The Iron Age 1914-08-20: Vol 94 Iss 8

OL AUETLATENLAVEOEAUEUEDENONERUAGEVOVEUEDUEUADEDUOTODEUALEPEREADOUADAUAA ET ENEOAEGEU EU EN EAU ADED TEATS ANAT THEE VUUEEUAUETTOUUEDEEROEU TET EDEOEAA EET TEE peceennaniaatint PUOELLUOEEUEAUEEELLUOOAEEEUEET TEA PEEEL ETAT PAPEL lished 1855 New York, August 20, 1914 Vol. 94: No. 8 ¥ ayy Factory Workers asj ; 2 any e , : = é , S07. e Fad riculturis Success of the Community Gardens Con- | ducted by the Norton Companies’ Employees a a Solution of the Waste Land Problem M*s inutacturing piant located in the sub In England, too, colonies known tment gal i r in n init dens are frequently found in the suburbs of the small communities own conside1 able art f land which is put to no profitable industrial centers But in every such case, in Ge! use, but is held idle pending the time when it will many, England and other countries, the men pa be needed for extensions of the works. Much of the land owners for the privilege $s property is well adapted for gardening; in The Norton Company, Worcester, Mass., tr lumerous cases it was formerly worked as a farm. ing the experiment this summer of gardens for it Many workmen are keen for the opportunity to till employees rhe established excellence and unde little tract ground during their spare time, and veloped possil ilities of the European institution the owners have the chance to grant them the privi were recognized by officials of the company who lege, at st to them and at practically no ex have had the opportunity to study the plan at first pense to the company. hand, and it has been adapted on a broad and libera The plan has seldom even been considered in basis. The success of the venture is alread) Amer lo be sure, individual employees have sured. In fact this is putting it very mildl \ been given the right to farm company land, but an great good has been done, with little cost to any orgal stem has rarely if ever been carried one outside of the expenditure of brainwork and out there, and, in connection with industrial works. muscular effort of the gardeners. and free charge, probably as rarely in Europe. Early in the spring every employee of the com Community gardens are common enough across the pany, and of its affiliated neighbor, the Norton water, but they are not under the patronage of the Grinding Company, was offered the use of a section employ s. In Germany, where thousands of of land, on the sole condition that he should culti Workmen and their families live in barrack-like vate it. The company owns at Greendale a large houses custom is to rent and farm vacant area which formerly was a prosperous farm It grour ially in communities which are assem- was acquired in order that ample room would be oe res ess of trades and places of employment. provided for the growth of the great works in year somet the land is no small distance from the to come. The cream of this land, about 8 acres homes ; infrequently it is several miles away. was selected for the gardens—little farms is a bet some the men build shack-like houses on the ter word for then The ground was plowed and bren | with their families spend their week harrowed, and was laid out in lots measuring 50 _ U iltivating their gardens and enjoying 75 ft., with suitable dividing thoroughfar and - nd the fellowship of their neighbors. paths The sections were numbered and appor 117 418 THE IRON AGE August 20, 1914 tioned among the workers who made application. from 4 to 8 p. m. on the first five y The 89 men who accepted the generous oppor- and all day Saturdays and Sundays. tunity represent a wide variety of kinds and grades It was realized in the beginning that of employment, both in the office and in the works. could not be conducted to the best adva The company offered to furnish seed to anyone who without a definitely organized manage: could not immediately afford the purchase, reim- the Norton Agricultural Society was e bursement to be made later, but, it is pleasant to a governing body. Every holder of state, not one person asked the favor. In addition made a member and signed the rules to the 89 individual gardens, the company cultivates tions, and became entitled to a vote, i; five plots itself, for the benefit of the dining room ballot for the supervising committee, in which luncheon is served daily. A pipe line was actual executive head. The rules and laid with taps at convenient intervals, so that water signed by this committee are reproduc: is available for use when there is a searcity of rain, The minute the weather permitt the supply being turned on from 4 to 8 a. m. and spring, the men went to work on th 2 and in the early mor in : noon hour and after irs farms were busy places afternoons and Sunday swarmed with people. he w | and children joined heart task of giving final pre; | the soil, and in the planting. Ey: | the babies were taken made comfortable in t! sweet country air. In no case ambi- tion lagged. A weed a ral form of vegetation on the prer and noxious insects have a precari- ous existence. The restrictions em- bodied in the rules and regulations as to orderliness and neighborli ness have not proved themselves necessary. Pride is the really con- trolling factor. Rivalry is keen, and amounts to actual competition, for the Norton Agricultural Societ) holds exhibitions at which prizes are awarded for the best specimens of vegetables. The first was giver in connection with a picnic of t! Norton Agricultural Society wh was held on the farm, when midsummer products were show! the winners receiving cash prizes offered by the company. The crops raised in the gardens are widely varied. Potatoes take th lead, a good deal of ground being devoted to this essentially impor- tant vegetable, which has thriv' prodigiously, for the soil has proved itself particularly w the \ Series of Views Taken in the Employees’ Gardens at the PI lant of the Norton Company Showing a Bird's-¢ "ay : 7 ; tn any $ ig a ird’s the Farm at the Beginning of the Season at the Top with Views of Some of the Gardens Being Cultivated ! Engraving on the Preceding Page Shows the Judging of the Products for Awards in the Prize Contes the development of the staple. The list ts runs through corn, peas, beans, pumpkins, melons, lettuce, radishes, and, the