The Iron Age 1915-10-14: Vol 96 Iss 16

New York, October 14, 1915 VOL. 96: No. A Jobbing Machine Shop Cost How Are Made and Labor—Grinding and Engine Rooms System Records for Material ft.. of brick and steel construction. The sides of th Roof Construction and the Glass © Duudir well as the rear end, are practically lid glass, as the windows extend from 3 ft. above peg ne to the eaves, thus insuring sufficient BN at a nes during the day. This is further | mMan-+ ; } — ght through a sawtooth roof. oo side of the building, about midway, P LOCATE, +) er rinding and polishing room, meas- ing 20 » A feature of this room is that it entire } 5 . . ‘ a sed by wired glass sash, which was ta, ‘alley & Sons, Springfield, Ohio. By Gi ig > arranged so that it can be closed ghtl; ar inding or buffing, dust is kept out Inclosed with Wire Glass Partitions To cover the particular problems of the jobbing of the shop proper, while the inside glass sas machine shop, especially of that required to make cuts off very little light from the main shop jigs, dies and other small work, the Columbus Die, The stock room is a railed inclosure, adjoini Tool & Machine Company, Columbus, Ohio, has re-_ the polishing room on the west side, in plain view cently built a new plant. Special care was taken to of the factory clerk’s inclosure, which is located at insure sufficient natural light, as much of the work _ the office entrance of the shop done is of what might be called a delicate nature. The offices occupy a 25 x 70-ft. space at the ; The building itself is one story high, 170 x 200 front end of the building and are separated fron the shop by reinforced concrete walls A second story room directly above the offices, and of the Same s1ze, Was prov ided for the engineering depart ment. In the northwest corner of the building is lo cated the power plant, which is also screened wit! wire glass. A 50-hp. Reeves gas engine power for the shop, while a 25-hp. unit is drive a generator for furnishing electric current lighting and power purposes. In addition a 150-hp steam engine is provided for use exclusively in the winter for both light and power. In the winter the shop is heated by the exhaust steam from the en- furnishes used to tor 863 864 THE COLUMBUS DIE, TOOL AND MACHINE Co. 77. DAILY TIME CARD | CLOCK No NAME pa For Loria oaTe 2 MACHINE | LABOR ORDER N 4OURS MATERIAL o Rare wacts e > eg LII3D = é The Daily Time Card Kept by Each Machine Operator gine, also using steam drawn from the boiler direct, when the weather is cold enough to make this nec- essary. THE IRON AGE Octobe { building between the office and the we obviate transmitting power such a lo; by shafting, an overhead electric mot machines in this department. In locating the different machines, machines were put near the front of where the work enters, as the drilling generally the first on different jobs. S and shaping machines are next to the chine department. At the rear of t heavier tools are placed, as in a few work is admitted at the rear entrance toward the front. As was stated, th room is next to the shipping department often the last operation performed. When an order is received, all pa; prints, etc., are turned over to the order clerk main office, who gives it the proper makes out an order in triplicate for u gineering department, factory office and The pattern shop is located at the front of the department. The blueprints, if furnish 7 _ - . MATERIAI cae /) a Too! N L/IIY AALL ~AAG. ao Date I hin A’ 3 I OPEN HEARTH iE + T . XN T : \ me i 1: a J T Tr he tt T f ] Z y | /oo¥ 2 \25%4\F or | Fi5| Se l sce - = mm | . cA it A he a + , 7 > 4 - at f Domne 6 gz i 7 4 i 4 uM 1 ; © x 5 Of Me AC e — ~ 7 Fr -_ \ Ty 2h opt i ! X59 7 ] ‘ UPxB 0% Lé h ° { N 3 neers N Cosi O\F x As a SF x 4 t | es | | - ” $ - pes = a - ; + — Sh Material Which Is Mads The Bill of ne Out by the Office Received as Soon as an Order Is 15 irned over to the engineering de- makes out a list of the material cuired. The material sheet, blue- data are then turned over to the THE IRON AGE 865 Detachable Turret Head for Lathes The Newman Mfg. Company, 717 Sycamore Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, is putting on the market a turret at tachment for the tailstock of engine lathes up to 24-i ere records of material issued and swing. By this device an ordinary engine lathe car HOUR WORK 1 aac x 7 Dare ' Wongma» 7 — ae k i « an - i ‘ j a ce ce Sic ; 4 ' i (Ss Tt 4 4 Spearnisdcnieeahsnlipsanimmatbansilion + 1 i Date Marearat = i = ¥ ’ M M . Lasoe t 7 Ma Fill Ou or Each Job t i Re are kept. The cost columns are’ readily be converted into a turret lath litable the material sheet reaches the many manufacturing operations, ana tnu greatly nent. which is sent in when the ducing the cost of ordinary method As will be seen from the illustration, the device consists of a circular ; : a turret containing four holes for mounting tools and th s done on a time basis, it is ab- ; ana necessary arrangements for attach ‘ ne i to keep a close record of the time When a workman is assigned his time at the factory office, tak- stock to his machine. As ar operation is completed, if the it is returned to the factory others are kept between opera- e entered on the card shown. e entry is made on these cards the cards being turned in each urate record can be kept in the nber of hours each man worked, spent on each individual job. tor the accounting department not it on special piece work as well. timates are given on most or- work is commenced, it is a fre- istomers that they be furnished of the time-cost on their jobs, are not only able to keep up the work, but also to figure the ultimate cost will be. and ing mechanics is to be the subject made by W. B. Humper, director High School, at a meeting in Buf- of the American Society of Me- < ny The turret mounted at stock spindle of the lathe is 7 in. lt which brings the lowest the tailstock spindle. The a hand-operated plunger provided which engages holes in the turret and is relied upon to ing. The handle for operating this plunger is located in a convenient position directly above the diameter, is turret hole in exact ine with device consist of with a periphery of the indexing taper end extreme index insure accuracy