The Iron Age 1916-10-26: Vol 98 Iss 17

b% ¥ a a om % Me eA “9 LP € 2 4 @ ESTABLISHED 1855 ¥ . size Attractiveness < Believing that the press agent is fully as impor- tant for the manufacturing plant as for a place of amusement, a system of publicity, the function of which is not to advertise its products to the trade but to advertise the plant itself to its employees and prospective employees, was placed in operation a few months ago by the Cleveland Hardware Com- pany in connection with its weifare department. This publicity is obtained through the form of at- tractive illustrated pay-roll folders containing in- This advertises the company’s mutual benefit insur- ance association: ' HH UEREEOUDRODOOREEREETOENORALAUUOOUE UE When you take a job, you should consider the things offered which are something more than wages. Among the many things this company has to offer is membership in the Employees’ Benefit Association. eal One of the best and safest insurance socie ties in the country. Workers here get for 25 cents what would cost them one dollar from a regular insurance . ‘ompany. i Nearly Fifty Thousand Dollars paid to mem- : bers in the last fifteen years. E A careful man will think twice before losing : membership in this society. = aeunenaeanniit teresting information about various features of the plant. The folders are designed to improve the wel- fare and working conditions of the men, and contain health hints, safety advice, talks on the evil effects of liquor and other matters of interest to employees. The theory back of the publicity scheme is briefly as follows: The company in the operation of its plant requires a certain number of workmen and has created a certain number of jobs. If it were operating a retail store it would advertise its wares and they would be purchased by people desiring them. Instead of advertising its goods for sale at retail, as it would do were it a merchandising com- pany has places to be filled, and it follows the public method to present its wares in their most attract form to the workmen, the wares in this positions instead of merchandise. This publicity is of particular interest at the Case forn BY F. L. New York, October 26, 1916 VOL. 98: No. 17 Advertising a Factory to the Employee How Folders Are Used in Pay Envelopes of the Cleveland Hardware Company to Empha- f Working Conditions PRENTISS present time when. the demand for labor exceeds the supply and good workmen are particularly scarce. Under these conditions the best managed plant cannot hope to keep all of its good men, but strives to reduce to as low a percentage as possible the number of efficient employees who quit because of offers of higher wages elsewhere or for other reasons, and to add to its ranks other good work- men. While the pay-roll folders do not go directly t Matte tu The Information That Two Different Folders Conveyed to Employees This was added to the announcement of the sale of 20,000 bottles of milk by the company’s stores in or month: ie Be careful what you drink during the hé weather. While hot weather is uncomfortable, it is not unhealthy. This is proved by the fact that we« practically never have cases of heat prostra tion, and in nine cases out of ten, when workers are affected it is on account of something wrong with the stomach. A bottle of good milk is cheaper and much more healthful than a whole pail of beer. Take good care of your body and it will take care of you the men not in the company’s employ, they are designed to bring before the employees things about the plant that the company thinks the mer should know, so that the men will feel it is a good place to work in and they will be less inclined ti leave. The company believes that if the men in stead of going no deeper into the subject than t know that they are earning so much a day at suct a plant come to think that the plant is a very goo one to work in and a better one than almost any where else because of working conditions and shor convenience, not only will they be more content and less likely to leave to work elsewhere, but they will advertise the fact among their outside acquaint ances that the plant is a first-class one. Many of the latter will seek employment in the plant where working conditions are good. An advantage of this form of shop publicity is apparent from the fact that 995 mgs th ee 926 conditions may be equally good in another shop that does not advertise itself to its men in this way, but the men in the other shop may not appreciate what is being done for them because it is not brought to their attention in printed form. SUpONITMnAnnA ANE AAENUAUANA GUNA AANA AAA ULLLL UNM LLUA ment according to its application Some of our workers farming, keeping bring in money gardening which recreate by stores, and other things 2 A folder entitled “An Eight-Hour Day” reads = = as follows: = = The workers of The Cleveland Hardware Com- = = pany have the benefit of the eight-hour day The = = juestion is = E Is it a benefit? = = = E The ideal is, eight hours each of WORK, RE- = E CREATION and HEALTHFUL SLEEP = E Do your hours of recreation bring you money = returns? Recreation may be a benefit or a detri- = £ £ = What about you? EMM MMMM MTL) MUU | LNT iz A pay-roll folder is placed in each of the pay envelopes every week. The folders are neatly print- ed on thick paper and on the cover page is a few words in large type indicating the contents. One inner page usually has an illustration of some part of the plant of special interest to the men, such as the hospital, roof garden or an illustration show- ing the right way to do something in order to avoid accidents. On the opposite page there is timely advice to workmen in simple language about the care of the body, the avoidance of accidents and on various other pertinent topics. On the back cover page is the following, printed in nine languages besides English: “Take this home and have some one read it for you if you cannot read it yourself.” That the folders are taken home and read is indicated by the fact that very few of them are HUUAANA ALANNA ENE VANNVUEVOTUUALENOGDERYSOEUEQANUELESALEDUEGDLYLELSGEE AL EREALSNS OO EOUALS ANNALARA ETS EAL AEN ENEMY One folder bearing the caption “It’s Hot and We Have Hot Jobs” was