The Iron Age 1915-03-04: Vol 95 Iss 9

11 Ue QNH4UOOOANUOOQOUOOOEROUOUUHOUUODUUEUAGOEEONENOGQONOTOnO444Gu44Oouoouoqvuceuovouocugnouaaaanacaceseeanenenensnggngensvou4ouvsvuvoouavenesquunocenaguonennennuuuenaananny casa qagusuuuyuunnaeannusunnnensans MR Mn syytil! a ————ee ————ee = = | = : C7, ( | : \ = | Cc : = NN ~) : aes pent SRTINEOURONUUESUULE LL sETUHVenqU4eanenoNNuOnOOOAABEORNONEpOnNQE9gppNNnGpUNL4opOnNQNanOgULApOpnUNNEg}OUNOONL suena 7" wenee . — meee Esta! lished 1855 New York, March 4, 1915 Vol. 95: No. 9 Stamping Plant for New Factory of the Quantity Production Parish & Bingham Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Having a Capacity of Over 2000 Automobile Frames per Day BY F. L. The automobile industry is responsible for a re- markable development in the manufacture of pressed steel stampings and has resulted in the erection of stamping plants with much greater capacity than the largest that were in operation a few years ago and the bringing out of powerful presses designed for handling the larger and heavier class of steel stamping work. The placing on the market of low- priced automobiles in large quantities, as well as the general tendency toward lower prices on high grade cars, has made the production of motor-car frames a quantity problem for the production managers of stamping plants. With one automobile manufac- PRENTISS turer needing at times more than 1000 complefe au tomobile frames per day, the large production ha brought down the margin of profit to a low point, and shop methods have been greatly improved t bring the cost of production to a minimun rh change has also made it necessary that plants gaged in this class of work should be provided with the most modern equipment and arranged for the convenience of handling of material so that the shop costs are as low as possible. When the automobile industry was in its infancy the Parish & Bingham Company, Cleveland, Ohio, turned its attention to making automobile frames View in the West Bay Where Holes in Automobile Frames Are Being Perforated by Presses 489 y% 7% 490 THE IRON AGE March 15 and the growth of this department of its business has made it necessary to provide greater capacity and make desirable the erection of a plant better arranged for low cost production under the changed conditions. Abandoning its former three-story fac- tory building on completion of its new quarters, this company has recently moved into a new plant on another site located in a different section of the city where sufficient ground space was provided for hav- ing the plant on one floor, and with plenty of room for further growth. All the manufacturing depart- ments are housed in one unusually large factor) building 900 ft. long and 100 ft. wide. The floor space provided is all‘in one room with the exception monitory section and 14 ft. 6 in. high at walls. Between the 30 in. brick pilasters the s are of glass, window sections being 13 ft. ¢ and extending from the brick side wall 5 ft the floor up to the upper chords of the roof The vertical section of the monitor provi continuous window space. The large amount wall and monitor glass surface provides am; in all parts of the plant. Ribbed factory , used throughout except for the first row of of the side walls which are of clear glass. rows of glass are on a plane with the workman’s eves so that the general desire of employees to be al Line Shafts and Countershafts Supported by Channel Stringers and Bolsters; a Motor Platform at the Left; Tie Rods ind Clamps for Bracing the Roof Trusses of a small section partitioned off near one end of one of the bays for the annealing and pickling de- partments. The plant has various interesting fea- tures, including the design of the building, the transmission machinery equipment and the method adopted for supporting the motors. The building is a steel frame structure with out- side brick walls and is divided into a 40 ft. center bay and two side bays by two rows of steel columns spaced 32 ft. on centers. The structural design is somewhat unique in that there are no outside col- umns, the side bay roof trusses on 16 ft. centers being supported on the outside brick pilasters. The intermediate trusses are supported by longitudinal girders. The crane girders are independent of th longitudinal girders and are supported only on the columns, eliminating the possibility of vibration. This design adds to convenience in the hanging of shafting and in the placing of heating pipes in the roof trusses and makes possible the maximum amount of window surface on the sides. Above the center bay is a monitor. The bottom chord of the center roof trusses is 25 ft. above the floor. The outer bays are 17 ft. high at their junction with the look out of doors is accommodated. The glass is set in Fenestra steel sash. The monitor sash are in two sections, a portion of the top section swinging out- ward for ventilation and being operated from the floor by chains. The floor is constructed of creosoted wood blocks furnished by the Ayer & Lord Tie Company. The floor blocks are laid on a 6-in. concrete foundation with a '5-in. sand cushion between the concrete floor slabs and the wood blocks. The roof is of the flat type being formed of reinforced cement tile © ft. wide, 2 ft. long and 11% in. thick, and reinforced with steel rods. The roof covering is three-p!) H. W. Johns-Manville Company asbestos and asphall smooth surface roofing. Along the east side of thé building there are several 8 x 9-ft. Kinnear & Gager By-fold metal doors and several small doors — use by workmen when the use of the adjoining ‘ar ger doors is not required. The building is serve by a 5-ton Toledo Bridge & Crane Company's electri crane that spans the center bay its entire lengt® The plant is arranged for the convenient routing of material, the presses and other equipment being so located in the center and side bays that work 1915 m one end of the building where the raw enters until it passes out at the other end rm of finished product. At the south or of the building a switch track enters the at the floor level and all raw material is at this point within the plant. Another track extends along the length of the east the plant and a loading platform is provided side