in Tools Desigr Engine Lathe Turret Head Holding Four the Tailstock of an A Detachable Mounting on The attachment is mounted on the tail spindle and securely held in place by a split bearing and clamping bolt, the tool in use lining up with the spindle. Electric Steel Furnace of New Desi th The Wile Arc Type Uses Two Top and One Bottom Electrode on a 3-Phase Current—Results Another type of arc furnace has been added to the list of electric arc furnaces producing steel in -the United States. Besides the Heroult, the Snyder, the Stassano and Girod furnaces and the recent installation and operation of the Grénwall in Detroit, the Wile furnace has recently become a competitor in this field. While primarily intro- TI Wile Hlectric Furnace As It Appears When in Oper duced as an efficient means of pre-melting ferro- alloys and non-ferrous alloys, several installations have recently been made in steel foundries and other plants in this country, a list of which was given in THE IRON AGE, Aug. 29, 1915. Commenting on the electric steel industry in general, R. S. Wile, president of the Wile Electric Furnace Company of Pittsburgh, Pa., said to a representative of THE IRON AGE: A great deal has been said for and against the electric furnace for making steel of various qualities and it has been largely contended heretofore that only tool or special were feasibly made by this method of refining because of the cost of operation, which means power, electrodes, linings, etc. Selling at faney prices, these steels could easily absorb any ad- ditional costs even as high as le per lb. That it was an advantage to make these special steels in the elec- tric furnace nobody denied because of the low phos- phorus and sulphur contents in the finished product as compared to the raw material used as a basis. Since, however, companies have deemed it profitable to undertake to make sound castings of low carbon, low manganese content, combined with low sul- phur and phosphorus, the electric furnace has taken on a new aspect and one might add a new lease on life. As the field has broadened the number of furnaces on the market has increased so that it now includes single, 2- and 3-phase, and induction furnaces of vari- ous styles and combinations of connections. Claims of certain advantages are made for all of them. steels some In response to a request for a description of the furnace and its achievements in the melting and refining of steel, Mr. Wile furnished the following: The Wile furnace is of the 3-phase type, more par- ticularly because the supply systems of the country are 3-phase and furnaces using other than this entail expensive transformers and greater transforming losses in stepping from 3- to 2- or single-phase. The only prominent are furnaces using this cur- in Refining Steel rent in the United States, apart from th« Stassano and the Heroult. The Nathu current, but in Europe only. The Stass furnace with three horizontal electrod limited to capacities of 5 tons; the Heroult known and has three electrodes inserted throug} roof with no bottom electrode; the Nathusiu top and three bottom electrodes while the Wil has two top and one bottom electrodes. This latter connection has a number ot! In all steel refining one of the most essentia! thi, to free the steel of gases in order to make sound ings or ingots as the case may be. In the fur: the three top electrodes, or those entirely charge, it is necessary to superheat the steel « to boil to free it of gases. This temperatur higher than the pouring temperature, hence it is neces sary to cool the steel before pouring. This undue wear upon the furnace refractories and a load factor for the furnace. This does not hold t the 3-phase furnace with the bottom electrodes circulation of the steel is plainly visible and the heating is unnecessary. While some of these points seem of minor im ance they form big factors in the aggregate. Again it is often imperative that the furnace be started on cold stock. In loading the furnace the heavier pieces are placed on the bottom and the lighter and smaller pieces are placed on top so that the top presents a fairl smooth appearance; it does not have any ragged proje- tions to cause unnecessary fluctuation in the line. This consumes a little more time but it saves it in the end by keeping the breaks from flying out so often. This also helps the load factor. In starting a furnace with three top and no bott electrodes it is necessary to burn a hole through the pile of steel clear to the bottom in order to form pools of metal to do away with violent fluctuations. The occur in the furnace with the two top and on iul The Tilting Mechanism and the Electrode H: Electric Furnace Shown in 5e oo o oO oO —~ a ~J] 1915 THE IRON AGE sut to a lesser extent, due to the ab » electrode thus lessening the number, ilarly because of the simultaneous steel on the bottom at the same time it he top and in that manner forming the with fewer surges. In the Wile fur- electrode is made of graphite but it the metal bath, the actual furnace bottom conducting bottom of magnesite and no more trouble in operating than any furnace. It is necessary in any patch the bottom occasionally. When tarted absolutely cold, it is with the des until the bottom becomes conduct- ppens only when the furnace is stone cold which does not last long nor occur e of course to use molten materials imber of furnaces are thus operated xpedient to use cold stock where there th plant to furnish steel in the molten prohibitive to melt it cold but the de ce of power is greater and the instal- borate, due to the greater amount of the same tonnage is to be require: om the furnace refining molten single-phase furnace by the lesser amount of radiatio1 tained that the current consumption and electrode loss caused by the one electrode through Wil nace is any less than in the furnace the roof. This has not proved compatible with the horizontal electrodes as this factor facts, as the multiple electrode furnace uses smalle: ; ipon furnace design and insulation; electrodes and while the number is greater than one the ' the furnace to be worked with fewer conducting area must be the same, as the electrodes are of the load and it can be more _ designed to carry the required number of amperes pel! ryt ‘ 5 re re € ‘fe ] : . 