The Iron Age 1917-03-01: Vol 99 Iss 9

New York, March |, 1917 VOL. 99: No Manufacturing Methods Used in Toolroom Automobile Jigs and Fixtures Produced Largely by Machine Operators at Enterprise Tool Company Instead of by Tool Makers system for routing work in that connection are found in the plant of the Enterprise Tool Company, Cleveland. The plant, which was placed operation recently, is equipped for large produc- tion, and manufacturing methods are made to apply is far as the output permits. The principal prod- A N example of a modern toolroom and a simple on one type of machine all the time. In addition the time that it takes the tool maker to get his tools and carry them to the machine is saved. The plant is located in the new Power building of the Properties Company on East Seventy-second Street and occupies 16,000 sq. ft. of space somewhat irregular in shape on the ground floor. Duplicate Furnaces in the Heat-Treating Department Have Ho ods Provided with a Forced Draft for Carr ge OTF the Heat and the Fumes ucts are jigs and fixtures, but they also include any- thing in the line of tools, gages and small special machinery. However the plant specializes on jigs and fixtures for automobile builders. lt is the usual practice in toolrooms to have the work done from start to finish by tool makers. In the Enterprise plant the tool makers are kept off the machines as much as possible and practically all machine work and grinding is done by machine operators. This leaves only the finishing work and assembling to be done by the tool maker. This plan, floor space has been leased on the second floor and will be used when required. The building is an up-to-date type of structure for factory purposes, being of steel and concrete and with a large amount of window space in steel sash. The machinery is grouped together both accord ing to types and to sizes of machines, the smaller machines being in the front part of the shop and the larger ones for the heavier work being in the rear. The machine-tool equipment includes 10 Brown & Sharpe milling machines in various sizes, tis stated, results in more economical production, 3 Cincinnati milling machines, 45 Hendey lathes, 2 lor the reason that the wages of the machine opera- Lucas boring mills, 13 Gould & Eberhardt shaping re lower than those of the tool makers and as machines, 6 Henry & Wright sensitive drilling ma- a) the operators are speedier because they work chines, 1 Gray planing machine, a 4-ft. American 525 526 THE IRON AGE March 1, 1917 The Machines Are Grouped radial drilling machine, 1 Leland-Gifford sensitive drilling machine and 4 Brown & Sharpe universal and 1 surface grinding machines. The machines are completely equipped with small tools, including mi- crometers, height gages, hardened squares, Swedish gages and hardened and ground parallels. The ma- chinery is driven in groups from lineshafts by four 15-hp. motors located on interesting types of brack- ets attached to the building columns. A bracket is formed by two strap iron bands placed around the column, these bands supporting an angle iron frame. The motor rests on a wooden platform placed on th« frame. In one case a double bracket is provided for supporting a motor on either side of the column. The heat-treating department is equipped with two Frankfort gas-fired furnaces, one a large unit for case hardening and annealing and the other a combination heat treating one with a preheating oven over the heating oven and lead pot on one side. To this equipment a hardening furnace will be added shortly. Connected to both furnaces is a Wilson-Maeulen pyrometer. Air blast for the fur- naces is supplied by a Roots positive pressure blower located on a bracket on a building column and driven from the lineshaft through a countershaft. Hoods are provided over the furnaces for carrying off heat and fumes. These are connected to draft pipes that join and have a single outlet at the side of the building. To secure sufficient draft without erect- ing a stack to the top of the building a 2-in. branch is run from the main air line that supplies the blast for the furnaces to the draft pipe and the cur rent of air thus supplied answers the purpose for which it is intended. damper is located in this branch pipe to regulate the draft. The workmen’s benches are 30 in. wide and made of *% x 2-in. hard maple with a 2 x 12-in. plank along the front and have pressed steel legs. A drawer is provided under each vise. Each bench workman has an individual electric lamp supported in a universal lamp bracket built by the McCrosky Reamer Company, Meadville, Pa. The wiring is carried in steel conduits that are provided with sock- The sockets also furnish portable electric ets back of the benches. connections for tools that are used is View Some of the Arrangements Showing ng and Lighting Milling and Drilling Ma when needed for fine work. The lamps are kept i the tool crib when not needed and are taken out or a workman’s check. Overhead lighting is provided throughout the plant. This is supplied by four 100-watt lamps on 10-ft. centers in each 20 x 20-ft. bay. Plugs in the building columns furnish con nections for individual lamps when required. The lighting is controlled from two lighting cabinets provided with push buttons, this method being re- garded as fool proof as compared with the ordinary knife switch. When an order is sent to the shop, the sho clerk makes out an order for stock which is sent to the rough stock department. Here the stock put in tote pans with a tag on each pan and piec« indicating the date, order and part number, name of tool or description of work, number of pieces and material. The drawings also accompany the work The pans are delivered to racks located near the fore man’s desk and the work is routed from there to thé different machines. When an operation is completed the part is returned to the pan at the foreman’s desk and another man takes it from there for th« next operation. . The work is carried from the tote boxes to the machines in single pieces, or in small pans, if one workman is to perform similar opera- tions on several parts. Near the foreman’s desk is a blackboard for entering rush orders that are given preference over other