The Iron Age 1914-11-05: Vol 94 Iss 19

VUNUOUUOROUONDEND ECONO ONEEOETANONT ——r Soon Established COUUUEEE TT UL 1855 ee] Powdereg | Hy NUDESUEDOQEAUENOUAUULAUEOUCUNUGAUEOUREUEOUAUERUEOUREOUAO EEL EOUEODELLOTEDEOOU EA OUDEOUAA DEA EA EUEG UE NUON Ene NEW YORK, November 5, 1914 PUCUCUONUTOOT LUPE eee it in No. 19 Its Future As a Substitute for Fuel Oil and Gas—A System With Air Carriage of Coal | YC. F: HERINGTON———— -—- | The powdere oal as used in the Transue & Williams drop forging plant at Alliance Ohio, is conve ad 1 me current of moved by blowers The pulverized coal leaves the pulverizing building f the wor! gl t A and is utilized in the forge shop at the extreme left The supply delivered in excess ] P other pipe which reaches the separator through the pipe B, so that iZ eulate I the system At C s the separator for the ishes wt } re vy fy N industrial heating furnaces of all kinds pow- ment, “that the coal must be controlled and regu dered coal is going to prove the best fuel. If lated.” This is positively not done in any of the + he furnaces are designed to utilize powdered coal to the best advantage, and the coal dust is economically conveyed to, and regulated at the fur nace, leaving no residue of fine particles of dust on the work, and the smoke and ashes are carried away, a fuel is available which fulfils everything tendent pany, patel troller h 1905 that John R. Culliney, superin- the American Steel & Iron Mfg. Com ted his controlling device. This as been in successful use at that plant ever since and s being used for over 100 furnaces and con- all credit st be given to Mr. Culliney for his suc- CPSS _ If powdered coal is to prove a commercial success ‘or industrial heating furnaces it will require: . That both the free and combined moisture be expelled irtificial heat, down to 0.5 per cent. «. [hat it be pulverized so that 95 per cent. can pass through a sieve of 100 meshes to the inch and at per cent. pass through a 200-hundred mes} lelivery to the furnace must be absolutel) “ontrolied and regulated, so that the proper feed may be secured and mixed with the correct quantity of i omplete combustion. ey the coal after being pulverized shall be carrie he several furnaces in an economical and Satisfact manner. at | the coal shall have a volatile content of ¢ . -5 per cent. and ash not more than 10 ié reasons why powdered coal is not more ised for heating operations today are ‘ } . . . as follows: Please note in my third require- plants which I have visited (with and I have visited a number of then Let me a report I made on one inspection of the conditions found, which are typical of all of them generally a—Powdered coal was thers was no apparent to control a uniform supp of coal to the burner and have a uniform heat b—The coal dust persisted in caking in the bi two ext epi ions quote uncontrollable, i.e. Wway necessitating constant hammering on the sides b the operator. This of course left moments wher! there was no coal being fed into the furnacs d after a blow on the bins there was an over abund ance of dust in the furnace It was dirty and smok there was tinually a large amount of unburned powdered c« coming out in smoke and sparks between the crack in the doors, filling the eves, nose and mouth and making things very uncomfortabl d It took more time to get up vorkKing heat, jue to conditions as stated in a an é lron, for reasons that the operators, could ( could 1 pe explaine not he welce a j At each furnace a large Dp} K and steel sta was built to remove the smoke and ash, but was not proving successful. My fourth requirement was that the oal afte being pulverized “should be carried to the several furnaces in an A 9-in. screw conveyor cos economical and satisfactory man ner.” foot and costs every run of say 250 ft. Ifa up and stops feeding, a lot of work required to seek the point of stoppage and then to make repairs. In regard to the caking in the bins, I have even seen the bins suspended by springs,w order to elim- $4.50 per linear for least $1 per day for power at 2 . | screw conveyor ciog 1045 1 : mech a» ids a é : “i . p be f si 7 prrssnuse™ a 1046 inate this caking due to the vibration of the ham- mers. It was early last August that I heard of a me- chanical engineer by the name of Austin A. Hol- beck, of Cleveland, Ohio, who had made a success of burning pulverized coal by a new and novel method of distributing powdered coal by means of air instead of screw conveyors. A month later I had the pleasure of investigating an installation of this system, which is the subject of the accompany- ing illustrations. The coal is dumped directly into a storage bin (this coal being slack, no crusher was required) and is fed by a 14-in. screw conveyor running at 2.2 r.p.m. into a closed elevator, which lifts the coal and spouts directly into a rotary direct dryer. From here the coal is elevated to a dried coal bin and carried across the pulverizing mill in which the screens have been removed. Connected to the top of this mill is a specially designed separator, the top of which is connected to an exhauster, which exhausts the fine coal dust and discharges it through a separator into a pulverized coal bin, the separator being connected back to the other separator at the mill. From the pulverized coal bin the coal is hop- pered into a small screw conveyor into the suction end of a high-pressure blower, passing through a patented automatic governor shown in the illustra- tions, which regulates the amount of coal with the required amount of air necessary to move it. From the blower the coal mixed with air is discharged through a pipe with a velocity of several thousand feet per minute, which runs around the forge shop overhead and at each furnace two branches are taken off each with a valve and dropped to a burner THE IRON tion of the Coal Valverizing Plant AGE November 5, 1914 at each end of the furnace. There the burne, = ceives the secondary air for combustion ang 4, mixture is blown directly into the furnace. 