The Iron Age 1914-05-07: Vol 93 Iss 19

iit _ aguaeeaienaty oa ae : \ 4 vy 4 ia Y } i. | PE Lh .. B) Bas i eee ill Established 1855 New York. May 7, 1914 Vol. 93: No. 19 ost of a Shop Photographic Department Expense of Conducting a Gallery and Employ- ing a Commercial Photographer Compared—Ex- perience of the Felt & Tarrant Mfg. Company Previous articles have appeared in The Iror phasis was laid upon the poss f reducing t Age bearing upon various aspects of the questio! expense of retouching a re careful attent of industrial photography in connection with sales’ to the placing of the ect ft e photographed and advertising departments as well as the making the most favorable position for the purpose O} of records. In the issue of August 22, 1912, the portunity now presents itself for offer ns many uses to which a camera may be put, around nection with a brief description of the photograpl a manufacturing plant, were cited. In the issue of acilities of the Felt & Tarrant Mt November 14, 1912, a description of the photo Chicago, interesting data neerning the t graphic equipment of the Publicity Department of onducting one’s own gallery as compared with bu the Ingersoll-Rand Company was presented. Again ng the services of a commercial photographe1 in the December 19 issue, of the same year, atten The Felt & Tarrant Mfg. Compa manufa tion was called to the use which may be made of tures the Comptometer and its photograp! depart lantern slides as an assistance in the sales depart ment is employed almost entirely in the service of ment. In the October 23 issue of last year, en the advertising department although lantern slide View of One End of the Photographi 1117 ——— ——— 1118 are also made for use by the sales department. The negatives and prints of different sizes camera and lens equipment includes the large photographic department compared wit camera shown in the illustration of one end of the charges made by commercial photograp exposure gallery, a Century No. 8 with a Portonit- Sniseie . ' . ° . mcern's Goerz Celor lens of the anastigmatic type for all short own phot focus general purpose work, a rectilinear lens for ee. Genastment long focus work, a Cook Process lens for photograph- 9X doin. negatives.......... + 25C to 40 . ’ ; ; Sx 10-in. negatives sone eee OOOO BI ing drawings and reproducing photographs, and 8144 x 1l-in. prints, unmounted. 12c to 13 . ° . . ° lk, ~i¥ mri s > Se » 2 for outside work, an 8 x 10-in. view camera with a ion wee ee Turner-Reich anastigmat lens. The gallery equip- - mene: * ° ° . . nmountec ee ae — 2c ment also includes a retouching desk for blocking WINE Ss sid adbicnvkias $1.15 out and retouching negatives, a Globe enameler, a ; ‘ ee General estimates place the cost of burnisher and a print trimmer. For making lan- l a : : ; plant such as would suffice for practically ey, tern slides, the negative is mounted in the plate ; ; g ad : Nieihits lal suns dia Biedlidaie mint i el otitis demand of the ordinary business at about gy adapter oO a eniarg & Camera ant ynovograpne . . 3 _ re I eral Such a plant would include about the f ties de. directly on the sensitized slide. 7 oe ‘ scribed above. In a plant, the operati ost Che dark room is arranged with a completeness ep a ’ : which averaged about $150 a month or $1800 a yea and convenience that evidence an unusual confidence : Ge note oa ee ; . : ; aa : there were made 525 original negatives, 275 neg in the expediency of this department. The window . ; tives developed from exposures at branch offices in the background is glazed with ruby glass and sts : , : these negatives nearly 100 required special wor the small panel provides for the insertion of an en- . ete : 9 at ath : Sete ; in blocking out and retouching), 200 lantern slide larging camera. The developing room is isolated s ; <8 were prepared and a total of about 7000 prints. from the corridor of the building by an anteroom T ° aes ee : , be addition to about 200 enlargements made. The dis. and its concrete walls are painted black. The racks : : tt : : : tribution of expense charged against the photo. and washing baths are entirely of metal. A steel : a . ea ; eee graphic gallery for this work shows th« hood, with a motor-driven exhauster fan in the flue, draws off the fumes from over the sinks and keeps Salary, photogfpher > oir j » Prac The vantil: a fan 2 Wages, additional help ome the air in the room fre: h. Phe ventilators for in- Pilon tac Gab maneeiees gress of air are placed in the sidewalls at the floor. Penaitises a a eee > » . . “nlarging paper . pare ve os Another fan is placed to send a current of air over Lantern slide materials. .. . > ate “1 } rank — at “acece The Developing materials the plate dry ing rack to spec d up that process. I he eee tin aanmenenin: printing is done by artificial light in the printing RE: ce 35 we ieee te . . . . . . . Supervision and incidentals