at the north end of the building from automobile frames and other products are n ears, this track being depressed so that ading platform and car floor are on the same The material in the process of manufacture iled largely about the plant on hand trucks. Il a : ST =a enfant be View Showing the Interesting Method of the extreme north end of the plant two bay sec- ns are used for tool-room purposes. (he capacity of the plant is indicated by the fact t 2000 Ford automobile frames can be turned out \2-hr. day besides carrying out the regular luction schedule of other types of frames and her production. for making automobile frames, steel ranging . to 44 in. in thickness is used. The stock is neared to the desired size on a 16 ft. Toledo ne & Tool Company shear located at the south the building near the unloading track. In est bay at this end of the building is the pick d annealing room. After being sheared the pickled, a number of strips being placed in e and handled in and out of the pickling tanks ins of a Euclid electric hoist. It then goes nh the operations of blanking, annealing, form- inehing, assembling, riveting and painting in er named. For annealing there is a battery gas-fired furnaces designed by the company. art is inspected after being formed and later Ss an inspection of the finished frame. Im- tions found are usually of a minor nature and remedied. THE IRON AGE Carrying Shafting in the 191 Various types of presses are used. The blank ing and forming operations on side rails that re quire large and powerful presses are done on Bliss presses of various capacity up to 1000 tons. Three is the maximum number of operations required form a part for a frame but most of the parts ars formed in one operation. For forming the side rails for the larger and more expensive types of frames hydraulic presses are used, ranging in capacity fron 500 to 1500 tons. The hydraulic presses are pre ferred to the power presses for long narrow work and particularly where the work is difficult and when the volume of production of a part is large, necessitating a changing of dies not certain frequent Center-Bay in the Tool The hydraulic press equipment was furnished by R D. Wood & Co. and the Kilby Mfg. Company. The usual practice has been to hot rivet automo bile frames but a cold riveting process has been adopted recently in this plant that is regarded as preferable in some ways to hot riveting and this method is used for a large part of the work. It is stated that the rivet holes are more completely filled with metal when the rivets are upset cold than in the hot riveting process. After assembling, the rivets are put in place by hand and the cold upsetting is done on standard horning presses furnished by the Cleve land Machine & Tool Company. Special riveting fix tures are provided for holding the frames in posi tion while being riveted. the ordinary type. Other power press equipment includes machines the Cleveland Punch & Shear Works Company, the Ferracute Machine Con pany and the V. & O. Press Company. The punching presses used riveting are con veniently arranged in rows and in the space between these presses are located large sheet metal tables only room enough being left between these table for the workmen. These tables permit the conve nient handling of the frames as they being The riveting dies are of built by for are nial 492 THE IRON AGE Wood Hydraulic Press Used for Forming passed from one press to another for various rivet- ing operations. After the frame is riveted, one priming coat of paint is applied with a brush. In making a Ford frame twelve pressed steel parts are used and these are fastened’together with 44 14-in. rivets. The regular gangs of men engaged on the press work turn out 1700 to 1800 Ford side rails in a day of 10 hr. and other parts are formed and as- sembled with equal rapidity. The assembling department is provided with a number of rivet heating furnaces for hot riveting and with an air line running along the columns under the roof trusses for connection to the riveting hammers. An air line is also run under the floor for convenience so that air connections can be made in the floor in the center bay. Electrical current is provided throughout the plant for portable electrical Forming Side Rails for Automobile Frames March 915 Side Rails for Large Automobile Frames drills, wires being run in conduits down the sides the building columns to a socket on the side of each column. Two sections in the west bay equipped with metal racks are used for a storage room, this department being enclosed with a wire screen. Prac- tically the only wood in the plant is the floor. The question of an economical and serviceable means of supporting the line shafts, countershafts and motors was given careful attention. First the location of each machine was made on the floor plan, with due regard for expansion of the different de- partments. The group plan drive was adopted as being the best for the service required and layout was made to insure good belt centers and to sim- plify the shafting supports. The roof trusses are designed to carry a distrib- uted load of 3000 Ib. in excess of roof loads. With on a Cleveland Press of 750 Tons Capacity View Showing a ne shafts running transversely to the side bay roof trusses through several bays, as illustrated, the sup- ort of shafts and countershafts is accomplished by steel channel stringers and bolsters. The stringers wre made up of 8-in. channels bolted together in pairs and spaced 7% in. with pipe spreaders. These stringers are attached to the bottom chord of the trusses by means of U bolts, which loop over truss members and pass between the channels, »-in. plates are bolted to the bottom of string- with holes drilled to receive the U bolts. This permits the suspension of the stringers from the sses without drilling either stringers or trusses, giving maximum strength and permitting the stringers to be moved conveniently to any point on truss where gusset plates do not interfere. The tringers are put up in pairs on about 4 ft. 6 in. ters. Where stringers are required for more than one , the middle sections meet in the center of the truss chord and a U-bolt plate is also a splice plate nnecting the stringers. The end