1 ~ y hand where there are only two square inch; therefore, in well designed furnaces the nipulate, though automatic regulators radiation from this source should the same. The ulti this furnace where desired, and they mate analysis in any event is the cost per tor lace @ °o ‘ “ > » & m . - 7. : ; . ses |e current than a single- or 2- rhe violent fluctuations of the load spoken of above instances where these take the supply occur only when melting cold stock. All furnaces are e system when the heat insulation of the yniformly quiet whe inning on molten material and a ¢ la fan . > -coc ‘Onc. . * ° , : , : oa ‘ he = factor but the losse In trans the number of furnaces refining molten steel is prob a well. ably in excess of those starting with cold stock. ectior it av > é > < , lo TD . . ( it may be added that, while [he time consumed in refining the molten steel! de mers to change the number of phases pends upon the impurities to be removed, though this es expensive, they change the numbe is also true when cold material is used, but in thi u esulting loss of power and in balanc- latter case the practices in different furnaces vary and bound to occur. It has been main- design also enters. here. Some furnaces require a that this is somewhat offset in the longer time than others, the variation of sizes and input of current being the chief factor This is im portant when comparing furnaces. Everybody interested is familiar with the po bilities of steel refining but a few figures are offered to show the current consumption in a Wile furnace of r © a Spy ~ _ +t ~ k oak aa i ph i ! a = ’ - “== Af f + ; } An wa} } ; } } z , ' 7 s ; ' t yo try te ; s of the Wile Electric Furnace Showing the Locatik fu rt : Pilting =: Mechanism } er 868 tons capacity, starting with cold scrap having the following fairly uniform analysis: Cold Finished Scrap, Product, Per Cent Per Cent Sulphur 0.061 0.018 Phosphorus 0.04 0.024 Silicon 0.09 0.110 Carbon 0.28 0.12 Manganese < 0.31 0.31 Time of melting and refining $ hr. 20 mi Kilowatt hours per ton ‘ SGN Electrode consumption per tor eae $0.50 These figures are given not to prove superior prac- tice but as an idea of one operation. They will vary for different requirements and will give a fair average in this one installation. The Wile furnace is also being used in melting nickel-iron for casting grid resistances as well as in melting cobalt for making steelite. Its applica- tion in the smelting of tin from Bolivian concen- trates, mentioned in THE IRON AGE, Aug. 26, 1915, is reported as satisfactory with prospects of ex- pansion. MILLS PURCHASING POWER Advantages Which, Recent Papers Claim, Are Not Appreciated by Steel Industry That steel mills could more generally consider purchasing power from the central station was the burden of two papers read before the recent meet- ing of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers in Detroit. One of these was presented by Clark S. Lankton, electrical engineer, Carnegie ‘Steel Company, Painter mills, Pittsburgh, and the other a joint paper by Brent Wiley and Wilfred Sykes of the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Com pany, East Pittsburgh. Mr. Lankton presented some of the arguments for central station manufacture of the manufacture of power by the comparativel) small concern, involving size of generating units, the power factor, the economy of the small unit as compared with that of the large, and em- phasized that usually a given industrial manage- ment has equipped a power house not for the return on the investment but because of the necessity. He does not advise the wholesale adoption of purchased power, but feels that “it often happens that an extension to the plant is to be made. In such a case a start at purchased power might be at- tempted.” Eliminating the few cases of exceedingly) large steel mills, where the power plant itself is of a size commensurate with that of the public service station, he feels that “the possibilities of purchased power versus power generated within the confines of the steel plant are not fully realized by all.” As showing the development in central station practice and economies, he referred to statistics which show that for the five-year period of 1907 to 1912 power against the the total kw. capacity i ee rative apparatus has increased 70 per cent. The installation of alternating current apparatus has increased over 100 per cent The capacity of individual machines has been raised 90 per cent, while the number machines in use has decreased 7 per cent These figures plainly show that old machines of small capacity have discarded and new and larger capacity machines inst The output of central stations has increased 100 per cent this same period of time, while the capitalization of centr stations has only increased 52.9 per cent ELECTRIC POWER PURCHASED BY STEEL MILLS In conclusion he urges that if an adequate cen- tral station power supply is available and it can be adapted to the plant conditions, the power company officials should be approached. He says that there are about twenty to twenty-five steel plants using THE IRON AGE October 19]; purchased power with an estimated year! tion of about 175,000,000 kw.-hr. per The paper by Messrs. Wiley and Sy} list of twenty-four plants which use ap] 160,000,000 kw.