2 At points in the circulating main, if the line is a long one, or if not, at the end of the supply line a booster blower is placed which takes the cog} ay, air mixture and discharges it through a return jing back to the pulverizing plant, where it is again cp. culated around the furnaces to be used. The valye: at each branch are controlled from the floor by +, operator. No large combustion chamber is built nor jg the furnace changed to any extent, simply the oj] o; gas supply is cut off and the powdered coal jg jp. serted in its place. There are no coal bing at the furnaces. A line of spiral riveted pipe overhess brings the coal and to shut down a furnace th valves in each of the two branches are closed an¢ the automatic governor at the pulverizing plant does the rest. The governor works to regulate the amount of coal and air needed for the circulating main to supply the furnaces being operated. For getting rid of the ash and smoke, the froy walls of the furnace are built out and a sheet stee hood is placed directly across the front of each fur. nace, the bottom of hood just above the work oper. ing. Each hood is tapered into a small pipe and connected to an exhaust main. At one end of the shop an exhauster is placed and to this the exhaust main is connected and the contents are discharged into a separator placed outside the building. Under. neath the separator is a bin, from which the ash can be collected and removed when necessary. And now the question arises, how much doe powdered coal cost and how much will one save by using it? Let us take a plant now using fuel oil November 5, 1914 THE IRON AGE 1047 the pulverizing building is elevated at A and from the hopper drops through the hute B to the d of the drver the coal is elevated and delivered into the dried coal bin C, below wl ! the pulveriz the coal dust is emploved and the pulverize r is connected with the blower E b me &® nipe D hargwe through pipe F to the separator above the building roof Ar G y be e¢ ‘ leliver chute 00 1 ' wn, and at H is the cortroller regulating the « f pow irnaces and consuming 60,000 gal. of oil per Say $25,000 as the first cost of a fuel oil plant 1.75 cents a gallon. Now if we are using 60,000 gal. of fuel oil pe Cost of the I e month and the oil averages 140,000 B.t.u. per gallon Os oO Le ‘ i i . . = we have with coal of 14,000 B.t.u. calorific value ar ga storag tanks at «S800 SJ 40 . . . . . ition all setting tanks 00 equivalent of 10 60,000 600,000 Ib. of coal, o1 sure tanks place 1700 300 tons of coal per month for the pulverized coa imp and motor Lot d valves ,000 plant. iections to tan} 1.500 i i aa For the gas plant, for the same requirement we nk cars may consider a water gas plant, using the water gas for the high-temperature furnaces and producer ga TTT for the low-temperature furnaces. As 1 lb. of coa 00 will give about 20 cu. ft. of water gas and 50 cu. ft $99 550 of producer gas, or about 80 per cent. efficiency, weé will estimate that we need about 70,000 cu. ft. of vater gas per hour, so that 70,000 20 3500 Mi | lb. of coal would be required per hour or 3500 10 } 25 2000 480 tons of coal required per montl | . . . } So if we substitute a water gas plant for « =e t ie] oil plant it will cost: i | 4 Ui + 4A 1 ’ ‘'i ‘ j f my i | tres hop] Z ‘ hat 1 pit g, meter i q \e ; ; E ‘it an ‘ ‘ Dediet t I ' me ii Ju my 2 A006 ! | 0 j Say $110,000 for the first cost of a gas plant. <4] For the cost of a pulverized coal plant, let u ~—y figure what the plant would cost by the old methor ———ee| | i of using bins, screw conveyors, et t | pt = = ( ~ @ i’ Abe = a, Z ! ") ¥ : ; e : 3 Ww ‘ 1048 THE IRON AGE November 5, 19} ‘ z Cost of Pulverized Coal Plant with Air ¢ Pulverizing machinery .............. Buildings and foundations.......... Machinery foundations ...... Coal trestle and track siding........ Spiral riveted piping and valves Ag ae Pa ee ee Blowers, motors and wiring...... 533 Hoods and exhaust system complete Contractor's profit, 15 per cent Engineering and contingencies, 10 per cent Say $68,000 as first cost of a pulver plant by the new method. Now our operating cost per year includes fixed charges and operation, and is estimated follows: Operation Cost of Fuel Oil Plant Fixed charges: Interest, 5 per cent. of $25,000 Depreciation, 10 per cent........... Taxes and insurance, at 1 per cent Operation: Oil, 60,000 x 12 x 4.75e PO a Raa ee eee re Electrical current, air 1d steam... Repairs, 2 per cent. of $25,000 b_assansstenssinssitaslianeslealanissdiseeea atin sins ecg amas maiaeabalt names a cores a cee 8 Total for year , ole Rwaeaealee $4 At A may be seen the powdered coal main from which Operating Cost of Water Gas Pla ranches 24% in. in diameter, marked B, drop to reach the ; ; lifferent furnaces, two branches serving each furnace At Fixed charges: is the supplementary air pipe line and at D may be seen Interest, 5 per cent. of $110,000. he oil fuel supply service, which may be put into use with Depreciation, 10 per cent minimum delay if the pulverized coal service should go out faxes and insurance, 1 per cent of commission E is the branch exhaust pipe for carrying : ff the ashes from the hoo n front of each furnace and F s the main ashes exhaust line 4 pendant chain, G, serves Aon 480 ~« $250 x12 arid to col “ol the rs 2s in the ranch co ines tc » furnaces oal, x oe” Lé oouse eae +,4 a - ee aah ti to the fur Labor, 1 operator and 2 assistants.... Forward from 1 47 $44 000 Unloading coal, at $1.50 a car Motors nd wir g Oo ve re e nna Cleaning generators .......ece. surners and cont lle or 4 f naces t ; Water $250 : 1 Hothee Stean soeeevreveeeenr Furnace changes, stacl 1'000 Repairs, 2 per cent it $110,000 9 Furnace bins, 40 at $10¢ 1.000 acm ae Hoods and exhaust syste ( nlet 6,000 20,2 Stac thimbles thro L.OOf . . ] + or . i st $77.00¢ Cont tor’s profit . 