work. The blackboard is marked off in columns for date of delivery and order number. The tool crib, located in the center of the shop, occupies one 20 x 20-ft. bay. This has the usual wire screen inclosure and for convenience has three windows. All racks and drawers are of metal, and in addition to an excellent arrangement for con venience and utilizing space, a fireproof safe is pro- vided for holding the most expensive tools. The too! crib equipment was furnished by the Lyon Metallic Company. The stock record for raw stock and small tools such as drills, reamers, taps, etc., is entered on 9 * 8-in. cards that are kept on file in the office, a seP- arate card being provided for each item. This card contains the names of manufacturers and jobbers March 1, 1917 furnish that particular stock, the date and tity of the order, name of seller, dete of de- _ete. Other cards kept in the shop contain rd of the quantity taken from stock. shop time is noted on either productive or aductive orders. Non-productive orders are ed under repairing machinery and shafting, and care of building, making small tools, often me particular job but which can be used for is work in the shop, and other non-productive ' not covered by these three classifications, the neluding sharpening and repairing of tools. P tive orders are numbered and bear the sym- M.” Non-productive orders bear a distin- ig symbol for each class of non-productive ich workman is provided with 15 tool checks a number which corresponds to his clock ker number. These he turns into the tool crib takes tools for each job. He is also given a inent requisition for such tools as he uses ntly and oil cans, files, etc. When these wear secures a replacement order which permits take new tools Rapid Determination of Phosphorus in Speed Steels High- ‘curate and rapid modified method for the ce ion of phosphorus in high-speed steels is highly nded by Edward C. Kraus, chemist, Atlas Steel Dunkirk, N. Y. Excellent results are re Government standards containing various »f tungsten and vanadium. His method is as ive two grams of the sample in 1 to 3 aqua ind when the solution is boiling quietly add a ystals of potassium chlorate. Evaporate to about 2 Then remove from the hot plate, add 40 c.c. of t ool under tap and filter, washing twice with HCl. Next, evaporate the solution to the basic \gain remove from the plate, wash down the the beaker with about 25 c.c. of water, cool r. Transfer the solution to an Erlenmyer flask neutralizing with 10 cc. of ammonia and .c. Of nitric acid, precipitate immediately ybdate solution. If vanadium is present reduce of 3 per cent sulphurous acid just before the molybdate. Allow the solution to stand 45 after thoroughly shaking. Then filter and ne the phosphorus by titration with standard alkali solutions.” Ang or Parallel THE IRON AGE of This New Universal Grinding Machine for Cutters, Drills and Tools of Various Kinds Can Be Set with the Grinding Wheel Spindle or at any Intermediate Angle and New Universal Type Grinding Machine The Grand Rapids Grinding Machine Company Grand Rapids, Mich., has brought out a new universal! grinding machine. It is designed for handling cutters drills and tools of all kinds, special emphasis being laid upon the fact that it is a universal machine for handling all classes of tool grinding, rather than a machine in tended for one kind with attachments adapting it for the others. Features of construction include the swivel ing of the table through a complete circle with ready provision for locking at any point, ability to tapers, and ease of manipulation. A double-spindle construction is employed to give the . vrind fins high speeds required by the small wheels employed sharpening cutters and reamers, as well ones for the larger wheels used in sharpening drills This arrangement is employing a clot pinion on the cutter grinding spindle. Both spindles are mounted in large bearings equipped witl ring oiling and eithe: radial wear or end play. throug! as the slower secured by bronze taking up table will means for The dev ices swivel a complete circle and is locked to the sub-table, whic! in turn is fastened in the desired position by two screw one in front and one in back of the sub-table. To pro vide a lever action, which is explained is sometime desirable for certain classes of grinding work is furnished that can be mounted on the handwheel controlling the longitudinal movement. Th is done by simply slipping the lever over the iuxiliary leve wheel an fastening it in place by a thumb screw The both directions, thus en abling it to be placed in line with or at the table. The vise, which is carried on headstock has slots in right angles the headstock can be mounted in either position and in addition car be swiveled to present the work to the wheel in either horizontal, vertical or angular positions. The screws -ontrolling the vertical and cross feeds operate in bronze nuts and have dials graduated to read to 0.001 in \ scale for tapers reading to 1/16 in. per ft also pr vided. The cutter grinding portion of the machine wil handle cutters, reamers or tools where the swing do not exceed 9% in. and the length is under 20 in. It wi grind face mills up to 12 in. in diameter and interna! work from % in, in diameter to 3% in. in depth \ transverse movement of 7 in. is provided, while the ongitudinal and vertical movements are 15 and 6% ir respectively The drill holder will 2% in. accommodate drills from % t in diameter, a single standard holder, it i out, providing for any desired angle of point, yr type of shank, even though the latter be larger thar the diameter of the drill. of any size can be handled grinding face of the pointed clearancé Two, three or four lip drill Mechanisn vided for truing the wheel Is pre a «= at Rieht Locked in Manipu Position by lating Two Screws — The Supply of Acid Bessemer Ore A Survey of the Known Low Phosphorus Ore Deposits of the World — Supply Expected to Last from 50 to 100 Years —— BY H. H. N 1876, or soon after the Bessemer process had shown its worth, Abram S. Hewitt, then president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, in a re- markable address foretold with almost mathematical exactness the growth of the iron