-hr. of purchased power »-. which figure, it is stated, is approxima 1D; cent of the total electric power used il industry. They believe that the reason a companies are developing slowly as cus ere central stations is the indefiniteness of power , quirements for rolling, which makes the | r com- panies’ proposals indefinite, and because the « companies seem somewhat skeptical regarding tho question of continuity of service. The, however, that electrical manufacturing compa are in possession of so much data that they a position to help in making the necessary analysi: in the case that the motor drive is to be installed in place of the steam engine drive. For exampi they say: are } The steel companies often express a strong either the of the guarantee that their rolling will not cost more central station company motor amount for power While the motor manufact to outline the amount of ditions that innot power required and will exist according to the rolling co such that he the plant assume any to the fact eration of responsibility as ment does not have jurisdictic NUMBER OF MOTOR-DRIVEN ROLLING MILLS They place the total number of motor-drive rolling mills at 200 and the total capacity of motors driving main rolls at 275,000 hp., not including units below 300 hp. From statistics obtained from several large stee! companies, the authors note that the motor capacity installed per ton of pig iron per year capacity is 0.0064 hp. and that the motor capacity installed per ton of steel per year capacity is 0.0136 hp. As instancing the econo- mies effected through motor operations, they mention how in the older method of unloading ore, involving the hand filling of the bucket and the conveying of the bucket to the stock pile by means of a steam-operated rope haulage system, the cost per ton in handling from boat to yard was approx! mately 15 cents. The motor-operated unloaders to-day, with much greater capacity and reduction time, do the work for approximately 2 cents per to! Liquid Fuel for Foundry Cupolas Bradley Stoughton, in presenting his paper on “V Fired Cupolas” before the American Foundrym Convention at Atlantic City, N. J., Sept. 29, 19! cussed the absorption of sulphur and the kind | to be used in his patented process. He said: Richar M found that iron which, when melted with coke, contal er cent ol In a comparative test made for us, Dr sulphur, when melted in the oil cupola Another test showed t! per cent to 0.045 per cent 1.045 per cent of sulphur. creased from 0.032 0.013 per cent) in an oil-cupola melting 50 per cent scrap In other words, one-half of the iron ha: through the cupola to make this increase of 0 01 the total Crude oil, because it is cheaper and of hig value than fuel oil, is preferred for melting wo! viscous, however, and requires to be heated by as steam, gas or electricity. If t s venient, then fuel oil may be used, but the cost the crude oil is much more than compensated fo! means, such Furthermore, the sources of supply of It is not of 8! portance that low-sulphur oil be used, becaus¢ t the sulphur in the oil is oxidized by the blast enter the iron, but passes out of the cupola wi! price more numerous than those of fuel oil. These interesting facts are supplementary e aa practical results offered in an article in THE /R0% ° of May 13, 1915. 915 Hi .osses of Hot-Blast Mains it from blast-furnace hot-blast mains investigated by R. J. Wysor, chief Steel Company, South Bethlehem, 1913 he made some tests of the loss of hot blast mains from the hot tle pipe and found the average loss per minute per square foot of ase 33,500 cu. ft. (at 62 deg. Fahr. eter) of air were blown per minute. the average temperature at stove No. nace G was 1486 deg. Fahr., while mperature at the bustle pipe 218 pe from the first temperature meas- ¢. Fahr. The total loss in heat figured per minute, and as there were 2606 idiating surface, the unit loss of heat 86 B.t.u. the tests have been contributed by 1e American Institute of Mining Engi- itted at the New York meeting of the ruary. In the course of his investiga- ‘overs, Plant of Central Steel ned the thermal loss due to cooling iot blast valve and mentions a new e being installed by Herman A. Bras- nt of blast furnaces, Illinois Steel Chicago, to secure a small water ontact with the blast. at Bethlehem with a special insu educing heat although an temperature on the outside resulted, not so great as had been calculated. ject, he says: losses, prepared for external insulating with CKS, a l-in. air space being provided tions to appearance, first n of th and overheating the shell » construction of a new blast main, pparently be to design it of sufficient ng with 9 in. of fire brick of insulating material cost possible and a dency is toward higher blast tem- ‘ces carrying large percentages of r mixtures; and high temperatures lesirable in smelting hard, coarse magnetites so generally used in the THE IRON AGE Comp 869 East. In the manufacture of spiegel and ferroman ganese, the maintenance of high blast of particular importance. By means of one of the methods of temperatures 15S nsulation sug gested in this paper, other operating conditions being normal, we would expect higher available blast tem peratures with resulting fuel economy, or a smaller quantity of fuel gas necessary for heating the stoves Electric Manipulation of Pit Furnace Covers At the steel works of the Central Steel Com pany, Massillon, Ohio, the covers of the pit are operated electrically, as was mentioned briefly in an article descriptive of the works of the com- pany in THE IRON AGE of Jan. 7, 1915. In fact one of the striking features of the plant is the general use of electricity, neither power being employed. production of a furnaces steam nor hydraulic From the accompanying re- photograph some idea may be inv. Massillon, Ohio, Actuate Elect Mot gained of the method of operating the covers. It will be noted that a single electric suffices for the four pit furnaces provided, electric motor driving a shaft with four pinions Each pinion meshes with a rack attached to a correspond ing cover and by means of the long levers shown, any one pinion may be thrown into action by a motor the clutch. The operator may control the motor with one hand, and the lever for any cover may be moved with the other. Incidentally toward the right of the picture may be seen the bottom part of the crane for handling the ingots. Each pit fur- nace has four holes 6 x 8 ft. An investigation of fusible tin boiler plugs by the Bureau of Standards is the subject of Technologic Paper No. 53, which may be obtained on application to the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. An ac- count of the causes of failure and deterioration of boiler plugs in service, as studied by the Bureau was, it will be recalled, given at some length in THe IRON AGE of June 24, 1915. U-Tube Carbon Dioxide Indicato: Simple Form Employing Familiar Prin- ciple for Use by Fireman—More Elabo- rate Type to Give a Continuous Record BY E. A. CUNNINGHAM The economical combustion of coal should be Such knowledge could be obtained the aim of all