stringers of such ne are enough longer to use same U-bolt plate at uter ends. If later another bay is to be in- led the end stringers will be moved one bay and 6 ft. stringers put up to fill in gap. [he drop hangers are suspended from 5-in. le channel bolsters attached to stringers by °%4- its. The bolster channels are spaced by pipe readers to the width of the drop hanger feet, and cast-iron spreader washers center the bolt the bottom of bolster, and standard cast-iron ers are used on top of the stringers. Similar | washers are used on top of the bolster to at- the hanger, thus keeping hanger bolt central gh the bolster. This design permits the bol- to be moved any place along the stringers and ngers moved any place on the bolsters, giving ‘sal adjustment. Where shafting runs parallel the drop hangers are bolted direct to ers, and stringers are placed on about 8 ft. : on the trusses. e countershaft bolsters are made of 4 in. and hannels in pairs, the lighter being used where ers are 4 ft. 6 in. centers and the heavier om enters. The countershaft hangers are either ed direct to steel bolsters or to wood bolsters ed to steel bolsters. This construction is light, isses, » THE IRON Sectior AGE 493 rigid and permits maximum adjustment to meet future distribution of equipment and does not inter fere with either natural or artificial light To carry the tool-room shafting overhead, sup ports were required across the middle bay of this room as shown in one of the photographs. These are composed of vertical I-beam members carried on concrete piers and horizontal | beams at the same elevation as the bottom chord of the side bay trusses. roof The stringers are attached to the I beams by U bolts in the manner previously described. The tool-room shafting is driven by a 15-hp. motor, which is supported by standard size steel bolsters suspend Toilet Room with Lavatories Underneath 494 THE IRON AGE March © 195 ed from the stringers. It will be noted that the vertical I beam in front extends above the other members. This is designed to carry a 2-ton jib crane to be installed later to handle heavy castings. There are six motor platforms carrying one or more motors ranging in capacity from 7!% to 60 hp. These platforms are of structural steel, riveted and braced and mounted on cast-iron wall brackets. The brackets are attached to the pilasters by through bolts with large cast-iron washers on outside for the smaller ones and 15 in. channels for the two lar- ger platforms. To make the platforms more rigid a stud is dropped from the bottom of the roof truss to the end of the bracket, with lock nuts above and be- low the bracket arm, thereby preventing either up or down movement to the platform. As the plat- forms are about 10 ft. above the floor, they do not interfere with the light and save valuable floor space. The line shafting is all 2 7/16 in. diameter turned steel, with flange couplings, pressed and keyed on. The drop hangers are ball and socket collar oiling, with both lateral and vertical screw adjustment. It was found necessary after the line shafting was erected and running to overcome end movement. This lateral movement was caused by the suspended load from the roof trusses, which were not braced laterally, except by purlins on upper chord. Tie cords of 34-in. round stock with nuts at each end crossed from top to bottom of truss members en- tirely removed this objection. A special casting was designed to clamp to the truss, provided with slots for holding and spacing the rods. These rods and clamps are shown in one of the illustrations. One of the photographs shows wall benches which are 33% in. high and 28 in. wide. The cast- iron bench legs used are of improved design, the legs, top and shelf bridge being of I section, which gives a light, rigid and sturdy construction. The an- chor bolts are set in cement in holes drilled in the concrete floor slab, and bolts pass through a spacer block, the latter bringing the leg up flush with the top of wood block floor. The legs are spaced 6 ft. apart, and the top boards are in 12 ft. lengths. The front board is clear hard maple 2% in. thick, 12 in. wide, and the remainder of the top, shelf and back board are yellow pine 114 in. thick. About 250 ft. of wall benches have been installed. Center benches are also used which are 36 in. wide with two clear maple planks at edges and center of yellow pine. These benches are made up in running lengths or self contained two-leg type, using bench legs of de- sign similar to those illustrated. Metal tool drawers lined with wood ends and bottoms are provided. The steel shafting supports, motor platforms, shafting, bearings and wall benches were designed built and installed by the Hill Clutch Company, Cleveland. The toilet arrangements are of more than ordi- nary interest. In the west bay there are five toilet rooms placed an equal distance apart and located between the roof trusses from which they are sus- pended, giving clearance beneath of 10 ft. These are of steel and concrete, the floors being concrete slabs. The partitions and backs are slate slabs and the wainscoting to the hight of the railing at the front is of slate. Entrance to the rooms is by an iron stairway. Each toilet room has four closet bowls of solid porcelain integral with seats and two pedestal urinals. Each fixture has a 3'4-in. local vent, the vent flues being brought together into a galvanized flue that connects to a 20-in. ventilator above the roof. One of the closets in each unit for use for the foreman is provided with a door and lock, but the others are without doors. Under each toilet room back of the stairway is a 12-ft. enameled wash basin and a drinking fountain, the latter 2 ected to a water cooler furnished by the Manu: ring Equipment & Engineering Company, Bost The location of the toilet rooms has a number tageous features. Practically no ground fi is used and the space behind the stairs mak: venient place for the lavatory and drinkin tains. The toilet rooms are light and airy an ily ventilated to the roof and cause no obstruction + the light on the factory floor. The building is artificially lighted by 250-wat: Mazda lamps spaced 70 ft. apart in the center } and two rows of 100-watt lamps in each sick bay. two