self-Sustaining Basis A Mechanical will take instructors Gen. W. C Arm and Hand Is One of for surgical and sox that the salvaging careful canvassing long to to be to direct their pupils. Announcement of Governmental consideration of the problem was made some weeks ago by of our of all th establis educated Gorgas, surgeon general, U. S. A the Devices Developed by Dr. Jules Amar, a French Investigator 981 h, and ‘iological study, it has been urged war cripples demands at should be done, which the they are securing ol before ready Major The that responsibility of the Government ended with the the soldier to private life, with his wounds healed, and such dea return of pension as he night be given, no longe) holds, he said, but in stead ‘“‘It the dut of the Government t equip and wounded man, after heal ing his return ready reeducate tl wounds, and t him to civil ire to be as useful to himself and his count: as possible,” He told how the idea was to be carried out Reconstruction hospital are to be located in large centers of population, such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Bal timore, Washington, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Chi cago, St. Paul, Seattle, San Francisco, Los An geles, Denver, Kansa City, St. Louis, Mem phis, Richmond, Atlanta and New Orleans. These hospitals not to the last step in the return of the wounded soldiers to civil life. When the soldiers are able to take up in dustrial training further provision will be ready. “Additional education will be given to those fitted for it, and men may in some cases be re- turned to more valuable work than that from are be 982 THE which they were called to war. Workshops will be provided at the hospitals, but arrangements will also be made with outside industries whereby more elaborate methods of training may be carried on. An employment bureau will be established to place men so trained in different parts of the United States.” The subject was also given special attention at a meeting this week in Chicago of the Clinical Congress ‘of Surgeons. It was brought out that every effort will be made to do the best “repair” work possible on men whose early return to the trenches is out of the question. Expert opticians and optometrists will do all that they can for men partly blind, for instance. Expert psychologists will devote their time to studying the state of mind and point of view of soldiers who have paid their price and to whom things look black. “Their morale will be built up, they will receive new interests, and every opportunity to realize that life is worth the living, the more so that their duty has been well done.” Some conspicuous work on what is known as the reeducation of the maimed has been done by Dr. Jules Amar, director of the Laboratoire des Re- cherches sur le travail professionnel of the Conserva- toire des Arts et Metiers, Paris. At a meeting held on Dec. 23, 1916, he read a paper profusely illus- trated with examples of the apparatus he has em- ployed to ascertain the physical strength of disabled members and to increase their usefulness by exer- cising under special conditions. He showed various artificial attachments for arm and leg, either to ameliorate a paralyzed condition or to substitute for a missing part, such as a forearm, hand or leg. The accompanying illustrations show two cases of mechanical arms with substantially universal joints. Other illustrations of the numerous applications of mechanical devices originating with Dr. Amar have been shown in general magazines. In a general way they represent an adaptation of the individual to existing conditions and existing industrial ap- naratus, while a school of investigators in this ‘country. of which Frank B. Gilbreth, industrial Another of Dr. Amar’s Substitutes for Hand and Arm IRON AGE October 25, 197 engineer, Providence, R. I., is a leader, emphasizes the desirability of modifying possible ejuipmen or devices to suit the limited capabilities of the injured person. A monograph on this subject Was presented under the joint authorship of Mr, gj. breth and Dr. Lillian M. Gilbreth before the Reo. nomical Psychology Association early this year Later these same authors discussed the subject be. fore the national conference of the Western 4. ciency Society in Chicago in May, and from this the following items may be taken as summing up the necessity of specially careful working out of the general salvaging program: A universal lack of realization of the great dif. ference existing among the cripples, and of the need of placing each man in that work not only that he was best fitted to do, but that he would most enjoy doing, and that would arouse and hold his interes most successfully and permanently. A lack of realization of the many more opportu. nities available for cripples than had been realized. A lack of realization of the necessity of supply. ing the proper and fitting reeducation for the pro. ductive output at the earliest possible moment, j; order to bridge over the period of discouragement and despondency and to help the cripple to fit back into the economic world and its work. A failure to impress upon the cripple from the earliest possible moment his likeness to other people and to other workers, rather than his differences, and therefore, as a result, a failure to provide for that social element in the work that is necessary his permanent happiness is to result. A failure to educate the general community as to what their attitude toward the cripple should be In a paper presented before the tenth Sagamore Sociological Conference in June the same authors discussed some of their experiments with micr motion films and other apparatus which they use and dwelt on the advantage of experimenting wit! unmaimed subjects, as these possess to an exag- gerated degree the awkwardness which characterizes the recent cripple. They urge every one to try t discover opportunities for the cripple. The) sist, they say, of: 1. Of adapting cripples to jobs already existing, or so adapting such jobs to cripples, that cripples may become competitors with the whole worke! 