industry. There were even then farseeing men who realized that the known deposits of low phosphorus ore could not furnish suffi- cient raw material for the needs of the world; while on the other hand there were optimists who predicted that new bodies of ore would virtually spring up from the ground. Ever since then men have been searching for iron ore in every corner of the earth; but very few beds have been found that will give an iron suitable for the acid converter. Meanwhile basic processes have been developed and we no longer are dependent on pure mineral; but even to-day we find that as much as one- quarter of all the steel produced in the world is made by acid processes and it may not be uninteresting to survey the sources of our low phosphorus ores. The writer of this article will try to point out how much ore of this kind is being mined in the world to-day, and for convenience the figures will be translated into “equivalent pig iron,” for that is what we real y want to know. Bessemer Ore Produced in the United States It is not easy to get accurate figures regarding the actual output of Bessemer ore in our country, for there are many mines that produce both Bessemer and non- Bessemer, while the dividing line between these grades is purely arbitrary. We have, however, an approxi- mately accurate measure in the quantity of Bessemer pig iron produced, and as just said it is better to talk about pig iron than about ore. In 1915 the output of Bessemer pig iron in the United States was 10,523,000 tons, about 3 per cent being made in Colorado, about 2 per cent from the magnetites of Cornwall, Pa., and 4 per cent from imported mineral, mainly from Cuba; but 90 per cent came from Lake Superior ore. This Lake district turns out half the Bessemer ore of the world; but we must keep in mind that a large part of it would not be considered up to the standard in Great Britain, where 0.08 per cent of phosphorus is the maximum allowed in acid steel. There has been an enor- mous increase in our output of iron ore from year to year, but the production of the purer grades is not increasing. Thus in the five years from 1903 to 1907 the output of Bessemer pig iron averaged 11,708 000 tons; from 1909 to 1913 the average was 10,893,000 tons; while in 1915 the production was 10,523,000 tons. The years 1908 and 1914 are omitted as abnormal. These figures indicate a slight decline in the output of Bessemer pig iron; and although from the standpoint of logic this does not prove that the ore reserves are decreasing, yet the average market price of Bessemer ore for the last 10 years has been more than 20 per cent higher than the price of non-Bessemer. Taking to- gether the two facts—that pure ore commands a pre- mium and that the output is not increasing—it would seem as if we were at the point where a greater output can be obtained only at; a higher cost per unit, either through forcing production at existing mines or by opening inferior deposits. ORE RESERVES IN THE UNITED STATES No definite information can be given concerning the tonnage of Bessemer ore in the ground at Lake Su- perior, since in many district, particularly on the Mesaba range, there is no order or system governing the distribution of the different kinds of ore. More- over, the figures published, regarding the amount of all CAMPBELL kinds of ore that actually exist, are confusing, | say the least. Thus a few years ago, in a report to th International Geographical Congress at Stockholm, was calculated that the Marquette range contained 110,000,000 tons of “available” ore. Now this field turns out about 4,000,000 tons per year, so that it would appear that the supply will be exhausted in less than 30 years; but incidentally it is stated that there are 15,900,000,000 tons of “potential” ore, and of course this will postpone a real catastrophe for 4000 years. Likewise it was shown that the Menominee and Gogebic ranges taken together have “available” ore enough for 25 years, but the “potential” supply will last 1700 years longer. These figures apply to the whole mass of ore and do not give separately the reserves of Bessemer grade, so it is not possible to give accurate data on this point; but it is probable that about all the large deposits of rich low phosphorus ore in our country have beer opened up and are now producing the maximum output consistent with economical operation. We may hope that they will last another quarter of a century at the present rate of production. Minor discoveries of new mineral areas may be looked for from time to time, while, as some of the mines give out, the market will be supplied with less desirable ores, lower in iron and higher in silica. Some time in the future, when the richer ores are gone, men will turn wholly to the leaner grades which are now hardly considered available. It is unnecessary to worry over the exact amount of mineral that falls below a certain arbitrary content of phos- phorus, for there is an enormous amount of ore only a trifle outside the Bessemer limit, which will make meta! suitable for the basic open hearth and for the duplex process. Spain as a Producer of Bessemer Ore Spain mines one-quarter of all the low phosphorus ore produced in the world, the output per year being equivalent to about 5,000,000 tons of pig iron, 90 per cent of this ore being exported. Half the shipments go to Great Britain and 40 per cent to Germany, the rest being divided between France, Belgium and the United States. The greater part of the ore comes from around Bilbao on the northern coast, and this carries about 50 per cent of iron in the natural state, with nearly or quite 10 per cent of silica. Considerable quantities of ore containing a small proportion 0! manganese are exported from southern Spain; and this is used in making low grade spiegeleisen, so it Is not quite correct to speak of the total output as being equivalent to just so much “Bessemer pig iron”; but the error in so doing will not seriously affect the genera! problem of the world’s supply of Bessemer ore, which is what we are considering. From 1870, when Spain became an important source of iron ore, production increased until 1899, whe! %398,000 tons were mined. We cannot say that there Has been a