of these lamps being in each bay section. Indi. vidual lamps in 25-watt sizes are placed around the machines as needed. The 27 bay sections are desig- nated with numbers on the building columns be. tween the center and side bays for convenience in locating any section of the plant. At the rear end of the factory building is a power building containing the heating plant, trans. former, switchboard, accumulator and air compres- sors. The building is heated by steam pipes run- ning along the side walls beneath the windows and from the roof trusses. Electricity is taken from a commercial circuit and is stepped down for power t 440 volts, alternating current. The air supply is furnished by an Ingersoll & Rand electrically driven compressor with a capacity of 300 cu. ft. per minute and a Chicago Pneumatic compressor. A two stor) brick office building occupies a site on the street a short distance from the plant. The office building is heated by a hot water system with forced circula- tion through pipe coil radiation, hot water being supplied by two return tubular boilers. The system was designed and installed by the General Fire Ex- tinguisher Company. The plant was erected by the McClintic-Mar- shall Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., the general con- tractor. It was designed by Ernest McGeorge, con- sulting engineer, Cleveland. lay Claims for Railroad Loss. Damage or Delay The United States Steel Products Company has is- sued a circular calling attention to that portion of See- tion 3 of the uniform bill of lading, which reads as fo!- lows: Claims for loss, damage or delay must be made in writing to the carrier at the point of delivery or at the point of orig within four months after delivery of the property, or, In Cas of failure to make delivery, then within four months after reasonable time for delivery has elapsed. Unless claims so made, the carrier shall not be liable. While this clause has been in the bill of lading ever since it was approved by the Interstate Commerce Com- mission and sustained by the United States Supreme Court, the transportation companies have not strictly observed it, but the Steel Products Company 15 now informed that they intend hereafter to strictly enforce this condition. The importance of this matter Is 1™ pressed upon consignees in order that they may be as- sured of protection in the event that they have any claims of this kind. The West Leechburg Steel Company, with general offices in the Farmers Bank Building, Pittsburgh, oes and works at Leechburg, Pa., has opened Western sa’ offices in suite 501-502 City Hall Square Building, Ch cago, the administration of which will be in the hands of a staff trained in the works and general offices. De- sire for a closer business relationship with customer has been responsible for assuming the duties heretofore delegated to the Charles G. Stevens Company under *" agreement terminating March 18, 1915. The compan) manufactures hot-rolled, cold-rolled, pickled and an- nealed strip steels and steel hoops and bands. Special Multiple Screw Driving Machine pecial machine for driving screws in two lines simultaneously has been supplied the ' lotor Company by the Reynolds Pattern & M e Company, Moline, Ill. A typical piece vhich the machine operates is shown stand- the right of the engraving and there are ws of screws in each face, top and bottom. \fter the screws are all driven the work is ripped vitudinally and forms the left and right body lls of the Ford car. e mechanism for delivering the screws to hucks or screw guides and for driving the vs is similar to that of the builder’s other ma- The screws are thrown at random into the pans or hoppers at the top of the machine and are nines nged by the magazines for delivery to the ks or screw guides as required. Friction e is employed for the ndles which is relied upon enable the screws to be set any desired degree of ghtness without over-run- ng or splitting the screw operation the work- irving fixture, which is inted on small wheels run- ng on a track that extends both sides of the machine, s run to one end and loaded. When the load is complete the ok-shaped parts which are shown projecting over the top the fixture are brought lown on the work individually the handles alongside of the fixture. When this is lone the fixture is indexed ng the track by the hand- The pieces’ are intersunk before being aced on the work fixture and when the countersinks for the screws come under the ndles the screws are driven the operators, one on each side of the machine, depress- ng the foot levers. As soon as the screws are driven the vork is moved along to the position by the hand- vheel and when all the screws one face have been driven the fixture is turned ver on the trunnions and locked with the other side up by the pin below the left trunnion. The ork is then indexed back through the machine and ie screws are driven in the other face. When all the screws have been driven the clamps re released by turning over the two crank handles the left end and the work is permitted to drop ‘hrough the fixture upon supports placed below the rack to receive it. The fixture is revolved to bring € open side on top and is reloaded. During the ng process the previous piece is removed by nelper and the stock prepared for the following ne. The work is adjusted for hight by the in- | shaft on the front of the machine having a on its upper end. e machine as illustrated is equipped with r drive but can be furnished for belt connec- with a countershaft if desired. The speed of nachine spindles is approximately 720 r.p.m. yneel, next A Special THE IRON Machine for AGE 195 and it is pointed out that the screws are driven much faster than could be done by hand, while at the same time they are drawn tighter The War and Copper Copper has been very decidedly affected by the war Imports by Great Britain in 1914, according to Consul! General Robert P. Skinner, of London, England, writ ing January 22 in Commerce Reports, were 150,466 tons in 1914, as against 106,948 tons in 1913. Of the 1914 total 96,991 tons came from the United States, and 16,483 tons from Australia, while in 1913 this country sent 53,866 tons to Great Britain. In 1914 Great Britain exported only 7269 