The Iron Age 1914-12-24: Vol 94 Iss 26

yy VHQUUUUUETOOTAUUUUBNOQUDEENOQOUOEEQAUUUREOOOUOUGHUULENOUULOUUEOUUEENOUDURGGEAUUOEUUUEEEAAUEEEA AUD EOTA OUEST EEA ETAT PLUDELDOAUAAEEETT TT ssn ei eae EUTOTT EUSTON ; 4) CUE seen - = Hee eee eee FUDUREODULAVUNOUUDLUAOAAEEELEVANGCSEEEODOUAEEEEL TEA UROEETL ERT nuit Established 1855 New York, December 24, 1914 Vol. 94: No. 26 Republic Company’s By-Product Coke Plant Cooling Wharf for Receiving the Quenched Coke a Feature of the Youngstown Installa- tion—The Coal and Coke Handling Equipment The Republic Iron & Steel Company recently mpleted and put in operation in Youngstown, Ohio, a Koppers by-product coke plant. It was The accompanying general map shows the lay- lilt to provide additional coke needed for its three out of the plant. It is located east of and adjacent ist furnaces at Haselton, Ohio, over what is made’ ‘« th. open-hearth steel works of the Republic Com- the ultimate capacity will be sufficient to provide all the coke needed for the Haselton furnaces. | ke from the Quenching Car Is Dumped on this Cooling Wharf from Which It Is Removed in Sections to the Coke Crusher Beyond n the company’s bee-hive coke ovens in the Con- nellsville region. The plant comprises one battery f 68 ovens, each having a capacity of 13% net tons of coal, with a total yield for the battery of ipproximately 930 tons of blast furnace coke every 24 hr. The by-products at present produced are tar and ammonium sulphate, both of which are dis- osed of in crude state, and the surplus gas is piped to the mills of the company and used in boilers, soaking pits and various heating furnaces. Pro- ision has been made for further extension, so that pany, and has direct connection over the company’s tracks with its Haselton furnaces. A detailed de scription of the ovens is unnecessary, as a similar plant installed by the H. Koppers Company for the Maryland Steel Company at Sparrows Point, Md., was printed in The Iron Age November 19. Instead the present account will be confined mainly to a description of the coal and coke handling plants. THE COAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT The coal is delivered to the plant by rail. As in- 1433 1434 dicated by reference to the accompanying plan, it will be noted that the coal cars pass over a double track hopper, with the tracks being at such a grade that the loaded cars are delivered and -the empty cars removed entirely by gravity. A feeder under the hopper discharges the coal evenly to a short belt conveyor, which conveys the coal under the tracks to a belt parallel to the axis of the plant. This delivers into a 150-ton coal bin in the breaker building. The bin is intended to supply the break- er in periods when coal cars are being shifted and no coal is being received at the track hoppers. An automatic feeder of the adjustable type at the bottom of the 150-ton bin feeds the coal uni- The Larry Charging Car on Top of the Ovens At the Right THE IRON AGE December 24, 16 sending the desired amount to each. An additi conveyor may be added for supplying a second , of hammer mills. Then the coal from eit breaker may be fed to any one of the four h mer mills, and any unit may be reserved as a sp Each hammer mill has a capacity of 150 ton coal an hour, crushing so that 90 per cent. will , through a ¥-in. mesh screen and is independey driven by a 300-hp. motor. The hammer mill building is of brick, mad tight as possible to prevent the spread of dust, and a solid brick wall, except for the openings for th shafts, separates the mills from the motors. Th: coal leaving the hammer mills is delivered to a co; Is the Conveyor Lifting Coal from the Mixer Building to Storage Bin Over the Ovens formly to a Bradford breaker. The breaker has screen plates of 12-ft. effective diameter and 14 ft. long, with 1%4-in. diameter perforations and a capacity of 200 tons of run-of-mine coal per hour. The refuse and hard lumps are discharged from one end of the breaker to an 18-in. belt, which is placed at right angles to the general axis of the plant and discharges into a car standing on the refuse track. The coal crushed in the breaker is discharged into a hopper underneath and thence another conveyor which elevates it to either one of the two hammer mills in the hammer mill building. Provision has been made for a second breaker, and the 150-ton storage bin is located so that it may be available for use with either breaker. A by-pass is provided around the present breaker, so that in case of an accident to-it the coal may be fed directly to the conveyor passing to the hammer mills, thus allowing the temporary supply of un- crushed coal to the mills. The delivery to the ham- mer mills is by chute from the conveyor, and the chute is provided with valves so that the stream of coal may be all sent to one mill or may be split, veyor underneath. This conveyor is horizontal for a sufficient distance to accommodate the present and future mills, and then is inclined to elevate the coal to the first of the two 400-ton bins which are provided in the mixer building. The second 400-ton bin is filled by means of a short conveyor, to which the coal is diverted from the main conveyor by a gate, and the short conveyor is driven from the head pulley of the main con- veyor. When using two kinds of coal with one kind in one of the 400-ton bins and the other in the sec- ond bin, the coal is drawn from the bottom of the bins by two mixer conveyors, the thickness of the streams being regulated by adjustable gates. These mixer conveyors discharge to mixer paddles which mix the coal, and the coal is then elevated by con- veyor to a 1200-ton storage bin. From this it is emptied into the larry cars and taken to the ovens With the exception of the two short mixer belts, which are 48 in. wide and the refuse belt which is 18 in. wide, all of the belts for the entire coal han dling plant are 36 in. wide, and the entire convey ing system is designed for a maximum capacity 0! ember 24, 1914 THE IRON AGE = anal Product Apparatus, Dryers in Foreground and Beyond the Saturators, the Reheaters and the Tar Extractors with the Ex hausters in the Far Corner 100 tons per hour, so that in order to double the present capacity of the plant it will