limits of the edible vegetables of the one of North America. Q the Norton farmers had had experience ¢, while others were mere tyros. A rdial co-operation immediately developed unity which has become a sort of school ire. The skilled assist the unskilled by | advice. The company co-operates with | the men co-operate among themselves, combination highly stimulating to effi- stituting an influence which cannot help from the gardens to the works. f the farming may be classed as intensive, is made to produce a maximum. The produce that can be raised on a compara- area is surprisingly large. The cur- ses of these families for vegetables have nothing, and the cellars of many of them e a stock which should last through the strikingly successful have been the that the promise for next season is a of twice the size. : . use of idle land owned by industrial con- f inestimable help to employees when poor and many of them cannot be given ; work. And in these days of high prices ecessities of life an auxiliary income may atest importance to the man with a family n business is at its best. He is not re- ng something for nothing, beyond the free pportunity to engage for himself in the most holesome of labor. ‘ r¢ s ( Norton Agricultural Society Rules and Regulations 1. Each man to whom a lot is allotted will become an active member of the society and will be entitled to vote at all regular meetings. The acceptance of a lot signifies the inten- the person to comply with all the rules egulations now enacted or that may there- enacted by the society. even members, including a chairman, all | by the society, shall constitute a “Super- Committee,” whose duties it shall be to se a general supervision over the entire ect, enforce the rules and regulations that epted by the society; to arrange, with the e of the company, for the purchase of iterials that may be needed; to assign the a proper manner, and to serve the society possible way to the best of their ability. !. Each member shall keep his plot weeded to nable extent. Each member shall keep his plot free from injurious insects. tach member shall have proper regard for hbor planting, and in going and coming ury to the other crops. No member shall discard his refuse into plot, but into the swamp adjoining the ich member shall give his allotment suffi- (tention to make its appearance in con- with the general character of the others. member shall plant any closer than 18 m every partition boundary line. sing Committee: JOHN COLLINS, Chairman. Epw. VAN DER PYL. CHARLES STALKER. CHARLES E. Copy. ARTHUR LAPORTE. WALTER S. LONGELY. WILLIAM I. CoLson. THE IRON AGE 419 A Hand Machine for Bending Large Pipe The line of pipe-bending machines of the Ped- rick Tool & Machine Company, Philadelphia, Pa., has been recently increased by the addition of a machine for making bends in large diameter pipe. Operated Machine Lor Bending Up to 4 Ir n Diameter The construction of this machine is practically the same as the smaller ones already built, the same principles being employed with such modifications as are necessary to give the additional strength re- quired for the bending of heavy pipe. It is pointed out that by using this new machine it is possible to accomplish the work in a shorter space of time and at far less expense than by the ordinary methods employed. The main frame of the machine is a rectangular casting which is ribbed on one side and has large bosses for the gear shafts. The gears used are of heavy pitch with machine cut teeth of wide faces. The ratio between the various gears employed is large and permits hand power to be used. In oper- ation the pipe to be bent rests in a quadrant which is attached to the face plate gear. There are two resistance rollers which have vertical and lateral adjustment, so that they may be brought to bear on the pipe at any desired point. The machine possesses enough power to bend a pipe 4 in. in diameter when cold and unfilled through an are of 90 deg. In the accompanying illustration the ma- chine is shown bending a pipe of this size on a radius of 18% in., which is somewhat smaller than that usually called for in standard practice. Newark Industrial Exposition Newark, N. J., is to have another exhibition of its arts and industries. It will be held September 12 to 26, inclusive, in the armory, wherein the former very successful exposition was held. This year’s show will probably not be confined strictly to industries within Newark’s geographical lines but will embrace Greater Newark industries. A novel and most attractive plan for the exhibits has been created by the Exposition As- sociation architects and the decorative and lighting effects are to be of surpassing beauty. Reservations of space have been so many that a highly representative exposition is assured. In all likelihood the exposition will become an annual affair, a permanent corporation having been formed with ample capital to conduct such an enterprise. The Seat of War in Belgium Industries of Liege — Machine Shops with American Tools— Belgian and BY AN The determined defense of the Belgians at Liege was made doubly necessary by reason of the im- portant artillery and small-arms works located there. The Belgian Government is almost wholly dependent on the Liege district for arms and armament. IMPORTANT LIEGE INDUSTRIES The great Cockerill Works (Societe John Cock- erill) is located close to Liege at the suburban town of Seraing. Ordinarily the Cockerill Works gives employment to more than 10,000 men. ‘The prin cipal output consists of artillery and coast defense rtion of the Building material. Belgium for a number of years past has added armored cupola defenses to her land fortifi- cations, and the majority of these cupolas were built by Cockerill. The standard Belgian field-artillery gun is of Cockerill design and known the Cockerill gun. The caliber is 2.95 in. In addition to field-pieces Cockerill turns out large caliber guns for coast defense positions. The output at the Cockerill Works also includes locomotives, steam and gas engines, and a varied lot of railroad equip- ment. The plant is easily the most important in size and output in Belgium. Much of the machine- tool installation is not as