2. Of finding occupations that do not exist, which should exist for public prosperity, and assig! ing these to crippled workers. 3. Of reserving ce! tain jobs for cripples and putting them in these jobs on a non-competitive basis so far as uncripple workers are concerned. Will Build Wooden Ships ToRONTO, ONT., Oct. 22.—Thomas Mulvey Kirk wood, Toronto, has been granted favors by the city | Three Rivers, Que., for the construction of woode! ships. Mr. Kirkwood has organized the Three Rivers Shipyard Co., Ltd., whose bonds are financed by Credit Canadien, Ltd., Montreal, Que., and guaran teed by the city of Three Rivers. The cost of each vessel will be $450,000. The shipyard will be located on the western side of the Three Rivers harbor, and Wi! cover an area‘ of some five acres. The plant will con sist of one 2-story machine and pattern shop, 75 x 1" ft., conerete foundation and wooden frames; two 2 ft. slips on pile foundations, the bottom being ©) and sand. A large deposit of pyrites of iron, for the manu facture of sulphuric acid, has been offered to the Government without charge by the owners, through H. Ward Hicks, Ste. Genevieve, Mo. The deposit '§ located in and adjoining Ste. Genevieve County. A 75TH ANNIVERSARY loseph T. Ryerson & Son to Commemorate Establishing of Business in 1842 HI rporation of Joseph T. Ryerson & Son will : mmemorate, Nov. 1, the seventy-fifth anniversary ishment in Chicago. The growth and de- pment of the corporation form a part of the story rise of Chicago and the great West and are closely ated with the expansion of the steel industry. nnection with the anniversary, the unusual facts in be pointed out that for 200 years the Ryerson family has been connected with iron and that one ch of the family has carried on this record from father to son for five generations, covering the period Early in the eighteenth century interest was mani- t ron deposits on a tract of 6000 acres in rthern New Jersey which were bought by George 1 associates, and from 1750 to 1770 certain esses of iron manufacturing were inaugu- family, it is stated, subsequently pushing the of these interests to the extent of making s early as 1760. is Ryerson, in 1790, started in business as a ‘aler in finished iron and steel products of 1 domestic manufacture, in Philadelphia. Joseph T. Ryerson, located in Chicago and the present firm of Joseph T. Ryerson & ‘42. His son, Edward L. Ryerson, continued which since 1888 has been a corporation, was president until 1911, and is now the board of directors. His sons, Joseph Donald M. Ryerson and Edward L. Ryer- e entered the firm during the past fifteen re now vice-presidents. Chicago Then a City of 6000 irney to Chicago, in 1842, Joseph T. Ryer- om Philadelphia by railroad to Columbia, proceeded as follows: Stage coach over to Pittsburgh; stage to Cleveland; boat to Jackson, Mich.; stage to St. Joseph, at to Chicago. He arrived Nov. 1, after lays’ journey, and found Chicago a city of with half a dozen brick buildings and the ide frame structures. irtering with the agent, who wanted $300 Ryerson finally, for $200, secured posses- two-story brick building just west of the ‘orner of Clark and Water streets. Soon a stock of $20,000 worth of iron and began one ‘Ss the accredited agent of Wood, Edwards & MCK , Pittsburgh iron masters. urst venture having proved successful, and ce being needed, Mr. Ryerson, in the spring The ‘ As early as 1750 the Ryerson family was interested in iron manufacture in New Jersey, where are the remains of old Ryerson forge — #* ate i 983 —<—_v.— <Tinve fo a << e ion or] ee tel Ae’ of 1843, rented a larger brick store at 90 Lake Street just opposite the old Tremont House, a famous Chicago landmark on the corner of Dearborn and Lake streets In 1844 he secured land at 74 Lake Street and built a two-story building and stocked it, on his own a count, retaining also the stock of heavy iron for his Pittsburgh firm. Several years elapsed and Laks Street developed into a dry goods shopping center, so Mr. Ryerson, in 1852, bought an 80-ft. dock lot at 218 224 South Water Street. Though his friends regarded him as going far out in the prairie, the new location proved ideal, as he could receive all consignments of iron arriving by lake at his own docks Rebuilds After Great Fire His business weathered the panic of 1857 and co: tinued to increase with the growth of the Middle West On Oct. 9, 1871, the great Chicago fire reduced his building to ashes. The South Water Street warehouse was rebuilt and stock replenished by March 15, 1872 From this time on his business grew rapidly. He pur chased a lot at 18-22 Milwaukee Avenue and erected a three-story office and warehouse building, but did not live to see a transfer of the business to the new build ing, his death occurring March 9, 1885 At the death of Mr. Ryerson, his son, Edward L. Ryerson, who had been admitted to partnership in 1879, succeeded to sol care of the interests of the firm In this period o the firm’s history the business was incorporated unde the old name of Joseph T Ryerson & Son, with Ed ward L. Ryerson, president; Herman B. Butler, vic« president and treasurer, and Clyde M. Carr, secretary The last twenty-five years are a series of expansions ending in the present plant at Sixteenth and Rockwell streets, Chicago, and also in the erection of branct plants at Jersey City and St. Louis. This year, on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the firm, the fourth unit is being opened at Detroit When Edward L. Ryerson retired as president, i: 1911, and was elected chairman of the board of di rectors, Mr. Carr succeeded him as president. Joseph T. Ryerson is vice-president and treasurer; Donald M Ryerson and Edward L. Ryerson, Jr., are vice-presi dents; George G. Moody is second vice-president, and E. L. Hartig is secretary and assistant treasurer The Chicago plant has switching tracks to Chicago's 23 trunk line railroads and 36 freight cars may be