only be neces- sary to add an additional breaker and two addi- tional hammer mills. With the exception of the hammer mill building the structures for the coal handling machinery are built of steel, with con- ‘rete walks and floors. THE COKE HANDLING EQUIPMENT The quenching cars discharge the coke to an in- lined cooling wharf, which has sufficient capacity for three cars. The motion of the coke on the wharf is arrested by eight finger gates, each about 6 ft. wide. These gates are under the control of the operator. At the bottom of the wharf there are a series of rotary feeders, four being mounted on each shaft about 24 ft. long, and each shaft is driven by a 3-hp. back-geared motor through chain and gear reduction. The wharf is thus divided into halves, each half being controlled by one set of four gates and four feeders, so that in case of trouble with one half of the equipment, the other half may handle the full capacity. When the charge has been discharged to the A Nearer View of the Exhausters, with the Top of the Reheaters at the Left 1436 THE I U—Jand Hospital 7 Time Office + L wharf, the operator starts the feeder a one end, raising the first finger gate and allowing the first section of the feeder to load the coke evenly to the ‘conveyor. When this compartment is empty, the second gate is raised, and so on until the entire charge is fed to the conveyor. This method is found to insure an even feed to the coke crusher and screen, and also enables the operator to dislodge any pieces that may hang up before the gate is closed ready for the next charge. The conveyor elevates the coke to a set of grizzly bars which allow the fine coke to pass directly to the screens while the larger pieces go to the crusher. ee The Quenching Station and Quenching Car and Locomotive ; RON AGE December 24, / = (ay enching( var Legend Brick - A-Primary Heater Mas B-F aqusters iT C -Tar Extractors sarage Field —SS — 5 pene Engine x E E -Satvrators . D Vi P sper | | Pusher a j + 7 7 f, ~~ . | F-Enaines and ik tee Gas Piping Machine 4 Machine ~ Dryers we & Mother Liquor Tank Sener = Trile 4 &y-- Condenser Borer Hause ae | Brick Shed, . ‘1 | YY A SICO & Stack 5 ton A % Jar ; Ly Flushing f \— 1 9d Ae Ml } / rn <—# Drain lank = cy ; ox (A f° wise TOI Jar tan > Tank TANK / cppmpgtan PLO age... A NE Separator ~ Tank © Qnk The crushed coke falls into a hopper and is fed t the screens. A butterfly gate is provided to contro! the flow of the coke to either of the screens. Ths screens are provided with perforations to make three products; furnace coke is discharged out of the end of the screen, pea from the end of the jacket and breeze through the jacket. Provisior is made so that when desired,the grizzly in front of the crusher may be removed, allowing the coke from the conveyor to pass directly to the screens The coke wharf feeders are driven by two 3-hp back-geared motors, running 700 r.p.m. and geared 5.33 to 1. The conveyor is driven by a 7'4-hp motor, the crusher by a 20-hp. motor, running at 710 r.p.m. and back geared 4 to 1, and the screens ar driven by two 15-hp. motors, running at 710 r.p.m and back geared 41% to 1. The crusher and con- veyor are driven by an extra gear reduction from the back gear shaft of the motor, while the feeders and screens are driven by sprockets and chain from the motor. The coke crusher adjustment for size may be made while the machine is running. This is done ‘ the Coal Breaker Building in the Background ember 24, 1914 Iron and Steel a turning the square shaft at the back of the rusher which draws the rolls back. The rolls are 24 in. in diameter and 36 in. wide, with chilled fluted teeth. The segments are bolted to a cast- iron spider which may be removed and renewed vithout removing the roll shaft. The bearings are on the quarter and may be removed for bab- tting or scraping by removing the check plates thout removing the rolls. The bearing shells are terchangeable, and the crusher is designed so should unbreakable material into the , they are free to move the compression of the ng without throwing the bevel driving gears of mesh. There are two screens 6 ft. in diameter and ap- mately 15 ft. 6 in. in length over all, with ening surface 12 ft. The screens are *%, in. with 34 in. square perforations, and thete is ded a jacket 8 ft. in diameter by 6 ft. in made of wire mesh with %¢-in. perforations. pass engtn, THE IRON AGE Map of the By-Product Coke Plant of the Republic Company, Youngstown, The Coke Screening Station with Coke Cooling Wharf at Right Ohio Each screen is carried by four wheels 24 in. in diameter, and driven by bevel gear at its discharge end. Thrust rollers are provided to take up the thrust due to the inclination of the screens. The heads have a steel tire shrunk on and turned to gauge. The heads are tied together with heavy angles, one leg placed radially so as to offer the least obstruction to the discharge of the coke. The gear and pinion are of cast steel. The thrust roll- ers are carried on the pinion shaft, adjustment being provided so as to maintain proper meshing of the gear after the thrust rollers are worn. The pinion shafts are driven by sprocket and chain from back gear shaft of motor. The breeze chute is built of steel plate. In addition to the unusually large storage capac ity on the coke wharf, provision has been made for dumping the coke from the quenching cars directly into standard railroad cars in the event that thing goes wrong with the screening station. any 1438 THE IRON AGE The by-product building, in which is located the turbo-exhausters, the tar extractors, ammonia sat- urators and the sulphate storage, is of brick con- struction and is designed to admit of doubling the capacity of the plant. The tar pumps and similar machinery are in a separate brick building and have independent means of drive, both steam and electric. The electric power used for the plant is pro- duced at the blast furnaces and transmitted to the coke plant at 6600 volts and then reduced to 220 volts for use in the plant. An independent engine- driven generator of sufficient capacity to run any single operation of the plant is provided in case of an accident to the main supply of current. Steam for the coke plant is generated in three 