got out in the hot summer months and reads as follows: HULA TANTS A good sweat does more to get the poison out of our systems than anything else. Lots of rich men pay a dollar and more to take a Turkis> bath, and it is nothing more than taking a good This is the most healthy time to work in the forge shop. It opens the pores, lets out the poisons, and there is no cold draft which brings bad results UUALTAUSNTTOOCHOTUCETONPPROUENTTYEESETETTUAAEN ATONE EDR weat. PEADUAANNATADAAUTMRANONN ETD NY POT NAAT NATAL AATETE A good sweat, lots of exercise, then a bath and good the best When you take medicine, take it regularly rest, is medicine. Eight hours work at the C. H. Co. then a good swim in Erie and a few hours’ rest in the parks. Spend some money for a tent to sleep out in ‘your yard, and you will never need a doctor. = every day, Lake SSEMEAMRNIN ATTY 117111 TVS TTTTIMNAAT TV ITNT TN ATRRED IS ALSUANGAAGEVAUETANNNUTGHADOSODESOETOUEREDOSEAL EOC SAENTAUUEEEL EL ET ATEDO VAGUE ELSIE ATA EA PUN SPET A EALAEE TUALLY OT ALT APE EU EDN = thrown away in the shop. While a good many em- ployees have left its employ to take other jobs since the plan has been in operation, the company feels that results have so far been satisfactory, and espe- cially in view of the fact that its force of employees has been increased from about 1500 to 3000 since the plan was inaugurated. While the company’s publicity through its fold- ers is designed to raise the standard of its employees by securing and keeping the best quality of labor and teaching the men right living so that their efficiency will not be impaired, it is not expected that this plan will directly speed up production by arousing the men to do their best. Most of the men THE IRON AGE October 26. 1916 are employed on piece work, and in the opinion of the company the increase in earnings offered as a reward for increased output under the picce-wor, system is not sufficient an incentive to spur a may to his maximum efforts. Other means are resorted to to get this increased production. Th one of these that is regarded as the most efficient js the one that appeals to the man’s sporting instinct to excel his fellows. Putting this theory in pract; operation, various units either small or large arp often pitted against each other. It may be one ma. chine against another machine, a night turn against a day turn, one department against anothe: depart. ment or the company’s No. 1 plant against its No, 2 plant. Again information may come in that g al VULUENULCUATEOTOOETDOOBREACEENL CEL VGULUAAUECAT AAU TRSLETAA TEL EET OSAON ANN EL One folder that relates to the nurse reads as follows: : The workman cannot earn good wage = he has a strong, healthy body. 3 = The workman cannot earn good wages wu = his home conditions are good—unless his mind rest concerning those whom he loves. The Cleveland Hardware Company want workmen to earn the highest wages possible is nothing gained by having workmen who earn good money. The Cleveland Hardware ployed a trained nurse, who will give advic: attention, not only to the employees, but to their families, if they will but let us know their need Ue To LL Company has Consult the nurse, ment. if only for the slightest ail- OOTPUUAAANGAAAAAASAAAUSHANN AT NALA LANE ALAN RANMA EN EARTH ™ PAMUUNNNNNNIVUNLINNNAYEANETOOGALEGUUONAY ESA POON SUUOONAOELLL E210 NAONEANAAENNA TAN EADONUEOUNAAUENAA TEAST USANA CAAA ENMU ANAL competitor turned out a certain amount of forgings in a stated period, and both plants of the company will join hands in an effort to make a larger pro- duction record than their competitor. Iron Ore Deposits of Firmeza District The iron ore deposits of the Firmeza district, Cuba, are described in a paper to be presented at a meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in Feb ruary, 1917, by Max Roesler, Santiago de Cuba, fron which the following information is abstracted: The ore bodies of the district form a belt of de- posits extending from Sigua, 25 miles east of Santi- ago, to Sevilla, 5 miles east of the same city. They lie on the eastward slope of the Sierra Maestra Moun- tains and the elevation of the mines is from 400 to 1000 ft. above sea level. Immediately east of the Firmeza district is the Daiquiri district of the Spanish-Amer- ican Iron Company. The ore in the Firmeza district is a mixture, in varying proportions, of magnetite and hematite. It is remarkably pure and contains little foreign matter The following analysis is given: Per Cent Moisture (in part hygroscopic). 0.24 - 0.81 ae a eee re a 5.00 -10 PRS. |. daz ik 5 ks Fede ee 0.009- 0.0065 0.045- 0.245 61.00 -68.50 Sulphur Iron The low phosphorus and the absence of appreciable amounts of titanium, Mr. Roesler emphasizes, make the ore valuable for the manufacture of high-grade steel. In shape the deposits are extremely irregular. 4" bodies have the common feature of a much greater &* tension in two dimensions than in the third dimension They resemble a series of scattered lenses of irregu’#’ outline, that lie in every conceivable position. The size of the deposits ranges from pockets containing ® few tons to lenses whose larger diameters are - hundreds of feet long and which are from 10 to 5! * thick. Oct 26, 1916 THE IRON AGE 927 Draw-in Collet Chuck for Engine Lathes stitute for the customary draw-in collet for engine lathes, the Globe Engineering neinnati, Ohio, has placed an improved type et. This chuck is designed to take the place w-In Collet Chuck for Engine Lathes Which Is i and Closed by a Knurled Handwheel dle center and in addition is tightened or re- the nose of the spindle. In this way the oper- ; not have to leave his regular position and go rear of the lathe, which fact, of course, effects time. A knurled handwheel is the means | for opening and closing the chuck. -huck body and the nose piece are made of heat- | steel finished by hardening and grinding. The has a No. 3 Morse taper center for small lathes iis where the swing ranges from 16 to 20 in. taper is furnished. Oil tempered tool steel is the collet, which is split back for about three- of the distance from both ends. A grip on the xtending the full length of the collet is secured s tightened by the handwheel. following table gives the principal