modern as can be found in other Belgian plants, but of late years Cockerill has undertaken to introduce many American ma- chine tools, and especially those of the automatic type, together with grinders and milling machines. The Fabrique Nationale d’Armes de Guerre is located at Herstal, a suburb of Liege, and gives em- ployment to over 3000 people. The rifles, carbines is as OCCASIONAL ——— C0”0¥08C Es French Cannon CONTRIBUTOR and revolvers used in the Belgian army ema; the most part from the Liege distri about Liege are some 35 firms engaged duction of sporting arms, the largest being prop. ably the Pieper Works. This establishment has jp. stalled the latest types of machine tools obtainable and the equipment is largely American. The Pieper plant undertakes to do all work within its sho limits. Other shops arrange to have work taker to the homes of the workmen, under the idea + overhead charges are cut down. At such plants: assembling work is carried on. Liege of two important machine- ate for In and n the pro- boasts » Cockerill Works works, namely, De Longdoz and Fetue-Defize. Still another plant, Jaspers, but smaller, is located there, and midway between Liege and Seraing is Req ée Malzine, one of the best fitted up gear-cutting plants in all Europe. Ninety per cent. of the ma chine tools at Malzine are of American origin. The same statement may almost apply to the Melnotte Works, located a short distance to the north a Liege. At the last named plant almost the entre installation of tools came from the United States. The great machinery works known as the Meuse Works lies just outside the city of Liege, while within the confines of the town proper is the St Leonard Locomotive Works, one of the oldest and best known in Europe. Liege is indeed a great machinery section, and the closing of all the above plants may naturally expected in consequence of the war—all but the gun plants, since the latter can be utilized 0 long as they can be held. 120 1914 THE IRON AGE 421 Liere to Set River ’ ‘ Cockerill Works \N AND FRENCH FIELD ARTILLERY test importance is ascribed by military part which field artillery will play in truggle. In 1870 France was clearly Krupp wedge-block field guns. The ed great hopes on the mitrailleuse, a hine gun, but that weapon failed miser- ery outset of the war. Private firms in Krupp, Skoda, Schneider & Co. and ve carried forward the development of ery year by year. Some idea of the ad- ide was first gleaned by the work of ins in the Boer war. These pieces easily itranged the English standard field-pieces. The French guns in the hands of the Boers were Schneider pieces manufactured at Creusot, France. Balkan war the Servians did remark- e work with still later makes of Schneider guns. There is a popular impression that the French : he jate tion at the Melnotte Works, temicourt, near army is equipped with field guns of the type made famil iar by the Servians and the This is The French Government cun is manufactured at ernment arsenals and no circumstances can lit be purchased. crecy Boers. erroneous the Woy The greatest s« surrounds the manu- facture of this weapon, and it is the rule to keep the guns well when on covered with tarpauli: parade re ordnance officers superintend all ste ps of the manufacture of these pieces, and there is no letting out or contracting on the part of private plants. The field guns in use throughout the European services to-day all employ the long recoil system; that is to say, the gun carriage is immovable. In the case of guns not so equipped there is necessary a running of the gun into battery again discharge. The long recoil guns have the taken up in cylinders either placed under the car riage or along the trail. The mechanical arrange ment differs in different services, but the principle is the same, namely, to hold the gun carriage rigidly in place, and to allow the gun to recoil on the car riage, without moving the carriage. The energy of recoil is utilized to run the gun out after each dis charge to its normal position on the carriage. The effective development of the long recoil field carriage only began after 1897, when France had adopted her model of that year. was first attempted, hydraulic transmission was tried, but the complications proved to be too great aiter each recolil When long recoil 1s se rn eA NS Liege Mostly American Works 422 THE IRON AGE August 20, 1914 and recourse was had to spiral springs. These made complete; that it to say, it stand ost per. springs were applied in the recoil cylinder in layers, pendicular to the ground and not at a The with telescopic tubes. Ehrhardt, a German artillery projectiles when carried on the march ¢ their manufacturer, tried to do without the tubes by wind- ing the springs in the opposite direction, but this system has not been followed to any great extent. England purchased Ehrhardt guns during the Boer war, as her own pieces were recognized as having been outclassed. In the late Krupp guns the action of the recoil is transmitted directly on a single spring without any of the complications arising through affording transmission between recoil and counter recoil. The brake piston rod of the Krupp field gun is held in the head of the cradle by a nut, and the brake cylin- der is fixed to a lug at the breach of the gun. The spiral spring of flattened wire surrounding the cylinder is retained by the bottom of the cradle in the rear and compressed by a collar on the brake cylinder in front. The recoiling gun, pulling the cylinder back through the rear plate of the cradle, compresses the spring. There is no transmission, and recoil and compression are of equal length. SHRAPNEL FIRE The object to be attained by modern field artil- lery is effective shrapnel fire. The majority of the European field pieces have a calibre of 2.95 in. and throw a shrapnel projectile weighing about 14% lb. This shrapnel shell is fitted with about 260 bullets, and experience shows that those bullets, to do ef- fective work against men and horses, must have a striking energy of about 700 ft.