The Iron Age 1917-07-12: Vol 100 Iss 2

THE IRON AGE New York, July 12, 1917 ESTABLISHED 1855 VOL. 100: No. 2 Properties and Structure of Nickel Steel Effect of Annealing at Various Temper- atures—Proper Practice to Obtain Best Results on Large and Small Forgings BY S. W. to determine the best annealing temperatures for two grades of 3.50 per cent nickel steel, commonly used for forgings. In practice forgings are annealed in order to accomplish any or all of the following: T HE following experiments were made in order Relieve forging strains. Produce good machining qualities. To so refine the grain or structure of the steel as to produce the best physical properties possible with- out heat treatment. The experiments here reported were made on small forged bars, but practical experience has proved that the conclusions arrived at may be ap- plied to large forgings, the increase in mass being balanced by an increase in the time of heating to and soaking at the annealing temperature. The Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton, Pa *Testing department, Not Reheated Reheated at 1250 Deg. F. Tensile Str...41,000 37,000 Elastic L....73,000 70,500 Elong. 2 in.. 29.0 32.5 Red. of Area. 49.7 - 53.9 Reheated Reheated at 1400 Deg. F. at 1450 Deg. F. Tensile Str.. .50,000 49,000 Elastic L....74,000 74.500 Elong. 2 in... 32.0 31.5 Red. of Area. 58.9 56.8 Photomicrographs, 100 Diameters, of Nickel Steel Containing 0.22 Per Cent Carbon :; Temperatures 67 PARKER actual physical properties obtained will of course depend largely on the amount of reduction from the ingot to the forging; the greater the reduction in forging the more likely will the physical properties of a longitudinal test be within limits. The test bars used were forged down to 1 in square by 6 in. long from two 4 x 4-in. billets of different grades which had the following composi- tion: Phos- Man- Carbor pneorus ganese, Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 0. 2° 0.011 iT x 0.41 Sulphur Silicon, Nickel, Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent O.O28 1 3.16 0.049 0.14 3.40 After becoming cold these bars were heated to 1850 deg. Fahr. and kept at that temperature or higher for two hours. At the end of that time they were removed in a mass and buried in a box con- taining a mixture of powdered magnesia and asbes- This first heat- tos, where they cooled very slowly. Reheated Reheated at 1500 weg. F at 1350 Deg. F 37,000 39.000 70,000 71.000 57.3 58.6 Reheated Reheated at 1500 Deg. F at 1550 Deg. F 48.000 47,000 74,500 74.500 31.0 30.5 56.0 56.2 and the Physical Results at Different > PO ER ES ae Ee, +, Tem Sane =: - seus = A IN 8 0 nr SS oo THE IRON AGE July 12, 1917 SAA ' I pomteninntons “ Ss es ne ne nil a ae 55 2 race | sn | ca = | + Ss Som uv ROHOO + , t s T T @ 2 2 YY i @ @ £. ae fn > ) | [ue » 9 VY A > ie, wy a. - 2 « 5 |) ~Stpe, & a . r Pa 5 S & &. 8B + & c Vv “ £45 \ «ct “t o << 2 $ Nie s aN. Ss" “ag = * = oe . zn + A & 6 = Pa f 0°40 & v S = ~ - . 5 c iss S > A : t y / wa « v } ’ = - , + 40 60000 7 Lat +a a v hi sien J) ~~ aie) + or ao ~ c 3 Y TTLA 2 NY oe isgg “4 = a . J . 3 . Y c bs ' } oO S . ™ #” _ E Sifu, oe paATiON G * c | | | > ple e +. 3 25 . G os ; La ua 2 a a 20000 j | > 30000 L | . 2! _— sale 1250 300 Ach 400 ane B00 eRe NOT 2% 300 350 400 1450 500 1550 REMEAT v _— ee eu - ie 3 ves - ~ “ ~ = Reheating Temperatures, Degrees Fahrenheit Reheating Temperatures, Degrees Fahrenheit Effect of Var is Annealing Temperature 0 0.22 Effect of Various Annealing Temperatures on 0.41 Carbon Nickel Stee Heated to 1850 Deg. Fahr d Cooled Nickel Steel, Heated to 1850 Deg. Fahr., and Cooled Slowly, Reheated to Temperatures Varying fron ) to ] ) g Reheated to Temperatures Varying from 1250 to 1550 Deg Fal Fahr ing was done to enlarge the grain of the bars until bars to cool down to room temperature in the fur- it was about as coarse as that which is found in nace. fairly large forgings before annealing. The experi- These two sets of bars were turned down to ments, therefore, were started with about the same’ threaded tensile tests 0.505 in. in diameter and conditions of coarse structure in the bars that exist tested. The elastic limits were determined with a in unannealed forgings. Berry strain gage, using increments of load of 1000 One bar of each grade was set aside to be re lb. per sq. in., and were in all cases very sharply without reheating; the other bars were reheated i defined. Pieces were cut from the ends of the tests an electric tubular-muffle furnace to various sae: for the examination of the structure and photomi- peratures between 1250 and 1550 deg. Fahr. This’ crographs. was done by placing a bar of each grade in the cold The physical properties of these tests were furnace with the end of a Le Chatelier pyrometer plotted against the annealing temperatures, as between them and heating to the required tempera- shown in the illustrations. The structure of each tures in from two to three hours, holding at this bar, together with its physical properties, is also temperature for one hour, and then allowing the shown. Reheated Reheated Re heated Not Reheated it 1250 Deg. FI at 1300 Deg. F at 1350 Deg. F Tensile Str.. 53,000 48.000 51,000 59,000 Elastic L...100,000 96,500 96.500 96. 000 Elong, 2 in.. 21.5 22.5 24.0 27.0 Red. of Area 37.6 40.3 $2.5 53.6 Reheated Reheated Reh ated . ‘ at 1400 Deg. F at 1450 Deg. F er ora ee Reheated ; Tensile Str. .97,000 59.000° at yeaa I at 1550 Deg. F. Elastic L....57,000 98,000 aa onn 58,000 Elong. 