machine shown in the illustration directly in front ip in of the window and furnished by the Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y. Varying circumstances will make different ar rangements regarding photographs, desirable for various concerns. For some the problem works out best to have an employee who has some skill along this line make the exposures with his own or the company’s camera and send the photographs for This approximate estimate does not represent all the work that was delivered by the gallery question and so the following comparison is mor: emphatic. For the work turned out the averag commercial photographer’s charges would have bee approximately as follows: 2 ; « yy T 1 ‘ > sYeis 2. SOU negatives ..... developing and printing to a comme rcial photogra- oheusiina 80 sabi pher, but an investigation of a large number of 7,000 prints .. . > . 200 enlargements instances where the amount of work done in a year 300 lantern slides exceeded $1500 points very clearly to the economy Total of installing a photographing plant. A few figures Cost, including overhead are available showing the relative cost of making Actual saving This saving of $675 more than 35 per cent Where the amount work is greater it will found that the saving creases proportionate!) the question of econo! only one of many reas! that those who have stalled their own equip! advance in favor of so doing It is proverbial that the com mercial photographer to get the point of the m jority of the industrial pi tographs that require ' taken. One’s own pholor rapher, being familiar wit the situation, can do ™ without taking the timé some other valuable ployee to explain what 's ™ quired. Frequently ' question of speed als comes one of such impo! ance that the results 2 Pp photographic gallery ' ® a ee oreo to give outweigh the Dut } 1914 Opposite End of the Gallery to That Showr SAFEGUARDING THE SODA TANK Suggestions for the Protection of Workmen Cleaning Small Machined Parts BY JAMES E. COOLEY isual method for cleaning the oil and chips rk is to dip the pieces into a small tank of ind sal-soda. These tanks are circular in | are set in the center of a drip pan. Some ks are to be found in rooms built espe- washing work, extracting oil from chips, the greater number are located where they essible to all workmen who are required to heir work, one or more being placed in a room tment. Because the soda water tank is no tor as a contributor to the sum total of ma- op accidents and because they have long erlooked in having safeguards put around ew suggestions are given here that will idents around one of these tanks. first of these suggestions is seen in the a erected around the drip pan. This is the workman from stumbling over the the pan and confining the approach to the ne or two entrances. It is as necessary to lard rail here as it is to have one near a or other dangerously exposed machinery. ishing work of any description, the work- to stand in the drip pan to dip the work tank. As the pan is generally wet and the danger of slipping is always present. A , such as is shown at b, should be provided vorkmen to stand on. A safety tread cover furnished for this platform, or it should ed with sand. The beveled pieces or risers stumbling at the entrance. several pieces are to be washed they are a washer similar to the one shown at d, dipped into the hot soda and shaken vigor- is when lifting this washer out of the tank he water has drained off that many work- scalded their legs and feet. To prevent f this kind a circular shelf. e, on which washer while the water drains off should over and around the edges of the tank. THE IRON AGE 1119 A still further precaution is to erect an upright f, di rectly in front of where a workman stands. It will then be necessary for the workman to swing the washer around to one side instead of pulling it toward him when putting it down. These uprights will pre- vent the workmen from fall ing into the tank and also will be found handy to take hold of when dipping shafts in the tank to wash out splines, keyways, ete. Whenever any overhead work such as fixing shafting or adjusting a belt, etc., is attempted directly above the soda tank the top of the tank should be covered over. The platform b will be found useful for this purpose, as it can be picked placed up easily and over the tank. Information for Exporters R. L. Ardrey, at one time sentative of The lron Age, is terly international trade magazine U. S. A.,” which makes exporters. Its subscription price is $2 per year and the publication office is 234 South La Salle street, Chi cago. The April guide for the use of exporters at interior points. Mr Ardrey states that one of the great difficulties of in tending exporters is that they do not know how to ship, especially from interior points. This issue is of special value to them. It shows all the lines out of the United