300-hp. boilers arranged to burn gas or fine coke. Water is supplied from the main pumping station at the open-hearth plant. In the building of this by-product coke plant, special attention was paid to installing equipment that would tend to make everything around the plant as safe as possible for the employees, and also to provide proper sanitary conditions. The coke ovens were installed by the H. Koppers Company. Practically all the coal and coke handling equipment was designed and erected by the Robins Conveying Belt Company, and all the structural steel work connected with the plant was erected by the Mc- Clintic-Marshall Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. UNIVERSAL JOINT FRICTION* Report of the Tests Made to Determine the Amount of Lost Power As a form of mechanism for the transmission of power the universal joint is well recognized. Dur- ing the past three years two standard makes of joints have been under observation and test in the laboratory of the mechanical engineering depart- ment of the University of Kansas. The object in view has been to determine the loss of power due to friction in the joint while operating under such loads and speeds as are common in automobile service. In these final results it is believed that all appreciable errors have been eliminated and that they give rep- resentative values of what may be expected as fric- tion loss in the operation of transmission joints, operating under conditions of good lubrication and within the limits of the loads for which the size of bearings is appropriate. The two joints which have been tested are stand- ard forms of the joint, although somewhat different in general design. No. 1 was carefully machined and effectively protected from dust, while No. 2 was made up of comparatively heavy drop forgings with- out special coverings. These differences were with- out effect, it may be assumed, in the laboratory tests, and the results indicate but minor differences. In each case two complete joints connected by an intermediate shaft were employed, so that in service during the tests power was transmitted through the set from the primary shaft to a parallel secondary shaft. All observed data relate therefore to the loss occurring in two joints. When used commercially for power transmission the single universal joint gives rise to vibratory and unsteady motion. Whenever possible two such joints and an intermediate shaft are used, so that *From a paper by P. F. Walker and W. J. Malcolmson, presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, December 2, 1914. The authors are respectively professor and student of me- chanical engineering at the University of Kansas. December 24, 1914 the driving and the driven shafts are always par- allel to each other, but the perpendicular distance between the two can be freely varied between cer. tain limits. While the intermediate shaft rotates with a vibratory motion this arrangement elimin: all variation in the velocity ratio between the tw, main shafts, providing the forks on the intermediate shaft lie in the same plane. All variation between the two main shafts is also eliminated when the angles Universal f Joints Motor Generator Drawing Showing the Arrangement of Motor and Generator Employed to Determine the Friction Losses in a Universal] Joint Shaft at Various Speeds and Angularities between the intermediate shaft and the two main shafts are equal. However, if the forks on the in- termediate shaft are at right angles to each other, the variation in angular velocity in the intermediate shaft is multiplied in the transmission to the second main shaft, and the velocity variation between the two main shafts is then twice as great as that if but one universal joint had been used. This point is not appreciated by the average person using machinery that contains universal joints and little care is shown in assembling the joints, about half of the joints being wrongly assembled, the forks on the inter- mediate shaft being at 90 deg. or some other angle to each other. The universal joint finds extensive use in certain classes of machinery such as agricultural machinery, milling machines, multiple drilling machines, presses, steel mill rollers, testing machines, etc. At present, however, the most important use of the universal joint is in automobile construction where it is often used in place of chain or straight shaft drives to transmit the power from the crank or en- gine shaft to the driving shaft geared to the back axle. Usually these two shafts are parallel but do not lie in the same straight line nor at a fixed per- pendicular distance apart. In considering the several possible methods of measuring the power transmitted by line shafting the accuracy required to determine the relatively small value of the friction losses in the universal joints put the general class of dynamometers out of the question, and it was early decided that to obtain any accuracy whatever with the facilities and time available, electrical methods should be used through- out. It was decided to use the Puffer modification of the Kapp load-back method of testing. In this method of testing two machines, preferably of the same size, make and rating, are both electrically and mechanically interconnected. One machine oper- ates as a motor and drives the other mechanically as a generator. The current generated by the gen- erator is loaded back on the motor supply line. Since one machine takes power as a motor and the other returns power as a generator, the net power taken from the line is only that which is required to sup- ply the total losses of the system. If the two ma- chines are similar in construction, size, and rating and providing that there were no transmission loss, then the losses of one machine would be equal to half the total losses except for a small error due to the opposite effects on armature reaction in the two machines. Then very approximately the power transmitted from the motor tu the generator would +4 December 24, 1914 e joad on the generator plus one-half of the power supplied by the line. jechanically the two machines were connected he universal joint set, consisting of two joints an intermediate shaft. The motor was bolted in a fixed