1@ n Oneratina Cost of Pulverized Coal Plant a ie Conveyors 255,00 Fixed charges cao sineering i tinge ‘ ‘ ent 8,850 Interest, 5 per cent. of $98,000 Depreciation, 10 per cent senes $97,500 Taxes and insurance, 1 per cent. Say $98,000 for first cost of powdered coal plant by the old method. vw: bee aan By the new method the cost would be as follows: Labor, 1 operator and 2 assistants ; Unloading coal, at $1.50 a car Electrical current for motors a - same e ,ire ner cent of $98,000 ot ( Onerating Cos of Pulverized Coal Pla Ca Lage Fixed charges: Interest, 5 per cent. ol $68,000 Depreciation, 10 per cent ’ Taxes nd nsurance, 1 per cent Oner ‘ .o | OO xX Sz o xX Z Labor, 1 man and 2 assistants Unloading coal, at $1.50 a car Electrical current for motors Repairs, 2 per centt. of 365,000 Total fo eal We save on fuel oil in our total yearls $41,500 — $25,640 = $15,860, or $16,000, which ' pay off our investment in five years. The figures indicate that pulverized coal used in the alr riage plant is equal to fuel oil at 242 cents a #4 including all charges. An accompanying shows the comparisons. wh On the suction side of the blower may be seen the which is designed to control the delivery of coal, in accordance : — with the pressure conditions of the pipe lines, the pressur« The Cleveland office of the Allis-Chalmer governor, ; > sty of Cleve varying as the number of tlets at the furnaces is varied Company has taken an order from the city ¢ . 3y means of levers it controls the rheostat at the top of the EC i a RS ines, two W i view, which controls the speed of the motor driving a screw and for three triple expansion pump engin on it S, which in turn delivers from the hopper to the inlet of a capacity of 25,000,000 gal. each and one W! the blower variable ! ts of powdered fuel 7 capacity of 20,000,000 gal. in 24 hours. cad Nove er 5. 1914 The New Stamp Taxes which affect the public than any of the others into effect December 1, stamp taxes, a greater extent the act, which goes the following: tures certificates indebtedness company or corporation, new value, each — SO.0 ts to sell stocks, $100 par value, re of products or merchandise on ex < { es, except bank notes for rculatior ich $100.. 02 telephone messages over 15 cents, pa a ges sent by freight or express, ¢ ! rofits of corpo! ons, et nd tr S Lice value ¢ | S100 02 s, et : ) ( otherwise specifies emoranaum oO sale ransfers lt twee 00 sters ‘ S500 ) t valu ‘ ntries of goods, $100 value.. entries of goods $100 to $500 value s of goods exceeding $500 value es for withdrawal of goods { be 5 len > £ Kets to 2 orts ip t : Phy £ tickets costing fr $30 to $60 nv ve tickets costing over $¢ S Ss ge $10 r less xe pt) s s, et s r dyes, toot) Value I Li I to <4 ‘ al 2 i ( each $ tail value xies o conve é estate ets S é ea r seat and sleeping berth, to be es provided under the act will not be levied ber 31, 1915, though all those accruing up vill continue to be collectible. Successtul Bidders for Armor and Shells s, of the Navy Department, ar that the contracts for armor plate battleships of the California class divided between the Midvale Steel Company Bethlehem Steel Company. “When the bids 1, on October 7,” Secretary Daniels said, “‘it hat the Midvale Steel Company, bidding on for one ship, was lowest in its d C, and that the Bethlehem g on quantities for two ships, was lowest \-2. On class B armor the Midvale and Beth- the same. Negotiations imme- with the bidders, as the result of which ent is to obtain all armor at the lowest bid each respective class. He announced that will be awarded as follows: ee new price Or Steel Com vere were Staal ‘omy Tons Price { $435 $3,207,690 si)) ike 94,886 OG, ihe Tons ry Te 14.748 $4 $6.4 ber 30 Secretary Daniels announced the opening of bids for common shells of 4 iber for use on the ships of the service, THE IRON 1049 AGE The pipes B are t ee ered oa s the supplement i D ‘ f the | ipl pipes, ready fo St t t t exhaust tl ishes, ipply coal valve be and for 14-in. armor-piercing shells for the latest typ: of dreadnought. The E. W. Bli Company was the lowest bidder for the 4-ir hells with an offer of $9.50 a shell, while the Bethlehen the Tredegar Steel Steel & ompany $10, and the sritish Company $10. The E. W. Bliss the American & British Company were the lowest bid ders for the pared with $13.75 as the id of the & Ordnance Company The Bet the lowest bidder fi the manufacture of 14-i1 shells. Its bid was $415 a she vith $425 by the Crucible S Wasl y + \ sa) ” gton Steel & Company’s bid was $9.80 Washingtor American & Company and Company $9.95, the Ordnance ( 5-in. shell, it ff being $12 a shell, con Wa Steel Con pal hington Stee hlehen was ompareda $426 by the S The machinery builder, Berlin, Wis., enjoy Schaefer ‘ , lent run of foreign isin¢ on its milk condensin; equipment. Last week shipments were ade to Gre Britain and Holland and considerable ef{uipment in process of manufacture ru pear rae? } ARTEL NI 7 ee ‘4 ar NRE Sp sane SE eee = 7 y Tees ‘ | (mam { > ~~ j ORR )? , Tee af A Md " 7 , - ‘ ? “ er arly —s ~~ — a a ea ecm y as ear RNIN “ 1” ¥ 7 Dw _| Ny = aan ° hart Comparing Cost of ‘ (,an ‘ Trade Supremacy Large Factor in the Way President Gary Finds the Same Spirit in the European Struggle That Has Led to Destruction and Oppression in Business The address of President E. H. Gary at the Birmingham meeting of the American Iron a) institute last week received marked appreciation from his hearers. a Steel With the war as a text the rrought home the evils of destructive competition in trade and contrasted the spirit of the E powers with that of the steel masters of the various nations now involved in war, who met at Bru sels three years ago. 1dd ress rones tUVCan A sentiment that evoked warm applause was Judge Gary’s declaration that “if the large , ers Of business men who were represented upon this memorable occasion [at Brussels] from all of the countries engaged in the iron and steel industry could have had opportunity to consider and determine the questions leading up to the war which is raging in Europe, there would have been no war.” Interpolating in that part of his address referring to the co-operative or Gary dinner movement 1907-11, Judge Gary said, referring to the Federal Trade Commission: “It is a remarkable fact that the spirit which prompted you gentlemen seven years ago to bring about a competition that is fair has now been put by Congress into legal language and a commission has been appointed to see that the | s enforced.” Substantially in full the address follows: We may felicitate ourselves on the privilege of hold ng our convention within the confines of the beautiful city of Birmingham. The splendid achievements of the ity during its 40 years of growth excite our admira- tion; and the hospitable sentiment of her people which pervades the atmosphere enlists