tons, against 14,90 tons in 19138. In the first five months of the war, August to De cember inclusive, the United States exported 255,195, 542 lb., valued at $32,005,686, compared with 387,447,601 Driving Two Rows of Screws Simult Ilb., valued at $59,768,501 in the same period of 1913 The effect of the war on the distribution of copper ey ports is shown in part by the following: Aug 2, 191] Aug () : Countries Pounds Value Pounds \ Austria-Hungary 14,999,218 $2,320,066 France 73,851,584 11,254,900 19 1 Germans 128,534,107 19,852,842 Italy 16,020,441 2 437,85: ‘ { 1 Holland 67,514,725 10,399,494 #19 United Kingdon 6,539,038 698,463 2,022.49 1 ‘ Other Europe 7,806, 1.199.828 1.86 0 Canada 13,014,932 149, 07 The Mining and Metallurgical Society of America will hold a meeting in New York on March 18, where the society’s annual medal will be presented to Robert H Richards, professor of mining engineering and metal lurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in recogni- tion of his services in the advancement of the art of ore- dressing. The net increase in the society’s member- ship in 1914 was 24, compared with only 3 in 1913. te) Otis Elevator Exhibit Showing Full-Size Elevator Equipment ' | How Safety-First Devices Were Displayed A Safety First éxhibit occupying a number of display windows in a large department store, taking up with a display of mechanical equipment space usually devoted to goods that appeal more to the feminirte eye, is a novelty. Such an exhibit was made recently in the store of McCreary & Co., in Pittsburgh, and attracted an unusual amount of attention. Great interest was shown in the dis- play by those ordinarily not directly interested in safety appliances in factories. As a safety first exhibit it gave the manufacturefs an opportunity that they probably would not otherwise have been able to secure to display their products before prospective purchasers as well as before the gen- eral public. Had a machinery manufacturer ap- proached the owners of the store with a request for permission for use of window display space to show their products, the request doubtless would not have been granted. However, as a safety first exhibit, it appealed to public interest and the store management willingly gave the use of the show windows for the display. Several weeks ago W. A. Hall, Pittsburgh dis- trict manager of the hoist and crane department of the Yale & Towne Mfg. Company, and Harr F. Cramer, sales manager of the Somers, Fitler & Todd Company, Pittsburgh, took the matter up with McCreary & Co. They requested that the store —- Somers, Fitler & Todd Window with American Pulleys and Norton Grinding Wheels 496 AI. One of the Windows Devoted to Westinghouse Exhibits In Pittsburgh Department Store Windows igement allow the use of one of its prominent or all the windows, of which there were ten all told windows for a period of 10 consecutive The companies making the exhibits were give the windows to be used for the display of full permission to display whatever they wished roducts of some companies along safety first and in placing their displays were aided by the luring each of the weeks. Instead of allow- window dresser of the store, who added various use of one window for 10 consecutive decorative features in the background to make the the store offered the use of 10 windows’ displays as attractive as possible. The interest period of one week. However, the exhibits ing character of the exhibits is indicated by the ted so much interest that before the expira- accompanying reproductions of photographs of some the first week the manager of the store of the windows. Exhibitors were the Yale & Towne 3k that it be continued for a second week and Mfg. Company, the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg vas done. The interest in the exhibit con- Company, the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, until the last day, and one day when acount the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and In ade 25,000 persons stopped to investigate one dustry, the Otis Elevator Company, the Somers, Brown Hoist a1.d Yale & Towne Exhibits, Including 12-In. Shel! 497 THE IRON AGE Labor and Industry of Pennsylvania Fitler & Todd Company, the Pennsylvania Rail- Machinery Company’s exhibit, which was road and the Pittsburgh Railroad Company. portant feature of this window, included threé The Yale & Towne window also included a dis-_ trolleys, a winch and a safety crab. play of products of the Brown Hoisting Machinery The Somers, Fitler & Todd Company had : Company. This window had a particular attrac- tastefully designed imitation automobile made of tion to the general public because the display in- such safety appliances as hose, hose reels, fire cluded a 990-lb. 12-in. shell such as is used on extinguishers, fire buckets, hose pulleys, etc. Thi United States battleships. The shell was suspended company’s display also included machinery equipped by a specially designed crane manufactured by this with safety appliances and other appliances such company and used by the army and navy depart- as safety water gauges, engine governors, Amer ments. A card displayed in connection with the can steel pulleys, Norton grinding-wheels and a exhibit announced that the shell had a range of large band saw screened for protection of workme! approximately 12 miles and that the famous The machinery shown in this exhibit was operated 42-centimeter shells used by the German army have by a Westinghouse motor concealed in the back- a diameter of 4'5 in. more and have a range of ground. approximately 8 miles more. In this display there The exhibits of the Westinghouse Electric & were also Yale & Towne safety hooks, hoists and Mfg. Company and the Westinghouse Air Brake locks and other products. The Brown Hoisting Company vied with others in attracting attention * PENNSVI se p : t p ; J ‘ Modern Road Bed Conctruction of Pennsylvania Railroad Shown March 4, 1915 THE IRON AGE 199 In on window was a framed photograph of George A New Safety Device for Drop Hammers West) ghouse, draped with American flags and a num ver of safety high efficiency airbrakes. A sign this window stated that it required two of the largest locomotives and a distance of 5 to 7 