position to the floor. To secure a deflection of the intermediate shaft, the generator was offset oving it along its guide rails. The amount of ffset to give the required angular displacement on the intermediate shaft was determined by a simple trironometric calculation of the tangent of the angle in terms of the perpendicular lateral distance be- tween the two shafts, this distance being always nstant. The generator was offset so that its shaft as always parallel to the motor shaft. The change in distance between the ends of the two main shafts, easured on the diagonal, was provided for by the slip of the square end of the shaft in the sleeve of the joint fork. It was assumed that the losses in the joint under a straight line drive were zero, no matter whether the forks on the intermediate shaft were at 90 deg. or in the same plane. The actual losses in the joints, credited as friction losses, were then obtained by subtracting from the total losses at a certain deflection, the total losses at straight-line drive for the same imposed conditions of load, speed, etc. There is no criticism of this assumption and method of obtaining the actual losses when the joints are properly assembled, that is, when the forks on the intermediate shaft are in the same plane. How- ever, when the forks on the intermediate shaft are at 90 deg. to each other, as already mentioned, the motion transmitted when there is any angular dis- placement is not uniform, but vibratory in nature. In the actual operation of the machines with the joints so arranged, there was noticeable a distinct vibration and knocking which was not present when the joints were properly assembled. This yibration increased as the angle of deflection increased, some- times becoming so pronounced for the larger angles that it was found to be unsafe to try to operate. When the joints were so operated it was also noticed that the data obtained were somewhat more uncer- tain than when the joints were properly assembled. Then with the forks on the intermediate shaft at 90 deg. the assumption made as to the actual losses in the joints would not be exactly correct, as such vibrations and knocking that were present would cause the total losses of the system to vary more or less, Two general methods for securing readings =a ¢ = > = which should cover variations, both in load and . angle of inclination were followed. One consisted in lining the shaft exactly for straight line drive and under this condition of zero loss operating the joint through a wide range of loads. This being done, the driven machine would be offset to give any desired angle and the apparatus then be operated through exactly the same range of loads, speed being held constant for all conditions. The other method con- ‘ists in holding both speed and transmitted load constant during the entire series of observations. In this case, with the shafts in direct line for straight line drive, the initial value of total loss corresponding to zero loss in the joint is deter- mined. After this, with the machines still running, the generator would be moved to give the proper off- set angle and the readings for that condition taken with but a few moments’ delay. This would be re- peated for as many angles as desired. It will be understood readily that one of the most difficult con- “:tions to maintain in such a series of tests is a con- ‘ant temperature in the field coils of the electric chines. The latter of the two methods of pro- THE IRON AGE 1439 cedure mentioned above has a point of advantage in this regard, since a whole series of observations throughout the range of angular variation could be secured without stopping the machines or changing the conditions of load. In the calculation of efficiency of the joints it has seemed wise to make the conclusions applicable to a complete system including the two joints neces- sary to secure parallel operation of the main shafts. Two joints are necessary in any system where such speeds as these under consideration are likely to occur. In other forms of application of the joints conditions are likely to be such that the question of friction loss is of no significance. In case a knowl- edge of the efficiency of a single joint is desired, it may be assumed without sensible error that the loss is one-half of the amount recorded and that the effi- ciency would be indicated for each condition by a fraction which is the arithmetical mean of the figure given and unity. The difference between the amounts of power transmitted by the two joints is so small as to be outside any possible limits of obser- vation. For any power and angle the power is the amount transmitted at the joint, being the sum of the load delivered by the driven generator and the losses of that machine. It follows, therefore, that efficiency equals the power transmitted divided by that power plus the friction loss; that is, it is power delivered divided by power received by the joints. From the results obtained it was noted that for loads amounting to one-half the rating of the set, or more, the efficiency is nearly constant and the loss very small for angles of inclination not exceed- ing 6 deg. For larger angles the loss becomes an appreciable amount. The constancy in the effi- ciency fraction indicates a constant value of the coefficient of friction on the joint journals, since the bearing pressures are proportional to power trans- mitted while speed remains constant. Under con- ditions of service the questions of lubrication and protection from dust are important. In the effi- ciency calculation a downward tendency was notice- able at the largest loads although it is not visible on the curves. Doubtless it marks the point where the bearing pressures on these journals make lubrica- tion imperfect. The rocking motion of the jour- nals tends to squeeze out the oil. Convention of Supply and Machinery Men The next convention of the Ameryan Supply and Machinery Manufacturers’ Association will be held in Philadelphia, Pa., the first week in June, 1915. In con- nection with the meeting will be held the convention of the National Supply and Machinery Dealers’ Asso- ciation. The largest number of delegates ever attend- ing a convention of the two associations is