loaded under cover at one time. The plant is divided into two main divisions, including one warehouse, 500 x 500 ft., housing the heavy material, such as billets, plates and structural material; the other division in cluding a five-story office building and a warehouse 500 x 500 ft., in which are stored bars, shafting, sheets, tubes, rivets, bolts, nuts, boiler specialties, machinery, etc. A complete heated warehouse floor is reserved for sheets and cold rolled strip steel. There is a de- partment especially designed for the storing, cutting and shipping of each steel product. aie nen ~s 1 ars Competitive Education Between Nations Other Countries More Alert Than the United States in Their Educational Processes Americans Should Appreciate the Wealth of Mental Resources Here Dormant and Unused BY PAUL KREUZPOINTNER* DUCATION as a whole, education as an instrumen- tality to advance their ethical, civic and economic standards in competition with the standards of others, has become as much a matter of rivalry between nations as are the products of factories or commercial methods a matter of such rivalry. This statement may be somewhat of a shock to many who consider educa- tion as a spiritual product of a nation’s mental activity, and therefore unrelated to the forces which influence and shape the material side of its professional, com- mercial, industrial and civic life. Economic necessities and climatic conditions deter- mine the nature, extent and intensity of human activi ties to sustain life and national existence. And since these human activities will fail in their purpose unless they are properly directed and organized by the well- developed mental capacities and natural spiritual en- dowments of the people, the educational processes of a country are adapted to the economic needs of that country. And to the extent that these economic needs become more pressing, and to the degree that the edu- cational processes of a people in home, school and public life succeed in shaping and adapting their men- tal capacities in conforming to these economic needs, to such an extent and degree the material welfare, the moral life and intellectual standard of a_ people will be maintained successfully and satisfactorily. Development of Educational Competition As long as a country enough land and raw materials to population without being ol consuming of such a is self-sustaining, possessing support its own ] . } liged to depend upon the other nations, the country can afford to resources or needs of educational processes follow the natural, easy-going inclinations of the people and disregard the educational activities of other nations. But there is no country in the world so wealthy in resources that, with increasing population, will not be compelled to conserve those resources by the application of highly scientific, technical and me- ‘hanical processes, which in turn compel the improve- ment and perfection of its educational methods. This means intensified economic strain on the people. But other nations labor under the same economic strain, and in order to relieve it and to support their growing population nations are encroaching upon each other. That country, therefore, which has at its command the best educational processes to utilize the mental power of its people for this offensive and defensive struggle will be better enabled to relieve their economic strain. Hence arises the competition, in recent decades, of the educational system in different countries when com- peting with each other in the products of their indus- tries. These products are the results of mental capac- ity and physical energy, the quality and efficiency of which depend upon the high or low standard and serviceability of the educational processes applied to develop that capacity and to stimulate that energy; and to the degree of severity of the economic strain prevailing in a given country, to that degree its edu- cational methods will be found to be perfected, effective and efficient. As a corollary, to the degree that the economic strain in different countries increases, to that degree these countries will study, copy, adopt the prin- ciples, or, in other words, try to compete with the educational processes of the countries farthest ad- vanced along that line of human activity. The fact that European countries and Japan are *Chairman of the Committee on Corporation Continuation Schools of the National Association of Corporation Schools His address is 1400 Third Avenue, Altoona, Pa keener and more alert in studying and perc advantages of the educational systems and pract of competing countries than we in the United Sta; have been until recently is not due to any greater q gree of intelligence or mental capacity, but their being subject to an ever-increasing economic pressur; to provide food, shelter and clothing for their steadily growing population. Hunger is the whip which drives those nations not only to study the industrial! and mercial progress and methods of competing countries. but no less so to study the educational methods whict promoted their superiority, if there be superiority Studying Methods of Other Countries Since the middle eighties, when other countrie: began to perceive the rapid strides the United St was making industrially, foreign engineers and educa tional experts have been visiting us in large numbers to study our advantages and disadvantages. We reci: rocated in such studies, but with characteristic sufficience began rather late to interest ourselves what other industrial rations were doing and how the lived. As far as study sf their educational systems concerned, the results have often been superficial misleading, because lacking insight into the histori development and environmental influences which shaped the life of other nations. From 1886 to 1912, when he was retired from th service of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the writer had the pleasure of meeting on their investigating tours 354 engineers and governmental officers from 