-lb. The walls of the shrapnel shells are thin. Only a small bursting charge is necessary to tear open the walls and re- lease the bullets. The bullets do not gain an in- creased impetus or velocity in consequence of this bursting of the shell; on the contrary, the velocity of the bullets following the burst is the velocity of the shell proper. Shrapnel is burst over and short of the object fired at, and is designed especially for use against troops in the open or sheltered behind light screens. By being burst over earthworks, the bullets will search out the troops sheltered behind. The Boers found the English shrapnel so searching that they had recourse to digging their trenches at a slope, the bottom of the trench sloping toward the enemy. The question as to the range of shrapnel depends on the initial velocity of the projectile. There is a maximum velocity dependent upon the firing charges of the gun itself. It is understood, however, that the new French guns have an effective shrapnel range of 6000 yd. It was not many years ago when 3500 yd. was considered a good shrapnel range. The effective use of shrapnel as in evidence to- day was unknown in the United States during the civil war. Solid shot and shells carrying lighted fuses were used for long-range work, and grane and canister for close work. The cannoneers stood up in the open. The caissons stood about 15 to 20 yd. in the rear, and men ran with the charges between the caissons and the guns. MODERN PROTECTION TO GUNNERS All this is changed today. Instead of the cais- sons being in the rear, the French and Belgians place the gun caissons alongside the guns, and not more than two to three feet away. The guns are provided with shields, and after the first shot the gun is rigidly planted in the ground. Two men operate the piece, one to train and fire and a second to load and eject the empty cartridge case. The gun caisson or limber is up-ended much like a dump cart, only the ending of the caisson body is heads down, but with the running of into battery and up-ending the cartridg: lel to the ground. The top of the caisson consjcts a two doors, which swing outward when a is up-ended and form wing protections for the gyp. ners who serve out the ammunition. The bottom of the caisson and the wing doors are of light steel construction, not over |, jp ;, thickness, and are impervious to steel-jacketed }y lets of the standard military rifle. Three gunners kneel behind the protecting ho tom of the caisson. They are completely sheltereg from rifle fire. Two of these men pass out the am. munition; the third cuts the shrapnel fuse to the re. quired number of seconds. As a rule the tim flight does not extend beyond 22 seconds, and | ordinary shrapnel service 10 to 12 seconds are em. ployed. It all depends on the distance of the ene; Good practice demands that the shrapnel be burst at a point about 150 yards short of the object fired at. The effect is to release the small balls withiy The bullets then rush on at the full remaining velocity of the shell in the form of a sheaf, and strike the ground within a rectangle about the size of an ordinary company formation. The dispersion of the bullets is regulated largely by the position of the bursting-powder charge. In the case of some makes of shrapnel the bursting charge is in the head the projectile, while in other designs the charge is at the base of the shell. Shrapnel shells are in a number of services provided with percussion fuses in addition to the time mechanism. This insures the bursting of the shell when striking the ground not. y RAPIDITY OF GUN SERVICE In the Belgian and French plan of placing the caissons when in action alongside of the guns there is gained great rapidity of service, and a rate of 14 to 15 aimed shots per minute is readily obtainable An even higher rate of fire can be conducted, but 14 aimed shots are perfectly practicable under varying conditions. By keeping the caisson close up to the guns there is avoided any exposure of men in run- ning with ammunition to the guns. Opponents the practice point out that if the caisson is exploded by a shot from the enemy it will probably also de- stroy the gun, but there is no knowledge, so far as known from experience, that the same thing would not happen if the caisson were exploded 15 yd. in the rear of the piece. The target presented by cals- son and gun on the same front line is regarded as hardly more dangerous than a deep target afforded by placing the caisson 15 yd. to the rear. Ine: dentally, it may be remarked that the latter practice has been followed in the United States service, U' many artillery officers believe that the Belgian and French method is preferable. In the French an¢ Belgian practice the horses are moved off to the rear 200 or 300 yd., if necessary, wherever protection can be found in some hollow of the ground. Both the Belgians and French resort to indirect fire; th { is to say, guns are sheltered behind a knoll or ridge, or, if necessary, sunk in pits, and the fire is ¢ rected by the battery commander from wherever ™ can best see. It is not necessary that the gunner have more than the range, time of flight and diree- tion of fire. The battery commander watches ™ burst of the shrapnel. If it is too short, he forks the object fired at by an increased range, and the! reaches the object on the third shot by taking a me*” of the two ranges. Seldom more than two '!* shots are required. 1914 THE August ipp guns train through 8 degrees of arc necessity for shifting the carriage. s have greatly increased this train by irse to two additional trail flasks which it V-fashion in rear of the gun. FRENCH LONG RANGE GUNS neral Langlois of the French army who as the father of the present-day French ractice. This officer for several years the French Government the developing which should be superior in range and fire to any field-gun in the world. His and claims that the thing could be done ited in the War Ministry taking the earnest. Langlois, as a practical artil- ited what was required, and what should r, and Colonel Dupont, a renowned ord- eer, Was assigned to work in conjunction These two officers have evolved the field- France now and on which ends for her armies to win in the field. Puteaux arsenal is responsible for many s and it may interest American machine- rs to know that American arsenal tools the bulk of the equipment utilized in the * these