our gratitude. Highly than one-half of the amount realized for the same period of 1913. For the company last referred to | have no report since June 30, 1914. I do not refer to the results of the Steel Corpora- tion nor to those of any other company because those of the former are extensively advertised from time to ippreciative of the traditional warmth and friendship of the people of the Sunny South for the stranger who nters within her gates, we are especially pleased to be time, and are well known; and the reports of the others are not published at all, so far as I have been able to ascertain. It is sufficient to say at this time that the volume and prices of iron and steel sold in this country were very low, comparatively speaking, during the months immediately prior to the commencement of the European war; and with respect to the volume, there have been substantial decreases since that time. These facts are well known to all of you, and I would be doing an injustice if I were to assume that any of you was unfamiliar with them. the invited guests of this great city and to witness what has been and is being done to establish it as a great industrial metropolis. Everything I could say to you concerning the Ameri- ‘an Iron and Steel Institute and the work it is doing would be favorable. Moreover, the feeling of business friendship between the members of the insti- tute from the time of its organization has not de- ‘reased, but is growing stronger and more deeply rooted as the years pass by. We are all proud to be considered honorable and worthy members. The insti- tute has before it a great future for service and re- sults. Let us make it even better and more useful. It will be a power for good in the industrial world. The magnitude of the iron and steel industry in the years to come is probably beyond even the imagination. It is not too much to expect that this institute will be one of the potential factors in the further development and itilization of the economic forces of this country which entitle her to be considered as a nation of commanding position and influence. WEALTH OF THIS COUNTRY INSPIRES CONFIDENCE But what of the future? What is there to encourage and stimulate us in our struggle for present existence and future success? It is well at all times to remember fundamental facts. At the semi-annual meeting of the institute of October, 1913, there were given some figures in relation to the comparative wealth of the leading nations of the world. While they ought to be modified to some extent on account of the figures which have subsequently been published, still it is true that the enormous wealth of the United States is increasing and largely exceeds the wealth of any other country And as an additional and important item it may be observed that of the eight and a half billion dollars of gold held throughout the world the United States possessed of considerably more than one-fifth, if we may rely upon published statistics. But, of more consequence even, we are always com- forted by the fact that the productive capacity and the actual production of wealth in the United States are growing year by year; and this ability to produce will not and cannot be diminished. Actual realization of profits may be interrupted, but the great variety of Its products and the length and breadth of its domains, with a climate and atmosphere unsurpassed, continuously serve to insure a certainty of increasing wealth an¢ prosperity, and enable us to rely upon the ability of the nation to comfortably support her own inhabitants and to furnish a surplus to other nations in large and 1- creasing quantities with corresponding returns in value You are acquainted with the figures and realize the e tent of our riches and the magnitude of our producti 1050 PRESENT BUSINESS CONDITIONS NOT PROSPEROUS We are accustomed on occasions of this kind to refer to conditions of business. I am an optimist in principle as well as in practice. There is always a bright side, although it may be temporarily obscured. However, nothing is to be gained by closing our eyes to well- known and clearly recognized facts; and at present we are not very prosperous in our lines. This is reflected in the published reports of some of the larger com- panies. The president of one declares that “earnings from January 1 to October 1, 1914, on the tonnage pro- juced have been at the smallest margin of profit since the formation of the company.” The report of another company shows that the income from manufacturing and operating, after deducting all incidental expenses, is less than one-seventh as much for the first nine months of 1914 as it was for the same period of 1913. Still another sets forth that, for the first six months of 1914 the net earnings from operations were less Nd November 5, 1914 -eferred to in a boastful spirit nor for any t one of encouragement for the future. VEX EE MONTHS TO BE BETTER THAN THE PAST THREE the present time the exports of a large modities are increasing, and although not volume reported just prior to the com- the war, yet much larger than immedi- ne the beginning of the war. This will erial influence upon other lines. All are i brought into service. Without particu- ould seem safe to predict that in many espects business conditions in the United next three months at least will be better ve been for the last three months. — ong future I do not hesitate to say, with the opportunities for progress and suc- country are greater than ever before. If out of the ruts of antagonisms, incon- trust, hypocrisy, individual indifference to +} and interests of seem to have pre- tural and legitimate ring the last few that the people gener- sregard undue per- It would seem tion and will work to- Judge Gary on the Future THE IRON AGE ws 1051 and became well acquainted with them and the spirit and motives which dominated their attitude and treat- ment of one another. The countries represented included England, Scot- land, Wales, Belgium, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Spain, Hungary, Canada and the United States. All were pecuniarily interested in the iron and steel industry. All were active competitors, individual con- cerns of a single country with each