falling off since then, because in 1915 te record shows 9,862,000 tons; but in all the interveniné time the average has been much less than it was years ago. This leads us to believe that there may ™ some truth in the statement that the supply wil! \ tg out in about a quarter of a century; but there !s 4 little reluctance to accept the prediction as final on the — of those who were told the same thing more than years ago. It is a fact, however, that poorer poorer ores are shipped every year, and now large quantities of carbonate are exported which would not have been touched a generation ago. It will be a set ous matter for both Great Britain and Germany wh! and 528 arch i 1917 nes fai] around Bilbao, for the imports from form 60 per cent of all the low phosphorus ore the United Kingdom; and they also make up ‘enths of all the pure ore smelted in Germany. Great Britain’s Bessemer Ore Deposits counties of Cumberland and Lancashire on the ast of England contain nearly all the Bessemer Great Britain; and this little district has made for all the rest of the world, because the pig tains only 0.04 per cent of phosphorus, and the akers can fill specifications for acid Bessemer { open-hearth steel that other countries cannot Production, however, has been decreasing for rs and the output of the English west coast to- ‘quivalent to only 1,000,000 tons of pig iron per vhich is about 5 per cent of the total production world. output of Bessemer pig iron in Great Britain n kept up and increased by the importations of m Spain and Algeria. If the day comes when nd cannot get Bessemer ore, there will be quite a situation from that in the United States; for the native supply of mineral in Great Britain ig iron with considerably over 1 per cent of rus, and there is nothing that resembles our ssemer ore. Other European Countries, Canada and Africa is a deposit of ore in Russia which goes by e Krivoi Rog, and a portion of the field fur- ow phosphorus ore. Judging from incomplete , the production of pig iron within the Bessemer phosphorus is about 750,000 tons per year, more than is made by any other country ex- United States and Great Britain. It is stated good ore in the Krivoi Rog will run out in less VU years. Norway has deposits of lean low-phosphorus mag- which are estimated at 200,000,000 tons, and, ey run over 30 per cent in iron, they may supply d with perhaps 70,000,000 tons of Bessemer pig \t present about 600,000 tons of concentrates year are being produced, but in a year or two the ty may be nearly 1,000,000 tons. Sweden pro- an immense amount of ore, but the bulk of it is phosphorus, and this is true of most other es. It is doubtful if the total output of Bessemer Sweden, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, d Canada, all put together, represents as much 000,000 tons of pig iron per year. French Africa, that includes Algeria and Tunis, exported h ore in 1913 to make 900,000 tons of iron, but rhaps a quarter of this was non-Bessemer. Greece s the equivalent of about 300,000 tons of Bes- pig iron per year. figures are available concerning the reserve of nany countries. The report to the Swedish Con- efore referred to, deals with the subject from a rical rather than from a commercial standpoint; vhile future generations may be interested in deep lean masses of ore, we want to know how much mined to meet present requirements regarding ntent and how much can be sold at a profit at ing market prices. Such information is lacking \lgeria, Greece, Russia and other countries; but r to assume that mines that have been active for are turning out as much as they can economi- produce, with a reasonable regard for a supply in ture. Assuming this to be true, we cannot expect French Africa or Greece will make up any serious of Bessemer ore when our present supply gives Deposits in Cuba and South America ships large quantities of mineral, but the part comes from the Mayari district, on the coast, in the neighborhood of Nipe Bay, and ins chromium. The Bessemer ore comes from hern coast, just east of Santiago, and the ex- resent about 400,000 tons of pig iron per year. occurs in rock that has been subject to ex- iry geologic upheavals and, in spite of the most THE IRON AGE 529 thorough explorations, it is not possible to see very far ahead; but it can safely be said that there will be no great increase in the output of Bessemer ore in Cuba This, of course, has nothing to do with the supply from the chromiferous Mayari beds, which undoubtedly wi! immensely increase their output in the near future. Within the last few years Chile has appeared on the scene as a producer of ore, much of which runs 68 per cent in iron, while it is very low in phosphorus; so that it ranks with the purest ores in the world. Com plete surveys have not been made, but there are cer tainly 100,000,000 tons of rich ore in the Tofo mines, which are now being worked by the Bethlehem Stee! Company. It remains to be seen whether this ore car be delivered at North Atlantic ports at a price which will make it attractive under present market conditions In the province of Minas Geraes, in Brazil, there are said to be nearly 6,000,000,000 tons of ore running over 50 per cent in iron, which is enough to supply all the blast furnaces of the world for about 50 years at the present rate of production. A part of this is withir the Bessemer limit in phosphorus, but there are con flicting accounts as to the exact proportion of pure ore The mines are 300 miles from Rio de Janeiro, and at an elevation of from 3000 to 5000 ft. Transportaton charges are high, so that up to the present very little ore has been shipped either to Europe or to the United States. Some day there may be a double-track railroad to the mines and a fleet of special steamers on the ocean, with facilities for quick loading and unloading similar to what we have on our Great Lakes, and then perhaps it will be possible to deliver the ore at reason able prices at North Atlantic ports. The General Situation Making a summary of what has been stated, we can approximate the amount of pig iron represented by the low phosphorus ore mined in the world. Lake Superior produces the equivalent of 9,500,000 tons of pig iron per year; other