dimensions cations of the chuck, which is made in two of shank . No. 3 No. 4 ind stock, in. js hy % exagon stock, in ; ro) % square stock, in. 7/16 9/16 er of handwheel, in.......... 5 6 beyond lathe spindle, in.. 2% 244 ttach the chuck to the lathe the spindle center d and the taper end of the chuck pushed into he nose piece on which the handwheel is next removed, and the collet inserted in the the chuck body. After this the nose piece is k in place and the chuck is ready for use. Swedish Electric Furnace Pig Iron erably over 100,000 tons of iron is produced Swedish electric reduction furnaces, J. O. ites in the London Jron and Coal Trades Re- process has now been developed so that is delivered direct to the open-hearth fur- are heated by gases from the reduction [he liquid charge from the open-hearth transferred to an electric refining furnace. teel is reported to be of remarkably high Mr. Boving says this is plainly the right e electric current can be obtained at a price. W Hunt & Co., Chicago, announce that issue of their Employees’ Bulletin will be rail inspection and will contain several ar- eneral interest along that line. Those de- may obtain them upon request. A New Tote Box of the Stacking Type An improved tote box designed for stacking has been placed on the market by the New Britain Machine Com pany, New Britain, Conn. As compared with the earlier box of the same company, which was illustrated ir THE IRON AGE, April 13, 1916, the sides and ends of the box only slope out slightly. This is designed to support the box above without permitting the latter to interfere with the contents of the lower box. In the earlier box the ends and sides were bent out at a considerable angle, so that the boxes would nest quite closely. Other changes in design include the use of half-round runners on the bottom of the box and lugs on the ends, which assist in stacking and also help the runners to counter act any tendency of the sides to spring in under heavy weights. The box, which measures 20 in. in length, 12 in. in width and 6 in. in depth, is made of No. 16 gage steel and is electrically welded. The handles are made of No. 14 gage stock folded double and punched to afford a hold for the hook when the box is dragged along the floor. This size of box, it is pointed out, was decided upon as meeting the average requirements of industrial establishments without holding more than one man could handle comfortably. The stiffness of the box is further increased by a %-in. selvage around the edge. The ends extend 1 in. above the sides and are folded over on the edge of the sides where the latter lap. These raised ends are bent out slightly to permit the box above to slip into place. This raised end, it is pointed out, gives space above the handle for a card holder in which the card is not so likely to become soiled. The upper corners of the ends are cut off at an angle of 45 deg. and embossed pieces are spot welded to the lower corners In this Improved Form of Stacking Tote Box the Ends and Sides Slope Outward Sufficiently to Support the Box Above without Reducing the Capacity for Rectangular Pieces of the ends at the same angle. These are relied upon to act as guides in bringing the box to the stacking position and in conjunction with the rumners on the bottom serve to prevent any side shifting of the boxes while they are being trucked. The National Association of Sheet Metal Products Manufacturers, at its annual meeting at the Hotel La Salle, Chicago, Oct. 17-18, discussed at length the re- strictions placed by the mills on the sale of sheets both as to deliveries and terms and also continued the efforts of the association in support of the use of full weight sheets. For the ensuing year the following officers were elected: President, C. C. Crouch, Butler Mfg. Company, Minneapolis; treasurer, C. A. Kramer, Co- lumbia Steel Tank Company, Kansas City,, Mo.; secre- tary, H. B. Kelly, Waterloo, Iowa. meg ow 2 te apes at Gases Occluded in Alloy Steels* Effect of Nickel, Silicon, Chromium and Manganese on the Nature and Volume of the Gases—A Summary of Previous Work BY J. W. INCE Graham in 1865 heated wrought iron in vacuo and found the evolved to be a mixture of CO, CO,, H,, and N,, many investi- gases S gations have been carried out on gases occluded in pig irons and steels. Steels have been dealt with, varying both in carbon content and in method of manufacture. So far, no investigations have been MMe» ( (4) (S) fa a VU (3) Fig. 1—Diagram of Apparatus Used to Determine Gases In Alloy Steels (1) Porcelain Tube (2) Boat (3) Furnace 4) Silica Tube for Thermocouple (5) To Three-fall Sprengel Pump (6) McLeod Gauge carried out on the alloy steels, and the object of the present research is to deal with those types of steel. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK Before describing the method of carrying out the research and considering the results obtained, a short summary of the work previously done and of the results obtained with ordinary carbon steels is offered. Parry, whose experiments followed those of Graham, worked on a number of commercial irons and steels. He found that the principal gases evolved were carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the hydrogen predominating at low temperatures. ‘The volumes of the evolved geses being high, however, have always caused his results to be adversely criticized. The researches of Troost and Hautefeuille, pub- lished in 1876, followed and confirmed the nature of the dissolved gases, viz. that hydrogen was dissolved in excess of carbon monoxide. They also indicated that cast iron dissolves gases in considerably larger quantity than does steel. Stead found that a considerable quantity of gas was evolved when a steel was drilled under water or mercury. The volumes of gas obtained varied, and the nature of the gases was slightly different from those obtained by heating steel in vacuo. Miiller’s work, on the other hand, confirmed that of previous investigations as to the nature of the evolved gases. Boudouard’s researches were conducted on mer- chant iron and iron wire, while Belloc, dealt with a mild steel (0.12 per cent carbon) in order to ascertain the relationship between the temperature and