miles for a 12-car train to attain a speed of 60 miles an hour and that the airbrake is capable of bringing this train to a stop within about 1000 ft, Without the airbrake the train would run 6 or 7 miles before stopping. The Westinghouse electric exhibit contained safety devices in use in its own works and a large sign stated that “Our safety ideas are free to all.” The exhibit of the Otis Elevator Company was attractive both from a mechanical and artistic saandpoint. It included a working model of the Woolworth Building in New York, showing the bat- tery of elevators in operation. A full size modern elevator equipment showing all the safety features ‘onnected with this type of passenger conveyance was shown, together with a reel of the Roebling ron elevator rope which was lent for this exhibit by the Frick & Lindsay Company, Pittsburgh. One of the most interesting exhibits was that of the Department of Labor and Industry of the State of Pennsylvania. In this, working models of safety appliances and pulmotors were shown as well as protecting goggles, the latter having been broken in service in a manner that probably would have meant the loss of the workman’s eyes had they been unprotected. A large sign in connection vith this exhibit called attention to the nation-wide work of the National Safety Council along safety first lines similar to the work carried on by the state organization. In the exhibit of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company was a section showing the construction f a modern roadbed including rail, ties, and bal- ast. Adjoining this was a section of rail used this company over a half century ago, this being in contrast with the modern heavy steel rail. Other sections of rails showed the development of the rail industry from its infancy to the present time. In addition another window display showed the apparatus and warning signals used by this railroad in preventing accidents among its work- men and a large bulletin called attention to the mpany’s claim that out of 188,411,876 passengers arried in 1914, on all of its lines, not one had been killed in a train accident. The exhibits of the Pittsburgh Railways Company included photo- graphs showing the proper method of boarding and alighting from cars and a map giving the location of free pulmotor service stations. At one end of this exhibit interesting pictures along safety first lines were projected upon a screen during the evenings. Greenfield Tap Corporation Consolidates Stores The Greenfield Tap & Die Corporation, Greenfield, Mass., which is comprised of the following screw cut- ing tools manufacturers: Well Brothers Company, Wiley & Russell Mfg. Company, and A. J. Smart Mfg. “ompany, has made the following changes in its New York, Philadelphia and Chicago stores: lt now maintains one store only in New York, located it 28 Warren street, the former location of the Wiley « Russell store. The Wells Brothers’ store, at 107 ‘ayette street, has been discontinued. Chicago the Wiley & Russell store at 545 West shington boulevard has been discontinued and the es consolidated at 13 South Clinton street, the for- cation of the Wells Brothers’ store. A. Schnebel, manufacturers’ agent, on March 1 . ed from 155 Chambers street to 87 Warren street, ew York. With a view to protecting the operators of drop hammers, the Standard Machinery Company, Au- burn, R. I., has brought out a safety device. This is intended for use on plain, automatic or board drop hammers, where it is necessary for the op- erator to use his hands in placing the work which is to be done on the die. This device, it is emphasized, will oper ate every time the ham mer descends, whether the movement be due to accident, such as the belt breaking, the eye in the hammer being damaged, or any working part of the machine injured, or occurs in the regular course of operation. When the hammer is at the upper limit of its stroke, the work is placed on the die, and the fan or blade of the safety device is at the back of the die toward the rear of the hammer. As the hammer descends, a roller on the front comes voloped for te eee be in contact with the in Automatic or Board Drop Clinable blade and pushes a Py {oon ‘ne the operator’s hands from the path of the hammer. Two springs are relied upon to bring the safety device back into its original position when the ham- mer rises. Screws working in slotted holes enable adjust ments for width and hight to be secured, thus en- abling the device to be shifted to different widths of hammer, if that should be desired, as well as ac- commodating different hights of dies on the one ma chine. Studs located in the side of the frame are employed for the device to swivel on. The outside of the guard, which is toward the operator, is cov ered with a single thickness of leather, so that while the hand of the operator will be struck if it is in the way, it will not, it is emphasized, be bruised. Record for Prompt Shipment An exceptional record for prompt shipment was re- cently made by the Whiting Foundry Equipment Com- pany, Harvey, Ill., in filling an order for a three-motor electric traveling crane of 10 tons capacity and 30 ft. span. The order was received by wire at the company’s plant January 23 and called for delivery of the crane, complete, on the purchaser’s runway «t New Bridge, Del., February 10, 1915. Drawings were prepared, the crane constructed and shipment made January 29, 1915. The crane reached New Bridge February 4 and was erected and ready for service February 6, or four days ahead of schedule time. Rough handling of timber in milling or manufac- turing often causes slight compression failures that seriously impair its strength. According to the United States Forest Service they are indicated by little diagonal streaks or wrinkles across the grain, and have also been found due to violent windstorms. Hitherto unaccountable breakage in hickory wagon spokes and other presumably strong material is probably due to them. ore; The X-Ray in Metallurgical Researe Its Use in the Examination of the Interior Structure of Copper Castings—The Method May Open a Wide Field of Investigation The novel application of the Coolidge X-ray tube to the examination of steel castings was presented in The