pieces. berts is quoted as saying that the Boer the necessity of having long-range guns in the field. This necessity was fei: osed to the Schneider guns of the Boers ter guns having been outclassed. It will Le that the English sent to the front 4.7-in 6-in. naval guns taken from British cruisers provised carriages for the use of those gun:+ It is doubtful if any such disparity will etween field guns in the various European it it is apparent that Krupp 75-millimeter 2.95-i1 field guns are unequal to attacking ipolas such as are found in the defenses \gainst such defenses heavy pieces are then recourse must be had to specially red flat cars running on railroad tracks ient strength to withstand the heavy s. Such carriages, it is understood, he difficulty is to transport these armored the front, especially when railroads have rn up, bridges destroyed and roads damaged prevent any rapid reconstruction. Against ipolas of the Belgian Cockerill type 8-in. estimated, alone will suffice and these 8- pproximate 15 and 20 tons in weight. possesses eye Engine Company, Salem, Ohio, one and largest manufacturing enterprises went into the hands of a receiver August banks of Salem started the action. The ippointed Hiram Greiner, secretary and the company, receiver, and it is under the plant will continue to run under per- court. The petition filed does not set company is insolvent, but sets up that ests of all the creditors can best be king this action. The Buckeye En been credited with doing more than any try to build up Salem. rine Mfg. Company, of which William J tary, 2850 North Twenty-third street, is exploiting a new process for tin- ing, discovered by a resident of that tated that the use of this . “| for a coating on steel, a . nickel. process gives brighter IRON AGE Chrome-Vanadium Rolled Steel Wheels In The Iron Age for November 13, 1913, an account of the physical and other properties of a consignment of heat-treated chrome-vanadium rolled steel wheels which the Grand Trunk Railway had secured for ex perimental purposes was given. Some data regarding the results are now available. The object was to definitely determine the relative merits of different types of tender wheels under the difficult conditions obtaining on its Jines. The railroad equipped the tenders of successive lots of the Class M Mikados, purchased during the past year and a half, with different types of wheels. There were three lots of these tenders, of 25 each, equipped respectively with unheat-treated tired wheels, oil-treated carbon rolled steel wheels and oil-treated chrome-vana dium rolled steel wheels. One of the most seriou lems in locomotive maintenance with which road has to contend is the large amount of shelling of wheels and tires during the cold winter months. U the conditions existing freedom from or the resistance to shelling is possibly the chief gauge of the merits of a wheel. Comparison was possible under the following un usually equal conditions: There were an equal number of wheels of the various types; the quantity was suf ficient to permit of definite conclusions; the wheels were running under practically equal conditions; and, in ef fect, the period of service was the same; for, though carbon steel prop this rail nder greatest the steel] tired wheels Ve ( 1! ervice lor ore LNAI the others, they saw little service during the winte1 1913 and the real test of their merits came last which was an unusually A summary of the resistance to severe one facts disclosed as to the relativ three different tyne ol ; : shelling of the wheels is given in the following table: l lium ro } W er I t r ler 00 W ht te é rs wl s ' I Date engines entered set ‘ ry Q . . pair wheels removed count shelling up to M 1914 Percentage of total shell Relative rate of shelling other makes as ompare with oil-treated rolled steel whee that oil-treated chrome-vanadiun From this it will be seen 100, or 3 per cent. of the rolled stee! wheels had to be shelling. Te oil-treated wheels shelled 3 times as much and the steel tired wheels 5% times as much as the oil-treated vanadium only 3 pairs out of removed on account of carbon steel rolled steel wheels. Further comparison showed that of the oil-treated vanadium wheels only 8 pairs or 8 per cent. had to be removed from any and every cause, such as sharp flanges, etc. Of the oil-treated carbon steel wheels 22 pairs or 22 per cent. had been removed; and of the steel tired wheels, 52 pairs or 52 per cent. In the latter case, the larger number of is attributable as far as other causes than concerned, to their longer service. As ing, however, this circumstance comparison with the other two makes. All the cases of shelled steel tired wheels occurred during the past winter, while none shelled during the short period in which they were in service during the winter months of 1913. As regards wearing qualities, the oil-treated chrome vanadium rolled steel wheels showed 68 per cent. more mileage per unit of wear than the oil-treated carbon rolled steel wheels. The former have averaged 14.500 miles per 1/32 in. tread wear, not including turning, as compared with 8600 miles, the record of the latter. removals shelling is shell affect the regards does not The C. W. Raymond Company, manufacturer of clay-working machinery, Dayton, Ohio, has gone into receivers’ hands. This is stated to be due to losses oc- casioned by the flood of 1913 and financial conditions arising from the European war. Theory and Practice of Sherardizin What Was Done in Which Was Not Operating Satisfactorily to Improve Conditions of Men and Product BY SAMUEL TROOD There has been very little written on the theory of sherardizing and almost nothing concerning the practical side. It therefore may be helpful to those about to engage, or already engaged, in this process to know some of the experiences of others in connec- tion with sherardizing. For this reason I will try and give some of my own personal experiences with this process. Being engaged as a consulting engineer with a large manufacturing company, among other better- ment work came the problem of improving the sher- ardizing department. Consulting their file on sher- ardizing for five years back, I came to the conclusion that a thorough