17 diffe: ent countries, the majority of whom were interested our educational machinery, its working and result During the World’s Columbian Exposition of 189 was assigned by the railroad company as a guid engineers from 12 different countries. A these visitors were frank enough to express thei viction that, with our inefficient visions for the education of our working peo} were not much afraid of our competition, standing our superior industrial organization and chanical ingenuity. For many years Germany, more than country, has followed the development of our indust training and technical education, adopting our ma training system for its elementary schools. In 1 our secondary education was the subject of a study )) an expert. The educational exhibit of the United States at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904 was carefully stuci by a German expert who also made visits to our schoo's, and in his published report the belief was expressed that it would take this country many years to perfect its industrial educational system in conformity with its industrial needs if, in fact, it ever should succeed doing so. A German expert, who, before the studied our progress in industrial and technical edu cation, remarked to the writer that the American peop do not know and do not appreciate the wealth of menta resources lying dormant and unused From the standpoint of our industrial and educationa needs, we do practically nothing to develop that wealt® of mental resources, and, moreover, we do |! * strengthen the weak points in our educational syste”, as there are weak points in every educational sys‘e" of every country. and inadequat present war, in our yout little How Famous Foreign Schools Are Visited As a sample of the intensity with which all nations follow this development of competitive industrial = technical education, a study of the list of visitors * 984 Metober 25, 1917 tion schools of Munich, Germany, is highly ¢. The Munich continuation school system dered the best and most effective anywhere, ts reorganization by Dr. G. Kerschensteiner, 1908 has been visited annually by hundreds rs and industrial experts. In 1911 and 1912, -e 610 individual visitors, of whom 383 were tries outside of Germany. These 383 were lifferent countries, among them being 73 from States. In addition, in those years there ielegations and official commissions counting 60 members each, from 11 different countries. average of 10 members in each delegation mission, there was a total of 1400 visitors at “Munich schools in two years to learn what they ut the methods pursued. Who will say that has not become an intensely competitive fac- he life of all countries if 25 nations, including _ find it desirable and necessary to study these rance is introducing continuation schools, and there is efore the British Parliament now which pro- for a reorganization of the British educational with compulsory continuation schools up to 18 ige for all industrially employed, going, in the even a step farther than the Munich foregoing is a brief presentation of the present f competitive industrial and technical educa- While we have made very commendable and eworthy strides during the past five years in the ition of public, industrial and continuation s, shop and apprentice schools and evening and the Smith-Hughes law will help much, yet irison with what is needed we have merely od beginning. lunich considers it worth while to invest $31 ind $18 per girl, including building account, in iation schools, while Wisconsin spends $11 nsylvania $5 per pupil in their continuation then our competitive industrial education is evi- far from what it should be. Taking the list of the Munich industrial continuation schools et us not forget that the United States is of at least twenty-two nations seriously the struggle of competitive national Will Need Machinery After the War WW SHINGTON, Oct. 23.—The attention of engineers, t others interested in public improve- s been called to a report on the needs of Scot- \merican machinery after the war is over by rtment of Commerce. This matter was the report by Consul Rufus Fleming, who is Edinburgh. Mr. Fleming said: g taxation will rest heavily upon ever equence war expenditures, soon after the irge projects must be undertaken in this part ghways have been badly worn by increased iirs have been deferred: harbor constructior nts, for which full arrangements were made igo, are in abeyance owing to financial and ind tramway extensions, important housing ge works, industrial plants, land clearing an¢ ses, and the development of mines and quar the other works, public and private, whic tion when conditions will permit nufacturers and exporters of ntractors in the various lines indicated could tte, machines for this market in the most satisfactory way gencies in English commercial and industrial ch the engineering and building concerns country are in the habit of sending orders nes of all kinds. \l dern Tool Co., Erie, Pa., manufacturer of tools and grinders, is adding a third story to ‘*S x 150 ft., and will move its offices into it, r additional plant space. New machinery ought, and is expected to be working early ber. Production is to be increased from 40 ent. Lyle W. Orr is general manager. THE IRON AGE STEADY LOAD WITH WASTE GAS Coal Fire Supplements Waste Heat—Boilers Applied to Two 20-Ton Melting Furnaces a a paper presented before the American Foundry men’s Association at its recent convention in Bos ton, C. D. Townsend, Danville Malleable Iron Co., 4 Danville, Ill., gave the following description of waste “aa heat boilers as applied to two malleable melting fur Pt naces: 4 After investigation of various kinds of boilers, in it cluding horizontal, marine and others, the Danville ‘a Malleable Iron Co. selected an upright water-tube boiler as best suited for the utilization of waste heat from aN melting furnaces. That the floor space required was comparatively small was an important factor in de- termining the choice. A 250-hp. boiler was estimated