Iron Age of January 21, 1915. That this method of metallurgical research may develop into one of considerable importance is indicated by the following abstract of an article the General Electric by Dr. Wheeler Davey, of the research laboratory of the General Electric Com- pany, entitled “The Application of the Coolidge Tube to Metallurgical Research,” and dealing with the examination of the interior structure of copper castings: Dr. Weintraub in the February, 1913, number of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry describing boron and its compound says: “Boron suboxide, a by-product obtained in the manufacture of boron, can be used for obtaining high con- ductivity cast copper. Copper cast without additions is full of pores and blowholes, and therefore mechanically unfit and of very low electric con- ductivity; the removal of the gases from copper by the known deoxidizers is liable to give an alloy containing a small amount of deoxidizer, an amount sufficient, however, to lower the conductivity of the copper very considerably. Boron suboxide, however, has the property of deoxidizing copper without combining with it, as boron suboxide has no affinity for copper. Tons of copper are cast now by this process, improving the quality of the at the same time cheapening it.” In the refining of copper for electrical purposes, the electrically deposited metal melted in a reverberatory furnace. A world of delicate chemi- cal control is connected with this furnace refining. When ready to pour, the metal is cast into open iron molds which give a copper pig or bar of about 75 lb. in weight. If the metal were merely melted and then poured in rs Review _— product and is Fig. 1 Block of Block of Copper “Unboronized” (Pure) The Difference in Radiograph of “Boronized (Pure) Ordinary 1 Copper Side by Internal Structure is Striking 500 the casting would be full of bl of low electrical conductivity. is allowed to oxidize in the fu tion is augmented by air ble wholes an The molt rnace and t} When the melt contains five or six per cent. the major part of the other i burned away and the work of As ordinarily done, this cons “poling.” Green sticks are molten copper and the gases and carbon red oxide and such harmful products as sulphur di are driven out of the metal. pouring is not that representin wn into tl e mpurities have heer reduction is started ists in the lle submerged in th e the Oxide The proper time for g complete reduction of all oxide, as it has been determined by experience that over-poling also gives a p It was once believed that Photographs (Left) of a Block of “T Block (Right) of “Boronized’’ Copper orous inferior ingot the copper absorbed Inboronized" Copper carbon which in over-poled copper caused the rising in the mold and the porous condition when cast + Hampe corrected this idea and attributed the porous state of over-poled copper to the effect of absorbed hydrogen and carbon monoxid fact remains that if we merely e. In any case the melt copper and cast it we get a porous casting, and if we thorough remove dissolved oxygen by carbon or similar redu ing agents, we also get a porous casting. The use of the boron flux of away ent Weintraub has dont irely with the diff culty of obtaining sound cast ings of ductivity. the poros purpose s per was way and x 34 in. pouring similar Side with a focal spot tion using X-rays. mold to give a block 10x! high electrical It seemed interest tT ing to illustrate the effect 01 y ity by an investiga For this ome high grade cop- melted in the usu poured into a sal Another portion was treated with one per cen' the boron flux at the tim: and was cast in 4 mold. These ‘™ castings were then placed sice by side on an 8x 10-in. X-ray plate, 22 in. fron Seed the of a Coolidge X-ra) 1915 exposed for two minutes. The current the tube was 2.8 milli-amperes and the difference across the tube corresponded to parallel spark gap between points. The radiograph is shown in Fig. 1. The cop- in the ordinary way is seen to be full of [hat cast with the boron flux is so perfect holes are visible. The two castings were THE IRON AGE 501 The Safe Barrow Handle BY J. D. HACKETT In factories with narrow doors and rough ground the unprotected iron handles of heavy barrows often swerve and cause bruised fingers. To prevent such peculiarly troublesome wounds several designs have riveted to th been tried and one kind has a spur Portion ot Hand-Stereoscope this Shows the Size the Pores stereoscopic Radiograph of a ewed Through a hen taken to the machine shop and a portion of the irface of each was machined as smooth as possible. Ordinary photographs were then taken, Figs. 2 and \s was to have been expected from the radio- graph, Fig. 1, the holes were clearly visible in the copper. In the “boronized” es are either entirely absent or are microscopic. The advantage of the radiograph in experimental rk is obvious. Without the use of X-rays it is to machine off layer after layer of the e in order to expose to view any hidden defects. when this is done it remains for the experi- er to build up a mental picture of the defects asting on the basis of what he has seen on the exposed layers. From the radiograph ssible to see all of these defects at once with troying the casting. If it seems desirable. ly possible to make steroscopic radiographs ert the defects may be seen in their entirety their depths easily estimated. Such a radiograph of a portion of the pure copper is shown in Fig. 4. This figure should be through an ordinary stereoscope. ew of the results shown above the X-ray ation of metals as a means of metallurgical h seems to have certain attractive and desir not found in other methods and to field for further work. ommon ecessary 4 stereo- eatures ’ WI1de Jennison-Wright Company, Toledo, Ohio, re pped 4164 yd. of Kreolite lug wood block t Bennett & Son, general contractors on th Locomotive Company’s works, Schenectady, to pave the floor of the boiler shop. Kreolit were used because at times there was more ater on the floor, and by using such blocks ild be no danger of the floor buckling or bulg- e floor is now laid and is giving perfect satis ry 1's motor car factories and most of its iror plants are intact, according to Consul Albert of