States and Canada, being claimed to be the only publication giving this data. It also shows the direct ports without transshipping and the number of days out to each port Chicago editorial repre now publishing a quar entitled “Made in a specialty of information for issue contains an ocean steamship reached A sample copy of if Safeguards Around Sod Cle ng O ind Chips f : = ink | om Machined Parts 11 this issue will be sent by Mr. Ardrey without charge to any manufacturer who interested in export trade. A works publication devoted to the interest of the safety movement has been established for the benefit of the employees of the Raritan Copper Works, Perth Amboy, N. J. It is known as the Ingot, and the first number states, in showing the accomplishments of the safety movement at the Raritan works, that accidents have decreased 47 per cent., comparing April, 1914, with September, 1913. The incapacitating accidents in March, 1913, amounted to 21, while in March of this year they did not exceed 14 The Murphy Machinery & Equipment Company, St. Louis, has leased new quarters at 1410 North Broadway. bed ei pa Bolivia’s Tin Resources and the United States Possibility of a Smelter on Our Atlantic Coast with the Canal Open—Good Pros- pects Both for Tin Mining and for Railroads BY CHARLES M. PEPPER OruRO, BOLiviA, April 20, 1914.—Bolivia was once de- scribed by a geographer as a silver table with gold legs. He was thinking of the enormous silver production during the centuries following the Spanish Conquest and also of the gold which was obtained chiefly in the placer regions. To call the country a tin table in this century might seem to cheapen it, but that is in fact what the great central tableland is. Tin in the 20th century is becom- ing to Bolivia what silver and gold were in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is the chief min- eral wealth, and there is every reason to believe that the pro- ductiveness will continue to Confusion exists actual production, be figures of the output mines usually are | terms of barilla, or trates, which might crude tin. The actual out) however, is easily asc: since the Government | a export tax, and the exportat during a given year is al equal to the production. 1 export tax is based on the ca culation that the concentrat: vield 60 per cent. of pur and that is, in fact, ab average, though there is some very high grade barilla some low grade. In the Goy- ernment statistics metric tons are also implied, but the metric grow. ton is so near the gross to! BOLIVIAN TIN ONE-FIFTH OF Cerro Choroloque, Santa Barbara, Tin Mines. that the difference can be dis- OL I I 0 _- ‘ i OF Altitude ove 18.000 ft Jismut silver and : / tabs PR - aaa, | : - regarded. In order to know TOTAL eo produced the exact production for Tin mining really dates back less than a quarter period of years, 1 got the official statistics wh of a century, and it is only within the last ten years follow: that the growth has become notable, and Bolivia has Barilla, taken her place next to the Malay Straits Settle- ve poy ment as the tin producing region. In ordinary 190 29,938 years about 20 per cent. of the world’s tin produc- 10 8548 tion may be attributed to Bolivia. ata sS'ase cckarn Semke wieait Of thin Wate Tioatenes Ak eta In addition to the concentrates, probably 50 Se ae ate he Steen Nhat tetloe ne tons of tin are shipped as bars. ‘ the Panama ¢ had had much to do with Oruro is the center of the richest tin-mining eee ae eintrice. The first of a series of letters to The district, although there is considerable production Lon ADT ed Getober 16. 1913, dealing generally with initial the La Paz district. The concentrates are found plans for commerce by way of the Panama Canal. The vat combination with silver ore, and are separated at the OE ees Te nae Tes ebouame 5. 1914: Areen. various reduction plants. Some of these are quit ee ~ ae ae ne es So “ a luding article on modern, and have the latest improved machiner) Plaza in Oruro, the Tin Mining Center of Bolivia Mines are in the hills, being designated by crosses. Properties © 5 pania Minera de Oruro 1120 — 14 ot so progressive, but as they get fresh seek to improve their equipment. BOLIVIA’S BONANZA KING ling mining companies are operated by ilean and English capital. The greatest in Bolivia today, and one of the great- world, is Senor Simon Patino. His ilels the romance of the bonanza kings fic coast or the multi-millionaires of a. ars ago he was a poor man who knew * mining, and who had unlimited faith deposits of his country. He got together isand dollars with which he obtained one of the smaller mines. It justified his ns, and he proceeded with its development. egan to acquire other mines, buying con- Huanani from an English company, and ¢ the Uncia, which is the most productive group whose control he has concentrated hands. The output from the Patino ow said to