study of the process was never made, that the company from whom the plant was purchased had no explanation for sherardizing and that even the inventor himself called the process a mystery. I did not believe that a combination of a mystery with shop practice was good, but firmly be- lieved that success in manufacturing was only pos- sible when the shop was well directed and instructed. The question then was, how could this be done in that case? The plant was installed for the purpose of sher- ardizing material for their own product. ‘The mate rial included bolts, nuts, malleable iron castings and line material which could not be satisfactorily) treated by other methods. When the plant was in stalled the men in charge of the plant knew prac tically nothing about the process. Sherardizing was done in the same room with pickling and hot gal- vanizing. The steam and acid fumes from the large pickling tanks (used for pickling large castings preparatory to painting) not only had a deleterious effect upon the sherardizing process, but also in connection with the zinc dust in the air, made work ing conditions almost intolerable. Whenever ar ticles were pickled in large quantities they were first placed in an empty acid tank and the acid and water poured over them until covered. When, on inspec tion, the pickling process was completed, the acid was allowed to run into the sewer. Before all of these pickled articles could be washed off most of them had acquired a thin coating of rust which necessitated another dip in the acid before being sherardized. No unloading pit had been provided, the dust being dumped upon the floor to be trampled under foot and, on several occasions, to be flooded by water. The ovens, too, were not suitable for the work. The clutches which connected the drums with the driving mechanism were crude and clumsy) so that they could not be applied from outside. This necessitated cooling of the ovens to allow a workman to enter the oven to attach a clutch. Considerable trouble had been encountered by the dust caking and balling in the drums. This became so bad at times that nearly a whole drum of work would be scrapped and much dust wasted. This condition was practically eliminated by con- fining the dust in a bin away from all water or acid *Consulting engineer, New Castle, P What sherard a zing really is, defining the process for the first time in a satis factory way scientifically, was described by’ Dr. Trood, in The Iron Age of July In the second article, in The Jror Age for July 30, he discussed practical points in operatir a sherardizing plant In the issue for August 6 he described and illustrated a typical sherardizing plant In the last issue he discussed methods of testing coatings (y & a Sherardizing Plant vapors, as well as keeping the temperat the limits for the particular dust used. arge pickling tanks and paint tank were rem from the building, giving more room, improving working conditions cons:derably and especially redu amount of acid fumes coming in contact zine dust. ELIMINATING BLACK SPOTS ON FINISHED Work One of the principal difficulties was the elin tion of black spots on the finished work. At t this became very exceessive, not only detracting from the appearance of the work but also reducing the number of dips the material would stand under test. Two principal causes were found this fault. The first was the presence of “burnt in” slag in the corners or crevices of the material! whict it was almost impossible to remove by pickling some instances. This was corrected by more i: ligent inspection of the material, both before an after pickling. In connection with inspection, was found that the material received practicall inspection before treatment. Whenever slaggy ma- terial reached the sherardizing department, the in- spector was notified and it was often found that th material had been removed from the foundry mor than two years before. An entirely new systen inspection has since been adopted, which has t care of the black spots from this cause. The second cause was the presence of acid i spongy or porous parts of a casting which was ! thoroughly washed out or neutralized. It was diff cult to obtain castings without some porous parts or corners that were filled with fine cracks, but | careful attention to pickling and neutralizing black spots were reduced to a minimum. for gy ir OBVIATING NON-UNIFORMITY OF COATING Another fault was the non-uniformity of coat even with the same kind of material in the drum as shown by testing some of the material fr different parts of the drum. A heat analys furnaces showed a variation of temperature. affected the uniformity of coating considerably, ! withstanding the drums were rotated through the run. This fault was corrected by putting new ! fles in the furnaces, additional heat insulation doors, and new burners, which gave more unl! distribution of heat. New clutches were al cluded in the general overhauling of the furnaces, which allowed the driving mechanism to nected to the drums from outside the furnaces. In order to save the excessive waste of eight small pickling tanks were installed, togeth with sufficient baskets for handling the materia! An electric hoist was installed for handling the ! kets of material from one tank to another. 5) a betterment the quality of pickling was improve & well as reducing the amount of supervision require because of systematizing the process. By) handlit g the material in smaller quantities during pickling it was found that better inspection was possible Some difficulty was encountered in the case ° one particular malleable iron article, or cap, waien was swedged on the end of a wooden rod. In thls case the sherardizing must be done before the 424 oa e+ Ss { { i ? ne y Y iron Zz »0, 1914 THE IRON AGE 425 rmed on the rod. Whenever the sherard- reached, as well as the desired diameter of the heavy this forming process would cause gear. The entire operation is automati* and it is ng or peeling of the coating. By increas- simply necessary for the operator to feed the mperature and decreasing the time of the blanks into the machine, where they are held be- ising blue dust) the quality of the coating tween two chucks during the rolling operation. It