Birmingham, England. Belgium has oc- most important position as a furnisher of lorgings and stampings for the motor indus- France, England and Italy. outside of the handle and shaped somewhat like a sword guard. The simplest of all nowever, nade by elongat ing and turning round the ' end of the handle wit 1 gel erous loop as in the accon panying sketch This handlk proves to be ver vell adapted for its work, accidents dimi! ish and a ng ir | re than the ve1 slight cost o manul ture 1S eas effected In one i ! where the ade vice was tried accidents were a quarté tneir torme! number after it came into use Care should be exercised the Bloc! Unboronized” Copper to leave the loop quite wide | Retative Depths of so that, should the barrow fall sideways, the workman’s hand may be withdrawn without running the chance of a sprained wrist which sometimes happens if the handle is too narrow. Another point to be observed is that this form is much easier to grasp copper the A “SS ~ i — A al ~~. Do A ™~ ' A _ 7 y - N\A \ \ \, r \ cq f) d \ , 5 ; } y ' 4 y ZA yer i than either the straight handle or the one with the plain guard so that it is an aid to efficiency as wel A signa! system for factory use known as the Ohi call system is being placed on the market py the Ot Signal Company, Canton, Ohio. It consists of a sma box with numbered keys connected to a system of wiring that reaches throughout the plant. The call box be operated by a telephone operator or By pushing the buttons bearing the proper call for a man wanted is sent throughout the plant and he is able to respond without delay. The signal can be given either in the form of taps on a gong or by means of an air or steam whistle. The system also designed for giving a genera! alarm in case of fire tenograpnet! number tne 502 THE IRON AGE March + 1915 y | i MAKING TUNNEL SHIELD JACKS | ey Expeditious Method of Drilling and Tapping and Inserting Studs in Cylinders ‘ In addition to other work in its shops, the Wat- son-Stillman Company, Aldene, N. J., has in course ; of construction 252 double-acting tunnel-shield jacks which are to be used in sub-aqueous tunneling in New York and Boston. The contracts for the jacks include the piping and valves for connecting them with the main pipe line, hydraulic accumu- lators and the erectors which are used for placing the cast-iron segments in position as the shield pro- gresses. The shields are forced forward by the jacks. The cylinders of the jacks are made from solid steel forgings which are drilled on a machine specially designed by the Watson-Stilhman Com- pany for boring hydraulic cylinders from the solid for its jacks and presses. The bore of the cylinders of the tunnel jacks is 8145 in. in diameter and ap- proximately 45 in. in depth. In Fig. 1, is shown the operation of inserting studs in the face of one end of a tunnel-jack cylinder. The machine is an Amer- ican radial drill and the work is expedited by the use of a Wizard chuck made by the McCrosky Reamer Company, Meadville, Pa. The holes are drilled and tapped and the studs inserted without stopping the machine which operates at high speed. Within easy reach of the operator is a stand which holds the drills and taps when they are not in use. reer Fig. 2 shows the finishing of rams for the jacks : | yas wa . : : 3 Fig. 1 Boring, Tapping and Inserting Studs in Cylinde: in a Norton grinding machine. Of the several One Setting on an American Radial Drill - rams piled in the foreground, some have been finished and others only machined. All of the rams 5000 lb. per sq. in. After placing a segment into are forged of steel. place as a component part of the tunnel tube, the Each of these tunnel shield jacks when in opera- rams are returned into the cylinder by merely tion exerts a pushing pressure of 135 tons against closing one valve and opening another which allows the shield and as there are 17 jacks to each shield the hydraulic pressure to exert its force against the total effective pressure for pushing the shield the differential ram head. The ram, except at its ahead is 2295 tons. The operating pressure is head, is not the full size of the bore of the cylinder. a Fig. 2—Grinding Rams for Tunnel-Shield Hydraulic Jacks in the Plant of the Watson-Stillmanm Company, Alden ’ 1915 Mar Cold Metal Cutting-Off Machine arle Gear & Machine Company, Stenton and ming avenues, Philadelphia, Pa., has re- ntiy added a duplex type of cold metal cutting-off to its line. The new machine is designed ing larger stock than is possible with the 1 machine, which has been built for some on | has a capacity for cutting off stock up a <imum diameter of 10's in. The new ma- e uses two saw sprockets instead of the one emploved in the earlier type. Hand or automatic of the feed, which is provided on the latest type of simplex machine, are available in a some- what similar form on the newer one. In the duplex machine the blade is mounted arriage, which is pulled toward the work to it off, the work itself being clamped on a sta- arv table by V-blocks and holding-down screws. motor shaft the power transmitted iwh a silent chain drive to a cross shaft, which Dup! nrre the is Machine Which Saw Is Mou the Metal Sawing in turn drives the longitudinal feed shaft and one r driving the carriage. The latter imparts a tary motion to the blade through a set of gearing mounted in the carriage and the saw sprockets which are made of chrome nickel steel. These are ated to engage radial slots in the saw blade at aiametrically opposite points and transmit the power from the motor to the blade. It is pointed it that in this way the strain on the saw blade ‘ distributed instead of being concentrated at one nt. The sprockets are fastened to the end of the iindles by tapered bores, which fit the conical re ends of the spindles, are keyed in place and clamped th a nut and washer. Grinding is relied upon secure proper contact between the spindle and Procket, as well as interchangeability, this feature ‘adling a worn-out sprocket to be replaced readily. Hand or automatic control of the feed is ob- through a gear box of the selective auto- transmission type. Six rates, ranging from in. per min., are obtained from six sets ened spur gears running in an oil bath, the rate of feed being