to i be of sufficient size, considering the grate area of the furnace; but because of what might be called a super- tz ; heated gas after it has passed over a bath of molten EF metal, and because of its velocity, greater capacity ge was deemed advisable and a 400-hp. boiler was finally “d selected. fy Auxiliary Fire-Box et Nf To get constant results from the boiler, and also or maintain constant steam pressure, it was thought best iy to have two furnaces and an auxiliary fire-box con a nected with the boiler. By running the furnaces ons Bs a >a he ch ; 4 : 4 a of > oo i . rs BY sm s) Like Draft I huced Db i Far it ted to st ia W He I I | Reg oe bs = ; A at a time, a full head of steam can be kept on th te boiler, except for intervals during the time of charg De ing the furnaces, and for a short period while the cold 4 stock is being thoroughly heated. This takes care of a all firing for at least nine hours of the day. During é the balance of the day the boiler can be kept under i. pressure by a small fire in the auxiliary fire-box. One ri furnace is operated while the other is being repaired a 1" Induced Draft Regulation Re ae Temperature control in the furnace and the efficiency e of the boiler can be aided by the addition of an induced- as draft fan in the base of the stack. By operating this * fan with variable speed the furnace draft can be regu- is lated and the fan tends to hasten the time of melting. : The temperature in the base of this stack is approxi- mately 800 deg. Fahr., and the temperature at the back a bridge-wall of the furnace is about 2500 deg. Fahr ee: . . . at This equipment evaporates approximately 246,000 |b. of e water per day, using in the auxiliary fire-box from one oF to three tons of coal. The boiler should be set as close as possible to the 986 back bridge-wall of each furnace to utilize all the waste gas possible. This can be accomplished by setting the furnaces parallel to each other or at right angles to the boiler. To take care of the large amount of gases that pass through the boiler during the period of melt- ing, the boiler should be set eccentric with the casing, leaving the greatest area on the front or steaming side of the boiler so that the extremely hot gases have a chance to rush up the front and become effective near Placing the Cams at the Top of the Machine Avoids Clogging the top. If the boiler tubes are set close to the casing, the intense gases and impinging flames will do most of their work on the tubes near the bottom of the boiler. The water supply for a waste-heat boiler should be absolutely assured. Two independent sources of supply should be provided and all piping and valves should be extra heavy and erected with care. Expense should not be considered too largely in making the water and steam connections. The most desirable can be obtained by using it in conjunction with a bat- tery of hand-fired boilers, the steam to be equalized and balanced by their use. In this way the waste-heat an auxiliary or a fluctuat- ing source of steam supply to a boiler plant. service of a waste-heat boiler pressure boiler serves as Care of Boiler A waste-heat boiler requires constant attention. The water supply must be positive and intelligently supplied. The boiler should be washed down and the tubes inspected for defects at least every three weeks, and the flues should be turbined, if necessary, not less than every six weeks. Treated water should be used to minimize the collection of boiler scale. Soot should he blown off the tubes at least three times a day. A 400-hp. boiler connected with a 20-ton furnace operating at capacity will produce steam at full ca- pacity or a little in excess after the iron has been re- duced to a semi-fiuid state or for eight or nine hours per day. There is no noticeable effect on the furnace operation and, in fact, the furnaces are operated with- out regard to the boiler connection. The fuel ratios do not change; neither do the furnace firing operations. “Utility Letters of Credit in the Export Trade—A Plea for Standard Forms” is the title of a new pamphlet issued by the American Steel Export Company of New York. The author, J. P. Beal, who is secretary and assistant treasurer of this company, makes valuable recommendations to the American banker and exporter. The Philadelphia office of the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. will be removed on Nov. 1 from the Bourse Building to 1103-1105 Liberty Building, Broad and Chestnut streets. THE IRON AGE October 25, 1917 NEW FOUR-SPINDLE AUTOMATIC Screw Machine Embodying a Number of ! Changes in Design Notable HE Cone Automatic Machine Co., Windsor placed on the market a four-spindle screw machine of new design. The cam is located a} the top of the machine, the starti; and finishing of the work is q at the front of the machine in fy) sight of the operator, a sing] drive is employed and a cony means of disposing of the ch | provided for. Care has been t; to protect the moving parts | where the guards are not inte- gral part of the machine they are made light so that replacement will not necessitate such exertion on the part of the operator as to leave them to be neglected and out of use for periods at a time The machine is mounted or legs, an arrangement which pro- vides space for putting the driy- | ing motor underneath one end of the bed as well furnishing space for a _ receptacle for the chips. The chip-retaining pan, it is pointed out, may be without interfering with the oper- ation of the machine and at the same time the operator can push the chips along toward the end of the machine, should he desire. The arrangement of the four hollow spindles through which the stock passes is clearly brought out in one of the accompanying illus- trations. The work is started in the spindle at the lower left corner and passes around in a counter- as cleaned Due to Falling Chips The Work Starting in the Lower Left Spindle and Progressing First and Last Operations Are in Full View, the in a Counterclockwise Direction Work Is