the rate of evolution of the gas. The rate of evolution was found to agree with the critical points of the steel. The nature of the evolved gases was in accordance with previous results. The effect of deoxidizers on the dissolved gases was the object of investigations carried out by Goerens, samples of steel taken before and after deoxidation being heated in vacuo and the evolved gas being collected and examined. The results ob- *From a paper which was granted a Carnegie Scholarship memoir by the Iron and Steel Institute in May, 1916 DONALDSON tained indicated that certain processes o{ ing steel increased the volume of dissolved gas From 1908 to 1910 Baker carried out researe) on gases occluded in mild and high car! He found that the nature of the evolved ¢ ’ similar in each of those steels, the carbon content having apparently no effect on the dissolved ga The maximum evolution of gas occurred at t critical points; reheating the steel had n ciable effect on the volume of gas evolved mechanical operations such as rolling reduced the volume of gas retained by the steels. The evolved gases were chiefly carbon monoxide and hydrogen. carbon dioxide and nitrogen only occurring in smal] quantities, and constituting not more than 2.5 per cent of the total gas evolved. Methane was also present in extremely small quantities. Hydrogen was in excess at low temperatures, but diminished in quantity as the temperature rose. The carbon monoxide attained a maximum at 700 deg. C. Above 760 deg. C. carbon monoxide and hydrogen occurred in equal proportions. The most recent researches on the subject of occluded gases have been the work of Charpy and Bonnerot and of Austin. Charpy and Bonnerot’s in- vestigations dealt with the effect of pressure, the quantity of the steel used, and the form (solid or drillings) of the steel, on the volume of the dis- solved gases. A number of commercial steels were also examined. Austin heated cast iron and various commercial steels to their melting points in vacuo and collected all the gases evolved from the metal. In all the above investigations, although many of the results obtained have been at variance and ~~ oT = oapeabecs) eae Nicmet Steel Suscon | CHROMIUM, . { —Hancaneg BIC CENTIMETRES PER 100 GRAMS OF STEEL LY S Ss —_ uo enh eiiiipiitdinpslciniealabeateh tin 2 $00" 600° 700° s00* TEMPERATURE Fig. 2—Chart Showing Amount of Gas Obtained from N Silicon, Chromium and Manganese Steels definite conclusions have been difficult to arrive 4, one or two points may be taken as more or less gel . — erally accepted. These may be summarized as 10! lows: Wrought iron, cast iron, and steel dissolve gases ™ varying quantities, those gases being CO, CU» Hy N:, and CH,. In steel the principal dissolved gases are CO and Hs Hydrogen predominates at low temperature, diminishes to a minimum as the temperature increases, but slightly 928 Act , 1916 THE IRON till further heating. CO is at a minimum atures, increases to a maximum, and then ases. Both gases are present in more or portions at high temperatures. CO., CH,, ‘ur in small quantities, and do not as a per cent of the total gas evolved. dissolves more gas than steel. teel under water or mercury liberates a amount of gas. a steel does not affect the volume or na- ssolved yas. work such as rolling or forging decreases f dissolved gas. - eYolution of a gas from a steel has a its critical points, the largest amount at the critical points. ef points investigated in this research ire and volume of the gases evolved when e heated in vacuo. ationship, if any, which exists between the ‘ the special element present and the na- volution of the gas. itionship, if any, which exists between the ts and the nature and evolution of the gas. steels dealt with in the present report silicon, chromium, and manganese steels. APPARATUS USED steels, in the form of coarse drillings con- a porcelain boat, were introduced into a tube glazed internally and externally. One Results o Nickel Steel (25 orammes) - 5 mL =e zZ~ Remarks ~ -. ~ ~ ~ 12 | 95.79) 0.23 | 0.47 | Very slow evolution of gas. Ex- hausted in 4 hr ’. 6661.17 0.39 | 0.13 Slow evolution of gas. Exhaust- ed in 5 hr. 48.16) 0.33 | 0.18 |Rapid evolution of gas. Ex- hausted in 6 hr 7 | 74.57/| 24.52 0 22 | 0.12 |Slow evolution of gas. Exhaust ed in 5 hr 48 | 60.72 38.19 0.36 | 0.25 |Rapid evolution of gas. Ex- hausted in 5 ir 47.31/51.41 0.39 | 0.31 Slow evolution of gas Ex hausted in 5 hr 51.31/ 47.64 0.22 | 0.23 | Very slow evolution of gas. Ex hausted in 4 hr 74 46.30/ 52.41 0.31 | 0.24 Ar3 maximum Ar2 maximum + he tube was connected to a 3-fall-Sprengel nd a McLeod gage, while the other end a platinum-iridium thermocouple inclosed atube. The porcelain tube was heated by a ¢as-ired furnace. Fig. 1 shows a sketch of the “se composition of the steels investigated was Nickel Silicon, Chromium, Manganese, Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 0.21 0.21 0.43 0.08 0. O84 3.46 0.32 0.13 0.72 0.29 0.25 3.50 a? . 3.28 above steels were obtained having, as nearly e, a similar percentage of the special ele- order to ascertain what effect, if any, the special elements had on the nature and evo- the evolved gases. The carbon content This should have a slight effect on the vol- the gases, but no appreciable effect on the ' the gases. The nickel steel was rolled, the hromium, and manganese steels being The samples heated were in the form of AGE 929 coarse drillings, care being taken in the drilling to prevent contamination from oil and other sources METHOD OF WORKING Before proceeding with the examination of the steels, the apparatus was thoroughly tested in order to make quite certain of the impermeability of the 8 7 _ =2 = "Zz a rs = > ~ i ‘ ‘ : : “ i ‘ ¥ ; >) nha ) ‘ ’ w ‘ in) 4 N : Ran l 4 t 48 ww Average . 7 ' ‘1 tube to furnace gases, and also to insure the com plete removal of any occluded air or gas in the material of the tube. It was found that on heating to 900 deg. C. for seven hours per day, the amount of gas evolved was a constant quantity of 1 c.c. per week. A quantity was collected, and on examina tion was found to have the following composition: Per Cent CoO 14 CO 7¢ H f { CH, 94 This quantity was so small that it was thought unnecessary to make a correction for it in the analyses. After the steel was introduced, the tube was exhausted and allowed to stand for 24 hours be fore beginning to collect the gases. To remove the film of air still clinging to the tube it was necessary Table 3 Re is n Chromtum BSteel (4 es) 5) 5 1 i 5 91 78.84 } we ition ge hausted in 4 600 1.3 » 52 27.72 68.78 0.25 ) | Rapid « hausted in 00 7.