power house managers. Before this ally analyzing the flue gases, but of « can be accomplished, it is necessary to know some- impracticable, so we have to turn thing of the conditions under which the coal is of instrument that will record approximate! burned. It is perhaps not too much to say that percentage of carbon dioxide in the fiu Ses the most important information can be gained from It appeared to me that an instrument designe the nature of the waste gases passing up the stack. for this purpose should be very robust, that If the carbon dioxide percentage and the tempera- to say, made completely of metal, and the simplest construction so that it could understood and repaired by a mechanic. [t als 4 seemed desirable to have two forms of instrymen } ort . one to record the percentage on a chart ny | ———* a ee nae | other of cheaper construction, which would indicate the percentage on a gage. To accom | lf this, an air-tight vessel is charged with a s | y) block of caustic potash and the flue gases passe \ , through at high speed. The flue connection is the Ms shut off, and the vessel connected to a mercur i gage. A vacuum is then formed in this vesse ' Ko ies ao Tn which the mercury gage permits to be read. ' ‘ G Dioxi t ses describes the apparatus in its elementary form, a an indicating gage, which is shown in the a panying drawing. The U-tube a, both legs of which are filled with caustic potash, has connected to one leg the aspire ture of these waste gases is known, the actual waste of coal can be determined in percentage by the simple formula age of coal waste tor pump b from which it can be shut off by the (Temp. of flue gases )— (T fboilerroom) eoek ¢. To the other leg is attached a three-wa Carbon dioxide percentage cock, d, by which it can be alternately connected Although the above is only an empirical formula either to the pipe e, leading to the source of supply it is surprisingly close to the actual loss calculated by the usual methods in a heat balance, as the following table shows: Per Cent Loss Ver Cent Loss Boile: up the Stack up the Stacl Test Calculated as Shown by Numbe! by Formula Heat Balan« Kerror l 16.50 16.70 0 14.10 14.37 0.27 LS.SO 19.10 Ost 25.10 4.70 + 0.4 15.40 15.8 0.4 21.90 21.60 0.3 20) 15.70 0.40 For example. If the temperature of the gases passing up the flue were 675 deg. Fahr., the tem- perature of the boiler room was 75 deg. Fahr., and the percentage of carbon dioxide was 5 per cent, then the waste of coal up the stack would be 0.335 (6% j ) BOF > 0.3 ) 10.2 per ce so that, if 1000 tons were used during a month, then 402 tons have disappeared without having given up any heat to the boilers, and it must be borne in mind that this is not an extreme example but is happening in many installations. Such a condition of affairs must necessarily exist as long as no check is kept on the carbon dioxide content and temperature of the flue gases. If, for in- stance, in the example just given, we had been able to note that the percentage of carbon dioxide was low, and by decreasing the draft or thickening the fire we had increased it to 13 per cent, then assuming that the temperature remained the same, our loss would only be 6 ] < 0 ; ] 14 per cent or 154.4 t so that the saving by this knowledge would be 102 154.4 17.6 tons *Chemist American Bridge Company, Pencoyd, Pa Motor-Driven Recording Instru! 870 e analyzed, or to the recording or in this case represented by the If a recording vacuum gage is mercury gage, we have the he recording form. rding type of instrument as made A in each leg of which there of caustic potash, is bolted to a tne tube body having three valves of a Qne of these valves B allows one ibe to be connected to the flue ( the other valve D allows the he U-tube to be connected to an E, and the third valve F con- e to a recording gage, G. All cams H attached to turn is geared to a small electric these valves are placed on the shaft that the two valves connecting aspirator pump are first opened. ves allow the gases from the flue to gh the U-tube, the speed being such operated by tebe bl} ¥ 2 \ Leh, | | Tal ¥ t w / with On These Instruments sorption of carbon dioxide is negligible. ntinue in their revolution, they allow ves to close, thereby trapping a le gases in the U-tube. The carbon absorbed, causing a vacuum to be proportional to the percentage of vsorbed gas. That is to say, 1 per cent plete vacuum and so on, the ulti- ng that 100 per cent would produce to the barometric height. When omplete, the third cam mentioned lve, which can be called the re- nnecting the U-tube with a re- gage, thereby causing the vacuum ed to be recorded. As this third revolve, it this valve to pen of the recorder to its position of the cams causes the whole repeated. It will thus be seen that rder does not return to zero be- but makes a single line curve. then repeated once in every revo- shaft. The simple principle illus- gram is not departed from in the A constant running motor gearing operates two valves at +} e] ) iced. direct] allows rder. 1915 THE IRON AGE 871 = regular intervals, and tached instead of the result of each analysis. In the simpler form of indicating there are only two valves used, and outlet valves A and B, there valve necessary, as the mercury gage C is connected with the U-tube D. operated by a hand lever, F, a special instr mercury iment Ss at the + gage to record nstrument inlet third directly These two valves are which allows namely é the peing no them to open and shut, thereby trapping a quantity of flue gases which come in through F, as before men tioned. The mercury column then begins to rise and remains stationary when the absorption is com- plete, the height being read on a scale placed behind the column which shows the percentage of carbon dioxide in the flue gases. By these hand instru- ments a fireman can immediately tell what condi tion his fire is in and also if he is using too much air, for it is obvious that a fireman cannot be held to account for the condition of his has no accurate method of knowing how his fire is at any instant. On first consideration it thought that the absorption of carbon dioxide during the period of flow through the U-tube would be very but this has been proved, by