The Iron Age 1914-06-25: Vol 93 Iss 26

TULPOUEUEEOUOUUOEUEEEEROERTAGEOEROO ROE DUOONOU DOOR ERR E ENR Established 1855 PEPETLDOUAUEETANEUUAAEDGODOOUOU ADEE AAETU EEUU AAU NEETU NOTA EEHU EET TADOOET ADEA UATU ORLA AEEU EN AREL OULU ELE OU EUNeTE EN e New York, June 25, 1914 SOUUEOOTODANOUADNUANOOYLOGROREUOUDOUOENDAOUUDETEUDONEDULATOUSOEOOGEATUDEOTEUSADEOEATROOADRUTEDEGOUD EN AUESEOUUOU ATED AUER EEOE ODER VE ih PUOUPUTULAEE DERE Vol. 93: No. 26 Pulverizing Coal at Midvale Steel Works A Large Plant, Conspicuous for Attention to Safety Measures, for Preparing and Transporting Fuel for Heating Furnaces A coal pulverizing plant for preparing fuel for five continuous billet heating furnaces has been in- stalled at the works of the Midvale Steel Company, Philadelphia. It is especially noteworthy not alone for the completeness of the equipment but for the numerous measures taken for safeguarding the employees. The following brief description of its main features may therefore be taken as a supple- ment to the article printed in The Iron Age of April 2 devoted to the safeguards and methods of promoting safety generally at the Midvale plant. The plant was installed by the Quigley Furnace & Foundry Company. The pulverizing plant proper spicuous building of the works, utilizing a triangular shape of - ground not otherwise preempted between some of the tracks trav- ersing the works. The furnaces which it was built to supply are in an adjoining building and the pulverized fuel has therefore to be conveyed overhead from the pulverizing or milling plant, as it is sometimes called, high enough to clear freight cars. The con- veying system also comprehends a long pulverized-coal carrying system within the building for distribution to the furnaces. The plant is designed to treat 5 tons of bituminous coal per hour. The furnaces deliver heated steel bil- lets weighing about 1200 Ibs. each at a high forging temperature with continuous charging. In Fig. 1 may be seen the mill- occupies a con- The housed in a Fig l- sheathed otherwise the pulverized ing building itself and the con- furnaces wi veyor from this building to the building containing the furnaces, together with the pipe-railed walk installed as one of the safety fea- tures. Coal is delivered from cars into a concrete hopper 10 ft. wide and 20 ft. long, immediately un- derneath the coal-receiving track alongside the building. This hopper is built with 9-in. reinforced concrete walls, and there is a heavy galvanized pipe railing on each side of the hopper as a protection measure. The bottom of the hopper contains a 24-in. square opening which delivers to a recipro- cating feeder passing the coal to a crusher. This is a two-roll machine with removable teeth, capable of crushing 12-in. lumps to 34-in. cubes, and has a rated capacity of 25 tons per hour. coal tightly-closed scr steel building, speci ally Ww The crushed coal is lifted by means of a bucket elevator to an 80-ton crushed coal bin, the top of which is shown in Fig. 2. The top of the elevating conveyor is shown at the right background and across the top may be seen the distributing or trim- ming conveyor from which the coal is dumped into the bin, as well as a 5-hp. motor driving the elevator and the trimming conveyor. The view also gives an insight into the large use made of galvanized pipe railings, which affords safe access to all parts of the plant—in this case the trimming conveyor as well as the head of the elevator immediately under- neath the roof. The crushed coal bin is supported immediately the feeding end of the . dryer, a large part of which may above be seen in Fig. 3, including the bottom part of the bin. The dryer is one made by the Rug | gles-Coles Engineering Company, and has a 54-in. shell 25 ft. long. | It is driven by a 15-hp. motor, from which is also driven a me- chanical exhaust fan employed in connection with the dryer as well as the pulverized coal feed for supplying the heat to the dryer. Fig. 4 shows the feeding end of the dryer, which is a cylinder through which the coal to be dried travels by a gravity towards the discharging end while revolving J} the cylinder is revolving, the cylinder being incline slightly cities ais Wa ylinder being inclined slighth frame and steel toward the discharge end, while on ground not required, and a the gases of combustion to supply conveyor cafries the heat to accelerate drying verneac o the . . . a used travel from the feeding end and back again before being taken by the exhauster and discharged into the atmos phere. The dryer is rated to treat 6 tons of crushed coal per hour, reducing the moisture content of a coal showing as high as 15 per cent. moisture to less than 1 per cent. Immediately above the feed end of the dryer may be seen the exhauster used in connection with the induced draft of the dryer, while at the right may be seen the individual pul- verized coal bin provided for supplying the fuel for the dryer, the dryer being arranged to use pul- verized coal except in emergency, when it may be fired by hand. An individual blower for supplying the air to the coal burner is shown also immediately over the combustion chamber. Toward the back of 1565 ETT eer ' ‘ aiso be seen tne cnute Fig. 4 may coal bin crushed This gets a supply from a bottom of the bin to pro- vide a uniform supply of the crushed coal, and there are openings arranged with iron grids admitting to the conveyor from the bin. From the dryer the coal is, of course, protected against contact with the atmosphere, so not absorb any moisture after the precautions taken to rid the coal of it. Dryness of coai is, of course, essential in fine grinding, and the discharge from the dryer is through a fully enclosed chute to an elevator, which lifts it to an 18-ton so-called dry coal bin, supported above the crushing mil's, of which there are two. These are pulverizing mills of the vertical type, with automatic feed, each of a rated capacity of 2'4 tons of bituminous coal per hour, when the coal is small enough to pass through a %34-in. screen. from the to the dryer. helicoid conveyor at the that 1t may There is, of course, a trimming conveyor over the dry coal bin, and the coal from the bin is chuted to each of the pulverizing