¢ 1 40 } f Rapid evolution of ga hausted in 6 hr 750 ‘ 2 i4 Slow evolution of gw hausted in 5 hr 775 6.1 1.38 62.3 55.642) 0.23 0.4 Slow evolutior f . hausted in 5 hr QM) 59 2.58 | 62.92 33.58 O 0.50 Slow evolutix i gas hausted in 4 hr RR) 6 41 49 96 46.80 ). 323 } 41 Verv slow « t x hausted in 4 hr Average compo tior 44.85 52.41 : Critical range Maximum point of rang: to heat it to 300 deg. C. The air was rapidly évolved and its composition shown by analysis. As no appreciable amount of gas was evolved below 500 deg. C., this temperature was taken as the initial temperature of heating. Heating was also maintained at various temperatures covering the critical ranges of the steels. The final tempera- ture of heating in each case was 880 deg. C. In eee ey ee a EY alta oe —_—---” 930 THE most cases the gas was completely evolved at each temperature in from five to six hours, but for uni- formity a period of seven hours’ heating was main- tained. The rate of evolution of the gas was ob- served by the movement of the mercury in the Mc- Leod gage. CONSIDERATION OF THE RESULTS In considering the results the first point to be noted is the volumes of the gas evolved from the various steels. Referring to Table 5 or Fig. 2, it is Table 4—Results on Vanganese Steel (40 grammes) perature eating, = _ =~ Z~+ na Qs ~ = Oe he go 2 > oe a a 500 4.6 | 2.66 10.13 86.31 0.53 ) 0.37 Very slow evolution of gas. Ex- hausted in 4 hr 537 6.5 1.53 15.42 82.44 ).38 | 0.23 ‘Slow evolution of gas Ex- hausted in 6 hr 600 5.8 2.33 32.17) 65.00 0.25 | 0.25 \Slow evolution of gas Ex- hausted in 5 hr 700 5.2 0.91 51.09 47.45 0.26 0.29 ‘Slow evolution of gas Ex- hausted in 4 hr 800 4.5 1.99 | 65.63 | 31.60) 0 0.45 | Very slow evolution of gas. Ex- hausted in 4 hr 880 30 2.21 48.15 48.89) 0.37. 0.38 Very slow evolution of gas. Ex- hausted in 3 hr Average compo- sition. . 1.94 | 37.10| 60.28 | 0.35 Critical range maximum seen that the largest amount of gas is obtained from the nickel steel, the volumes obtained from the silicon, chromium, and manganese steels dimin- ishing in the order given. Compared with the re- sults obtained in some previous investigations on ordinary carbon steels, the volumes are high. This may be due to the fact that the steels dealt with were not specially prepared steels, but ordinary commercial steels. The nickel steel is an acid open- hearth steel, the others crucible or side blown con- verter steels. It would have been interesting and instructive to have compared the results obtained with those which would be obtained from carbon steels prepared by similar processes. Time did not permit this being carried out for the present report, but such material has already been obtained and its examination commenced. The nature of the gases obtained from the various steels offers some interesting considera- tions. In general, carbon monoxide and hydrogen predominate in the evolved gases, carbon monoxide at high temperatures and hydrogen at low tempera- tures. This is in accordance with previous investi- gations; carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen, in all cases, being less than 2.5 per cent of the total gas. The average composition of the gas evolved from the nickel and chromium steels is similar to those given by Baker for high and low carbon steels. His results for a mild steel containing 0.13 per cent carbon were 1.17 per cent CO., 45.64 per cent CO, 52.12 per cent H,, 0.72 per cent CH,, 0.37 per cent N,. In the silicon and manganese steels the amount of carbon monoxide is decreased by about 8 to 10 per cent and the hydrogen increased cor- respondingly. This would appear to indicate that silicon and manganese decrease the solubility of steel for carbon monoxide while increasing its solu- bility for hydrogen. The amount of nitrogen in the chromium steel, although not exceptionally high, is distinctly higher than in the other steels, and shows little variation at the different temperatures. With regard to the evolution of the carbon mon- oxide and the hydrogen, each of the steels might be considered separately. IRON AGE October In the nickel steel, carbon monoxide is small quantity at 500 deg. C. At 570 deg. « it has increased by 35 per cent, and conti t crease until it attains a maximum at 652 . ( then decreases, reaching a minimum at and then again increases slightly. The vari: hydrogen is the reverse of the carbon mo: maximum points of the former being th points of the latter and vice versa. The evolution of the carbon monoxide fro: con steel is different. Although in slightly ja, amount at 500 deg. C., it does not show a ma crease at 600 deg. C., 700 deg. C. being the te: where the increase takes place. The maxim ey tion is obtained at 767 deg. C., from which temperaty it decreases to a minimum at 880 deg. C. The hydroge occurs in the reverse manner. , The percentage of carbon monoxide in the chron steel is much higher at 500 deg., and its a gradual, no sudden increases being apparent. In this it differs from the nickel and silicon steels. The carbon monoxide shows a maximum and the hydrogen a mini. mum at 800 deg. C. The manganese steel behaves in a manner similar ¢ the chromium steel, the carbon monoxide attaining jts maximum and the hydrogen its minimum at 800 deg. ¢ The increase and decrease of the two gases respectively are regular. : Considering finally the rate of evolution of the gases in the nickel steel, the largest amounts are evolved in the neighborhood of the Ar, and Ar. points, and similarly in the manganese steel, the largest amount is evolved in the region of the maxi- mum point of the critical range. The silicon and chromium steels yield the largest volumes of gas at Table 5—Cubic Centimeters per 100 Grammes of the Different Alloy Steels Nickel Steel Silicon Steel Chromium Steel | Manganese Steel — ~ 2 ” 2 4 '< 2 So . 