parts of the United States, 1,000,000 tons; Spain, 5,000,000 tons; Great Britain, 1,000,000 tons; Russia, 750,000 tons; Norway, 400,000 tons; Greece, 300,000 tons; other parts of Europe and Canada, 1,000, 000 tons; French Africa, 700,000 tons; Cuba, 400,000 tons; South America, India and other countries, 250,000 tons; making a total of a little over 20,000,000 tons. In the United States we know the exact amount of Bessemer pig iron produced, but it seems that some countries in Europe do not classify their iron in the same way that we do. Hence, the above figures are based on the consumption of low phosphorus ore, and since a large amount is used for spiegeleisen and as additions in open-hearth furnaces, it follows that our figures are a little too high. However, we are not striving after mathematical accuracy, but only trying to form some sort of an idea as to how long our Bessemer ore will last. Considering the impossibility of getting accurate fig ures regarding the amount of ore in the ground, and not knowing in some cases how much is Bessemer and how much non-Bessemer, the best we can do is to make a wild guess and say that there probably is sufficient acid Bessemer ore in the world to make about 1,500,000,000 tons of pig iron; and we must recognize a probable error of 33 per cent either way. As the output of Bessemer iron has been practically stationary for the last 10 years, it may be said that the supply will last from 50 to 100 years. Use of Inferior Ore Everything depends, however, on whether the acid 3essemer is to be supplanted by the basic open hearth, for of course men will not dig up the last of the pure ore in Minnesota or Spain and will not open mines in Brazil when steel can be made cheaper from non-Bes semer Mesaba or from Minette ore. We need low phosphorus iron for ingot molds and for other purposes; but when the supply of rich ore runs out, there is a vast store of lean mineral which cannot profitably be worked to-day, but which can be used just as soon as low phosphorus iron commands a high premium. Even to-day we are using many different methods for the beneficiation of poor ores; they are roasted to remove =e 530 sulphur or carbonic acid, or simply to drive off water as in the case of the product of the Mayari beds in Cuba. Ore is hand picked, or washed, or concentrated by the magnet, and nodulized, or clinkered, or briquetted. In the near future we will see more of this work done as the rich ores are exhausted; and there will come a time when it will pay to apply magnetic con- centration to great masses of rock in the Eastern States, for pure rich concentrates will command a high price a century from now. There are large areas in northern New Jersey and throughout the Appalachians, where the rock mass carries from 10 to 20 per cent of iron in the form of small grains of magnetite. It is a simple matter to crush this rock, separate the mineral by a magnet and then nodulize the concentrates. Some day, perhaps, what we now know as standard Bessemer pig iron will have a fancy name and bring a high price, just as Swedish pig iron and charcoal blooms had a special niche in the market a generation ago. When that day comes the hills of New Jersey may be the seat of a great iron industry; but until this work can be done on a profit-making basis, these masses of rock will be just rock, and nothing more. Cross-Head Telescopic Oiling Device For feeding a stream of oil to eccentrics, cross-head pins or other moving parts, the Richardson-Phenix Com- pany, Milwaukee, has brought out a line of telescopic oiling devices. The device is supported by an upright of 1 1/16-in. steel, which is screwed directly into the Two Knuckle Joints Kept Oil Tight by Spiral Springs Charac- terize a Telescopic Device for Lubricating Cross-Heads and Other Reciprocating Engine Parts engine frame, and a cross bar % in. in diameter which passes through a fitting on the upright. This arrange ment provides for both horizontal and vertical adjust ments of the oiler to suit the particular conditions of an installation. The oil is fed through the maker’s sight feed at the top, which is connected directly to the oiling system, or if desired an oil cup mounted on top can be substituted. From the sight feed the oil passes down and around the fitting and in turn through the upper knuckle joint, the telescopic tubes of annealed steel and the lower knuckle joint and finally into the bearing. If desired, a piece of pipe can be employed for the upright. The knuckle joints are bronze castings, and the spiral steel piano wire spring a holds the two halves of the joint against the composition washer b, which is inserted between the stationary and oscillating parts. THE IRON AGE March 1, 1917 The outer end of the spring bears against a hardened steel pin c in the cap d. It is pointed out that the design of the joint is such that the bearing points of the spring are inside the fittings, where they are pro. tected from dust and grit, and are constantly lubricated The use of the spring is also reliéd upon to take up any wear which might occur, and thus keep the joints tight Book Review Factory Accounting. By Frank E. Webner. Published by LaSalle Extension University, Chicago. Pages 341, 5% x 9% in.; charts, graphs and forms. Pri $3.30 postpaid. A vivid exposition of factory organization, methods and technique is offered in this most complete book by Mr. Webner, whose style of writing brings out clearly the weave of an intricate subject. The reader is attracted immediately by the first pictorial chart representing a hydraulic system which symbolizes the routing of production elements through the various phases of factory organization. The author looks be yond the narrow field of the individual producer to the latter’s responsibility to industry and society as a whole. Socially minded men are coming to realize more and more the interdependency of all business, and the author refers to this broader outlook in the following statement: “When a producer stakes his chances of loss or profit upon a guess as to what his goods cost, he becomes a gambler. He jeopardizes not only his own interests, but also the interests of his competitors, who must strive to meet his frequently impossible