mills, as indicated in Fig. 5. This shows the enclosed motors in the fore- ground, and shows also the pipe railing around the platform of the mill, as well as the pipe railing pro- tecting the attendants from the belts from the motors to the mills. It also shows at the right a part of the system of channeled iron plates used for the various elevated walks. There is an automatic THE IRON AGE June '] Richardson scale at the outlet of the pul weigh the coal on its way to a bucket which lifts the coal to an 8-ton pulverize: above the milling plant, at the beginni; conveying system by which the coal is tra to the furnace building. Each of the pu mills is driven by a 40-hp. motor. Some idea of the conveying system fo) verized fuel may be gained from Fig. 6. one 9-in. main conveyor from the milling as shown in Fig. 1, this 75 ft. long and at ; tion about 30 ft. above the track rails. W furnace building it connects with another 9 veyor, 305 ft. long, which lies roughly angles with the main conveyor, and which to convey and distribute the coal to the di! furnaces. At the junction of the two conve the 10-hp. motor for driving both of then conveyors are mounted in No. 10 sheet. st veyor boxes with a top cover of No. 16 gaug bolted in place with felt gaskets, to make abs: dust-tight joints. There are 10 discharge spouts from ths Fig. 4 At the right may be seen the pulverized coal hoppe together with the small blower used in connection wit! t coal burner, as the dryer is arranged to utilize powdered coal, except in emergency. Above the combustion end n be noted the exhauster used in connection with the dry¢ and overhead is the conveyor for delivering the dryer At the right may be seen one of the safety conspicuous about the steel plant coal t conveyor, each commanded by a slide gate deliver ing to a lateral conveyor, shown in Fig. 6, and at the end of the line is a discharge spout to an over- flow hopper, when the delivery is greater than the demand. This main conveyor lies behind the girder shown at the upper left of Fig. 6, and each latera conveyor supplied by the discharging spout is 6 1! in diameter and driven by an individual motor ‘ a small platform reached by the railed walk, ove! head in the shop, also as indicated in Fig. 6. A automatic weighing scale is provided in each cas and a discharge spout delivers to a hopper at furnace. The conveying system is supportec part or. two 6-in. I-beam stringers carried 01 shaped supports and also from the roof trusses and the construction includes the foot walks me! tioned, paralleling the conveyors. These platforms 18 in. wide, are provided with checkered plates, an¢ with a pipe railing on each side. The safety af ‘ 5, 1914 ix ngements are as already stated, conspicuous for their completeness. In Fig. 7 may be seen a pair of hoppers for a iir of burners at a furnace. the Culliney controller manufactured by the Quigley Furnace & Foundry Company. This is used to force the coal to the burner and to prevent the jamming or clogging of the coal. It contains two feeding screws, Fig. 8, the meshing gears driving which nay be seen in the pictures, enclosed in gear guards. Here may be seen I puls , I building Ww I cate = = t Lir g! girder I - ne 7 ss te ’ t t rize \ & THE IRON AGE 1567 The upper screw carries the coal forward in the quantity desired, according to the speed of the s-hp. individual motor used for driving it, and delivers it so that it may be blown to the burner by what is known as the controller air This ai amounts to about one-seventh of the total amount of air required for combustion, and is delivered at Besides regulating by the moto! speed the required quantity of coal in a given time the size of the air orifice through which the con troller air drives it is depended on also for regu ation. The theory of the controller is that the sup a pressure of 6 oz. ply of air in picking up the coal mixes with it, so that the mixture,expands into a well-divided cloud, ready for combustion when the secondary supply of air is met at the burner, supplied under a pres sure of about 1 oz. The lower screw takes care of the excess coal which falls from the upper screw, and returns the overflow so that it may again reach the upper screw. Each of the bins at the furnace is designed to have approximately 14 hr. supy and the plant is designed to supply a 24-hr. amount « combustible with an ordinary day’s operation « the milling plant. Fig. 7 shows one of the safety ladder wh the foot walk may be reached, and another on these safety ladders is shown in Fig. 4, both having the guard at the back of the ladder. which 2 if tended to prevent the workman falling backward sine ild ne iose nis Ii¢ oting. (One other nterestir point which makes { button control. or safety is the use of pus! A push button may be used to stop any lateral conveyor and a push buttor also sup plied for remote control of the motors driving the main conveyors Another important arrangement oe eter os oo alle > THE Fig S A nearby ig view of the controller, with a cover plate removed, showing the upper screw. The screw delivers toward the left, the pulverized coal falls across the air pipe which carries it to the burner, and the coal which fails to be carried away is lifted by the inclined screw, so that it may be used over and over again, without clogging the flow of coal Arrangements are being made to control the amount of fuel by a form of variable orifice in the air delivery pipe, in addition to regulating the speed of the controller motor is what may be termed a progressive control of the motors of the milling plant. This may be explained in a word by stating that the crusher cannot be started until the elevator to take the crushed prod- uct is in operation. Multi-Purpose Ore Handling Bridge Two ore handling bridges were recently in- stalled by the Alliance Machine Company, Alliance, Ohio, at the plant of the Pittsburgh Steel Company, Monessen, Pa., for the rehandling of iron ore, which is brought to the plant in railroad cars from the Lake Superior district. The railroad cars are dumped at the edge of the stock pile by car dump- ers which are not shown in the illustration. The ore bridges then remove the ore and place it in the various stock piles for the