5 5 5 3g S Sag | 5 Sea O €o Oak © do Ogk © do Oss Oo ~ Es . & > ee & « oY & & «a & © » a~ =" a = &.= © Si & 5.2 mt Of > so on SX “> oO =~ eX ~— S ~s z's =e x & os “UF o*'s =O o's oO 00 I" S 2O- = 8's _ "o/§ = oi1%3 405 | & a3¢ 500 16.8 500 2.7 500 12.7 500 570 37.2 600 20.3 600 18.3 537 616 53.2 700 26.7 700 19.0 60K 14.5 652 33.6 750 25.5 750 16.0 70 1 684 41.2 767 24.0 775 15.2 800 782 37.2 800 17.0 800 14.8 880 R80 26.8 SSO 12.5 880 9.0 Total 246.0 Total 138.7 Total 105.0 Tota 2.46 ¢. ¢. 1.39 c. c. 1.05 c. ¢. { per gramme per gramme per gramme per gra temperatures covering the whole of the ranges. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS The general conclusions which may be drawn from the above are: The volume of the gas dissolved in alloy steels diminishes, according as the special element is nickel, silicon, chromium, or manganese. The nature of the occluded gases is similar to those of ordinary steel, except that silicon and manganese de- crease the amount of carbon dioxide present while In- creasing the amount of hydrogen. Chromium tends slightly to increase the amount of nitrogen. The evolv- tion of the carbon monoxide and hydrogen varies for the different alloy steels. The largest quantities of gas are evolved in ' neighborhood of the critical points or over the critica ranges, agreeing with ordinary carbon steels in this respect. the The investigations were carried out by the at thor in the metallurgical laboratories of the Roy# Technical College, Glasgow. October 26, 1916 Cowan Transveyor Now Has Its-Own Factory wth into an important business from the + of a device primarily intended for use only ry of its origin is shown in the case of the ick Company, Holyoke, Mass. In 1910, only ago, H. W. Cowan, who was then superin- the White & Wyckoff Mfg. Company, also -e, manufacturing writing paper, devised a placing piles of paper on portable platforms arrangement to elevate them slightly from , that they could readily be moved from one , another. The idea was worked out in the y department of the company and resulted in illed the Cowan transveyor. This machine, for the sole purpose of economizing in the ¢ of stock in the paper manufacturing plant, found its way into other establishments. The were for a time made in outside machine Cowan Truck Company was then formed and f the plant of the White & Wyckoff Mfg. Com- ised for truck production. The business has so expanded that early this month the com- ved into a new building in Holyoke erected le purpose of manufacturing the Cowan trans- This building is 100 x 200 ft., three stories, and of brick and concrete with foundations suffi- y substantial to allow the erection of two more es when required. The building is of mill type tion, equipped for the manufacture of ma- the organization of the Cowan Truck Com- _ the officers elected were: H. W. Cowan, presi- J. L. Wyckoff, vice-president; E. N. White, treas- They still occupy these positions. Other officers R. F. Lyon, general manager, and G. F. Jenks, as- t treasurer. Credit for many of the improve- in the Cowan transveyor is given to D. E. Hen- y, head of the engineering department. John Mc- ge, consulting engineer, formerly of Cleveland, is ted with Mr. Hennessy in the engineering de- fment Romance tinges the entire situation, says the Hol- Telegram, when mention is made of the various which the transveyor is now put. The old Bell, which was so carefully conveyed across tinent from Philadelphia, was handled on a transveyor. A fireproof vault was especially ted in San Francisco for the bell and twice was moved out and in on a transveyor. Am- n plants thus handle shrapnel cases now g made all over this country. R. F. Lyon, who has turned from an extensive tour of France and d in the interest of the Cowan Truck Company, ts that over 2000 Cowan transveyors are in use in ountries, mostly in the handling of shells. , chewing gum manufacturers, brewers, confec- rs, textile manufacturers, leather companies, lum- mpanies and warehouses are also making general them. Different types of machines are naturally | for these various industries. lication of this idea to power machines was the tep and the company is about to place upon the ts own electric transveyor equipped to handle ms by raising the loads from the floor by motor ring them in the same fashion, the same power them from place to place. The Cowan trans- equipped with a storage battery, was illustrated IRON AGE of Oct. 15, 1914. , isin industrial accidents thus far this year increase of 64 per cent over the same period , according to figures issued by the Industrial of Wisconsin. The increase is so great ommission has found it necessary to engage examiner of cases. The fact that all factories ‘Shops are overcrowded with business is doubt- ponsible for the large increase in accidents. ed in the month of August since the commis- s Created are as follows: 1912, 258: 1913, 557: 1915, 1050; 1916, 1717. THE IRON AGE 931 A New Lock Nut Without Washers A lock nut in which the dead and not the moving member is locked has been developed by the Western Screw & Lock Nut Company, 342 Mills Building, San Francisco, Cal. With this nut no washers are required and the nut can be locked at any point on the bolt, an arrangement which makes it possible to take care of oscillating or pulsating movements. The bolt and nut can be used over and over several times, it is explained, without damaging the threads. It is possible also to fit a United States standard nut tightly on a bolt hav- ing a V-thread, and it is also possible to make a nut tight on a loose fit bolt. The lock nut consists of two members. The lower one, which is the nut proper, is similar in form to a regular hexagon nut and has four flexible finger mem- bers projecting from its upper surface. When the upper or locking member is screwed down, these fingers are compressed and the nut is frozen, as it is expressed, to the bolt. The locking action is secured by turning the bpp DLA »y i aa, a | | | enantio _—— In This New Lock Nut the Flexible Fingers of the ywer Member Are Compressed and Forced Against the Thread of the Bolt as the Upper Locking Mem | Screws Dow locking member firmly. When locked in place thi member is counted on to help carry the load. One of the features of the lower member