looked for, partly because the meeting place has been chosen for the convenience of all and partly because the conven- tions of the Railway Master Mechanics’ and Master car Builders’ associations are to be held at Atlantic City immediately thereafter. The American Roller Bearing Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., is furnishing good quantities of its non-lubricant roller bearings for use in connection with machinery for making window glass. These bearings will operate in very high temperatures, such as occur when exposed to molten glass, under which conditions they will be required to operate without the use of lubrication. The high temperature to which bearings are thus subjected precludes the use of any type which requires a lubri- cant. Oil and grease have proved ineffective, as they are quickly destroyed by the intense heat. These non- lubricant bearings will support a load of 6000 Ib. and will be required to operate 24 hours per day. Jas Building Rotary Planing Machines Some of the Processes Employed in Their Construction and the Work That They Are Designed to Handle In the development of its rotary planing ma- chines, the Newton Machine Tool Works, Inc., Twenty-third and Vine streets, Philadelphia, Pa., has endeavored to _ in- crease the productive capacity of the machine for finishing flat sur- faces on steel and iron castings. These ma- chines were originally designed to finish the bases of columns or other structural shapes at greater productive rates than were possible with a single tool car- ried on a swinging arm, such as was formerly employed, but even this increase in output is not sufficient, and the call is for a machine having still greater capacity. In the latest devel- opment of this type of machine, a belt connec- One of a G¢ tion is employed to transmit power from the motor to the driving shaft. The motor mounted on the saddle and travels with it, an arrangement which is relied upon to eliminate vibration due to torsion in the long feed screws and splined driving shafts of the earlier machines. A machine of this type has been used in the builder’s shop on the erecting floor for finish- anes is neral Line o ing cast-iron surfaces 20 in. wide. Here it has removed metal to a depth of % in. at a feed of 6 in. per min. without any appreciable strain on the machine or wear on ’ cutters. The cutter head used is a steel casting sur. rounded with a steel! | band, to which are fitted submerged tool clamp- ing screws to comply with the recent liability laws enacted by the various state legisla- tures. The drive to the head is_ transmitted through an_ internal gear, the teeth of which are cut from a solid casting in the back of the head. A _ patented feed box renders six changes available. Latch levers control the slid- ing sleeves, which are incorporated in the construction of the feed box, and each sleeve carries one of several groups of gears, giving feed changes and reversing fast power traverse to the saddle. The work table on the machine is of the fixed type, and the depth of cut is controlled by an adjustment of the spindle travel. In the design of the machine care was taken to insure flexible, convenient control to secure pro- the Rotary Planing Machines Section of the Plant in Which the Planing and Boring Are Done 1440 THE IRON AGE Finis) luction at the highest possible rate by reducing as far as possible the time that the machines were idle. One of the special features of the machine is that there are only three points of control, the top lever regulates the direction of traverse for the feed and ist power motion clutches, and is arranged to pre- conflict, while the in-and-out adjustment of the spindle saddle which gives the depth of cut is trolled by a handwheel. ‘lamping Screw & In replanning the iayout of equipment during the past year to insure dispatch and directness in the methods of manufacture, the requirements of the rotary planing machines were given special con- sideration in laying out the several departments having to do with their manufacture. In the en- trance end of the shop where the rough materials are received, are located both the planing and boring departments. In one of the accompanying engrav- Boring and Turning the Clamping Screw Bands 1442 THE IRON AGE ings is reproduced a photograph of these depart- ments, in which it will be noticed that most of the machines are operating on parts of rotary planing machines. This photograph, together with the other interior views, was taken on Saturday after- noon so as not to interfere with the operation of the shop. The machine for planing the saddles of the rotary planing machine is illustrated at A, while at B are shown spindle heads ready for boring in the saddles, and at C is a view after the boring operations are completed. One of the work tables which has just been removed from the planing ma- chine is illustrated at D. After these parts have been completed they are taken to the bay E and the parts requiring only planing are passed to the erect- ing floor for drilling and assembling. The other parts remain in this bay, a portion of which is illustrated. The clamping screw bands are bored and turned on a Betts Machine Company boring and turning mill shown in the foreground. This machine is also employed for boring and turning the steel cutter heads F and the wormwheel rings G as well as the centers for the driving wormwheels and the other bronze parts. From the boring mill the cutter heads are taken to the milling machine H, where the tool slots are milled in. The next step is the cutting of the internal gear, which is done on the gear cutting machine I. The gas heaters at J are employed to expand the bands, and after they have been brought to the proper temperature the cutter heads are lifted into position inside the ring, which is then allowed to cool. Other machines used in the construction of the rotary planing machines are a special grinding ma- chine built to the Newton Company’s design for grinding the hardened worms and the bronze worm- wheel teeth to an accurate bearing. This machine while not clearly shown in the photograph is located at K. Various machines to complete the other parts are located in the background at L. These com- prise