other and each country with all other countries. While those engaged in many respective lines of manufacture were protected to a considerable extent against ruthless and destruct- ive antagonisms by virtue of cartels or arrangements, recognized, if not fostered, by the chief authorities of their respective countries, yet there existed rivalry and competition which might, and at times no doubt did, produce feelings of envy and dissatisfaction. Never- theless, it was evident that a feeling of business friend ship permeated the minds and influenced the conduct of these men, and this in the main tended to establish and uphold an orderly and profitable management of the affairs entrusted to them And the disposition shown to ward and the hospitality ex tended to the Americans by all others on this occasion secured safe to predict tnat for them our everlasting grati in many important respects business tude and esteem. ning hands for the conditions in the United States fo Those of us who were e! and promotion of the the next three months at least will be abled to participate will never all alike, having a better than they have been for the forget the incidents connected to utilize to the best re the privileges which ry affords, it will be iestion of time, and that, when the United tates will be firmly established eading country of the sf vorld FAITH IN THE FUTURE Times and conditions are juspicious. The United States, ts vast wealth and re- irces, should be the financial, ndustrial and commercial cen- of the world; and to a cor- responding degree will be oppor- tunities for worthy achievement every direction. To the extent that we prosper egitimately and without prejudice to the rights or in- terests of others we may be able to render assistance tc others who may need and are willing to accept it. It is wise for all of us who are here today to place ir faith in the wonderful possibilities of this country. In this connection, it is to be remembered there is a growing sentiment throughout the country in favor of t and fair treatment to all the people and all depart- ients of human endeavor. There is a decided change or the better in this respect. Much has been said luring the last few years in favor of according full attention to the rights of individuals, particularly those *ss Tortunate in the contest to acquire the comforts ite; and this is right and must not be minimized nterfered with; but in discussing these questions d speakers have sometimes been unreasonable ng the blame for objectionable conditions. How- ow seems clear that in the future greater re- be had for the rights and interests of all the people without discrimination. Equal be done to all, rich or poor, strong or weak. partisanship will not be used to obstruct and legitimate growth of the country; and most gratifying and encouraging signs of the attitude of the leaders in public discus- the administrators of public affairs. witl n ¢ nor i! EUROPEAN CONFERENCE IN 1911 ree years since a few of us had the privi- ting in Great Britain and Continental leading representatives of the iron and .cturing interests of the world. For sev- were in close association with those men last three months. ture, I do not hesitate to say, with emphasis, that the progress and success in this country is greater than ever before. If we can get out of the ruts of antagonism, distrust, hypocrisy, individual indif- that if the ference to the rights and interests of others, which seem to have prevented natural and legitimate progress dur- ing the past few years . . . it will be only a question of time, and short at that, when the United States will be firmly established as the leading country of the world. As to the long fu- with our visit in England, Bel gium and other places, or the disposition shown by every one to evidence his respect for and confidence in his rivals in busi- ness. In passing, I will add large numbers of business men who represented on this memorable occasion all of the countries engaged in the iron and steel industry could have had opportunity to con sider and determine the ques- tions leading up to the war which is raging in Europe there would have been no war. These intelligent, experienced, practi- cal, sensible and Christian men, being from time to time in close contact, and therefore well acquainted with each other, would have been pa- tient, considerate and fair-minded and would have made adjustments and reached conclusions calculated to protect the interests of all and to prevent the possi- bility of the present deplorable hostility. opportunity for THE WAR IN EUROPE And because the subject attracts our attention and occupies our minds almost to the exclusion, for a por- tion of the time at least, of all other topics; and also for the purpose of making application to our own affairs, I ask your indulgence while I briefly refer to the cataclysm which envelopes a large portion of Europe and involves the lives and interests of hundreds of millions of people. We cannot think of this conflict without feelings of horror. It is impossible to realize the extent of the suffering and misery which it entails. If it should continue for 18 months from the time of the commencement, the loss of life by reason of injuries received on the battlefields and sickness directly result- ing from participation in the war will aggregate four millions in number; and the direct and _ indirect pecuniary loss to all the nations concerned will amount to thirty-five billion dollars. Indeed we will never be informed of the actual loss in lives or money which will result from this war. Without attempting to locate the blame for the war, because the people of this country are disposed to main- tain a position of strict neutrality, we may perhaps con- sider, though we would hesitate to do more than suggest the possible cause or causes. We hear from those who advocate the settlement of international disputes by re- sort to force many different reasons, some giving one 1052 reason and some another, which is believed in and in- sisted upon as_ sufficient. Without giving reasons in detail at the present time, I venture the opinion that the struggle for commercial supremacy was the underlying cause of the war, or at least