different grades of ore. The bridges also take the ore from the stock piles and load it into a transfer car from which it is delivered into the bins and from there to the skip hoist of the blast furnace. The length of the ore yard served by the bridge is 800 ft. The bridges are of the latest type of construc- tion and are arranged with a main trolley which travels along a runway located near the bottom chord of the bridge truss. They have a clear span of 152 ft. and there is a cantilever extension on each end of the bridges, one extension being 40 ft. NN Two Ore Handling Bridges at the Plant of the IRON Pittsburgh Steel C« AGE June 25, | long and the other being 27 ft. The total of the bridge from the stock rail to the hig point is 90 ft. Each bridge is equipped wit 7'4-ton grab bucket, the bucket itself weig 814 tons, making a 16-ton load for the bridg handle. Each bridge is carried by 16 steel wheels arranged in compensating trucks to tribute the load uniformly over all the wheels. axles of the track wheels run in M. C. B. type by ings. The wheel base of the bridge is 48 ft. A unique feature of this installation is bridge driving arrangement, known as the do) bridge drive. Each bridge is driven by two moto: one located on each side of the bridge truss and the center thereof, and each motor drives an in pendent line of driving shafts geared up to track wheels. This method positively drives all f corners’ of the bridge, and the ease with which | bridge starts up and with which it gets under spe: is said to be very marked. Under ordinary working conditions it is not 1 usual practice to move the ore bridge every tim: bucket of ore is handled, as the bridge is usua placed over the stock pile and the transfer car brought up opposite and the ore transferred fron the stock pile to the transfer car by using merely the trolley and hoisting motion. However, during an extended period there is a considerable time when the bridges must move quite a distance every time a bucket of ore is handled. Such operating conditions are met with when all the various grades of ore have to be dumped at one point and from there distributed to the various stock piles, and also when the transfer car is not in operation. These operating conditions have afforded an opportunity for quite a severe and successful test of the effi- ciency of the double bridge drive. The bridge operator travels in the cab or cage attached to the trolley and all the controllers are located in this cage. The trolley is of all-steel con- struction and is carried by eight steel trolley wheels mounted on compensating trucks with M. C. B. type bearings. The bridges are built for high speed and are very heavily motored, the motor equipment being two 150-hp. motors on the closing lines and two 150-hp. motors on the opening lines for hoist- ing and lowering the bucket, two 75-hp. motors for the trolley travel and two 50-hp. motors for the bridge travel. The speeds are as follows: hoisting and lowering 320 ft. per min., trolley travel 1000 ft. per min. and bridge travel 150 ft. per min. All motors are of the mill type and the controllers are of the magnetic switch type. IX\A AIIM i ie =~ ee _ | ympany That Are Employed for a Variety of Purposes THE IRON AGE 1569 » speed of the machine is shown by the fact full bucket of ore is hoisted 40 ft., the trolley 90 ft., the bucket emptied, the trolley re- 90 ft. to the starting place and the bucket | for another load of ore all in 40 sec. is made under working conditions and not Under normal working conditions ‘idge has handled 175 carloads of ore during y’s turn of 11 hr. e bridge is equipped with various safety fea- one of which is especially worthy of mention. s a locking device operated from the cab on olley by electrical means and consists of operated device which, by a toggle motion, es firmly on the runway rails and removes portion of the weight from the bridge truck It is impossible for the operator to leave ib without locking the bridge to the rails, and irly when he enters he must release the lock- levice, this making it absolutely safe against \nother feature worthy of note is the repair which is carried by the bridge truss and the main trolley, the function of this being to itate repairs should any be required. trolley is of sufficient capacity to handle the motor and any of the motors or mechanism he main trolley can be removed or replaced in short time. Universal Buffing and Grinding Machine A new grinding machine of the aerial type has een placed on the market by the Standard Electric Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. lipped with a universal motor and is designed surface rough castings and for general buffing The machine is The machine is driven by a tor which operates on either alternating or di- It is particularly adapted for 14-hp. universal current circuits. Developed Portable Aerial Grinding Rough Castings Designed for Use on | or Direct Current \its having frequencies as low as 25 The motor with Bakelite, this method of winding and tion being relied upon to prevent short-cir grounds and other troubles incident to high- The grinding wheel used is 4 in. meter with 1-in. face and operates at a speed p. m. The tool is equipped with ball gs throughout. apparatus. \llentown, Pa., one of the two anthracite fur- Allentown Rolling to make room for pump works. been landmarks at Allentown. 