special combination spiral, spur and worm- —_— manana | Three Recently Developed Automatic Tapping Machines. The One at the Left Has Tw of Taps, Both Heads of the Middle Machine Are Independently the Spindles Are Operated ji December 24, wheel cutting machines and worm and keyseat ing machines. Three New Automatic Tapping Machines The Garvin Machine Company, Spring Varick streets, New York City, has recently three additions to its line of automatic tay machines. These machines operate in genera! same as the others of this line. The spindles fitted with two friction pulleys running in opp: directions, and once the tap is started the mac} works automatically to tap the hole to a predet mined depth, which is controlled by an auton trip, and reverse the tap. All three machines are shown ir the accompa) ing illustration. The one at the left is equip; with two sizes of head. This enables work hay two holes differing so much in size that it woul not be practicable to have both heads of the sa: capacity to be handled by a single machine. Bot! of the heads are independent of each other, and the one at the left can be operated either by a ha: lever or foot treadle, while the other one is equipped for lever operation only. In the machine at the center two sizes of head are used, but in this case the difference in capacit of head is greater than in the first machine. Foot treadles are used to operate both heads of this machine and thus leave the hands free. The machine at the right is designed to perfor both rough and finished tapping on a single ma chine. Here four spindles, arranged in two pairs, are provided, each pair being operated by an inde pendent lever. The spindles at the right are used for the rough work and those on the left for finish ing. The work for which this machine is par ticularly designed is the tapping of deep holes in tool steel which require rough tapping as a pre liminary operation. The work is performed with but one clamping, as the fixture is moved along the slide from one pair of spindles to the other. ») Independent Heads for Different Size Operatei by Foot Treacles, and in the Machine at the Rig! Pairs by Independent Levers nber 24, 1914 \ {ydraulic Ring Compressing Machine THE IRON AGE 1443 Solid Steel Ingots and Castings f ; ‘ 4 A process for making sound steel ingots or castings recent yours the hy draulic tire setter built has been patented (U.S. 1,116,899—November 10, 1914) West Tire Setter Company, Rochester, N. Y., by Lewis B. Lindemuth of Steelton, Pa. It consists in en adapted for a variety of other work. This placing on top of the ingot or casting, after it has been the compression of steel rims for automo- poured, a combustible in the form of a metalloid that - ine: A Compressing Machine Operated by Hydraulic Prégeure for Forming Rings, Hoops, Tires t While Ce ( Various Diameters bile wheels, pipe couplings used in the gas and oil regions, fifth wheels or circles for wagons, etc. This work is done with the material cold, and is accom- plished without making any change in the equip- ment of the machine other than the furnishing of a sitive stop for the rams to insure the work being shed to a true circle of the proper diameter. The machine consists of a cast-iron base sup- ng a weldless rolled-steel ring, around the ner side of which is located a circle of hydraulic rams. These are mounted on the bed casting in h a way as to move in radially toward the center vhen pressure is applied. Oil is employed as the essure medium, the pressure being obtained by elt-driven triplex pump which forces the oil into ntral reservoir from which pipes radiate to the ral rams. This arrangement, it is pointed out, sures a uniform pressure on each ram. Where the machine is to be used for its original irpose of tire setting for wagon or truck wheels tire is welded slightly larger than the wheel. tire is then mounted in the machine and the el placed inside of it, after which the machine et in operation and pressure is applied to the until it has been forced tightly upon the wheel the latter given the proper degree of concavity. use of this machine, it is pointed out, gives the results as though the tire had been hot when ed on the wheel and had shrunk by cooling. esident Clarence H. Howard, of the Common- th Steel Company, St. Louis, expresses the opinion the increased freight rates granted by the Inter- Commerce Commission will lead to the almost im- ite employment of 10,000 persons in and about St. connected directly and indirectly with the railroad y business, etc., the decision having confirmed sev- large orders which were given recently on contin- conditions. has a high heat of combustion and that, when oxidized by an oxidizing blast, will not enter into the steel nor change its composition. The substances recommended are silicon as ferrosilicon (50 per cent.), titanium as ferrotitanium or aluminum, any one of which is prone to form slag rather than to combine with the metal or dissolve in it except to a very limited extent. It is claimed that under the most unfavorable conditions these substances will enter only about an inch into the surface of the metal that is agitated by the blast. All have a specific gravity less than that of the molten iron. The heat of combustion maintains the top of the casting molten until after the body has set sufficiently to overcome any tendency to form a pipe. The in- ventor states that 50 per cent. ferrosilicon has been used with uniform success on a large number of ingots and castings. The ferrosilicon is added from time to time in small lumps to the surface of the metal, which is agitated by the blast of air under pressure from a %-in. pipe. About 5 lb. of ferrosilicon per ton of ingots is required. The results of a large number of analyses show no appreciable change in the metal’s composition. A patent (U. S. 1,112,909—October 6, 1914) has been granted to John A. Hunter, Philadelphia, Pa., for a process of converting cast iron into steel or malleable iron. It consists in heating the cast iron in a furnace to a temperature below its melting point and then per mitting such agencies as nitric acid to enter the fur- nace. It is claimed that the vapors of the acid by de- composition decarbonize the metal and effect other changes so as to produce a metal having superior quali ties for being rol!ed, hammered, drawn, tempered, etc In a patent (U. S.