had a decided influence upon its precipitation; that the ques- tions at issue largely relate to dollars and cents. And many believe if representatives of the different nations had previously met in a spirit of friendly and consid- erate inquiry for the purpose of definitely and finally settling the financial interests of each, all trouble could have been averted. If this be true, and I will assume it for the purpose of making a point later on, it may be inquired what will be the final result of the conflict? The nation that wins will surely lose, although this would seem at first blush a paradox. The enormous cost before mentioned and the long continued suffering on the part of the sur- vivors will not be fully covered by any success or glory or indemnity. Personally, I believe in a posi- tive and binding agreement between all the nations for the final settlement by arbitration of all international disputes on a basis to be decided by a competent and impartial tribunal and for the enforcement of decisions by the nations not personally involved in the question at issue. Such an agreement could be made, such a tribunal could be permanently established and such an enforcement made practical if the nations disposed. . . . I hope the time will come, even though not in my time, when wars and rumors of wars shall cease. were so LESSONS OF WAR APPLIED TO BUSINESS All that I have said applies forcibly to our busi ness. We who are here today are engaged in competi- tion; we are naturally selfish; we are often inconsid- erate and indifferent. In representing the interests of those who place us in official position we feel obligated to strive for and we go beyond reason or justice. As many of you have remarked at previous meetings, it was customary in the days gone by to harbor the same feelings and to pursue the same line of conduct in the iron and steel trade that have been exhibited in the European conflict. Business men struggled for revenge, or conquest, or suppression, or other reasons just as bad. The graves of concerns de- stroyed were numerous; this has lately been testified to in open court by those who were familiar with the sub- ject. As bearing upon these conditions, I quote from an address made on a certain notable and well-remem- bered occasion by one of your number: success, The old basic principle was based on distr of one’s competitors; on the feeling that, to succeed ourself, y« ust crush your rivals ind on the solid belief that vere mean enough to the s toward you As re ilt, every man went out fing for his competitors ustrial panic in like wildfire The smaller conce went own to ruin, and the stronger, which worried through rbor, required finan wounds No. one irer and experts to heal o1 to hide l benefited by this | suffered, onsumer alike Today I congratulate you on your success in bring- ine’ about a new order of things in business. You have become well acquainted; you have confidence in each other; you believe what is told you; you recognize the interests of your neighbor; you are glad when he pros pers and equally sorry when he fails of success. You have a better and understanding of business obligations. You can faithfully represent your stock- holders, or the owners of your properties and indulge in the keenest competition, without doing anything that is destructive and oppressive, or unfair. This institute at the outset adopted, by tacit con- sent at least, as f its principles the following sentiment: clearer one ol Real, hearty, cheerful and continued -operation on the part of the members will secure results which should be e1 tirely satisfactory rant ! friendly intercourse full dis closure of his business by each to the other; recognition by all of the rights of each disposition to assist and benefit each other so far as practicable and proper on the belief that healthy competitior destructive ; conduct founded is wiser and better than competitiol THE IRON AGE y Shay & Novem r 5, 1914 And so I trust that in all our delibers; these principles in mind. Commercial means destruction and oppression, shou tasteful as the battles which kill and mai) for they are the same in pecuniary result One of the fundamental principles of is comprehended by the words “conciliati operation.” This should never be abando fied. It should be extended to every | activities. Nothing is to be gained and n lost by antagonisms. Communities succeed together. Competitors in trade, producer a employer and employee, the private indivy public—all secure the best results if they w: The success of one on legitimate lines means th of all, and the failure of one means loss to a The more we consider these questions, ¢} clearly we realize that what I have said is true p the unreasonable critic or agitator is the enemy of ma kind, including himself. He obstructs and destroys x he does not create or improve. One who is cont; by selfish, unfair or dishonest motives—even though }; may secure a temporary advantage—will never receiv. any lasting benefit. This applies to all classes of peo and to every department of life. It applies to us i sidering our attitude and conduct toward others. with equal force, to those whose action or disposit affects us. If we are sincere and fair in our treatm: of others we may hope for similar treatment by If we are diligent in trying to ascertain th others they may see some good in us. The member of this institute will do their full share in the gen endeavor to add to the material and moral strength growth of the nation. ther The Automobile Industry In a recent address reviewing the development the manufacture of motor cars, William Livingstone president Dime Savings Bank, Detroit, Mich., brought out the following points: “Probably 75 per cent. of all automobiles made i this country are produced in Detroit and Michiga It is worthy of note that at no time in 12 years has the industry as a whole taken a backwar step, the record showing that each year an increasing number of cars has been made and sold, than 1000 cars in 1902, when the business may said to have really begun, to 435,000 cars in the fisea year ended June 30, 1914, the latter having a valuation of about $425,000,000. Coupled with thes figures are the products of the parts