1864 and originally were operated by the Iron Company. These furnaces They were Push-Button Safety Device for Presses The Walsh Press & Die Company, 4707 West Kinzie street, Chicago, Ill., has developed a safety device for power presses in which it is necessary aiiietiaiaatatal \ Press Equipped with a Push Button Safety Device Requir the Operator to Have Both Hands Away from the Dies Hef the “ar re » Treadle Car Be Tripped for the operator to have both hands away fro: the dies before the treadle can be tripped and the clutch of the machine released. It is claimed for the de- vice that but little pressure is required to operate it, and that the distance between the buttons is such that both cannot be pressed with one hand, thus defeating the object of the device. As will be noticed from the accompanying illus- tration, the buttons are located at the front of the press bed and must be pushed down like a type- writer key to release the treadle and enable the press to be operated. The position of the buttons and their size, it is pointed out, are such that the operator’s hands naturally fall upon them after the work has been placed on the die, with the result that any slowing up of production due to the use of the device is almost entirely eliminated. The latch or haul-off is fully returned automatically at each stroke of the press. This arrangement is relied upon to prevent the operator from releasing the treadle with his foot sufficiently to have the clutch bolt drawn, thus keeping the latch at a hair trigger tension, which it is stated is almost invariably the direct cause of a press repeating or making a second stroke and inflicting injury upon the operator. The device can be used on all sizes of press, the only difference being in the length of the tubes and the rod used. The feeding of strip stock in a press equipped with this device is possible, as the entire mechanism can be locked back at the discretion of the foreman, and if necessary one finger button can be locked, permitting one hand to be used in feed- ing. ge ie 5 OS a aici « St lieaieeatiaatin ' Lees ~~ ow ee 1570 ELECTRIC ANNEALING FURNACE A Recent Development for Handling Brass and German Silver Flatware Blanks The Electric Furnace Company of America, Alliance, Ohio, has designed and installed an inter- esting electric heating furnace in a plated table ware plant at Niagara Falls, N. Y. The special features of the furnace, which is designed for an- nealing brass and German silver flatware blanks, are a mechanical pusher for feeding the work into the furnace and the discharging of the completed The Charging End of the Furnace Showing the Runway work through a water sealed hood. It is empha- sized that desired temperatures are reached with precision and without danger of overheating, and also that the furnace atmosphere is always reduc- ing and the material is discharged from the fur- nace quenched through a sealed hood. The framework of the furnace is made up of structural steel shapes and plates, and doors are located at both ends of the furnace. The furnace is 15 ft. long, 8 ft. wide and 71% ft. high. Compressed air cylinders operate a mechanical pusher running over cast-iron idler sheaves that in turn operate the pusher mechanism at the charging end. The material under treatment is packed in steel pans = ________¥§_ The Counterbalanced Swinging Door on the Discl ge S THE IRON upon AGE June 25, 1914 20 in. square, which are forced through nace one after another, seven being accomn at one time. In their passage the pans ( ported by a hearth of specially designed ca grids, 24 in. square, which are relied upo warp unduly under the temperatures to whi are subjected. The pan coming out of t! charge end of the furnace is dumped auton into a water sealed discharge hood, and th: being treated falls into a tank of either clea, or one of pickling solution, the disposition d: ing upon the cleanliness of the material befor: charged into the furnace. The pan itself is , by two rails and is held suspended above the tr: Which a Pan Containing the Flatware Blanks Is Placed and may be taken out from under the water seale hood through the counterbalanced swing doo! shown in the view of the discharge side. In the operation of the furnace a pan of flatware is placed on the runway in front of the pusher, as shown in the illustration of the charging end. The small hand lever near the top of the furnace frame is pushed upward and operates the air valve of th cylinder on the top of the furnace. The first move ment of this cylinder raises both the front and rear doors sufficiently to admit the pans which are 3 in. high. When this has been done a stop on the cable holds the doors at this hight, and the pusher with a pan of fresh material starts into the fur nace, forcing the seven pans already in the fur- nace ahead of it. When the fresh pan is complete! inside the furnace the one at the discharge end has been pushed clear of the furnace opening and doo! upon a dumping carriage. The weight of this pa! striking the base of the carriage automatically tips the pan, which dumps its contents into a hopper, th lower end of which is submerged in the quenchins tank. The pan, which is now in an inverted pos tion, is caught by two rails and held above water, being taken out through the counterbala! swing door. The material as it is dumped into t quenching tank falls into a perforated copper bas ket that is removed at intervals. Simultaneous with the tilting of the pan dumping mechanism t! pusher carriage is pulled out of the charging end the furnace by the counterbalanced door, and soon as it clears the opening the doors drop. | will thus be seen that the material is not expos to the atmosphere at any time after it enters furnace until it is taken from the quenching t4! cold, an arrangement which is relied upon to e! 25, 1914 he possibility of oxidization at any stage dur e heating or cooling, as the furnace itself has icing atmosphere at all times. e electrical equipment of the furnace cons pecial 200-kva. transformer, which was built » Pittsburgh Transformer Company. It is ar d with 12 voltage taps, connected to a special ller, in such a way that a close regulation of oltage and consequently the wattage can be obtained. This mechanism is mounted tchboard frame directly in front of the trans r, and a Weston wattmeter and a Foxbor neter are also mounted on the board. The is connected with a 48-in. thermo-couple, | directly over the pan about to be pushed out he furnace. In this way, it is pointed out, the temperature at which the material is drawn be determined. A 12-In. Rotary Surface Grinding Machine \ grinding machine which is claimed to operate in entirely new principle has been placed on the arket by the C. G. Garrigus Machine Company, Bristol, Conn. It is designed for use in places where great accuracy is required, and it is emphasized that will at the same time grind very rapidly. The ‘ange of work handled by the machine extends from very small pieces to anything that is not larger than 12 in. in diameter and not thicker than 8 in. The accuracy of the