improved. In this way the sherardized is stated that a double helical, bevel or spiral bevel ild stand the same number of dips test gear can be rolled as easily as a spur gear. The h thinner coating and would retain their rolling process eliminates the operation of turning ugh the forming process. the edge and after leaving the machine all that is necessary to be done to finish the gear is to trim NG PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF MEN out the flash and bore and face the hul connection the improvement in the psy- condition of the men cannot be over- Under the adverse conditions the men, those in charge, were very skeptical of the By explaining the process to them and in- g each part of the process with their co- it was found that much could be accom- This was done by improving the unbearable onditions, as well as those having a direct ipon the process. Since these improve- ere made, this plant has been doing as good iny others, while still further improvements robably increase the convenience and lessen f the process. This is an example of what done in one case to improve a plant and i means of helping others to overcome their ties, who have had the same or similar condi- contend with. Reincinieen: 6b Veiaie Geiedt onl Weed enes Geeta At one time I was asked concerning the relative the Hot Rolling Process in a Recently Developed M of hot galvanizing and sherardizing. My swer to this was that a choice between hot gal- ng and sherardizing depended upon a choice tween skilled labor on the one hand and engineer- ntelligence on the other. (The End) In the accompanying illustration one of each type of gears is shown after being rolled and be- fore the finishing operation. When this has been done, the finished teeth are true and the sides have sharp edges. In a recent test a steel casting was used as a gear blank and this was rolled success fully, although the rolled gear had a somewhat Hot Rolled Helical and Bevel Gears rough appearance. The machines have a capacity for double helical gears up to a pitch diameter of 3 me ago a gear rolling machine for form- teeth on spur gear blanks was invented by M. Anderson, and for over a year the Rolled Gear Forging Company, Cleve- of which Mr. Anderson is president, producing rolled spur gears for the trade. hine employed was illustrated in The Iron 10, 1913, and different types of ma- ng the same process have been designed double helical and bevel gears, it being at gears of these types can be made as by the rolling process as the spur \mong the advantages claimed for the in addition to a lower cost are that much stronger than machine cut gears, in the teeth is denser because in rolling each one is practically forged by a power- pressure and there is freedom from scale. ng the small helical gears the ordinary s to cut the teeth on two sections which Duty on Tube-Welding Machines olted together. This, however, is expen is expected with the gear rolling process in., small bevel gears up to a maximum pitch diameter of 6 in. and spur gears ranging from 31% to 12 in. on the pitch diameter. Three double helical and four small bevel gears can be rolled on the machine in 1 min. A physical test was made of a machine cut and a hot rolled gear, both having a pitch diameter of 6 in., and it was found that the hot rolled gear be- fore case hardening had a yield point of 7918 lb., or 22.6 per cent. higher than the machine cut gear which had a yield point of 6470 lb. The hardness as measured by a scleroscope gave results of 26 and 22 respectively. When the gears were case hard ened it was found that the hot rolled gear had a yield point 9 per cent. higher than the machine cut gear. A set of photomicrographs was taken and confirmed the results of the physical test. y The Board of General Appraisers of New York ha : ; decided adversely to a claim by the Davis-Bournor he double helical gears can be produced yjjje Company that tube-welding machines were cheaper than by the ordinary machine cut- titled to enter this country at a duty of 30 per cent ess there will be a considerable demand ad valorem under the tariff of 1909 as machine tool take the place of spur gears where they The collector had classified the articles as manufac ered preferable to the latter, but where tures of metal dutiable at 45 per cent. The board are now used on account of their com- ‘decided that the machines do not employ a meta cl eapness. Other places in which it is eae cero oi ae hese gears will be used are in the con- ' heavy automobile trucks, which have ‘lutches and in street cars. Like the gear blanks the double helical and bevel made by rolling the hot gear blank + The manufacture of gas mantles is a business which has been directly affected by the European war. Tho- rium, which is essential in manufacturing the lighting surface of the mantle, is almost wholly manufactured lie, the blank being forced into contact in Germany and it is impossible at present to secure ‘ie roll until the proper depth of tooth is a supply of this material. The Schoop Process of Metal Sprayin “ 7 < A Pistol Used Into Which the Metals Are Fed as Wire—Theory of the Process and Its Applica- tions in Coating, Decorating and Copying in Metal The Schoop metal spray process of protecting or decorating materials of all descriptions has been in successful commercial use in Europe for several years. It will now be introduced in the United States by the Metals Coating Company of America, Peoples Gas Building, Chicago, which has acquired the American rights of Schoop and other European inventors and already had the basic patent which controls impacting of metals irrespective of the It thus can utilize nature of the apparatus used. in metal spraying a group of inventions, no one of which would suffice for the present the commercial development the process has attained. The mechanism of the “pistol” by means of which the metal spray is applied is simple and the weight is small. The flexibility of the range of operation is limited only by the length of connec tions with the compressed air supply and with tanks of oxygen and hydrogen. Therefore, it can be used in covering such large bodies as steel structures with a permanent preservative. The possibilities