approximate $10,000,000 ar | these mines ped with up-to- linery. Com- rineers, usually rs, are also em- he Uncia mine hnical manage- charge of engineers, EL AND HIGH ITUDES irce of ex- the reduction the high cost Bolivia has no osits that are iy available, Fuins of Inca Civilizati as to be » from the coast, either from Antofagasta Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, a distance les, or from the Peruvian port of Mollendo Lake Titicaca. The completion of the Paz Railway affords a shorter route, but on this line are so heavy that there is prospect of cheaper freight. ears coal has been as high as $50 a ton. rt, explains why so small a quantity of produced, and why it is cheaper to ship ntrates down to Antofagasta. Hydroelec- er has not yet solved the problem of fuel melter. er difficulty connected with tin mining in the great altitude at which the tin de- e located. Oruro itself is on the great 12,000 ft. above sea level, and the min- eposits in the surrounding regions are from to 5000 ft. higher. In the La Paz district the ‘s are worked as high as 17,500 ft., although ropean engineers and managers have to con- tivities to an elevation of about 15,000 their direction the native Indian labor ne higher lodes. tive labor is sturdy and competent. There it to assure further development of the industry, but not at the very high alti- ‘ew railroad construction, however, is en- the development of some of the districts deposits are lower, and where labor will isily obtainable. Yet it is not likely that m other countries will ever have much to . the development of Bolivia’s mineral de- THE IRON AGE 1121 posits. The main reliance must always be on the native Indian labor. Additions to the normal output of the mines are now being obtained by working dumps. Years ago when silver mining was at its hight and the value of the tin appreciated, quantities of the latter, together with the tailings and waste ore near the mines, was dumped. The silver found at considerable depth, and in working the silver mines on a large scale, large quantities of tin-carrying rock had to be removed before the silver was reached. These dumps usually were near the mouths of the shafts. Since the ex the railroads into mining district and the cheapening of freights, barilla containing 50 per cent. of metallic tin from many of these dumps by a simple washing process, and the exploitation of this source of wealth is far deposits was not large lodes are 6} tne tension of has been recovered from being at an end AN AMERICAN TIN SMELTER POSSIBLE For a country which so large a consumer of tin as the United States it seems strange that American eapital has had so little to do with the development of the Bolivian tin mines. However timorous it may be in respect to enterprises America, capital commercial in South American never hesitates at a mining venture There have been two or three com panies formed in the United States, one of them in but they come discouraged or ke Titi have not had capital enough to go for with exploitation. inter ests have some tin properties, but these are not now When the banking group made a with the Bolivian Government to build their individual also acquired mineral concessions, but apparenth) they have not followed up the development of the properties. Notwithstanding Pennsylvania, either have be their ward Boston In operation American contract railroads, some of member that the United States amount of tin there are as yet no smelters on the Atlantic coast for the treatment of the concentrates. Substantially all the Bolivian product goes to England, the amount being from 93 to 95 per cent. annually. All these concentrates are now shipped around the Horn, or through the Straits of Magellan. The query occurs whether, af ter the Panama Canal is opened, they will not take the shorter course through the canal, for the tolls do not seem to be too high. With the opening of the canal it would seem possible to establish a smelter somewhere on the Atlantic coast for the treatment of Bolivian tin concentrates. con Sumes an enormous LARGER DEVELOPMENT IN THE FUTURE In one sense the future of the tin industry in Bolivia may be said to be the country’s economic future, for on it rests the chief element in the fiscal svstem. Bolivia obtains more than $1,000,000 from the export tax on tin, and for a country whose ex penditures are on a modest scale this is an item of much importance. The Government, therefore, may be depended on, aside from other considera- tions, to do all it can to develop tin mining. Im- % ec gl AB 5 dc 1122 proved transportation facilities are assured, and there seems every reason to predict a further steady increase in Bolivian tin production, though it may not be continuous year by year. The certainty of increased production is anether reason why the subject is worthy of attention of American capi- talists who realize