Cut Off in the Upper Spindle, the Com- rops through the Open.ng at the Right of fed nto a Tote Box or Other Receptacle direction to the spindle in the upper left where the finished piece is severed from the i drops into the metal cup at the right of the This cup delivers to a tote box or other receptacle eiving the finished parts. The relation of the | last operation spindles and the metal cup for ng the finished work are clearly shown. ndles are indexed by a cam mechanism which it the top of the machine, with no likelihood s becoming clogged by chips. The cams are by removable covers of sheet metal which are gh to facilitate removal and replacement and ne time stiff to withstand hard usage. tric motor operating at a speed of 1800 r.p.m 1 to drive the machine through a single belt e noted, the motor is mounted underneath the the other transmissions are of the gear and ocket type. Belt Is Employed in Driving the Machine, the g Transmissions Being of the Gear and Chain and Sprocket Types THE IRON AGE Central Steel Co. Additions The Central Steel Co., Massillon, Ohio, is making a number of additions to its plant and is planning further enlargements for next year. These will include the building of an electric steel plant equipped with two 1! ton electric furnaces. A 22-in. bar mill, which expected to be placed in operation about Jan. 1, is bein; installed and a steel foundry and other extensions hav« just been completed. In addition, two 75-ton open hearth furnaces were recer tly placed in operation, mak ing nine furnaces in all, the others being of 50-to capacity. The new 24-in. bar mill, which consists of two stands of rolls, will be located at the side of the sheet bar mill in the continuous sheet bar mill building. Ord narily, the steel will go directly from the blooming mill to the sheet bar and billet mill for producing small billets up to 6 x 6 in., but small billets and bars may be rerolled on this mill, and two reheating furnaces are being installed in connection with it. A 40 x 60 ft. hot bed and a saw built by the company and a 6 x 6 in McIntosh shear have been installed in connection with this mill. As the billet and sheet bar mill and finishing mill will not be used at the same time, the power equip ment now used for the former will also be used to drive the new bar mill. The steel foundry was placed in operation a few days ago. This occupies a new building, 50 x 150 ft., served by a 15-ton’ Morgan crane and equipped with a 1-ton electric furnace built by the company that is used for experimental work. A track leads from the foundry building to the open-hearth building and the molds will be taken to the open-hearth plant for pouring, the molten metal being supplied by open-hearth furnaces Steel castings will be made up to two tons. The prod- uct of the plant is almost exclusively alloy steel. New plant extensions just completed include a strip- per building, 60 x 120 ft., equipped with a 200-ton Morgan stripping crane, a pickling plant occupying a 40 x 250 ft. building and a billet shed 88 x 250 ft. A new 15-ton Morgan crane has been installed in the stock house and a new two-story storeroom, 40 x 100 ft., and a new four-story office building, 50 x 100 ft., are now being erected. Pittsburgh Foundrymen’s Association The monthly meeting of the Pittsburgh Foundry men’s Association was held in the Fort Pitt Hotel o1 Monday evening, Oct. 15, in that city, and was preceded by a dinner. L. A. Way, president, was in the chair, and W. W. Sanderson of the Carborundum Co. acted as secretary, owing to the illness of F. H. Zimmer the secretary. N. Kelly & Son Foundry Co., and the 3ronze Age Metal Co., were elected new members. The speaker was Major C. M. Wesson of the ordnance de partment, U. S. A., who is officer in general charge of manufacture at the Watertown arsenal. Major Wesson spoke on the making of steel castings for ordnance work and discussed the unusual physical requirements demanded in castings to be used in artillery gun mount and other ordnance The Wisconsin Gun Co., Milwaukee, organized by five leading metal-working interests of Milwaukee to manufacture 3-in. field pieces for the Government, cel brated the speedy completion of its new shop at Thirty fifth Avenue and Orchard Street on Saturday, Oct. 20, by holding flag-raising exercises. The shop is 130 x 300 ft., and was completed in just 51 days by the Worden Allen Co., Milwaukee, general contractor, or 39 days ahead of the date specified in the contract. By Jan. 1 the company hopes to be able to turn out three pieces of ordnance a day. Reports from Detroit state that work on the Ford blast furnaces west of that city is progressing rapidly A small army of men is at work excavating and build- ing, and construction will be continued during the winter. ad apes < : Hy ; 7 Ls 5 t aL. ba Cast-Iron Shells in Permanent Molds Some of the Essentials as to Com- position and Design of Mold— French Practice and Specifications BY EDGAR A. HERE is nothing new in the use of cast-iron pro- jectiles—before the age of steel they were the sole means of battering down defenses and at- tacking at long range. Some of the reasons why the use of cast-iron shells was abandoned are that the metal has never had a very good reputation for uniformity and freedom from sponginess and gas holes; its tensile strength is low and it lacks toughness. Any of the defects commonly found in cast iron will seriously af- fect the trajectory and direction of a shell and render it comparatively useless. A forged steel projectile meets all objections and has the call. The objection to steel projectiles is that they are comparatively ineffective against earthworks. or trenches when the caliber is 5 in. or less. The amount of contained explosive is small and a great proportion of the explosive effect is used in bursting the walls of the shell. In larger sizes this objection is less ap- parent. The explosive effect increases with the added charge in a greater ratio than the strength of the added amount of metal in the