2 in.. 26.5 27.0 BE 99,500 Red. of Area. 650.6 49,2 a7 8 -<% Photomicrographs, 100 Diameters, of Nickel Steel, Containing 0.41 Per Cent C arbon and the Physic: 28 € ore Temperatures . ysical Results at Different July 12, 1917 Nickel Steel of 0.22 Per Cent Carbon The minimum hardness and tensile strengih were obtained by annealing at between 1250 and 1350 deg. Fahr., at which temperatures the structure had only started to break up and refine. The percentage of elongation of this steel is nat- urally high on account of the predominance of fer- rite, and the maximum elongation was reached be- fore the structure had been refined. The reduction of area, however, was considerably affected by the grain size and reached a maximum in the test an- nealed at 1400 deg. Fahr., in which the structure had been completely refined. The property most affected by annealing is the elastic limit. This was increased from 41,000 lb. per sq. in. in the unannealed bar to 50,000 lb. per sq. in. in the bar annealed at 1400 deg. Fahr., in which the grain was the finest in the series. This increase in elastic limit by refinement of grain plays an important part in annealing forgings, especially in cases where the specifications require high elastic limits together with good ductility. The best combination of physical properties is obtained in this steel by annealing at a temperature ranging between 1400 and 1450 deg. Fahr. Nickel Steel of 0.41 Per Cent Carbon The hardness and tensile strength of this steel were also reduced to a minimum by annealing at between 1250 and 1350 deg. Fahr., and were not dependent on the grain size. The elongation, in the case of this harder steel, was considerably affected by the size of the grain; it was lowest in the coarse-grained bar which had not been reheated, and reached a maximum in the bars annealed at between 1350 and 1450 deg. Fahr., in which the grain was finest. It will be seen that, as the annealing temperature was increased beyond 1450 deg. Fahr., the elongation decreased and the grain size grew correspondingly coarser. The re- duction of area was similarly affected by the size of the grain. As in the case of the 0.22 per cent carbon nickel steel, the elastic limit increased greatly when the structure was completely refined, the increase being, in this case, 6000 lb. per sq. in. It started to de- cfease in the bar annealed at 1550 deg. Fahr., the change being due to the coarsening of the grain. For this steel the best combination of physical properties is obtained by annealing at between 1350 and 1450 deg. Fahr., the minimum temperature be- ing lower than in the case of the 0.22 per cent carbon steel. These results have been repeatedly checked in practice and the general conclusions are being ap- plied in the annealing of forgings of all sizes. The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio, has placed a contract with Stone & Webster Co. for the foundation of its new 84-in, plate mill, and the Dravo Construction Co., Pittsburgh, will build the foundation for the two 80-ton open-hearth furnaces. Work on these contracts will start at once. An ap- propriation of $1,000,000 has been made by the Youngs- town Sh®et’ Tube Co., for the account of ,iteesubsid- iary, the Buckeye Land Co., to finance house building at East Youngstown this year. The appropriation covers the cost 6f purchase of a 300-aere tract. S. Birkenstein & Sons, metal dealers, Chicago, have purchased between 50,000 and 60,000 sq. ft. of land at the northwest corner of Hawthorne Street and North Avenue, Chicago, on which it is planned to build a warehouse for their business. THE IRON AGE 69 A Self-Skimming Ladle for Steel Foundries A NEW type of ladle, known as a self-skimming one, 4 has been invented by J. C. Davis, fourth vi-ce- president of the American Steel Foundries, Chicago. It is especially adapted for pouring steel castings and is claimed as making it possible to expose 45 per cent less area of steel to the detrimental action of the slag than in the case of the old style ladle where basic slags are obliged to remain for a long time in contact with the metal. This is particularly the case in pouring castings, for the chemical reaction between the slag and the steel tends to lower the silicon content of the steel and to add oxygen and phosphorus to it. The new type of ladle has the further advantage, it is claimed, of imparting a greater hydrostatic head to the metal, which the inventor claims has the effect of causing the lighter slag to rise to the top of the steel and remain there while the ladle is being emptied. In making open-hearth steel it is almost impossible to produce an exact quantity of steel of the desired composition at one time because owing to various delays more metal than was contemplated in the original charge has to be added. It is therefore necessary that the ladle, which is to hold the steel and its slag, be of such ample proportions as to properly receive and con tain the original charge and any such additional amounts which have to be added. Normally, there- fore, when a heat of steel is dis- charged into its ladle there is so much space _ be- tween the top of the steel and the top of the ladle that the ladle re- ceives an exces- Sive amount of slag, which re- mains usually in contact with the steel until the ladle is emptied entirely. The greater the vol- ume of slag in the ladle, the greater is the hy- sea aed ‘ The New Type Ladle Which Skims It- drostatic head or self of Excess Slag The Old Type Is pressure exerted Shown Relativel ! the Dotted Line by the slag, thereby causing the latter to settle more deeply into the steel, increasing the slag’s contaminating effect. These conditions are especially true in steel foundries. As shown by the illustration the new ladle is of smaller diameter and is much deeper than the type of ladle usually used. It is pierced near the top with several circular openings which are staggered at dif- ferent levels, the purpose being to provide outlets for the removal of slag. Before the ladle is filled with steel, the slag open- ings are closed with a plug, composed mainly of silica sand witha binder of fire clay, and these plugs can be removed as required in order to régulate the height of the slag in the ladle to a proportion just sufficient to serve as a blanket to prevent chilling the steel. The adie consists of an exterior shell, a, a brick lining, b, and a thinner lining, c, of material containing mag- nesite and dolomite. The stopper is shown at d, the pouring opening at e, and the slag holes at f. How the slag holes are plugged is illustrated at g. The Standard Equipment Co., 47 Orange Street, New Haven, Conn., has recently taken over the entire plant and equipment of the D. & H. Mfg. Co., also of that city. ro at Exports Pass the Billion Dollar Mark Movement of Iron and Steel Products to Foreign Lands Extremely Heavy During the Eleven Months Ending May WASHINGTON, July 10.