—1,093,892) Victor Stobie, Shef field, England, claims that pig iron can be improved so as to be equal to cold-blast iron by treating the liquid metal in an electric furnace under a refining slag. This slag should consist of about 60 per cent. lime and 40 per cent. silica. The metal should be kept free from iron oxide by adding carbon or some deoxidizer. Throw ing limestone into the bath keeps it well stirred by the evolution of carbon dioxide. a“ a’. 1444 Machine for Marking Shrapnel Fuse Caps For graduating and numbering in a single operation the bevel fuse caps used in connection with shrapnel shells, the Noble & Westbrook Mfg. Company, Hartford, Conn., has placed a _ special | j i i | A Special Machine That Has Been Developed for Graduating and Marking the Bevel Fuse Caps for Shrapnel Shells and Graduating Bevel Surfaces Such Collars for Lathes, Milling as Micrometer Machines, ete marking machine on the market. It is an addition to the company’s line of slate marking machines. In addition to being used for the preparation of war material, the machine is also suitable for grad- uating any bevel surface, such as micrometer collars for lathes, milling machines, etc. It is pointed out that the graduations are placed on the bevel surface with but a single turn of the hand lever for a complete set. If desired the machines can also be used to put lettering on bevel surfaces instead of graduations. In operation the graduating die is held in a holder keyed to the shaft which, as the mark is made, revolves with the die. This rotary movement winds a spring tension provided to return the work holder to the proper position to mark the next piece as soon as the contact with the work is broken. Bronze bearings with collar adjustment are pro- vided for the shaft. The work is held in place with relation to the die by a set of accurately cut gears and the impression is made by foot pressure, which is applied through a lever and a cam. Adjust- ments are provided, whereby it is possible to regu- late the depth of the impression to 0.01 in., with evenness and accuracy of the impressions. The T. P. Walls Tool & Supply Company, 83 Walker street, New York City, has placed a new type of solder- ing copper handle on the market. The handle is made of pressed steel 0.065 in. thick and is provided with a groove which is relied upon to lock the handle and the copper as though the two parts were originally cast together. An advantage claimed for the handle is cool- ness irrespective of the degree to which the copper may be heated. THE IRON AGE December 24, 1°\4 A First Aid Jar for Industrial Plant; To meet all the requirements of a compact, venient, and sanitary first aid outfit, the Confer. Board on Safety and Sanitation, of which M. Alexander, General Electric Company, West L Mass., is secretary, has developed a standard This jar has been approved by the board whic! composed of representatives of the National Fou: ers’ Association, the National Association of Ma: facturers, the National Metal Trades Associat and the National Electric Light Association, and being furnished at practically the cost of the mat: rials to encourage the use of safe, simple : efficient treatment of injured workmen by layme: The jar itself is structurally strong and a speci annealing treatment makes the glass still stronge: Smooth surfaces and particularly straight walls « the inside are used to promote cleanliness and facili tate the removal of first aid materials. A co venient carrying handle is molded in the glass cover of the jar, which is held in place by spring clips that form a part of the metal cage in which the whole jar sets, this cage being relied upon to afford added protection against breakage. A rubber gasket between the jar and the cover is employed to mak: the outfit dust prooof. The hight of the jar is only sufficient to accom modate the bottles stored in it, so that the stoppers cannot come out when the cover rests on the jar. Medicine bottles, bandages, absorbent cotton, burn ointment in collapsible tubes and a wire gauze splint are placed against the inner surface of the jar, so as to be plainly visible from the outside. A specially constructed metal dish placed in the center of the jar keeps the materials in their proper places and also serves as a receptacle for other parts of the contents, such as tourniquet, medicine glass, gauze bandages, medicine droppers, spoon, scissors, etc. The jar is only 914 in. in diameter and 6 in. high, but it contains all the material which a large conference of physicians with extensive experience in the treatment of injuries have agreed upon as necessary for effective first aid treatment by lay- men. Although it is not contemplated to use water in first aid treatment, yet when necessary both the jar and the metal dish can be used as water vessels. Suitable first aid instructions are printed on the inside of the cover, so as to be readily available in convenient form. The standard list of material, which should always be kept in the jar, is given on the outside of the cover, together with brief directions for the use and care of the outfit. Danisenenesennissmniennistiinans A First Aid Jar Designed for Use in Industrial Plants in Which the Contents Are Arranged So That Any Desired Article Can Be Removed Without Disturbing the Rest «ember 24, 1914 A SANITARY MOUTH PIECE e of Individual Ones Made of Rolled Paper for Machine-Shop Blowpipes BY JAMES E. COOLEY [he uses of blowpipes in machine work are many varied. The chief ones are for blowing out ys from drilled holes in castings that are too ve to tip over merely for the purpose of empty- the chips and for blowing chips out of T-slots, ylines and similar places in work that is done on aning and milling machines. These blowpipes usually made from %4-in. wrought-iron pipe, having one end slightly bent over to prevent the hips when blown from bounding back in the face | eyes of the workman. If the pipe were left traight, this would happen, as it would then be ecessary to hold the face over the hole or the place rom which the chips are to be blown. The general practice