and access makers, with sales in the past 12 months running big figures. “There are more than 450 listed manufacturers motor vehicles, some making both pleasure and « mercial cars. Of these 170 make gasoline passeng' cars, 245 gasoline commercial cars, 77 cycle cars, » motor fire apparatus, 18 electric pleasure cars and - electric commercial vehicles. “Of dealers and garages we find listed 15,500 au! mobile dealers, 13,630 garages, 1280 repair shops 680 supply houses. “In exports we find an increase from $5,502," 1907 to $34,500,000 in the 12 months ended Jun¢ while the imports during that period have decreas from $4,842,000 to $1,432,000.” from The Canadian wire mills are experiencing activity in their barb wire departments. Most plants with the necessary equipment are working ‘ capacity in this line, and managers wish their capac!" were larger. Orders for the allied armies running !0' thousands of tons have had to be refused owing impossibility of making delivery. The Pennsylvania Engineers’ Commission, W® has been considering the propositions involved State system of licensing engineers, may ask the ne Legislature for an extension of time. The provi is of such character that more time will be require? work it out. a Repair Department of Modern Steel Plant’ Continuity of Processes Must Be Maintained—Repair Departments Must Seek to Eliminate Delays BY JOHN HULST+ . teel plant has no parallel both in the con- its processes and in the very large units is composed, and which have been made from the standpoint of economy in oper- From the reduction of the ore in the blast through the processes of steel making and the one process is closely linked with the that practically it is continuous. steel plant of today, with its blast fur- ih having a capacity of 500 tons or more, steel producing units still increasing in | with its rolling mills of very large capac- these units all dependent upon one an- resents difficulties seldom encountered else- The vast amount of capital invested as a well as in each of the large separable akes it of prime importance that all oper- from the ore to the finished steel, be inter- to the least possible extent. success of a steel plant of modern design refore, largely dependent upon the extent to delays are eliminated, and this constitutes laily study of the mechanical and electrical perintendents and their forces. Their success in turn is dependent, not only on their keeping in close ich with the condition of all machinery from ) day, knowing when replacements due to wear ve to be made, anticipating even the break- weak part, but also to a large extent on irces the repair departments have at their } An intimate association with the different machinery will soon make manifest the frequent breaking or necessary replacing of rt as against another, and it is from this experience that one is enabled to determine ber as well as the kinds of spares it will sary to carry. teel plant practice, in order to meet the ex- ard and continuous service, has made use urces available; we might mention the ery low strains, the more liberal use of ngs, the use of rolled steel wherever pos- gears, wheels, etc., and the elimination n except where stability is required or trains are absent or where subjected to ab- + nea < er , Wear cannot be avoided and continues acement is necessary or breakage occurs, dents due to the unexpected, as explosions, n rolling, ete., and those due to mis- idgment, all leave their share of broken e replaced. In addition to these we have ements made necessary through constant to excessive heat, such as ingot molds, nace doors, valves, etc. The repair facil- refore, loom up as the mainstay of con- peration so necessary for the final the plant. reparation of spare or repair parts may into two distinct operations and classes suc- ented before the American Iron and Steel ingham, Ala., October, 1914. nanical engineer, Carnegie Steel Company, The Making of the Rough Materials This classification leads us to the considerat of foundries for iron, steel, brass, etc. Other ro materials, such as structural shapes, plates, forg: steel, etc., can readily be eliminated from our co! sideration, as they are products of steel plants ane each plant would furnish all of this class of material that comes within its schedule. The q tion as to what extent these facilities should be cluded in steel plant equipment is nomical one. We have in mind a completely equipped ivt rollee it purely an @& moderate size the steel pliant for successive processes from the ore to the finished billets, tin bars an rails, having a capacity of 90,000 to 100,000 ton of rolled steel per month, which used the follow ing tonnages of repair castings in the year 1915 | Sumber pie Iron casting ‘ Steel stings . 6.93 Rolis—steel Rolls iron Lé Brass castir 10 Babbitt THE IRON FOUNDRY The iron castings used in repairs may divided to advantage into two classes: 1. Th simpler and easily molded castings. 2. The con plicated castings. There can be no doubt that a foundry having ample facilities for making the simpler iron cast ings would be advantageous both from and economical standpoints, especially have in mind the possible location of the found: readily accessible to the blast furnaces, using the hot metal direct for all castings such as floor plates, wearing plates, mold stools, etc., in fact castings which do not have to stand severe work ing strains. This has been demonstrated at som: plants in the making of all kinds of open sand castings at the end of the furnace cast house, mak ing use of the hot metal direct from the Of course this practice is limited b amount of space available. practical when we for an furnace the smal As to the complicated castings, requiring special molding facilities, complicated core work, etc., 01 account of their infrequent occurrence, there would be a question as to the advisability of making these, and the solution can only be found in local conditions. The answer is dependent upon: 1. The number of these castings, and their resultant ton nage. 2. The proportion of skilled versus unskilled labor required. In general, it would not be an economical propo sition for a moderate size steel plant to be equipped for taking care of special