—Exports of iro nand steel for the 11 months ended May passed the billion dollar mark, their value being nearly double that of the ship- Exports of Iron and Stee May Kleven Months 416 14] 14 th 141 (srt (;TOss (;ros To Tons lo Pig iro 61,112 237,629 751,524 Scrap 11,38 8,84 227,909 Bar iron .. 1,364 7,88¢ 64,463 8.730 Wire rods . 15,684 15,666 153,483 130,130 Steel bars 17,669 62,541 »64,121 697,740 Billets, ingots and blooms n.€.8 + 142,78 168,158 845.803 1 Bolts and nuts 2.494 2 204 S 688 Hoops and ban 6.41 7,249 213 Horseshoes O51 319 1,757 4,022 Cut nails 614 »68 $1,084 4,251 Railroad spike 1,959 l.dodZ 24,306 16,825 Wire nails 12,20 10,133 111,57 114,857 All other nails, clue 2 tacks f f Cast-iror pipes } tings b4 od t Wrought pipes and fit tings . ) 12,563 113,446 153,40¢ Radiators and cast-ir« house heating boilers 19S t 2,070 3,887 Steel rails iS,541 $9,260 $92,038 62,336 Galvanized iro sheet and plates t S i] 69,496 $2,296 All other iror plates i4 S S 44 i Steel plates ,O79 $849 252,618 361,199 Steel sheets 7 9.67 89 $8,487 107,048 Structural iro: d steel 2,938 54,764 251,832 319,971 Tin and terne plates », D8 23,283 200,722 207,489 Barb wire ; 9.197 8543 296 745 985, 834 All other wir 22.665 19,735 221.185 220.310 Total 10,591 987,900 4,334,511 6,253,8 ments for the corresponding months of 1916. Exports by values in May, while reflecting higher prices, were slightly below the record made in March of this year, but, with the exception of the total of January, 1917. were far in advance of any other month in the history of the country. A gain of nearly 5 per cent over April is further evidence that the submarine campaign is in no way affecting this movement. Exports of iron and steel by during May gained 47 per cent over those of the corresponding values Exports Adding machines Air-compressing mach Brewers’ machinery Cash registers Parts of Cotton gins Cream separator Klevators and evator macl Electric locomotives (as engines, stationary (asoline engine Steam engines All other engines Parts of Laundry machinery, power All other Lawn mowers Metal-working machinery (including metal-working tools) Meters, gas and water Milling machinery (flour nd grist) Mining machinery, oil we All other Paper-mill machinery Printing presse ota Pumps and pumping machinery Refrigerating and ice-making machinery Sewing machines Shoe machinery ; Sugar-mill machinery Textile machinery Typesetting machines Typewriting machines Windmills .... a ; ; Wood-working machinery, saw mil All other : be , All other machinery and parts of. e° Total Submarine Not Curtailing Shipments month of 1916, but lost 3.5 per cent compared with the record total of March of this year. Shipments of ton- nage commodities rose 8.8 per cent over May, 1916, but declined 8.7 per cent compared with the record total of last September. Exports of machinery, though gaining 4.4 per cent over May, 1916, declined 7 per cent as compared with the high water-mark reached last August. Shipments of machine tools, which have been steadily diminishing for several months, fell 34.5 per cent short of those of May, 1916, which was the banner month for exports of metal-working machinery, marking the peak of the demand incident to the fitting up of British and French munitions plants. For the eleven months ended May, the total exports of iron and steel surpassed by 85 per cent those of 1916, which exceeded all previous records by more than 130 per cent. Shipments of tonnage commodities gained 45 per cent, machinery 45 per cent and machine tools 50 per cent over the record totals of 1916. The value of all shipments of iron and steel products in May, 1917, was $107,362,635, as compared with Special Alloys and Ores Eleven Months May Ending May “1916, 1917, ‘1916, 1917, Gross Gross Gross Gross Imports Tons Tons Tons Tons Ferromanganese a 2,019 a 69,924 Ferrosilicor $17 1,114 4,933 7,846 Manganese oxide and ore of 74,825 81,269 430,620 593,310 Nickel ore and matte 7,865 7,024 79,848 83,310 Tungsten bearing ore a 404 a 3,480 Exports Ferrotungsten and tungsten ! tal a 207 a 719 Ferrovanadiun ; 92 139 436 1,076 N >| r l oxide and matt 1.622 806 10,428 13,039 N eparatel reported $72,918,913 for the same month of 1916 and $111,164,- 876 for March of this year, when high water-mark was reached. For the eleven months ended May, 1917, the total was $1,010,496,046, as compared with $545,018,533 for the same period of 1916, which was an advance of Nac hinery Ma} —EBleven Months —~ 191¢ 1917 1916 1917 $138,116 $205,907 $956,327 $1,636,460 2,159 81,247 490,042 1,026,265 7,674 \ 28,620 57,778 ] 861 70,449 1,314,674 1,284,618 6.167 2 676 108,768 111,053 2,059 6,298 61,845 102,209 49.126 68,219 456,348 438,567 12 189,592 1,367,357 1,960,457 14, } 5.755 508,807 40,798 637,192 1,466,457 2 16,303,160 500,32 ] 17,222,062 590.114 4,489,453 877,648 2 17,110,182 9,028 313,975 14,901 282,444 21,678 163,993 76,348,162 361,334 1,042,066 1,742,026 9,008,906 1,715,021 1,690,497 5,597,292 790,204 5,730,301 1,228,203 10,316,369 3,194,803 1,012,280 10,100,421 844,123 424,518 913,294 1,020,196 28,903,23 38,696,782 $162,135,926 $234,403,278 960,478 July 12, 1917 Imports of Iron and Steel May Eleven Months é Pacem eee, 1916, 1917, 1916, 1917, Gross Gross Gross Gross Tons Tons Tons Tons Ferromanganese .......... deaa a06e 860d dae 69,924 Ferrosilicon Sa a SONA thei sh land 417 1,114 4,933 7,846 All other pig iron..........; 9,650 1,189 99,358 33,997 «PERO ETP EOR TSC ETE 6,407 16,372 92,115 208,236 SP THe oa bcc cv einwemeas 909 33 86,646 4,241 Structural iron and steel... 67 133 1,305 926 Hoep or band iron......... sans 24 470 24 Steel billets without alloys.. 2,624 2,899 11,071 12,575 All other steel billets...... 2,219 717 10,678 10,473 Steel GHEE ste daa eiwded cae 9,196 1,491 49,233 13,097 Sheets and plates.......... 151 44 1,618 1,727 Tin and terne plates....... 39 2 712 610 WW 10O: POG iets b Ee xd ado SEC 434 1 4,126 > 064 TOGEE iva tektites: : .... 