of workmen in placing these pipes in their mouths and also in using one blowpipe among several workmen, as is the case with drilling machine operators, etc., is an unsani- 4 Sanitary Mouth Piece for Blowpipes Designed to Do Away with the Common Practice of All the Workmen Using the Same One tary feature in their use. A suggestion for a sani- tary mouth piece which is easily attached to a blow- pipe is shown-in the accompanying drawing. This consists of a narrow strip of thin paper, wound on the end of the pipe and fastened with a wire ring, a. The paper is wound with a slight taper, in order that the ring may be inserted from the rear end of the roll. When the paper has become soiled, one rcle of the roll can be torn off, as shown at b, the front part of the ring a serving as a guide to secure i straight tear. The ring also prevents the paper from becoming soiled when the pipe is laid down. New All-Steel Factory Hand Truck The Edwards Mfg. Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, has developed a line of steel trucks, designed to take the place of the old style wooden frame trucks. [hey are intended for heavy factory use, as well as for handling heavy freight and warehouse and pack- ng house service. Among the special features of the truck may be mentioned a continuous U-frame ‘or the upper portion and the placing of the wheels vithin the body line, thus allowing obstacles to be passed readily. The use of the continuous U-frame, is pointed out, supports the wheels in a sub- tantial and durable manner and also gives strength nd rigidity. In addition to the truck illustrated, vhich is intended for general factory use, special rucks for cotton bales and one for handling barrels which the body is slightly concave instead of raight are built. The frame of the truck is made of steel angles in. on each leg and 3/16 in. thick. This frame ids down to unite the body to the wheels and also THE IRON AGE 1445 L One of a Recentiy Developed Line of All-Steel Hand Tr for Factory and General Purpose Service crosses between the handles. The cross bars are of 14% x 1% x 3/16-in. steel tees. All the joints of the truck are riveted, no bolts being used except for fastening the wooden handles and the boxes in which the axles run. The handles, which are made of straight grain timber and bent by steam, are reinforced by a steel angle. It is pointed out that while accidents are rare, if one should occur, a broken handle can be replaced in 5 min. The trucks are made in one size only for all styles, the length being 62 in. and the width 24 in. The length of nose of the truck is 6 in. and with the exception of the cotton truck, which weighs 110 Ib., the weight is the same, 120 lb. What Railroad Track Scales Must Sustain In connection with recent investigations bearing upon the design of railroad track scales, the Standard Seale & Supply Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., calls atten- tion to what it believes are not commonly appreciated conditions of service. Taking the 150-ton track scale as an illustration, explanation is made as to why so large a scale is necessary for the proper weighing of even the heaviest railroad equipment, of which the 50- ton gondola is a representative type. This company emphasizes that the apparent excess in the scale rating as compared with the car weight is not in reality a sur- plus or unnecessary capacity, but represents an essen- tial, for the reason that the ordinary track scale is not subjected merely to a maximum dead load of 100,000 Ib. plus the static weight of the car itself. On the contrary the scale is subjected to moving stresses and varying wheel loads induced by the passage of cars and locomo- tives over the scale. As the result of these live loads, stresses are set up in the supporting members of the scale structure much in excess of the distributed static load based on a 100,000-lb. capacity car at rest on the scales. If the scale be improperly designed, either as to ample strength or to bearing points in the lever sys tem, permanent strains are certain to be set up in the scale which will result in incorrect weighing. A scale may carry 150 tons on the weighing platform and register that weight correctly and without strain and yet be ruined by the movement of that load on or off the platform. Standard specifications have been worked out by the engineering staffs of some of the rail- roads indicating the maximum knife edge stresses per lineal inch for which the scale should be designed. From this unit basis the consumer may determine for himself what capacity scale he should have to meet the conditions under which the scale to be installed will operate. Germany’s iron-ore production for 1913 is given. by Stahl und Eisen as 35,941,285 metric tons, having a value of 3.71 marks (88.2c.) per ton as compared with 33,- 711,142 tons in 1912 with a value of 3.73 marks (88.7c.) per ton. In 1913 48,047 miners were working as against 46,295 in 1912. Brown iron ore containing less than 12 per cent. of manganese constituted 3,005,- 970 tons of the 1913 total, while brown ore containing from 12 to 30 per cent. manganese amounted to 330,037 tons. Manganese ore of over 30 per cent. manganese totaled 760 tons in 1913. ’ be ee ee Bas ap 1446 THE IRON AGE BLAST FURNACE SCAFFOLDS The German Use of Explosives to Remove Them The use of explosives in dealing with blast fur- nace scaffolds and hangings is the subject of a recent article in Stahl und Eisen by Hermann Schoeneweg, in which the German methods are given. He was the first to introduce this process in Germany, applying it in 1896 on a furnace at the Burbacher Hiitte. As carried out at present a tube welded at one end is used as the gun. It is 2.5 to 3.5 m. long (8 ft. 2% in. to 11 ft. 5%4 in.), 65 mm. inside diameter (2.56 in.) and is shown before and after firing in the illustration. For the explosive an equally long tube is used that will readily enter Gun Tube Before and After Shooting the first one, and 50 mm. inside diameter (1.97 in.). A small hole is drilled in this second tube one meter from its mouth for the fuse, if electric ignition is not used. Mr. Schoeneweg prefers the use of a fuse on account of its greater certainty and simpler handling. After the inn