work is said to be within 0.0004 in. of the finished dimensions. The machine can be used for either wet or dry grinding, as may be desired. The head is supported on a vertical oscillating column 41 in. long. This in turn is attached to a feed shaft, which is actuated by a pawl and ratchet, the head being lowered 0.00125 in. for the move- nent of each tooth on the ratchet wheel. The magnetic chuck is mounted on a spindle which is perated by a cone clutch pulley and is connected Work w i2-In. Rotary Surface Grinding Machine Designed for nd Dry Work in Which the Wheel Oscillates over the THE IRON AGE L571 to the cam that operates the wheel column through gearing, the stroke of the oscillating wheel being regulated by the adjustment of the cam roll. The movement of the head and the rotation of the chuck are controlled by the action of a lever at the side of the machine. The following table gives the principal dimen sions and specifications of the machine: Hight of chuc \ \\ ‘ When the machine is equipped for grinding ast-iron pieces, such as piston rings, a special wheel covering with an opening for a flexible hose to carry away the dust of the grinding is fur nished, as well as a special style of pan, which is more accessible for the operator for grinding single-piece work. When wet grinding is being done the water tank is connected with a pump, which affords a continuous circulation of water for the work on the chuck. Steam Consumption of a Rolling Mill Steam Engine A steam engine of 1700 mm. bore, 1400 mm. stroke (67 x 55 in.) and 100 to 130 r.p.m., installed for driv ing a three-high rolling mill, was recently tested with results as follows, according to Stahl und Eisen. The steam consumption was guaranteed by the manufac turers at 5.2 kg. (11.44 lb.) per i.h.p.-hr. at seven atmospheres gauge pressure at the engine and 300 deg C. (540 deg. F.) superheat. After the engine had been in operation for about six months it was decided to deter mine its actual steam consumption, and to do this a brake test was undertaken, with the engine working for } hours at an average rate of output of 3000 h.p. This test was followed by a second test with a load of 1820 h.p. on the engine, which was required in order to establish how consumption varies with variations of oad The results follow | ‘ Average speed, r.] ‘ ] 0 ength of tes \ rage pr t at nospher r f 0 st m temy g. I ' \ lum, pe t . ’ Average output, i.) p GR Sfenr consumption, “ me sured, without condensation, Ib. per h.p , Steam consumption reduced to 7 at mospheres gauge pressure, { leg F. superheat, 90 per cent. vacuun without condensation, Ib. per hp.-hr HF 49 Power consumption of the conder plar t per ce nt 4q §& 32 The Pennsylvania Railroad system, with 2554 all teel passenger cars in service and 379 others under construction, owned more than one-third of all the steel passenger equipment cars in use in the United States on January 1, 1914. These figures are exclusive of sleeping and parlor cars. The number of all-steel passenger cars, other than Pullman cars, in service on January 1, was 7377. To replace with steel all wooden passenger cars now in use in the United States will cost about $581,000,000. There were 2115 steel sleep ing and parlor cars in service on all roads on January 1, 1914, and 750 of these were on the Pennsylvania system. The Pennsylvania Public Service Commission has approved the application of the Lehigh & New England Railroad Company to purchase the capital stock of the Crane Railroad Company from the Empire Steel & Iron Company ee eRe ye ; Results of Applied Scientific Management’ The Showing of Time Studies as a Means of Eliminating Useless Effort and of Estab- lishing a Standard Practice in Operations BY GEORGE DE Up to a very recent time professional time study has not effected any the results obtained in the Franklin plant. Time for the control plan or pre- miums has been either estimated from previous performances or from coarse time studies. The conduct of the time studies and of the results ac- of A. BABCOCK? served, write down the different elements in the which they should be done before starting the s For convenience a stop watch graduated in and decimals of a minute, the hands of which stopped and started without setting them back is used. A special observation sheet is used with o ; -OMmplishe Y > . , ; Nios 7 Rs C ie » complished under them, shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9, eolumn for the various elementary parts of ' : ee OBIERVER'S WANE Non NACHINE NO SGV. DATEL 2/4 cascrvtes. WANE Hawhksworh MACHINE WO4CEV BATES WAS si arn * s WORKNANS WANE e 4 WORKAWS WAM Thimian “3394 Din gen am j ce /GPIGIE -AS DIFFERENTIAL GEAR SEC ow Prict J9IGE- 3B DICER ENTIAL GEAR TECTICH = _— = = S24“ 2Y A. : - a . ns aie —+——_——_—___ 44, cla ratte [ | | cad oJ Cel | iieenil \ i at 7 ae } 4 ‘ + + 4 [| adracden | opdearions| Ch etc Nal eiaheg E ee pve al rem meThuey + ’eenathe AYRE SP SEAR SEAR EALOOY bi tp giahs fe Aim file fe bemele } CP iM , | } } 4 4 ' 4 } ; L i cseemnidinenmnill Donate } 4 i 1 + ath) _- 771 , 4 M } ; Gphior) Resid + + [feck deh lan cm lcs rhyphlin LS) 6 LL | lk Lb RS EH Lb sse | sal el if Aecdtactive rt Lh tT ca ae | lee! pent ee eal ce be a) + + 4 + + + “x S72, fk, a2 4h, a «2, 4 i i 7 | ++ _ 4 | } | } } } } } i 2 ide wremets ah Cope'ch cadet pee} TAS \2e\78 | a7 l923\.s7 |erel sol) basil t+— i — Fh Ppp ATs aL, 4h, Oh, 4d, 41, 4h, ht, hh, + ot + ~+ + + —_+— - >—$$$ pf ———+- pnd ie apn i nny pl tPA LOI NG TI AS IFIP IA GM earstor yi | } | | | fsidhinpes ssaceetheenninill — ee } ZAI + at, 4, sh, a4,..a4 43, Aa, + +4 + > > + , + + + = , i [PLE] Cad) Serkcess | lize eee aziz LE \LAOL SAG TT £43523) 42 |) Speco ncernilicont lien $— is }} ez @2\.. 07) OM. 09, 4t\ Or, 48, 4 4 } ; \ ‘ 1 , + 4 \ |: fo aly pe UST 80 lea ag eS 92a legs ones o7 |i) } } j | } | } | | ed 7 oo | oy ee) ae ee) ee) ee” 4 4 Aoowen | + + 4. 4 ape 1 ell 4 + + 4 r TF less le esiees \At a sme £25 0054.85 \395\ 26 |)! } | } } } 4 } , j } } | } } + 1.06) .