of the apparatus are indicated by the statement that a protective coating of lead can be applied for 2c. or less per square foot of surface. The pistol as used in Europe has been much improved by the American owners of the patent rights. Elemental and alloyed metals are handled with equal facility. Lead, tin, zinc, aluminum, copper, brass, bronze, German silver, and the more precious metals are deposited in a coating from 0.001 in. up- ward in thickness. The materials which may be treated in this manner include metals, wood, paper, stone, clay, cement, cotton, woolen and silk fabrics, and glass. Whatever the surface, the spray quickly coats it with a dense adherent film of the metal which, in the form of wire, is fed into the pistol Under a magnifying glass the metal is seen to be distributed with exact evenness. It takes a burnish even when deposited on ordinary paper. The only preliminary preparation of the surface is the re- moval in a sand blast of paint or varnish or any thing else which may fill the pores. stage of CONSTRUCTION OF THE SPRAYING PISTOL A study of the application of the process under commercial conditions reveals the almost revolu- tionary nature of the invention. The pistol is 4 shown in the illustrations. It weighs on The cold wire is pulled from a reel into one ey the 3-in. cubical box, continuously and uniformly at the rate of about 12 ft. a minute, wh * mouth of the short nozzle at the opposite e; issues a continuous hot blast that carries entrain in it, with a velocity of about 3000 ft. a very fine spray of molten metal. The mechanism within the box consis 9 air-driven feeding and wire-straightening devi, which the metal into the nozzle core. The wire remains cold and unaltered until it is al 'g in. from the nozzle, at which point it undergoes the transformation into spray. The d rected at the surface which it is proposed to cover from a distance of only 5 or 6 in. The tempera ture of the molten metal spray at the nozzle varies according to the wire used, from 700 to 2000 deg F., yet at this trivial distance none of the materials that have been mentioned are injured or altered jr the act of being metallized. Matches held in Zinc are immediately coated over with ignition, and the thinnest paper and wood received the impacting particles into their pores without charring. issuing at 1550 deg. F. is de posited on thin silken fabric without injur textile. The pistol are leads nozzle spray Brass details of the metal shown in Fig. 1, in which one side plat has been removed from the box, and in Fig. 2, 1 which mechanism is seen in plan and sectior Three hose pipes lead oxygen, hydrogen and from their respective containers to the burner tube and blast nozzle, which are concentric. Provis is made for convenient control of the gases. The feed apparatus consists of a turbine, ope! ated by the air independently of the blast, whic! drives friction wheels. A cone of gears permits any desired regulation of feed. The wire is tf down the core of the inner burner piece at the end mechanical spraying 1 the which it passes into the flame zone created n <u Ab T] r rir ? iio = t + o>*/ 4 ~ er a 1h 4 eT Pa |) ¥ iat \ al € (o “fh niall : SEY Te al | AS Att a ‘ . ~~ a oe ‘ o> IF \ ~ 4 AS] (rR tN Tar aki 4 Sd Va I - 1] | 4 <a = ———— ay ad . How eget em ¥ yg \ Fig The Details of the Mechanism of the Schoop Metal Spraying Pistol 6 Aug 20, 1914 m of the mixture of hydrogen and vhich gases pass simultaneously between irner pieces. Immediately in front of the the nozzle discharges a powerful blast ch completes the disintegration of the auses its particles to be entrained in ding gas and air. A supply of compressed nks of commercial oxygen and hydrogen ducing valves are the only requisites in the pistol with any metal in the form of here lead is sprayed the pistol handles a in diameter, distributing 1 lb. of metal ite. With all other metals the wire used eter of 0.8 mm. Fig. 3 shows the pistol, verting a cement statue into a bronze THEORY OF THE PROCESS idering what occurs in the Schoop proc- essary to bear in mind the singular fact prayed metal moves only five or six inches point of fusion and the object to be i yet does not reach the object in a molten ven possesses so low a temperature that safely directed for a moment upon the hout injury and can be continuously im- n materials such as cloth, paper, wood elluloid, any one of which would be con- the heat of a molten metal. eory is that the gaseous medium used is rer in volume at any moment than the has pulverized and is carrying, and the gas ling so rapidly that its temperature is far that of the spray. A rapid exchange of erefore takes place between them, which tes the molten particles and gives them a ture far below the melting point. If the arrived at the base in a liquid state with of 3000 ft. a second they would simply he plate and most of them would re- a matter of fact they impact and inter- reely, and the later bombarding particles the earlier ones to form homogeneous lies. It is supposed that the metal just before impinging with great a hard surface are in an abnormal phys- n. Due to the heat of collision they ly into a vapor which condenses and the relatively cold receiving body, pene- smotic pressure the superficial pores of any affinity for the latter exists; they are driven in by the pressure be- + cooled nere er case the metal condenses and solidifies etration and is effectively dovetailed into The hammering and bombardment of the first coat by the minute succeeding par- practically a process of cold working. The particles liquefy and solidify so rapidly etal has not time to return to its natural state. The theory seems to be supported nations of the sprayed deposits; for the the metal coatings and of the whole roduced by the process is found to be and vitreous throughout. APPLICATIONS AND COSTS ess has been applied in many directions. er existing processes, there is no need to whole of an object or structure to the \ny part, however small, can be metal with any one of a dozen metals. Three of f application have been developed so preserve from decay in the atmosphere or THE IRON AGE 427 Fig The Proces of Converting cs | from moisture or any form of chemical action ob jects of