is a number of threads which provide capacity to carry the load. The nut is released with an ordinary wrench, and when the lock ing member is released it will of course move as one of the ordinary type. A recent test of the holding power of one of these nuts was made by bolting two pieces of % x 1%-in. bar steel together with a %-in. lock nut and one of the ordi- nary type placed 6 in. apart. The steel bars were sus pended on heavy springs and an air hammer delivered 500 blows per minute with a force of 25 lb. midway between the two bolts. It is stated that the ordinary nut was jarred off in a short time, thus leaving the strain on the other bolt. After 9 hr. of continuous jar ring at this rate the lock nut was still gripping firmly. British Imports of Steel Ingots Great Britain is importing large tonnages of steel ingots and always has, though the present rate is not as large as that before the war. In August last these imports were 12,178 gross tons against 14,987 tons in August, 1915. To Sept. 1, 1916, they were 104,224 tons, as compared with 123,547 tons to Sept. 1, 1915 The imports in the full year 1913 were 216,708 tons or 18,059 tons per month; in 1915 they were 199,180 tons or 16,598 tons per month. Imports of billets, blooms and slabs were 427,996 gross tons in 1915 against 513,988 tons in 1913, large shipments from Germany figuring in the latter total Purchasers of the Trigg furnace property, near Cadiz, Ky., recently noted, were a group headed by George L. Berry of Cadiz. It was owned by the Hill- man estate, included the old furnace and 5000 acres, and was sold for $40,000. vi “é #3 Supe ep ee E' The Operating Value of Cost Systems Departmental Costs Should Be Open to Subor- dinates—Special Materials Should Be Avoided Where Possible—Day BY G. To clearly present a systematic discussion of the subject of this paper it will be necessary to briefly re- view and illustrate a skeleton of accounting methods. Referring to the accompanying diagram: A represents productive material which is actually incorporated in the product that is shinped out of the plant. B is productive labor, or that portion of the payroll that represents directly labor which can be charged against individual products. C, or non-productive labor, is the remainder of the payroll, such as foremen, engineers, toolmakers, etc., superintendents, etc. D, or factory expense material, is assumed to mean every expense not covered by the above, such as coal, oil, emery wheels, insurance, taxes, workmen’s com- pensation, etc. F’, or manufacturing expense, is the non-productive labor plus the factory expense material. H, or general expense, is shown as including expense of advertising, selling, shipping and general manage ment. TOTA ABOR __JOTAL LABOR PRODUCTIVE LAB NON-PRODUCTIVE LABC. PRODUCTIVE MATERIAL ye yp” FACTORY EXPENSE MATE we —s —/ > A B : . ¢ SHIPPING EXPEN: DIRECT COST MANFG.EXP ': «SELLING & GENL. E. —< id > \* E F ‘ <\ Ly GENERA! TOTAL COST OF MANUFACTURE | EXPENSE nag 4 L Jl UF TAITL Livi ping Y 4 6 H MANFG COST S0LD PROFS ~ onl K M * MANUFACTURERS SELLING PRICE as Cost Diagram Illustrating the Basic Factors which Must Be Considered Arriving Manufacturer's Selling Price The mechanism of keeping the detailed records is infinite in variety, all too often overdone; but under- lying all are certain basic principles. Cost factors must boiled down to enable sim- plicity, and then continual comparison and study will point the way to improvement. Nor will this improve- ment be limited to one element of cost. Real, analytical cost knowledge will lead to well rounded development. Many of the older industries were very one-sided in their development—leading always toward refinement along lines most congenial to the founder or owner. Facing all elements of cost will force attention to all sides of the problem. Neither are be costs of much value if they represent ancient history. The returns must be prompt or the opportunity to profit thereby is lost. In fact, many expense items are much better controlled by working to a budget laid down in detail before the expense is incurred. This is especially true when facing a falling volume, which is the most difficult time to control ex- pense. It is a most common error for an executive not to take into his confidence his subordinates, or, to use a better word, associates. If the cost facts help the ex- ecutive, they should help the entire organization. If properly arranged, this can be done without showing a *From a paper presented at the convention of the National Implement and Vehicle Association, Atlantic City, N. J., Oct 19, 1916 +Vice-president Deere & Co., Moline, Ill W. Work Is a Detriment MIXTERt department head figures beyond his departm« ever it is handled no cost system is getting t mum result unless it is understood by the org Costs are a map of what goes on in the facto) furnish the means of understanding and cor and as such should be freely shown to the m control the details. wh LEDGER A VITAL POINT Having in mind the general principles and defi of the terms involved, you should realize the vita sity of a proper classification of the ledger and a correct distribution of the items to the vari accounts, It is not only necessary that the accounting be cor rect at this point, but the manager and the operating men must have a clear understanding of the skeleton; especially the class of items included in ea account and how the various accounts build up into th cost of the individual implement. It would be far bet ter to carry only five accounts, each representing on of the five sections in the cost diagram, and carry then clearly, not only on the books, but in the mind of th: management, than to have a mass of detail intelligible only to a certified accountant. The underlying principle of distributing expendi- tures to the various accounts is that all charges to a given account must belong in the same division of our cost diagram. A simple example is found in two kinds of steel—common bars for the typical implement which we are going to discuss must be charged to an account in the raw material (A) group. Tool steel must be charged to an account in the factory expense materia! (D) group. The importance of accurate and honest accounting