extended experiments, not to be so. The following table shows the of the chart record and an Hempel apparatus simultaneously. It will be from this that there is no absorption fire if he might be great results analysis nade by a seen Average The above averages are practically identical and the greatest difference, 12 per cent, is perhaps due more to the difficulty of obtaining representative 872 THE IRON AGE samples for the two methods of analysis. Both in- struments are constructed throughout of metal and are consequently not in any sense fragile or easily deranged. The indicating instrument is, in principle, as shown in diagram but its actual appearance is shown in one of the accompanying halftones. It also has special poppet valves instead of cocks for control of the gases during sampling, analysis, etc. As its name implies, it only indicates the percentage of carbon dioxide and is worked by hand. The operation of this instrument is very simple, it merely being necessary to start the aspirator pump and lift the valves A and B by handle E for a short space of time. The valves are then allowed to close and the percentage of carbon dioxide is read on the mercury gage C. The instruments are being the American Bridge Company. manufactured by Single-Purpose Chucking Turret Lathe A single-purpose chucking turret lathe designed for machining 3 to 5-in shrapnel and high-explosive shells has been brought out by the Cleveland Crane & Engineering Company, Wickliffe, Ohio. This machine has been devel- oped along simple lines for turning, drilling, boring and end forming oper- ations, and is of rigid construction to withstand severe operating conditions. It is arranged for only two speeds, having friction changes in the head- stock direct from the pulley on the main lineshaft. It has a simple feed mechanism, two feed changes being provided by a 3-in. belt and two-step cone pulley on fixed centers. It has three different equipments of parts mounted on the bed. For turning it is furnished with a tail- stock on the carriage upon which is mounted a cross slide arranged so that gangs of tools can be placed in front or back of work, using each set of tools for separate operations. The tool block is slotted to suit the size of the shell to be turned. This machine , is also equipped with a turret mounted on a cross slide on the carriage giving 515-in. cross movement. The third arrangement is a turret mounted integral with the carriage, this arrangement being for boring only. The swing over the ways is 18 in. and the longi- tudinal movement of the carriage is 28 in. The dis- tance from the spindle nose to the face of turret is 321% in. No countershaft is required. The driving pulley is mounted on the main shaft in the head- stock, power being transmitted through two friction clutches with a pinion meshing with two gears on the spindle, giving speeds of 75 to 105 r.p.m. Start- ing, stopping and the two speed changes are con- trolled through one lever within easy reach of the operator. The driving pulley is 15 in. in diameter for a 6-in. belt. The head spindle is 38 in. long and has a 3°4-in. hole extending the entire length. The front bearings are 51% in. in diameter and 6 in. long. The rear bearings are 5 in. in diameter and 6 in. long. The spindle nose is arranged for any stand- ard make of chuck. The turret is of the round flat type arranged for four bars. It is 20 in. in diam- eter and 19 in. across tool clamps which are cast solid on the turret with a 3-in. hole in each clamp. Single soring Purpose igh and End Forming Operations in the Production of Shrapnel and High Octob« 1, 19)5 The carriage is of the double wing + a full bearing of 27 in. on the flat way The front bearing is 5 in. wide and th: , rf in., each being 27 in. long. The apron js f the heavy box type with an extra long bea aie ti steel feed pinion and bronze worm gear e feed through friction and it is engaged and engac by a handwheel on the pinion shaft. movement of the carriage a large pilot w) vided which is keyed to the pinion shaft The machine is equipped with a stee! hip lubricant pan and is arranged to be connected to , cutting compound supply system, but if desired be furnished with an individual pump. The floor space occupied measures 49 in. x 8 # The weight is 4600 Ib. This size can be used for fp. ishing shells up to 442 in. in diameter. For larger shells it will be furnished in longer lengths. and Wi Taylor Memorial Meeting For the meeting to be held in memory of the late Frederick Winslow Taylor in Philadelphia on Friday evening, Oct. 22, at Houston Hall, University of Penn. sylvania, under the auspices of the Society to Promote the Science of Management, speakers are announced a as Chucking Turret Lathe Designed for Turning, Drilling Explosive Shells follows: Rudolph Blankenburg, mayor of Philadelphia; Carl G. Barth, Louis D. Brandeis, James M. Dodgt, Edgar F. Smith, provost of University of Penns} vania; Henry L. Gantt, Dr. Harlow S. Person and San- ford E. Thompson. Se Appreciations are to be read from Prof. A. Wallichs, Royal Polytechnic School, Aix-la-Chapelle; Henri le Chatelier, Paris; Charles de Freminville, Paris; Charpy, director of St. Jacques steel works, and Prof. J. J. Sederholm, University of Helsingfors, Finland. The society is to hold a meeting on Saturday after noon at 4 o’clock at the Hotel Adelphia, for @ a of a paper by Richard A. Feiss, general manager 4 Joseph & Feiss, Cleveland, Ohio, devoted to the Te service work at the Clotheraft Shops, and there a a meeting in the evening for the discussion of - paper. In the morning the society will have 4 a at Mr. Taylor’s home at Chestnut Hill, Philadelp™®s and services are to be conducted at Mr. Taylor's sr in West Laurel Hill, at 12.30 p. m. Saturday. Two additional 70-ton open-hearth furnaces - be installed by the Broken Hill Proprietary c reg at its new plant at Newcastle, New South ae cause of the rapid increase in local demands for ste Assembling Motor Cars in Packard Plant Conveyors Used for Carrying Engines and Chasses Slowly Through the Works as the Parts Are Brought Together Packard Motor Car Company, De- _ illustrations, covering the two progressive assen on a manufacturing program for the bly systems, one for