32,113 26,038 362,265 366,740 more than 130 per cent over any previous corresponding eleven months. Exports of machinery in May were valued at $22,960,478, as compared with $21,984,961 for the same month of 1916. Shipments of metal- working machinery aggregated $6,515,007, as against $9,938,806 for the same month of 1916, when maximum exports were recorded. Exports of machinery of all kinds for the eleven months ended May, 1917, were valued at $234,403,278, as compared with $162,135,926 for the corresponding period of 1916, which was an advance of nearly 60 per cent over any preceding 11 months. Details of the exports of machinery for May, 1916 and 1917, and for the two 11 months’ periods are given in the accompanying table. Exports of iron and steel for which quantities are given aggregated 587,900 gross tons in May, 1917, as compared with 540,591 tons in the same month of 1916. The record for exports of these commodities is still held by September, 1916, with a total of 643,763 gross tons, although the shipments of March of this year aggre- gated 606,560 tons. For the eleven months ended May, 1917, the shipments were 6,253,831 gross tons as com- pared with 4,334,511 tons for the same period of 1916. An accompanying table shows the exports for May and for the eleven months ended May, 1917, as com- pared with 1916. Imports of tonnage iron and steel showed a decline in May, the upward tendency noted in recent months having been sharply checked, due to a falling off in the imports of both ferromanganese and scrap. The total receipts of tonnage iron and steel in May were 26,038 gross tons, as compared with 32,113 tons for the same month of 1916. The imports for the eleven months ended May, 1917, were 366,740 gross tons, as compared with 362,265 in 1916. The accompanying table shows the imports of tonnage commodities for May and for the eleven months ended May, 1917, as compared with 1916. M. C. New Company to Make Ferrosilicon The Southern Ferroalloys Co., Chattanooga, Tenn., has been organized as a Tennessee corporation with a capital stock of $210,000. Chattanooga and Chicago in- terests are represented in the company, which has leased, with an option to buy, the plant of the Southern Steel Co., Chattanooga. It is expected that in Novem- ber the company will begin the manufacture of ferro- silicon for the production of which three electric fur- naces are being installed. Power will be obtained from the Tennessee Power Co., which has a hydroelectric plant, and the expectation is that 3000 tons of high- grade ferrosilicon will be produced annually. While pres- ent plans call for the making of ferrosilicon only, the manufacture of other ferroalloys later on is contem- plated. The officers of the company are: President, Hall J. Kruesi, Chattanooga; chairman of the beard, Eugene B. Clark, president Buchanan Electric Steel Co., Chicago; vice-president, N. Thayer Montague, Chat- inooga; secretary and treasurer, Theodore L. Mon- igue, Chattanooga, and general manager, George L. lavison, The last-named is now of Chicago, but will ake his home in Chattanooga. The United Furnace Co., Canton, Ohio, will build ladle house, 55 x 125 ft. George M. Demarest, Pitts- irgh, is engineer. THE IRON AGE 71 PIG IRON WARRANTS George H. Hull Favors Important Extension of Governmental Control Present conditions in the pig iron market are dis- cussed in a statement which has been issued by George H. Hull, president of the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant Co., New York, who presents what he believes is a satisfactory method of preventing prices from as- cending to still higher levels. Mr. Hull says that for the ninth time within the past 80 years business in the United States has been hampered and delayed in conse- quence of a famine in pig iron. “In times of peace,” he says, “these delays have resulted in the loss of millions of dollars to the business of the country; in time of war, they must necessarily prolong its duration and thus add enormously to the loss of human lives. The violence of these pig iron famines can be appreciated by the pronounced effect they have had upon its price during their existence: During the mildest ones, price has advanced more than 100 per cent. During the most violent ones it has gone up from 300 to 400 per cent. Pig iron, which sold at $9 per ton in Pennsylvania in 1897, is now selling for $50 per ton. During the Civil War, iron advanced to $80 per ton. No one can esti- mate how much more severe the present famine may become, or how much it may weaken cur effectiveness in the war, if our Government does not take prompt steps to remedy the evil. Contrasting conditions of this country with those in Great Britain, Mr. Hull says: “There has existed for more than 70 years a simple and practical system for accumulating reserve stocks of pig iron; and it has for 70 years resulted in that country carrying an average stock equal to six months’ production. The average stock carried by the United States in that period has been less than three weeks’ production. The measure of benefit enjoyed by the business enterprises of Great Britain, through her intelligent laws and customs in this respect, can be estimated from the fact that during the nine pig iron famines which have occurred within the last 70 years, the average advance in its price has been but 50 per cent, as against an advance of more than 200 per cent in the United States.” Mr. Hull says that efforts have been made to intro duce the British system into the United States, but with only partial success for the reason that customs which have grown up in the United States have become too fixed to be changed or overcome by private enterprise. “It is believed now,” says Mr. Hull, “that nothing but a great calamity, such as the present war, and Govern ment action can do away with these customs and in augurate the British system in this country.” Mr. Hull then proceeds to argue that there is no con- stitutional reason why the United States Government cannot do what is necessary to inaugurate the British system and he believes the war has furnished strong reasons why it should do so. He adds: “For 50 years or more, our Government has acted as warehousemen for the whiskey producers of the country. All that is needed now to make it possible to accumulate an ample supply of pig iron as soon as possible is that the Gov- ernment should offer to act as warehousemen for the pig iron producers. The service sought from the Gov- ernment, to accumulate reserve stock of pig iron now, will not be one-tenth as arduous or complicated as the service it has rendered to whiskey producers for the carriage of their product. Whiskey requires for its care, expensive warehouses, fire insurance, constant at- tention, etc. Pig iron can be stored in open yards in full view of the public. It requires no warehouse, no care, no fire insurance, and no attention.” In conclusion Mr. Hyll says: “In Great Britain the pig iron warrant system was established and has been maintained by private enterprise. If such a system is now inaugurated and maintained in this country by the Government, its national credit would make it vastly more effective and useful than the British system has been, and in normal times the system would pay the Government a revenue. But that would be the least of its benefits; it will make this country the future store- vd ws. e: ‘ [ 72 THE IRON AGE July 12, 1917 house of the world for pig iron. M. Lebon says, ‘It is on the coal and iron of the world that the world’s peace depends.’ The United States could be trusted with this power. . . . To-day we are suffering for everything we need made of iron; comparatively no stock on hand and prices up 300 to 500 per cent. Is it not time for the Government to act, and do for its people what they 999 need, and cannot do for themselves? Traveling Crane for Steel Mills \ new line of electric traveling cranes designed for high efficiency to meet the severe requirements of steel mill crane specifications has been brought out by the Champion Crane Co., Cleveland, of which the Biggs- Watterson Co., Guardian Building, Cleveland, is gen- eral sales agent. Various refinements have been pro- vided in this crane, rather than any radical changes in the mechanical design. The predominating features claimed for it are its simplicity, safety, accessibility and interchangeability of parts. The structure is designed to secure the rigidity required to withstand heavy shocks and severe strains The side frames consist of two heavy steel castings connected by a wide and heavy steel girt or separator. The separator, which carries only the hoisting motor and its electric brake, is fastened to the side frames by ‘ > Its ¢ “ests > 1S act > he side = a ; large bolts and rests on ledge : machined on the sid The Mi the Hook Block Is Relied Upon to Prevent frames so as to relieve the bolts of all shearing strains. ‘ver g by Break the Circuit through the Limit Switc] All fastenings are effected by through bolts with U. S. standard nuts, and all bearings are provided with _ steel cross-head. The sheaves on the lower block have caps and fitted with split phosphor bronze bushings. phosphor bronze bushings and any sheave is inter- The bushings are provided with end flanges. The uppe: changeable with any other of equal diameter, whether half has a lug protruding through a center hole in tne located on the upper or lower blocks. cap to prevent rotation. The lug is drilled and tapped The upper rope sheaves are carried on an inde to receive compression type grease cups. Shafts i: pendent structural girt which is attached to the trolley the hoisting mechanism are located in a horizontal in such a way that it is not rigidly secured to the plane, permitting any shaft with its pinions and gear: trolley frame, and it is stated that because of this or hoisting drum to be lifted out without disturbing design excessive deflection, due to an overload or acci- any other part. The shafts are of forged steel. dental injury, cannot be communicated to the trolley Shaft bearings on the hoist train are interchang frames or throw the hoist bearing out of line, thus able so that only one size of bushings need be carried for precluding the possibility of binding the machinery. replacement. A new feature in the design of the troliey The ends of the structural steel load girt are connected side frames is that they are arranged to receive not only to the trolley frame by pins, about which the ends of the split bronze bushings for grease lubrication, but als« girt are free to rotate under the influence of the de- solid bushings with rings for oil lubrication. flection. This structural steel girt has no connection Either cast-iron trolley track wheels with chilled with the separator supporting the hoist motor. ground treads are furnished as the standard or cast All gears are steel with cut teeth and all pinions steel wheels can be supplied. The wheels are keyed are cut steel forgings. The gears have wide faces and to axles revolving in MCB type bearings provided with substantial arms to stand overloads due to the sudden phosphor bronze hexagon bushings and oil cellars of starting, stopping and reversing of the motor. The ample capacity. gears are inclosed in cast oil-tight gear cases with large The lower block is of the side plate design The swinging covers. There are no overhanging gears, all ‘orged steel and swivels on chrome-nickel gears being keyed to their shafts and located betwee he hook is inserted through a forged two bearings. The gears in the trolley propelling hook is of fo1 steel balls . -————— i. | Refinement of Mechanical Design Rather than Any Radical Changes C for Steel Mill Servic haracterizes a New Line of Electric Traveling Cranes July 12, 1917 mechanism are accessible by removing one-half section of the inclosure. The mechanical load retaining brake used when dynamic breaking is not employed is a modification of the Weston multiple disk type. The working parts are inclosed in a casing and a differential flexible band is provided to grip the brake wheel or case when lowering The advantage claimed for this type is that it applies itself without undue shock and the operation is posi- tive, smooth and noiseless. The load brake is located between large bearings adjacent to the drum pinion the outer bearings and retaining device being fastened to a bracket cast integral with the trolley frame. The trolley is designed for any standard crane hoist motor and motor brake, either alternating current or direct current. The hoist mechanism is provided with an automatic switch, limiting the upper travel of the hook. The limit contact is actuated by the hook block itself. The magnetic switch is normally held in a closed position and is opened whenever the circuit is inter- rupted. In other words the safety hoist limit operates by “breaking” and not by “making” a circuit. The trolley is designed so that attachments can be made of all standard safety devices and for the attachment of platforms to the sides or ends of the trolley. Cradle Dump Body Storage Battery Truck An electric storage battery truck equipped with a cradle dump body has been brought out by the Oren- stein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. It is intended for carrying a load of 3000 lb. in the dump body or can be employed as a tractor for pulling 10,000 lb. The truck proper is of the builders’ standard con frame of steel channel section and a Four spiral steel springs sup with a hinged oak platform. struction Load of 3000 Lb. Can Be Carried in the Cradle Dump Bod or tl rruck Can Be Employed as a Tractor to Haul 10,000 Lb port the frame and are relied upon to protect both the load and the truck from shock. Cast steel wheels, 20 in diameter, with 3-in. solid rubber tires and two limken roller bearings to each wheel, are used. The wheel base is 52 in. and the gage is 34 in. An Ironclad Exide battery supplies power to the motor, which pro- pels the truck at a speed of 77 miles per hr. The body is of the self-clearing type with a dumping angle of 40 deg. A simple mechanism operated from he platform regulates*the @iimping of the body. Lift- ng hooks are provided at each end of the body to ‘nable it to be removed and give access to the batteries through a door in the platform. The loosening of the olts holding the dump body frame in place enable it to e removed and access to the motor jackshaft and brake 0 be obtained after a section of the hinged platform thrown back. THE IRON AGE 13 A Large Self-Cooled Transformer Transformers having radiators located around the containing tank have been built for the Carnegie Steel Co. by, the General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. In addition to the use of the radiators, the transformers are interesting as they are said to be the largest ones of the self-cooled type ever constructed Each trans former is rated at 8000 kva. and is employed for step ping a voltage of 44,000 down for six of to 6600. The order called d they nave ycie circuit these transformers ar been it je ( stalled on a single-phase, The 24 e ) radiators consist of vertical flattened tubes rigidly welded into headers which are flanged for bolt ing to the tanks. The total surface provided approxi mates 1,000,000 sq and the cooling i obtained by cireulating oil automatically through the radiators which are self-draining and have no pockets This feature of construction s relied upon to prevent the accumulation of air at the top and moisture and sedi ment at the bottom. All of the sean and the joints in the tank and radiators are welded with a view to preventing oil leakage, and with the same object n view screwed pipe fittings have been done away with between the containing tank and the radiators. The connections between the radiators and the tank are made by cast-iron elbows with machined surfaces and flanges on the tank and the radiator are provided for securing the elbow in place with bolts Electrical Engineers’ Meeting The eleventh annual convention of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers wil! be held in the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 10 to 14, 1917. Wednesday, Sept. 12, is to be devoted entirely to a patriotic program, with addresses by army and navy engineers on vital dustries. A. H. Swartz of the & Mfg. Co., Cleveland, is chairman of the entertain ment convention committee. It first decided not to hold a convention of the electrical engineers this year on account of the war, but Secretary of War Baker recommended that the convention should be held, as no doubt it would aid in bringing to electrical engineers the great necessity of close co-operation with the Gov- ernment during the war subjects concerning in- Westinghouse Electric and was The Kokomo Steel & Wire Co., Kokomo, Ind.. has filed its answer in the Federal Court at Indianapolis in the suit against it by the Republic of France. It makes a general denial of the charges of breach of contract and alleges payments were not made as promptly as provided in the contract. Magnetic Analysis of Steel Products’ Advantages as Applied to Rails—Detection of Defects Not Revealed by Mechanical Tests — Value BY DR. HE fundamental principle that there is an exact correspondence between magnetic and mechanical properties has been established beyond doubt. Considerable headway has been made in the practical application of this principle. The present paper may be considered as a further, though partial, report on the same problem. In it are given very briefly some of the actual accomplishments toward the solution of the problem. At the present time laboratory tests are being made upon tools, cut- lery, springs, ball bearings, cables, rails and a few other articles. Not only are the laboratory methods capable of being expanded into practical shop or com- mercial tests, but the actual development along certain lines is in progress. The science of magnetic analysis consists in the systematic correlation of the magnetic and other prop- erties of materials and of the application of the laws and principles which underlie the interrelations of such properties, particularly the interrelations of the mag netic and mechanical properties of steel. The art of magnetic analysis consists in the determination of the magnetic characteristics, or better, a small number of the magnetic characteristics, and from these observa- tions making estimations of the mechanical properties. Criteria of Mechanical Properties The nature of a piece of steel may be studied by observing its behavior under the action of certain mechanical forces. The usual mechanical tests result in the destruction of the specimen so that it is not feasible to give such a test to the identical material to be used in a given structure. Even such superficial and in- tensely localized tests as the Brinell ball hardness test and the scleroscope test require the finishing of the surface tested, and after their application the surface in a modified condition. The chemical analysis is extremely valuable and is usually considered as being the most valuable criterion of the mechanical