¢s| ea) sel efi sal eff ep) } et ; } } i ; } , iG Gram Vise | a Vso roses .es rogers ess 193i c as, 61 Ul | iL ccmanbicieindisianl inal naeilaidiela e nites | Z 4 i 4e\_09) es) es) sal sa a, ae | } } + , it , | Parhe iy gk “Cpl rudiac | VIO Keg ahi eeiagsvrost segegs| ch) | i SS i | bE: Ath Addl £26) taal 40) 24m 176 148 } be } tog > Ereng xr te Lin 9h 14 196 pad 26 oT Vey grqace YY eG wares PLB IRO ISR BA OEM GS IST 2.60) £2 (yc pecans we Ha TRRAOLIS LIL AGE ASC ACMA SRLMNIAR SRY as} $ I, 49 2.00 447 14406 £48 4.88 , + > ‘ + ih Wp beans oppmbeatassess ists oe STIS SASSO 2 | as ‘\ | ee Be a ae i Ah 0G eh nhl nel } i ' + 04 i 44. +4, | Ha Gite Gaar ap niyonal iad BAIS LIW TAS AL\S2ISABNILGASET 40g) es ws (rt 2 tek ban ox teecshal AA PZ44AESIZIR ATE LEG s#2082 37 SS) 506 4a\ wa 4_@4) 24) ¢..5/) 44) ¢8) 4a Sh JF) 1.26 | cd dhe ++ + [" lige Males ty ssa. Bf 3 SLL STE 6 OS\S AT S46 COVE 976.046 55%) aa T } } [ ¥ af) 44). 481. £3 4h £4 44, It, , » J , o 4s, + [laced Zt “A thy fetes thachee 52916 9016 10 6 the Rive EM tae| 22. Athi raed alta 4 lace az | 4 14, AM AM RO ee Oe ja 54 \ aA 4a, ‘ + | -aaade. £ eniptahaw Hal \a.52 OLR 6 S316 306-0 6 SE SET SS 9c | 22, \Mark 2 Feats % haseck leze laedaatlarclaastaat ase agsiele recs >3| pap hl) £3) 1 OS) 28) 9 ee 47, 22) A “ ts + + + + 7} At 4% 2914 | Yipaian Meat ah emai ALI F SRT LR TOR FABss 21 PLT, ses] rh, } Vighlom yt pottiteadnedts OSS. S287 (S00 293.3. SAS2OSAP IZOZLT 305 25 t |b ereaty) Ah, AR OR teh sh, ‘4, a ; i a) ee 2G 42,48 “s, } | Heat be AAA CE BAe asa2%cecs) cai | - ecsees La akcon. £00 44 LO SOS 344 Aa aG Ante cre cy) say 44, 44 “i, ah a4, ; , . + t Viphcon liad | } aa! 6r¢, nadmadand FAPLS SA BAGO £3). j 1 | | 5 a ee ee a? a ee ee? thd, Ae $L, h_f4_.44 sa | | | ligiee vnc Beles eidh 2 whiny 9 aa irs GObIT TA Pal \TAGVTCIH AS64604) 89 Yat kelp ign wseneg SSM INS 45M IAOSTE SES S44S POS ERICA 426. 46 Sal “4 0, aa) eh 0a oo | } 4 1 Bos 4 4 + ; . \ ‘ 2 1 te 2a! LONG solz77 Zh4 294 7A NSP CSC 43 wanting Lae aniidinens | a a ee ee ee ee ee + + + + + sa, (4, 4a 4h, th, “4 44, “4, } ‘ j i i } 4 ‘ 4 } oe stereo Fipx lo4 DRMAS GY SOIIBG TIES OCRAVILE I TC, “As\| + way Réitiprr are Dex | + +——F_/4 _¢¢) _¢, 14, “A ef, _/4 + me — ———> — be edaaee \Za m= (to Heacale ICSE SIZ9GC\S 8 |$ O7,SZEUE INS IZ 1261 40 i —t + ‘ ‘ + ; + : + + , ; lieth senalhiesaintded Rpccentfpemantiasieests Avera pe Tetaline 2.49 \ncre — We geod 2- herscid - +—4 | | | | = Lyfrenton “her aot rehliery L +? + + + + + +4 + sncneipeney heel | | | | __ liwere) 2 ase Purch “3 24 PI cn er feng ae +++ + + + + . + oy ; } + + + ; t 4——_—__+ + + —t + + ~$-- +--+ —_——+ —~- + —+- ——_+—_— + +— + + t+ } ; } , ; } 7 — t + = tt + } + eh + +———_+ ~ + oe gp + + —+——+— --— 4 ~—+ + + t } ++ + } + + } t } + 4 4 4 4 + ‘ + t + + + + } , } ' 4 4 + aaah + + . oe ee + 4 + 4 | = + + + ences + +$——+ Lt Simesnesils i i L | 1 i Demmnalies will i 1 edasnihiceet BS Fig. 7—Time St s Before After Ili uc s Had Been Given to Operator, with Sketches Showing Piece Work Was Done has been commented on follows by Dwight V. Merrick, consulting engineer, who is directing this phase of the work for the writer: as THE TIME STUDIES In making a time study a skilled and willing work- man should be selected in order to get the most accurate results. It is essential to analyze carefully the job to be ob- followed by several narrow columns for recording cessive times of each elementary observation. The stop watch is allowed to run continuously at the end of each operation a record is made ot operation. Later the elapsed time is interpolate: 1 shi ing the time for each operation that has been obse! These elapsed times are averaged and placed at end of the line, and what is known as the minin time is selected for each operation and is placed column headed “Minimum time.” In this selectio: and judgment are required and there is always th *Fourth installment of a paper to be printed in these col- umns substantially in full, presented to the National Metal ger of the personal element entering into it, both a 2 Trades Association, Worcester, Mass., April 22 The first part of the observer and the operator. On the assu! part, printed in the issue of June 4, told of the conditions . J . i . — ey which existed when it was determined to institute scientific tion that the operator works uniformly, it has be nanagement. The second part, printed June 11, covered served that the minimum time for each operation largely the first steps taken The third part showed the re . a idl . ’ rage \ sults achieved even before time studies could have a beneficial about the same percentage below the average fe effect, including a better product at reduced cost and steadi- elementary operation. ness in employment with higher wages. ca s . - th: +Production manager, H H Franklin Mfg. Company, The reason that the minimum time rather t manufacturer of the Franklin motor cars, Syracuse, N. Y average time is selected is: ~ Pr6 1572 THE IRON AGE 1573 CARD Change card al wind dw Pelura Te werk Ussemile Beve! Gear h Difareanal) Select Taols Take Diff, framr seach, Janda wae, Tighter a Wipe off grease, dure CapSerawtLlange | Lar Asse cz ble. Gear fe Diff. (use punthes (9398 GD) | 45 fut _Tiue 4s Cap Screms 2.001 Start Twe wuls sy haad (ont atafime) | j.33 Tighl@a ruts with wrench Loosen usa, land assamily ob dena Test_Aoles fec_alignment (vse tivat) ‘ Remove assamaly To rete ox. Get card Signed Take To window la Gear Diff. i /2 1 25 3 i 5 28 i | i490 + ‘ 4 | 29 4 ! 4 LO jo} tLe Tae, Alowances far rest ¢vnavadabla delays\ god -Prepacalipa Irena ee ses Le |_ 297 (//owamces fer cast ¥ dnautdabla delays |_ Wes l7itee per piece | 1400 ‘ Let sixe 3I7A4 (ima perlite R) Rass J48. Papaceee for let Finmaliccnentscanell ais cre for let Sale = 1/57. Premivrn — - mes = es ~ 262 - wagons ‘cence met wees § Leb figiv ay . eNO serp - : aa al 72 ee i 3 se o> : SES SIs AN: p St 3 = : yes 2 i | 88:8 , “ ol] a : al N : S$) $135 _ if SI ~ : $ 738 © iS ss . - 53 iz . Typical Instruction Ca rent Operations Sufficing, and Time The quickest time desired for each elementary peration is the time that can be equalled only by the est workmen. 