the work on motors and the 116 manufacturing season, which in- other for the bringing together of the various units oduction of 7500 motor carriages, it in the automobile proper. To meet the demand for the largest problems in its history rapid assembly of the twin six motor, an entire ling sufficient assembly facilities. How rearrangement of the motor assembly department vas met is shown in the accompanying was found necessary, as the view to prove i made of 1144-in. piping, elevated on 18 motor along plant starts through the motor assembly dep s placed upon one of the skates and a team of With three teams workin « t! operatior rank shaft statior ly the crank shaft, to which the flywheel has already been fitted, and fit the mair earir and for successive operations. At this latter station, also, the lower half of the crank » whi forms completed motor, is fitted, though it is not applied until the assembly has progressed cor siderably ‘Ws a change in the course of the motor Heretofore the cr has been traveling f truck assembly ank case t with the fitting of the crank shaft, it is turned over and placed endwise in a different type of fitting of the valve tappets is accomplished 873 j j . ab | 3 ig a Ss E 5S . ~~ , This picture shows the fitting of the two sets of cylinders to the crank case, the motor for the first time characteristic V shape in which it is finally placed in the chassis At this station, the motor gets a still dif carriage, being placed in a revolving jack, in which it can be turned bottom-side-up or to any degree of the r This arrangement provides the utmost facility for further assembly, making any portion of the motor accessil | | aa = st eee 7 einen aed ele ial etn il cas edicitmeepneen 4 close-up view of a motor held in a revolving jack, showing the assembly of the completed cylinders, the starting t the ipper right corner, and the clamping method employed to hold the motor rigid in the jack while it is being W on from various angles Next beyond the intake manifold pipes, electrical equipment and other accessories, which! finishing touches of the motor, are applied } ’ | | | ¢ The final assem} ope tion ¢ the motor The two workmen in the foreground are adjusting the car! shown at the top betwee the two sets of cylinders. The man to the left is making final adjustments on th and distributer unit, through which current is carried to the spark plugs for the firing of the gas in the cy! F point, after the fitting of the cluté issembly unit, the motor is carried on a special power conveyor across down four floors to the chassis assembly stock roon Here it remains until needed, and is then swung int forward end of the fr e by means of an overhead trolley system 874 of special tracking is required for the chassis assembly Longe wheeled truc} n WwW h the fr ge is carried through all the assembly operations to the completed car, operate on a tra ibe wer for this assembly is furnished by a special conveyor chain midway between the rails nd nute. This low speed is provided to allow for time for the various assemb! perat forward constantly The frame, bare except for the running board brackets which ha’ the truck and started on its journey The first operation consists ir pp ! fr t vell as one or two cross members The seco where the lower end of the steering turned over on its truck and the rear axle is being attached the various parts required for the assembly are stored until rought from this stock room on the over-head trolleys show frame starts and, the e chassis assembly, showing in the extreme background where the bare issembled up to the point where it receives its first coat of paint. In the foreground a chassis has lash board, steering gear, one floor board, front axle, change speed and emergency brake levers, front booth, where by a ready for the first, or ir axle. From this point, the chain conveys the chassis to a special cleaning and compressed air, all foreign substances are removed from it and it is made > TT rhe paint is also applied by spraying under compressed air and the chassis travels along to the special the left. This super-heated booth is 126 ft. long, and since the 12-in.-per-minute pace 1intained 6 min, of travel through the booth for drying 875 hr 876 THE IRON AGE Successive operations of conveyor track assembli\s The final Held by an overhead trolley the steering gear and bolted int» place on the frame At this operation, the placing of the body hoist, the body is lowered py t also the wheels, which have been equipped with tires in the stock room, are slipped on the oiled bearings of the axl The completed car is run off the conveyor truck by a special rrangement of trackways, and through the final inspection department Here it is turned over to inspectors for a road test which is designed to bring out any troubles due to fault) With these troubles remedied, the car is ready for platform ind ts journe\ to the ultimate issemblys the shipping consume! Effect of the War on Non-Ferrous Metals The effect of the European war on the non-ferrous metal industry was discussed briefly before the recent meeting at Atlantic City of the American Institute of Metals by Thomas Forrester Wettstein, United Lead Company. His remarks were in part as follows: The value of the products of the metal industries in this country is approximately 20 per cent of all American industries, from which some idea may be gained of their importance. Their economic value is, however, much greater, since metals are used so largely in all constructive work. The non-ferrous metals, being of much smaller tonnage than iron and steel and used so largely in modern warfare, were subjected to the widest fluctuations ever known as a direct result of the war. While America is the largest producer of copper in the world, the production of zine is normally more widely scattered and Germany is a very important factor in its production. The German exports of this metal having ceased, a heavy strain upon American production instantly made itself felt, with the highest prices on record as an immediate result. The fact was not generally known that for cartridge brass one or two exceptionally pure brands of zine alone could be . a like nature are gone through with, including