possibilities of the steel. This test also must be made on a part of the material which does not enter into the final structure. It is, however, en- tirely inadequate to tell what condition the steel may have been left in as a result of its previous thermal and mechanical treatment. Two pieces of steel of the same chemical composition may be given different heat treatments and finally have widely different mechanical properties. Microscopic analysis becomes difficult in the fine-grained steels. Here the structures of slightly different heat treatment are so nearly alike that it is possible to make only a rough estimation of the heat treatment from the microscopic observations. The mechanical, chemical and microscopic analyses of steel form the basis for the customary specifications and testing. They are, however, open to one or more of the following objections: They are vicarious, destructive, local or qualitative leave Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties It is well supported by experimental evidence, but not so generally known, that two pieces of steel which differ in certain particulars, likewise show correspond- ing magnetic differences. *From a paper presented at the ual meeting, of, tix American Society for Testing Materials, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27, 1917 The author is with the Bureau of Standards Washington. At the Budapest Congress of the International Association for Testing Materials in 1901 there was proposed Problem 28, “The consideration of the magnetic and electric properties of materials in connection with their mechanical! testing.”” At the 1912 congress of the same society the author of the present paper presented a report on this problem. This paper pointed the way to a number of possibilities but was little more than a glance into the future of the CHARLES W. ~I Individual Test BURROWS Magnetically an increase in carbon content is ac companied by an increase in coercive force and hys- teresis, and a decrease in permeability. The cold draw- ing of a carbon steel increases its tensile strength and simultaneously increases its coercive force and hys- teresis. Cold drawing also decreases the magnetic per meability. Magnetically, changes of equal magnitude also occur on quenching. The quenched steel has a greater co- ercive force, a greater hysteresis, and a lower perme ability. In a specific case a one-per-cent carbon steel in the quenched and the annealed conditions had Brinell hardness numerals, in terms of kilograms per 0.1 mm. indention of 4390 and 800 respectively. The correspond- ing values of the coercive forces for a magnetizing force of 150 gausses were 33 and 12. Steel changes with lapse of time. Both mechanical and magnetic changes occur. Glass-hard steel softens with age. The same steel shows a decrease in coercive force. The mechanical properties of a bar of steel may differ from point to point if the bar has not received the same treatment throughout. For instance, if a uniform bar is given a slight bend and again straight- ened it will show a slight change in its mechanical properties. There will be an increase in both hardness and tensile strength. The same bar will show a cor- responding decrease in permeability in the samé region. Even during the operation of stressing a bar we feel sure that changes in the mechanical nature are oc- curring. Less is known about this phase of the prob- lem than the preceding. However, we do know that small alternating stresses, even though well within the elastic limit, leave the material mechanically fatigued and if the stresses are repeated often enough rupture occurs. While it is difficult to study the changes in mechanical properties after repeated or alternating stresses, the magnetic problem is quite simple and has been investigated to some extent. Defects in Raw Material Raw material must be uniform in qualityy, The proper mechanical and thermal treatment must be de- termined for each steel that is used. It very frequently happens that two steels of quite different composition may give equally good performance for a particular service provided each steel is given the appropriate heat treatment. In general the heat treatments re- quired for the two steels will be different. Consequently if the heat treatment appropriate to the second steel! is given to the first, disastrous results may be expected. The requirement that all bars shall be alike in prop- erties implies that each bar shall have the proper com- position, shall be properly forged, rolled or drawn, as the case may be, and shall be free from local imperfec- tions such as blowholes, segregation, etc. Occasionally a lot of steel of the wrong composition is supplied through error; or, by some chance, a single bar of different composition may get mixed up with the general stock. If not detected such a bar may cause much loss or annoyance. Very frequently a steel, espe- cially among the alloy steels, may have the proper chemical composition but with the elements not in the proper state of solution. It is not uncommon to find that a tool made from a large bar will prove defective while the same bar when forged down to a smallér size will yield perfect tools. Since the cost of labor fre- quently amounts to more than the cost of material, it is very desirable to separate the good from the defec- tive material before costly labor has been put upon it. Another defect that sometimes is found in cold-drawn material is the tearing apart of some of the crystals beneath the outer surface. 