cannot be overestimated. Accuracy requires proper classification and distribution. Honesty means charg ing everything to expense that belongs there. Do not deceive yourself by capitalizing expense—do not tamper with the depreciation charge—do not inflate your ir ventory. Productive material (A) for our purposes has been defined as the material actually incorporated into the product that is shipped out of the plant. This paper has nothing to do with the base price you pay for ma- terial. That is the buyer’s business, and at present the subject is too disagreeable for discussion. To figure the cost of material for a given imple- ment we must have a specification or bill of materia! You cannot manufacture an implement without know- ing of what it is made. You must have proper specifi- cations before you can even order material accurately, and good specifications, prepared by some easy dupli- cating process, will help every man on the job. In short, the expense of accurate, complete specifications is not chargeable to the expense of a cost system. SPECIAL MATERIALS SHOULD BE AVOIDED Rightly used, information of detailed cost of ma- terial will save on the material cost, and the time to begin is before the final design of the tool is accepted. Economy of material, assuming the base price already fixed, is obtainable only from efficient use of the ma terial, i. e. the lowest priced material that will do the work—and not too much of it. Right at the start is the time to eliminate steel sections not ordinarily carried, or special sections only obtainable from one or tw? mills. Teach your designers to use material of com- mercial specifications. Theoretically, defective material, scrap and excess cost of material purchased above the contract prices 932 1916 THE IRON AGE 933 gency demand, are charged to expense, ed in manufacturing expense. Practically yr reached, and in starting a cost system f 5 per cent to the productive material m the specifications is recommended. this paper the total cost of either gray ble castings is considered as productive - j.. e., aS if purchased from an outside 7 i practice requires that foundries be eparate business organizations. Time tiled discussion. Indeed, the subject war- ate paper, as knowledge of and compari- s are perhaps most profitable in the foun- irely a cost finding viewpoint, assuming fication and distribution of the ledger ac- nly dividing the total material, labor and 1 year by the good castings produced gives V¢ in its simple exactness but, of course, of a force to reduce future costs. DAY WORK VS. PIECE WORK any cost method two facts must be deter- direct labor: oductive labor on each specific implement to be figured. proportion of productive labor in the total f juctive labor (B) for a specific implement that we know the cost of each operation on : and each of the assembling operations must any considerable part of the productive labor k you face a real difficulty, not insurmount- it requiring special treatment and special ex- eal remedy is to eliminate the day-work. xyee will receive higher wages and the work Day-work stands for inefficiency and unhappy ‘ew realize how absolutely a determined re- superintendent can eliminate day-work. evity, we will assume this productive labor is a straight piece-work basis, as is true in nplement plants. The setting of piece-work | providing a proper record of these prices oyees and timekeepers is a vital operating mat- has nothing to do with cost accounting. Given ting piece-work lists, it is necessary in some issemble a list of all the operations on each gether with price per hundred for each opera- This is clearly chargeable to cost expense. It is carry this on a separate page, or card, rather detail on the specification costs, because many appear repeatedly on different specifications. do this work rapidly, and to easily transfer the ts to the cost sheets, absolutely every different part d or worked on in the plant must carry a num- This is not only necessary for easy cost account- ‘or many obvious reasons. second class of information about direct labor, portion it bears to the total payroll, is the direct ' a proper payroll distribution, which also gives oductive labor. ny IMPORTANCE OF PAYROLL DISTRIBUTION ubject of payroll distribution opens a most ind perhaps a most helpful part of our discussion ants close attention. No part of cost account- fruitful of possible economies, nor so gen- neglected by the operating men. Promptly avail- h week by departments, and freely shown to emen concerned, it is an invaluable operating Postponed to the middle of the following month hidden by the bookkeeper, it is an accounting lls are made up from some form of time slip, y returned each day filled in by the employee Evidently the expense of checking the time | making up the payroll is an expense not ble to cost accounting. ibuting the payroll is a cost expense, just as va orrect costs as computing the productive ma- : the productive labor for an individual imple- ‘ut this expense also provides a vital money- x necessity to the operating men. The expense of proper distribution does not add more than 60 per cent to the time-keeping expense For a complicated plant of 1500 men, the cost of dis tribution is $1,200 per year. Another plant with 400 men spends $300 per year for this purpose. Properly handled 75c. per year per employee covers this expense As a result of distributing the payroll you have First, your payroll divided between productive lab and non-productive labor, which gives the basis for the proper distribution on the ledger, and without this you cannot compute costs Second, you have the percentage of productive labor to the total payroll. This figure is not directly used ir cost accounting, but is of infinite value A foreman need not be a bookkeeper to understand the difference between productive labor and the non productive remainder; and a very little guidance wil lead him to examine with interest the weekly distribu tion for his department. In a sense, you can make him your business partner, and do so without making a cheap clerk of a high-priced foreman. WHAT SYSTEM MEANS TO DEPARTMENT HEADS This paper is primarily a plea for clear thinking We are in the midst of conditio