projectile. The present war has taught us that steel, concrete and brickwork offer but little resistance to modern siege guns and they have been abandoned for earthworks manned with ar ample force. A few years ago some experiments were made on the lower Chesapeake to determine the effect of cast iron shells on the superstructure of a condemned war vessel. One shell that penetrated the structure and burst in a wardroom was particularly observed. The room was about 20 x 60 ft. and one side was lined with lockers. Every locker was tor and the paint on the walls and ceiling in the line of the ex plosive force was cut off with and { It was the unanimous opinion that the explosion would have killed every man who happened to | n the room at that time. A few tentative experime vere made after this and a permanent mold was constructed, but the project was allowed to drop and no effort is made to thoroughly investigate the subject The first intimation that cast-iron shel were being used in the present war was an article in the Londor Ey ineer which descri ed a number of fragments of cast iron that were undoubtedly portions of an ex ploded shell. It wa noted that some of the piece were slightly chilled on one side and the Enginee? surmised that cast-iron cores were being used. As the peculiarly destructive effect of observed not onlv in these shells the open but also against earth- was works, the idea that the Germans were using cast-iron shells on account of the steel aban- doned. As a matter of fact, as early as May, 1913, German and Italian munition makers were discussing this phase of projectile work and were seeking all the information that available. In August, 1913, it was reported to the writer that shells had been made that were satisfactory in that they had the proper degree of fragmentation and were strong enough to resist the effect of the propelling charge. Moreover, these shells were made in molds with iron cores. searcity of was was iron Essentials of Cast-Iron Shells It is essential for the work that the degrees of frag- mentation of shells be calculated to a nicety. Too great fragmentation will make the shell ineffective. A steel shell weighing 13% lb., when charged with one pound of TNT, will burst into approximately 1050 pieces if there is complete The largest detonation. *From a paper presented at the meeting of the American Foundrymen’'s Sept. 24 to 28 thirtv-second Association, general Boston, CUSTER pieces average 0.3 to 0.4 lb. in weight a these are splinters due to the fibrous nat metal. The fragments recoverable have a wid tion in weight, as shown by the fact that while +, average weight of the large fragments is almost half a pound, the average weight of all the fragn about 0.01 lb. It follows that a very large pe) of the fragments would do no harm. A cast under the same conditions would burst into near}; pieces with the fragments comparatively wu: size and weight. When it comes to making a projectile of cast that is to be used against an enemy, a number of ficulties are met. It must be very strong, easil chined, absolutely solid and free from spongy and blowholes, and above all, every shell must exactly the same degree of toughness. To meet thes requirements, the foundry must be run on a scientific There can be no guess work. Whe shells are cast in sand, the elements of carbon, basis. and manganese must be held to very definite and these limits vary with the thickness of the walls, which can only be determined by trial. T) point aimed at is the correct degree of fragment and all foundry methods must aim at this. Dry-sand open and perfect cores and trap or gates must be used. The methods of melting and care of iron and fuel must be carried out wheth the shells are made in sand or in a permanent mold molds, porous; swirling Foundry Iron in Permanent Molds Ordinary foundry when properly ca permanent mold and when removed at the prop has, in the resultant casting, the same degre« ness irrespective of any variation in the chemi long as the same size, weight The time the casting ren determining factor of the deg hardness. A casting weighing about 60 Ib n the mold four or five seconds, while a casting contour weighing 500 Ib. will 25 to’ 60 seconds before it is safe to lift To illustrate this point, data on a casting we 1100 lb. are presented. Fig. 1 shows the gene! a mold that was used to make a shell bushing \ trap gate was used and the casting had a very hea and comparatively thin upper walls. In f about 65 per cent of the total weight was conce! in the lower third of the casting. This large mass metal increased the time interval in that it was ne sary to set the walls deeper than in a casting of s! bulk. There were no risers and the only means pr vided for the escape of air from the matrix were 4 few shallow channels cut into the mold at the f iron, tituents, so sting is made. the mold is the same general from line of pase +y + the casting. A large cast-iron core operated 5Y hydraulic cylinder formed the interior cavity. T mold was opened and closed by a similar cylinder. Int this mold irons of the following analyses, al! of whit! were melted in an ordinary cupola, were poured Mixture Mixturé Mixture i No. 2 No. 3 » No. 1 - -Per Cent Manganese 1.50 0.50 0.80 Sulphur 0.03 0.05 0.06 ee ee ee 1.05 1.75 2.25 Phosphorus 0.05 0.06 0.06 Steel scrap From 10 to 12 castings were poured from each these irons and when the castings were broken not © showed the least sign of sponginess or gas holes. The mold was poured full and the first part to freeze ¥* the entrance gate so that there was no possibility ® née 988 ne ~ VO, tl 1917 THE IRON AGE ISS ——— —_ | y ; | y 4 b ; L 4 ; 4 p j 4 ’ 4 YA f Y Ke W//} Z ‘ ; V F , ¥ r 4 , | , y | y 7; t 4 t 4 a P| j 4 4 ‘ had d t Cast-Iron Mold or Shell Bush.ng Wit) nding the Gates, Runners and Casting ¢ A enough iron was poured to fill the setting was measured by the time the in the casting before it was safe t 1 iron required 1 min. and 20 sec. be was drawn. When the core was allowed + he casting 1 min. and 30 