high-class foundry work, because a single plant would not have sufficient work of this kind to keep their expert men busy and skilled labor would be working on the rough class of work. 9 , 105: 1054 THE STEEL AND ROLL FOUNDRIES The steel foundry, as also the roll foundry, as a plant facility can be fairly questioned as to economy when dependent upon a single plant for their tonnage and also on account of their special requirements both in labor and material. These foundries necessarily carry a considerable over- head expense and a lack of tonnage is fatal to their success. The steel foundry based on acid or basic open- hearth furnaces requires almost continuous oper- ation in order to keep the furnace repairs within reason. The available tonnage of steel castings based on figures previously given is about 1058 tons annually, or an average of 3.5 tons per day. This would mean a one-furnace foundry running about one heat per week, a serious condition for open-hearth practice, and one not to be consid- ered except in direct connection with open-hearth steel plants, so that part of the open-hearth prod- uct can be readily diverted to the foundry, thereby saving the cost of remelting and making it pos- sible to obtain the advantages due to continuous operation of open-hearth furnaces. Interrupted open-hearth service is detrimental, either from the alternate cooling and heating up of the furnaces, or the continuous heating required between casts with large idle periods becomes serious from an economical standpoint. THE BRASS FOUNDRY, ETC. The brass foundry as well as the babbitt pot should be universal plant facilities for the follow- ing reasons: 1. The small amount of space required. 2. The small investment necessary. 3. The large number of brass castings, such as bushings, etc., required and available for the brass foundry and the numerous bearings, slides, boxes, etc., which require babbitting and are available as a source of revenue from the making of babbitt. 4. The fact that these two materials, brass and babbitt, are largely used throughout all machinery to take the brunt of the wear and require frequent replacement. 5. On account of the rough service, a cheaper grade of babbitt can be used successfully on most of the mill machinery. THE PATTERN SHOP AND PATTERN STORAGE BUILDING The pattern shop and pattern storage building have always been classed as an important plant facility in connection with repairs: 1. On account of the necessity of patterns. 2. On account of the repeated use that can be made of these patterns. 3. The necessity of owning these patterns in order to make their repeated use available, as well as to facilitate procuring competitive prices on the castings. 4. The fact that these patterns are destructible and should not be subjected to excessive handling or exposure to weather requires that they be prop- erly housed. The Finishing of the Rough Materials This covers the shop facilities with which every plant is equipped to a greater or less extent, and is based not only on its economical value but also on its practical necessity. Shop facilities are the rock bottom on which successful and continuous oper- ation depend. To what extent they are desirable or economical may be broadly stated as follows: A modern steel plant should have sufficient shop facilities to take care of all ordinary repairs by THE IRON = AGE November 5, 1914 working day turn, thus taking advantaye of ¢, maximum amount of light possible. T)j< ia leaves a margin for exceptional repairs or oye, considerable work on the finishing of materials ¢,. construction purposes by working night { . In this way it is possible to get the bes: during normal running of the plant, and we car still make use of the facilities to great adyap. tage during construction or reconstruction periods It is due to this that we find such extreme ations in shop equipments, the poorly equipped plant being forced to run their shops more or Jess double turn, at a sacrifice of economy and flexj}j};; in capacity. or results Vari- The shops, in general, should be central located, easily accessible, and should have good roadway and track connections with all parts , the plant. It is also very important that consid erable space be allowed for future extension these shops in order that they may keep up wit! the growth of the steel plant. For the proper storage of general supplies the shops should hay a storeroom for classifying and keeping record all supplies which, due to their size, would be lost or, due to their deterioration, would be spoiled if stored in the open. There should also be a gen- eral yard for the storage of materials in the rough provided with proper handling facilities for the storing and handling of these materials. All such facilities tend to make this material more able as well as more easily accounted for, reducing loss or unnecessary duplication. avail THE MACHINE, ELECTRIC REPAIR AND FORGE SHOPS The most important repair facility for the fin- ishing of the rough materials is the machine shop, and closely allied with it are the electric repair and forge shops. The electric repair shop has a great deal of its work done in the machine shop and a large proportion of the product of the forge shop has to go to the machine shop for final fin- ishing. The work of these three departments either overlap or the one does the preliminary work for the other. It would seem justifiable, therefore, to consider the advantages accruing by concentrating these shops so that ready communication and trans- fer of materials from one to the other may be had and the duplication of machinery for similar kinds of work may be avoided. The final results obtained from the use of these repair facilities both as to amount of output. and economy will largely depend upon: 1. That ample floor space has been provided for the final fitting, assembling and loading 0°! materials. . 2. That proper handling facilities, cranes, track system, etc., are available. 3. That the equipment has ample capacity. 4. That the large machinery be placed so tha! materials may be handled to and from it by means of the crane. 5. That ample working space be around machinery to make it accessible and sale 6. That a maximum