2—-Whenever these ecord is made in a way that they ye a ready refer- These elementary ations may occur 1 great many differ- lasses of work, and percentage that is ed for rest and un- dable delays varies the different con- ms under which are used. The entage for rest and voidable delays is a important item is arrived at after 1ustive study. ‘ential Gear Sec- tion, Fig. 7 \ssembling bevel to the differential. study A the oper- had been given no ictions. Study B esents a study r the instructions been given by time man. iperation 1, study as eliminated in B, by having the rial placed on the by a moveman. tions from 3 to elementary operations are of h a nature that they can be considered as standard, oe rd Informing Operator of the PrEece ght sTuor 1 CETANED OPERATIONS Ach up Yahe > Case, lend «: STvor 2 Bc 4 Indicating Their Sequence Allow ances OBSERVATION SHEET OBSERVER'S NAME // $f MACHINE WO WORKMAN'S NAME Ms Set Of. 2 AMD GVALIFICATIONS = Burns 250 LBLEE Sreeaine Devices 10 in study A were combined in operation 2, study B The man was instructed to do all burring with the dif ferential clamped in vise after he had wiped off the grease. This eliminated loosening and tightening vise three times. In study A up to and including this opera tion the time consumed runs about 4 minutes, and il study B to this same point the time consumed was a little less than 2 minutes. Operations 11, 12 and 13, study A, were merged into operation 3 in study B by using the punches re ferred to in second footnote on observation sheet. Operations 14 and 15, study A, were practically the same as 4 and 5 in study B. Time is saved by putting two cap screws at a time in piece. Operation 16 study A and 6 in study B are similar. Time is saved i B by using a proper kind of wrench. Instead of loosening vise, turning end for end, and tightening vise again as shown in operations 17 and 18, in study A, the man is instructed to loosen the vise and lay the piece on the bench as shown stud) B Operation 19, study A, is eliminated in study B, and i taken care of by operatio! . Note the use of the punches. For operation 8, no aligning is needed at thi point; holes are tested for alignment with rivets o1 Operation 20 in study A is done away with for th same reason as described above for operations 17 and 18. Operation 21, study A, is the same as 9, study B, but the time differs for the reason that the studies were taken of different men. Operation 22, study A, was eliminated for the reason that the man left his pieces on the bench and did not have to take them back to the bins. This was done by the movemen. An instruction card, Fig. 8, is made out from study B on a form provided for the purpose. This gives the detailed instructions to the operator with the time for each itemized operation which makes up the assembly of the bevel gear to the differential. This is summed up and a percentage is added for rest and unavoidable delays and is the time allowed for each assembly. Be sides this there is a certain amount of time allowed for preparation which is also itemized on this card and a percentage is added for rest and unavoidable delay This instruction card is a permanent record of this method of assembly and is constantly referred to by all whom it may concer! Steering Device Tube Case, Fig. 9 Drill for grease cup. A saving of time is accom Tu he, | lgcate adri// 6 WAND SB Rint Ne eam rein 2. Tube im box — at | | Reg | up Tchet Case Mad mit, 0,0 Liga Tube, lecale drill V% \2é rs $80 Ano \27"\,, RiLL Az apn stro Fo, 2 1358 | MLaad Tuse sa ber pe fee 57 } } } } ‘ } | = = | a | SF | ¥ La? ‘ | | } | .@F } 07 ) ff | 226. {33 ata i i tet ET i rt i ¥ plished by the time study man by having the material placed in a convenient place, and also instructing operator how work should be placed on machine. In study 1 the man had no specific instructions. In operation B he put his piece on the V-block as shown by the dotted line, standing in front of machine at position Y. To align the piece to the drill he had to step to position X, then back to Y to operate machine. In study 2 he was instructed to put his piece on machine as shown in full line and this enabled him to align the piece without moving from position Y. Owing 17 ~ # _ on ~.| Direct Labor Co$t ~ } i , | 1 Nt rm Ta Mroauycing Ho FPoaycing MOurs*~. Rear Axle Series #MAsseimbh - lf nt A a Lor rwushed THE IRON AGE June 25, { cents to 29 cents before time study had been st and the increase of rates from 26 Lo 22 did mn than increase the cost of the product, as w noted by the cost curve. The time studie: rected this, and it is well to know that the studies were corrections of effort rather tha crease of speed. The speed attained was due marily to the fact that the workmen always the same and most efficient effort in the same and of course by practice it necessarily became = | 3 4 August Seotemb October Fig. 10—By the Application of Time Studies the Effort Involved Is Minimized, as Here Indicated by the Less Time Required to Deliver a Lot of Rear Axles Assembled, at Approximately Half Original Cost and Yet Higher Wage Rates to the fact that the operator did not have to move his position he was able to work to better advantage with the result that he cut his time almost in two. The conclusions which the author has reached as to the effect of time study on costs is shown in Figs. 10 and 11. Fig. 10 will show the effort on the rear axles with respect to cost, producing hours, labor rate and also the influence of time study upon the certainty and uniformity of total productive ef- fort. The numbers at the bottom of the sheet show lots finished and are plotted on a time sheet under the date at which each lot was finished. The lots are all of the same size. It will be noticed that direct labor costs dropped | Front Ax/a (Design Constant) - —— ry . nnnepneneaas a 9) IW2 O13 1944 Jantl4 Jon&Febs Lot 20-2! Feb, Feb Feb toLotig Loris Lot-19ine. 22-23 ” C 4SSEM, Fig. 11—What Has Been Accomplished by Time Studies Shown in the Case of Front Axle Assemblies in Comparison with Former Averages rapidly from lots 1 to 4, then maintained a steady period for lots 4, 5, 6 and 7; dropped again at 8 at which time study was started; dropped again at 9, when the men worked under their first instruc- tion cards. The labor costs rose again due to noisy gears, which required a considerable amount of ex- tra labor, and settled again to practically a constant figure, approximately one-half of the original steady cost. The frequency with which the lots were fin- ished increases rapidly as the cost and producing