4 July 12, 1917 Many of these defects would pass unnoticed in the usual examinations by the chemist, microscopist, or mechanical tester. In such cases as the above a mag- netic examination may be expected to be of service. Value of Individual Tests The ideal test of a finished product is one which permits the examination of each individually and does not assume that the characteristics of 99 pieces are identical with those of the hundredth one which hap- pened to be picked out for test. Magnetic analysis is adapted to such individual testing. The individual test not only permits the elimination of defective pieces but also permits the grading of a product which, while satis- factory in general, is not all of the same degree of per- fection. It is a matter of common experience that an occasional tool is found which is quite superior to the average fairly good tool. Any method which will en able one to select such exceptionally good tools cannot fail to be helpful. This process of grading will enable the manufacturer to offer a uniformity of product hitherto unknown and permit him to guarantee such iniformity with surety. It is true that certain tools will have to be sold as seconds at a reduced price. On the other hand there will be a new class of exceptional ne Fig. 1—The Magnetic Circuit of the Rail quality which will bring a correspondingly higher price, The individual test will permit improvement in de- ign. At present we insist upon factors of safety so arge that there would be a reasonable factor of safety even though there were a considerable amount of defec- tive material. If a material is used whose individual roperties are not known and which may vary between de limits a greater factor of safety is used than if nown material were used. For example, a cast-iron tructure might have a factor of safety of ten while a milar structure of steel would be safe with a factor of ur or five. Frequently it is desirable to make exhaustive tests pon a few pieces. Such cases arise where one or re samples are submitted in competition with. other aterial. I recently witnessed a test on the results which an order of $200,000 was to be based. Five ces worth about $2 each were submitted by each mpetitor. The properties of each sample depended pon proper composition and proper heat treatment. ven though the composition were correct a slight error the heat treatment would place the material at a sadvantage. By a suitable magnetic test the manu- THE IRON AGE 75 facturer could have assured himself that were representative of his best product. I have made laboratory tests on a number of com mercial articles with considerable success his samples Experi- mental evidence already at hand shows that it is feasible to apply individual magnetic tests to many forms of tools, cutlery and springs. These tests are of such a nature that they may be carried out on a commercial scale. Rings and balls for ball bearings are now being tried out by this method with every promise of success. Steel rails, in spite of their size, lend themselves very readily to this method of exam ination. Magnetic Detection of Service Effects Since the magnetic and mechanical properties of steel suffer changes with the lapse of time and under ordinary service conditions, the magnetic method offers a very promising means of examining, without destruc tion, the changes that develop during the life history of a structure. Some of the things to be looked for are the ordinary results of wear and tear. A good example of this is the mine or elevator cable A structure may fail by the development of flaws. For instance, a steel rail may render apparently satis Under Examination by the Leakage Test factory service for several years and finally develop a transverse fissure which results in a dangerous acci- dent. Periodic examinations of rails which are under suspicion because of excessive duty or other causes may be made and we may thus detect the presence of such a flaw in an early stage of its development. Magnetic analysis may be of use in the development of a new design. It is customary when a new design or a new model is developed to run a service test and at intervals to dismantle the apparatus and go over in detail the various members of the structure. This pro- cedure is common in high-grade mechanisms such as automobiles, adding machines,.etc. Such an examina tion will deteet errors in design or faulty material which result in fracture or excessive wear. Another field which has not as yet been tried, but for which the possibility has already been established, is in the study of the state of stress of a given struc- tural member. ~The fact that steel suffers certain changes in its magnetic properties when put under tension and certain other changes when put under com- pression renders such a determination possible. The apparatus required and the procedure of testing depends to a great extent upon the nature and size a Siar aver 76 THE IRON AGE July 12, 1917 of the material tested as well as upon the characteristic flaws to be expected. Apparatus for examining safety- razor blades is necessarily quite different, notably in size, from apparatus for the testing of steel rails. In the case of a lathe tool in which only the nose is hard- ened the examination differs from that of a locomotive driving rod which is more nearly uniform throughout. Magnetic Testing of Rails If the testing of rails is to give a certainty of the quality of the material, it is necessary to test not only each rail, but every element of the length of each rail. This may be accomplished by a double magnetic test. One part of the magnetic test will determine whether there are non-uniformities along the length of the rail. Since this test is based upon a determination of mag- netic leakage it is referred to as the “leakage” test. The leakage test determines the homogeneity of the rail. Inhomogeneities, while they may not be due t dangerous imperfections, always cast suspicion upon the rail. Inhomogeneous rails should not be used in g places where the highest degree of perfection is re quired. For instance, inhomogeneous rails should not be used on bridges, in tunnels, or where the traffic is heavy. Homogeneity in itself is not evidence of per- I fection. A rail may be quite uniform along its length and yet be an unsafe rail. Its dangerous nature may be due to improper chemical composition or to errors in the process of manufacture such as improper finishing temperatures or excessive cooling rates. To deter mine whether or not such defects exist requires a de termination of one or more magnetic constants. The measurements may be made in some form of permea meter and in conformity with the nomenclature for similar tests on small specimens, we call this part of the magnetic examination the “induction” test. Figs. 1 and 2 show the general appearance of the leakage apparatus for rails. A magnetizing solenoid is moved along the length of the rail. Any non-uniform-