sec., it was iron and had to be cooled to room tem- fore removal was possible. No. 2 iro ry 1in., and No. 3, 30 sec. In No. 4 a new was set up when 16 per cent of scrap steel d with the charge in the cupola. In this min. and 20 sec. before the core could be The results show that in a casting of this silicon iron cools much slower than one ») ent ilicon content. The effect of the long time was to make the casting very hard and was given to bring it to machinability. rature of the core had no effect on the time The tenth casting was given the same time t, although the core was heated to a tempera 100 deg. Fahr. Mold for a 60-lb. Shell was made for a shell that, when finished, lb. It The mold was made in three parts, 9 Fig. 2, and was equipped with a cast-iron portion of the shell forward of the bourlett« ist in the solid part of the mold and no pro made for venting. The parting of the mov of the mold runs in a straight line enter of the shell and extends 3 in. beyond then turns at an angle of 45 deg. and runs remaining distance to the outside of the ouring cup is placed about 5 in. from the the parting and the main sprue runs down curve to the bottom of the trap. The en- trap is % in. in diameter, while the main in diameter. The trap gate is 5 x 4 in. filleted corners and open at the top. The e W 1 4g in. draft, so that the moving parts ll open readily. The bottom of the trap enough to allow a slight hump to be placed er between the trap and the matrix. This gmentation, but the long exposure in the catch any air or dirt that may be cat first rush of the metal. The center line in. below the bottom of the matrix re cut—one between the revolving band 1 the other between the band and the gates are 1/16 in. wide and have a here they enter the matrix. The mecha ng the core is attached to the part A t. Channels are cut in A and B yn to receive the copper band. of casting is as follows: The coppe: n the channels, the mold closed and fast as the runner will take the metal iring cup full until the end. In fou e is withdrawn, the mold opened and ed. The copper band will be firmly that a mixture corresponding to No. t previously mentioned, with the ex- ne? he manganese was under 0.08 per cent, x the toughness necessary for the proper mold made the casting too hard \ scleroscope read ing of 65 to 70 was the invariable result irrespective of any difference in the mixtures It was evident that some form of heat treatment was necessary to bring the casting to a workable condi tion. It had been determined that a mark of 45 would give the proper degree of fragmentation \ number of trials were made before it was found that a “flash” heat of 865 deg. Cent. would restore the casting to a good workable condition and bring the scleroscope to just about the correct figure It wa furtner ound that the castings should be allowed to cool before being subjected to the treatment so that a number of shells could be treated at the same time, starting at the same basis of temperature In a permanent moid, it 1s Imposs e to get a ist ing free from gas or air holes without the use of tray rates. There is no trouble in filling the mold when semi-steel is ised The meta doe not need to be poured especially fast Nevertheless, unle sub stantial trap gate is provided small holes w collect against the bottom of the core and the top of the cast ing. The most careful pouring will not change this conditior There is 1 point when semi-ste¢ cal be poured in a permanent mold without these holes form ing and without trap gates, and that point is when the metal has cooled until it is almost viscid. The difficulty of successfully hitting this point is so great as to make this method beyond the range of commercial success. Time a Vital Factor The selection of different irons for different sizes of shells, made in permanent molds, is not necessary To explain this, the influence of silicon and manganese is exerted only when the molten metal is cooling in the mold and the total effect of this influence is measured by the time the molten metal takes to become solid. In a sand cast projectile weighing 65 lb., the time is five minutes; in a permanent mold casting the time is five seconds. SECTION D.E.F. a Ee NTP AES NTR Ta VERS a wy’ * ene, a - _~ ai ° otis» ana oe 7 990 When cast-iron shells are used in the open, the fragmentation must be exact, but when used against earthworks, only the explosive force counts. Since it is impossible to set aside shells for each duty, it is obvious that the degree of fragmentation must govern the process. This is easier to accomplish with a perma- nent mold than by any other known process. As has been said, the question of hardness does not depend upon the variations of the pig iron so long as ordinary foundry iron is used. The same statement is true of the so-called semi-steel so long as the same percentage of steel scrap is melted with the iron. The term “ordi- nary foundry iron” is used to denote pig iron ranging from 1.75 to 2.75 per cent silicon, below 0.80 per cent manganese and with sulphur below 0.08 per cent. Phosphorus has no appreciable effect up to 1 per cent. A castjng that would analyze 3 per cent total carbon, 1 to 1.20 per cent silicon, 0.60 per cent manganese, 0.05 per cent sulphur and 16 per cent steel scrap would be an ideal composition for a 60-lb. shell. All shells, whether cast-iron or steel, must be subjected to a defi- nite heat treatment and, in the case of cast-iron, the degree of heat and time of exposure to get the proper scleroscope test can be determined only by experiment. As to the design of the mold, the main point to be considered’ is that plenty of metal should surround not only the matrix but also the sprues and runners. In a casting such as a 5-in. shell there should be at least 10 in. of metal outside of every portion of the mold that comes in contact with the molten metal. The pur- pose of this is twofold, to provide a sufficient heat storage capacity so that the molten metal will be robbed of its heat in the shortest possible ti