prices, and the interests of the trade at large, which he is helping to demoralize by his ‘unfair prices.” When he fails, the whole industrial fabric is affected by both the act and the record of failure, and he not infrequently carries down with him other in- stitutions, entailing heavy loss upon hundreds and even thousands of people who did not even know that their interests were related to his.” The important factor, human element, is dealt with in the second chapter. “The greatest successes,” the author says, “are achieved by those men who are en dowed by nature with the happy faculty of picking able lieutenants to perform or oversee the details.” Management can succeed only through the prope! treatment of the man-power, for “every machine ir the factory, every part of the product, every sale made, every dollar of investment depends for its efficiency a man.” The statement, whether proved or not, of Edward N. Hurley, late chairman of the Federal Trade Com mission, that less than 10 per cent of our producers know their own production cost or have any idea of the wastage, has done much to break down the old idea of secrecy in business management and has 1n! tiated plans of co-operation among manufacturers. In addition, an impetus has been given to the study of scientific factory accounting and has stimulated the writing of books like Mr. Webner’s. Following the development of a factory organiza- tion, the author deals successively with the control of records of accounts, with types and methods of pro duction, and with the material, labor and expense of production. Each of these divisions is dealt with in detail, five plans, for instance, being described under overhead expense. The use of 84 illustrations makes the book a means of ready and practical reference The Seneca Wire & Mfg. Company, Fostoria, Ohio, through the efforts of its secretary and genera! ma! ager, Lucian E. Kinn, has compiled tables of wire 42° showing comparisons of the different gages used in foreign countries and various markets. These tables are printed on cardboard in such a manner as © most convenient for every-day use. They have been found almost indispensable by users of wire, and I view of their extreme usefulness the company "®* * cided to furnish the tables to anyone interested UP" application. March 1, 1917 ertical Head Automatic Polishing and Buffing A New Polishing and Buffing Machine \n automatic machine for polishing or buffing any of circular or cylindrical work has been placed the market by the Chase Turbine Mfg. Company, ge, Mass. It is a universal machine and can also mployed for cylindrical, face, surface and angular hing or buffing, thus, it is pointed out, adapting a large variety of work such as oval and square bells, electric light fixture canopies, cylindrical ped metal bottles, cups, ete. The machine is built two styles with vertical and horizontal work heads, h can be swiveled to bring the work into any de position with relation to the wheels. It is also ble to revolve the work either with or against the as desired, and automatic expansion chucks with releasing feature are relied upon to give rapid luction. The vertical head machine at the left of the accom ng halftone is adapted for handling round flat ces, while the horizontal head machine at the is employed for cylindrical work. The base and ibmembers are separate castings, all parts being orced by heavy ribs where needed. The wheel dle is made of steel 1% in. in diameter and is held place in yoke boxes. Two wheel and three spacing rs are provided for the spindle to enable three eels having a face width of 2 in. each to be mounted the spindle at once. In this way, it is pointed out, a ting, a polishing and a coloring wheel can be car on the spindle at the same time, thus eliminating handlings of the work by the operator, as when vork is once mounted in the chuck the three wheels ipplied in quick succession and the work when ved is ready for the plater. The wheels are held y in place, it being emphasized that the only mn permitted is from left to right or in the oppo- lirection at the will of the operator. ‘he work head, details of which are given in the mpanying drawing, can be swiveled on its support ring the work into any desired position with rela- the cutting wheels. The revolution of the work stopped by a movement of the foot treadle applies the brake and also releases the auto- expanding chuck employed. The work head is rted by the bracket a and the spindle ) extends y through the head. It is driven by the pulley *h has a long hub running into the lower bear- Normally the clutch member d is held in en- ent with the clutch face of the pulley by the ¢ at the right. The housing surrounding the serves as a brake and dust hood. the drawing a shell is being polished and is held Machine while the Horizontal One at the Rig 531 t the Left Is D 1 for Su ‘ Takes Care of rical W by the expanding chuck body e, which expanded by f. The expander is fastened to the rod g, which ex tends through the spindle, by a hollow hexagon fillister head screw The lever h, which is operated from the plunger i through the rod j, actuates the rod 4g The plunger receives its motion from the foot treadle through a connecting rod and the leve and 1. When the treadle is operated the rod is moved to the left, forcing the expander f out of the chuck body and freeing the work At the same time the collar m on the rod comes It ontact with the hottom of the p ndle b and carries the clutch d away from the against the clutch The finished with a and the foot from the treadle at the right draws in the rod g, thus expanding the chuck and pulling the clutch d against the pulley ¢ and starting the spindle. a split chuck can be shown, thus enabling outside to be finished The machine is pulley and stopping the spindlk work is then replaced remove i housing, thus new piece The spring If desired, a solid contractor and substituted for the work that can be arrangement held by the driven from a countershaft or the main lineshaft by a belt connection to in diameter with a 5-in. face. fitted to the left end of a 17/16-in. shaft ward the machine. A sliding movement of the wheel spindle is provided by a drum pulley 18 in in diameter with a 