hours per lot is lowered. Eight workmen to a group are employed continu- ously on this axle assembly and the rate of increase of workmen’s earning as shown is the average for the men in one group. This shows a rise of 26 ier and more rapid. Making a quick decision as to quality of noise furnished one man 33 per cent. in- crease in wage. Fig. 11 is a study of time, cost and wage rate on a large assembly, the front axle. This in design and productive effort has remained practically con- stant over the periods as shown. The points plotted for 1911, 1912 and 1913 are the averages for the whole year’s work. The marked drop between 1912- 13 in cost and producing hours will on inspection be found to agree with the average drop in producing hours per car over the same period as shown in Fig. 3, and illustrates as mentioned previously the effect of the control plan with lot production. The 1913-14 increase of cost is due to increasing the rate of labor, and from 1914 on the gradual decrease is due to results of time study; the rate per hour of labor in the meantime increasing. (To be continued) The First Bessemer Rail On the authority of Edward Riley, chemist for the Dowlais Iron Works, England, the following analyses of the first Bessemer rail produced, as well as the pig iron from which it was made, were given in a communication by him to the London Iron and Coal Trades Review un- der date of March 21, 1898. They are incorporated in a recent elaborate article by Ernest F. Lange on “Bes- semer, Géransson and Mushet: a Contribution to Tech- nical History” in the same paper, May 8, 1914: First Bessemer Rail Rolled Per cent Carbon ... es ee ee ee cdae Sree RL inte ale oe ereahe ia: Selctees 4+ dn erate Wa a Oe trace PE ony cakdacb kbs he aaa nee awe 0.235 yl ee a ae Sc tela lie atid .. 0.516 DEED cis ici acne eaees sine VN a ierecen nil Manganese ......... Veh Oa Kees 25a nil CHD 6 sp Wa bs 'C6, WS Naa ee as oa ee nil Iron Be as cc pet anal alias initrd, kaa 99.249 100.000 Pig Used for First Bessemer Rail Carbon sé oR oor anak SOE eae ew Ae aa oo eee PE. Gi ic ca ete te PASCO et ens eel ee eee 1.36 ae cctan kee eleEd mee eyed oa caltes TO 0.0 PROD 6c kt ce ncacnesare cease ia ae eee 0 23 OS NS eee ere eer. Tee The high sulphur and high phosphorus in the rail are noteworthy. June 25, 1914 THE IRON AGE 1575 ; A Four-Head Planing Machine the one just under them engages the rapid power traverse, the movement of the head being in the the exhibit of machine tools recently held at same direction as that in which this handle is ic City in connection with the convention of moved. [aster Car Builders’ and Master Mechanics’ [he machine is equipped with steel gears and itions, the Cincinnati Planer Company, Cin- racks throughout and is said to be capable of tak- Ohio, showed a heavy pattern planing ma ing heavy cuts at high speeds. The housings ex It is equipped with four heads and a re- tend to the bottom of the bed, where they are © motor drive, which provides LO « itting securely bolted, doweled and locked in position by ranging from 25 to 60 ft. per min. and the two large keys. Taper gibs are employed through ; | ‘ g Machine Equipped witl y ] Ft and Max bt imber of return speeds, the maximum one out for the rail and side heads and the former have 100 ft. The machine will handle work up t micrometer readings in any direction. All of the square and 8 ft. long. One of the particular gears are covered with guards to prevent accidents tures about the machine is the rapid power tray to the operator ' that is provided for the heads. the motor at the top of the arch delivers power New Illinois I-Beam Sections igh spur gears to the rail elevating device and . to the horizontal rapid traverse shaft at the ‘ne ines ome ewes hicago, in line w or This shaft has a bevel gear meshing with ‘ne Gemand tor berer economy im the use of structural 2 : : teel work for lildings and bridges, has designed and ; the vertical rapid traverse shaft at the side vellinit a now aistes 6 Sdaie dees See ae housing, which in turn transmits its power pair of spur gears at the end of the rail. The ar feed is transmitted to the heads from the on the end of the pinion shaft to the er or feed gears at the end of the rail by a egment and rack in the usual way. The feed rapid power traverse gears on the rail screws the rod are free to revolve until clutched by a between them which has a neutral positior hich neither one is engaged. In this way, it nted out, both the rapid power traverse and ed cannot be engaged at the same time. Pro has been taken to protect the mechanisn t all accidents. The clutch spools are con- | by three handles at the end of the rail, while lustrated and de Light Struct iral cribed in a booklet entitled “Special ”" The company is the steel trade same facility as in Beams now pre and can the case of nared to offer these beams to make deliveries with the all others of its standard sections. booklet will show that a slight de been the matter of depth from the American standard I-beam the introduction of a beam of 21 in., thus variation in the light beam series The statement is made that. are thoroughly Reference to the parture ha made in the range of so-called sections, i iking the ewhat more ur depth iforn ‘ +} ; nese latter ections practical and adily available, it will be found that by their use great economy in design can be secured, and in conse- : quence the employment of fireproof construction can be cor siderably extended. 1576 A CONTINUOUS COAL DRIER An Ingenious Automatic Machine Employing Gravity and Centrifugal Force For drying coal after washing, the Link-Belt Company, Chicago, Ill., has brought out an auto- matic machine which is continuous in operation. It automatically receives and discharges the material An Automatic Mechanism for Drying Co Afte It Has Been Washed and moisture it handles. While, as has been stated, the performance of the machine is continuous, the drying action is intermittent. Centrifugal force and gravity are utilized in the operation, and no scraping or plowing devices are needed. This ar- rangement, it is emphasized, eliminates excessive wear and also reduces the power consumption to a comparatively low figure. The machine, which is self-containe