repeated painting, varnishing and dry and the chassis is conveyed to the final assembly room shown. the long stock room shown at the right, the various parts are stored Piles of fenders, gasoline tanks, floor boards and other parts are constantly replenished for the stream of cars t over Here it begins to take on the final, or finishi: ts convenient to the hands of the teams of wort used, because of the presence of a percentage of lead in the more common brands used for galvanizing In lead, as in copper, it is thought that the ip. creased consumption for war material is easily offs by the diminished demand in constructive fields. Pres. ent prices appear to confirm this reasoning. Tin finds its uses chiefly in alloys of which solder and babbitts are perhaps the largest items, but littl of this metal finds its way to war. There have bea no such interruptions to the tin traffic in the last sx months, and prices for this metal have steadily é& clined. This metal is normally highly speculative, and in ordinary times, fluctuations have been quite as severe and sudden, and covering as wide a range as during the past year. It is quite within safe bounds to « that of all metals, tin is least affected by the present war. Antimony, used largely in alloys for bearing for type, is the one metal seriously affected by the war Its production is chiefly in the East, China and Japan together contributing the largest quota. The Me production was at one time very considerable, but be cause of the internal troubles of that unfortunat: try, it ceased to be a factor some two years ag annual production of this metal in times of peace # scarcely 20,000 tons, all of which is consumed in structive work. But the war has made heavy deman upon the supply and large tonnages are used for haré- ening bullets. The prevailing price of approximately 30 cents in New York, as compared with 6 cents thirteet months ago, seems to be amply justified. It is perhaps the only metal of the non-ferrous type, of which ® can be definitely stated that its present high price * directly attributable to the war. The Trade School Course on Heat Treatment The Wentworth Institute, Boston, Mass., has or two new courses this year. One is a one-year GY course in forging, hardening and tempering. It = training in hand and machine work, including - practice; machine sketching, drafting and blue-pritt reading, and several hours each week on the physi properties of materials, shop mathematics and ailleé subjects. cal The second course is a one-year day trade prep . ? r some atory course for young men who wish to entel ai one of the manufacturing industries but ee year, to discover in which direction they show skill and ability. The H. W. Johns-Manville Company, Mad ae nue and Forty-first Street, New York City, has over the entire production and sales = Works, New York City, manutace Brass plumbing fittings. \ 0. : 115 Powel ising Brake for Sheet Metal rh, r Tool & Machine Company, East a .s added a series of power flanging ail e of sheet metal working machin- Br e for Producit iz Square and Round 6 to 18 Ft machines are built in seven different vork ranging from 6 to 18 ft. in length fron -in. in thickness down to No. 16 gage. he construction of the machine operating hes and levers have been eliminated as well revolving shafts. The entire ma- perated by the pressing of a foot treadle. pper or clamping leaf is operated by the vheels on either end to clamp the metal. The ris the upper leaf is 144 in., but pro- made to increase this to 5 in. by remov- g the tens blocks. This, it is emphasized, is nt where flanges from 114 to 5 in. deep or four sides of the sheet. The is of hardened and ground tool lso employed for the shear blades. ng leaf has steel inserted at all the wear- j ntact. ‘ esigning the machine consideration has 8 ““h given to the safety of the operator. With that fd in vier exposed gears are guarded and the nt revolve except when the machine is 3 ' making a bend. At such times 7 - brought into action by pressing the 7 oe vhich is the only means required for a net hine. When the treadle is pushed a “It engages a friction wheel operating the ia) = ae This leaf, it is emphasized, stops shock of any kind at the lowest troke and reverses automatically. le for bending to any angle and ken ne treadle. reductions in speed from the mo- at 1700 r.p.m. to the bending will make five complete bends speed of the reverse is double movement. rie ; i THE IRON AGE An Adjustable Guard for Circular Saws An adjustable saw guard that can be locked out of the way by a simple latch and pin arrangement has been placed on the market by the Crescent Machine a Bends Sheet Meta ess Tl ee r in Length Company, Leetonia, Ohio. The guard is made with lattice castings on either side so that the saw 1s visible at all times, and it is possible to vary the relation of the guard to its point of support so as to adopt it to all makes of saw tables. In operation the guard accommodates itself to the thickness of lumber to be sawed and will auto- matically return to its protective position after the work has been completed. When it is desired to hold the guard away from the saw temporarily, the latch on one of the supporting arms engages with a pin on the other to suspend the guard above the table. The guard is replaced in its regular prote tive position by a slight pressure of the finger on the latch, while if it is desired to swing the guard out of the way entirely, this can be done by loosen- ing the handwheel on the short shaft running paral- lel with the saw blade. The Electric Furnace in the Foundry—[ Construction and Operation Based on Modern Experience—The Current, Transformers and Power Factor—Details of a Unique Tilting Mechanism BY JAMES H. GRAY ———— The are electric furnace may use either direct or alternating current. For commercial reasons alternat- ing current is almost exclusively used and, for the same reasons, the use of 3-phase current is becoming more general than that of single-phase or 2-phase current. The voltage of the current used may be any voltage furnished by the power house because it is transformed at the furnace to the voltage required in the furnace, which is relatively low. As the arc is a form of elec