20-in. face. The shaft is driven by a three-step cone pulley ranging from 4 t 8 in. in diameter, the width of the steps being 2% in The pulley employed for the work spindle drive is 6 in. in diameter with a 4-in. face. The power required for driving the machine is, of course, dependent upor the class of work handled, but under stances is between 2% and 10 hp a pulley 10 in This pulley is regularly looking to 16 in. to lower irdinary circun ** 4 - = The Work Being Finished |! sxpanding Chuck Which Is Operated | rH : tending Entirel; through the Spindle of tl Wor H me He 532 MASTER CATALOG FOR BUYERS A Reference File Always Up to Date—Saving of Time and Money Effected A standardized loose-leaf file is offered as a sug- gestion for the elimination of the waste in p»inted matter nowadays consigned to the waste basket by buyers. Desired material, it is contended, is buried in matter of no interest or is in awkward shape for filing. In describing the details of such an index, as outlined in a recent issue of The Purchasing Agent, the official or- gan of the National Association of Purchasing Agents, W. L. Chandler, assistant treasurer of the Dodge Sales & Engineering Company, Mishawaka, Ind., points out that it can be logically developed only through the co- operation of all national trade, engineering and other associations. How such a catalog may become a practicable real- ization, he points out briefly as follows: When a buyer shall need price lists or data pertain- ing to any material, he will turn to his single master catalog of loose-sheet variety, where he will expect to find full information supplied by various sellers. This information will include price lists, weights, freight rates, discounts, and any other data of value to the buyer. Failing to find sufficient information there, the buyer will consult his buyer’s guide for the names of those who supply such material. The guide will indi- cate which of these sellers are prepared to supply sheets or booklets to fit his master catalog. The loose sheets may be 8%x11 in. If one such sheet is too small to accommodate the requisite data, a book or booklet of those dimensions may be used, or a larger sheet—an exact multiple of this size—may be folded to this size. These loose sheets are to be kept in standard ver- tical letter files more drawers. These files are to be found in stock now in all large cities and are not limited to any one manufacturer. Being of stand- and letter size, economy of production is in its favor. Market reports and correspondence pertaining to the different price lists, such as quotations, discounts, or letters giving weights, freight rates or other data, being written on sheets of the same size as the catalog sheets, may and should be filed with the sheets to which they apply. There is no limit to the possible expansion of such a master catalog. It may consist of one or a thousand drawers, depending upon the needs of its owner. The conference board may recommend also a deci- mal system of indexing this catalog, somewhat along the lines of the Dewey system used by large libraries for indexing their thousands of books. By this system, a book in one library bears a number which is the same as those borne by all similar books in other libraries. The index guide cards being standard, may be car- ried in stock by all office outfitters along with the cabi- nets. These may be bought, not necessarily in sets, but by the single piece, as requirements dictate. Thus the catalog will not be burdened with guides which do not interest the buyer, and yet, as the catalog expands to keep pace with the business, the guides when added will take their proper places in numerical order. A permanent joint catalog committee selected by the conference board, or the conference board itself, may, at regular intervals, publish additional decimal subdivisions of the index to keep pace with the devel- opment of the master catalog idea. Thus, it will be always up to date and of the greatest benefit to both buyer and seller. Inasmuch as these letter files provide for the filing of letters with the right hand 1l-in. edge uppermost, that edge then should carry a heading or some indica- tion of the natute of the data to be found on the sheet. The seller’s own interests will prompt him to see that these headings are brief but ample. of one or decimal Colors for Information for Different Years In addition to all this, the master catalog may be protected against becoming obsolete. The loose sheets THE IRON AGE March 1, 1517 may be printed on colored paper, in addition to date to indicate the year in which each was iss). For example: We will say that all sheets printe 1917 shall be on white paper and bear the date of is those printed in 1918 on yellow paper, together the date, while other colors may be used for 1919, | and 1921. White will again be used for issues of | and other colors repeated in regular order. The color would serve to draw attention to the ; of such sheets and lead to an inquiry as to their rig to remain in the catalog. Upon advice that it is stil! j, effect, it may be stamped by the buyer, “O.K. 19 and left in the catalog. Such advices or inquiries from the buyers to the sellers would naturally result in ¢} sellers notifying the buyers of the dependability of suc} data or sending new sheets. In this way, it is possible to prevent the catalog from becoming obsolete. Such annual overhauling may be done by understudies, provided the discarded sheets are inspected by a competent person before being de stroyed. Covering Special Cases On certain classes of material, it is altogether im practicable to depend upon data five years old. [: cases of this kind, the particular sections of the catalog known to contain data pertaining to such material may be revised as often as judgment dictates. The colored sheets lend the same help in a revision of any fre quency desired. The principal advantage of the color scheme is that the catalog may be completely revised every five years at the longest, and parts or all of it revised as much oftener as is necessary or desirable. In addition to printing price lists, etc., on colored sheets, it may prove advantageous to have the guide cards in colors to indicate those classes of material which are known to be subject to frequent fluctua- tions, thus requiring equally frequent revision of such portions of the catalog. The use of this standard master catalog will not limit the quality of the information contained on the sheets or in the books, and will not in any way restrict advertising matter, except that which the seller desires to have the buyer retain in his file. A great volume of advertising matter is now directed to those consumers who would have no interest in the master catalog. A manufacturer may issue a limited amount of data and price sheets for the master catalog of jobbers and large buyers. He would not in any way modify his larger use Of advertising matter. Under this plan, a seller’s catalog may be printed on paper of a quality equal to that of any book now used for the purpose; the illustrations may be just as effective as desired, and the ihk may be of any color or colors to best present the goods. The only restrictions would be as to the size of the sheets or books (thick- ness not restricted), and the issuance of separate sheets or books where one seller might handle goods of more than one classification. The Waste of the Large Catalog Some middlemen issue immense catalogs covering 3 wide range of material. These catalogs, costing large sums of money, are seldom used in their entirety by any one buyer. Small sections of such books would usually cover the needs of most of the buyers who now have the complete book. Then, if such sections were filed under their prope! index classifications in the master catalog, the buyer would be much more apt to consult them than if they were submerged in a large bound book as at present. The buyer’s time and the seller’s money would both b« conserved. In some cases, sellers may desire to send both bound volumes and master sheets or books to some of their largest customers. The master catalog does not inter- fere with such duplicate distribution on the part of the seller. Until such time as the small buyers may equip “ use the master catalog, it will be necessary to Issue It may always be necessary to do so bound catalogs. h 1, 1917 .wever, when the seller knows that his loose sheets ng into the master catalog where the buyer will look for and as surely find them, he will cheer- ipply the sheets to those prepared to use them. REHEATING HARDENED STEEL* t of Time—Only Necessary to Heat Medium Steel Through 500 Degrees BY C. R. HAYWARD AND 8S. S. RAYMOND reheating quenched steel to remove part of the ess. the softening effect has generally been consid- be a function of temperature and time. The rature effect is well known, and long before py- ters were heard of the blacksmith was able to do | job of tempering, by rule-of-thumb methods and ence in judging temperatures. lodern conditions, which demand steel that will tand the severest tests, require that the heat treat- e carried out with every possible precaution to the best results obtainable. Pyrometers and eatment furnaces of many types are on the mar- | improvements are continually being made so now possible to regulate the temperature in itment very accurately. re is still a question regarding the time that the suld be subjected to treatment. It is customary operators to insure the desired temperature it the specimen and it is generally supposed nger treatment of a hardened steel produces a softening but there are few published figures the exact effect of time of treatment at con- emperature. The present investigation had for t the obtaining of some definite data regard- effect of time, which might serve as a guide to engaged in the heat treatment of steel. The Steel Used furnished came from three rolled bars in diameter, and was of the following com- The steel Man- Carbon Silicon, Sulphur ganese, Phosphorus Per Cent Per Cent PerCent Per Cent Per Cent 45 0.03 0.049 0.056 0.016 { 0.03 0.048 0.053 0.017 4 0.03 0.049 0.053 0.013 The Furnace and Heat Treatment procedure decided upon was to heat all speci- 800 deg. C. and reheat them in sets of three for , 30 min., 1 hr., 2 hr. and 4 hr. at 300, 400, 500 600 deg. C. The furnace used was made in the rgical laboratory of the Massachusetts Insti- Technology and has been described and illus- a previous paper.+ The procedure in heat was as follows: The furnace was heated. to C. and nine specimens were introduced, which the temperature to fall to about 500 deg. C. M the temperature had again reached 800 deg., took about 40 min., the current was regulated to e heat uniform for 5 min., after which the were withdrawn and quenched in water. To iniformity in quenching, each specimen was into a separate pail of tap water, the temper- f which was 4 deg. C. This procedure was con- intil all the specimens had been hardened. in the reheating operations, the furnace was brought esired temperature and nine specimens were in- This caused a fall in temperature and about was required to bring it back to the desired When this was reached it was maintained for ree specimens being removed after 15 min., ter 30 min. and the remaining three at the end ir. Six more specimens were then introduced the furnace had regained the desired temper- paper presented Feb. 21 at the annual meeting in City of the American Institute of Mining Engi- Hayward is assistant professor of mining £ and metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- Raymond is a graduate student. “The Effect of Sulphur on Low- 118, p. 1841 (October, 1916). THe R. Hayward: |, Bulletin No Oct. 5, 1916. THE IRON AGE 5: ature the heat was kept uniform for 4 hr., three speci mens being withdrawn after 2 hr. and the remaining three at the end of the 4-hr. period. When the speci- mens were removed, each was dropped into a pail of water at 4 deg. C. The above procedure was carried out for 300, 400, 500 and 600 deg. C. After sawing a %-in. length from the end of each piece for microscopic examination, the heat-treated specimens were turned into standard tensile specimens. A Berry strain gage was used for determining the elongation under increasing load, but the time required and the large number of specimens to be tested this instrument was used only on one specimen heated for 15 min. and one for 4 hr. at each temper- atur