the possibility of the home mar- ket for tin plate. RICH PROMISE IN OTHER METALS Silver mining in Bolivia has been in abeyance for some years past, due largely to the supposed exhaustion of the old mines, which have been worked for centuries, and to the lack of transporta- tion facilities. The most profitable silver mine in the country, Huanchaca, is situated on a railroad spur, running out from Uyuni, which is on the rail- road from Antofagasta. For many years this was one of the most productive silver mines in the Plaza at Potosi, the Ancient Center of Bolivian world. Then it was flooded, and various difficulties were encountered in its operation, which caused the suspension of dividends. My impression that within the last year the mine has again resumed dividends, though the output not formerly. is is so large as Potosi is the historic silver mining region of 3olivia. It was from here that for centuries such vast quantities of silver were obtained. The old Spanish mint, and subsequently the national mint of Bolivia, was established at Potosi. Silver mining declined to the point where it was thought that there was no prospect of its revival, unless transporta- tion facilities could be obtained. The Bolivian Gov- ernment, in pursuance of its general policy, built a branch line from Mulata on the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway to Potosi. This line now in operation, and in another year or two it may be possible to determine to what extent cheap trans- portation and modern machinery can redevelop the Potosi fields. Gold mining is also to be rejuvenated, if the ex- pectations of a group of American and Bolivian capitalists are realized. A number of the proper- ties have been combined, and the plan is to work them on an extensive scale. Dredging machinery is an important factor in any future development of gold mining in Bolivia. is THE IRON AGE M ay 1914 Inereased prices for copper should , some stimulus te the more systematic worki: the copper deposits of Bolivia. These are |ovateq at Corocore. The Arica-La Paz Railway no Caches ne these mines, and affords a short haul do sea. Lack of harmony among the differe groups is said to be one cause of the limit: ment of the Corocoro fields. Some years ; York banking house obtained an option on of mines, and was ready to spend large sums j; other mines could be obtained. The owners. hoy ever, had extravagant notions of the valu t property, and so nothing came of the pro; Wolfram, bismuth, zinc, and antimony a other sources of Bolivia’s mineral wealth, do not enter largely into the present stage exploitation. RAILROAD EXPANSION Bolivia’s progressive railroad policy Silver Mining Palace of the Municipal Governor much to do with the present satisfactory condition of the country. This policy is still maintained, but its main purpose has been accomplished. This was to link the country up so that there would through railroad communication from the norther border at Lake Titicaca to the Argentine front er on the south. The construction of another hundred miles will complete these links. One of them | from Uyuni to Tupiza in southern Bolivia. Sixt miles of this link have been built out from Uyw and about 50 miles remain to be constructed. This extension to Tupiza makes accessible some of the tin-bearing districts which have not been ex ploited on account of the lack of transportatio! facilities. The remaining link will be from Tupi to Quiaca, on the border of Argentina, als distance of 50 miles. When these two links ar completed, southern Bolivia will have rail access both to the Atlantic and to the Pacific. The branch line to Potosi, which I hav described, was part of the general plan. Anoter branch line*from Oruro to Cochabamba, the center of a rich agricultural district, is now in progress Funds for this project have not been too plenti! and Sefior Patino, the tin-mining magnate, credited with the patriotic purpose of aiding Government to complete the line by advancing ™* funds himself. the Pan-American sections practically between the northern and the southern the country, and with railroad communi- th the Pacific augmented, the next step in .n programme is to reach the agricultural wn as the river and forest region. This view to developing tropical agriculture, to making easier the exploitation of the listricts. The Government has some its own, but it seems disposed to en- rivate enterprise to undertake most of THE FARQUHAR CONCESSIONS rtant concessions have been granted to the Syndicate. This is the syndicate organ- Percival Farquhar, the American, whose schemes for joining up the railroad sys- the interior of South America have caused e called the Harriman of South America. uhar and his associates obtained control Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, which was the best paying systems in South America. Its ] sh owners drew such comfortable dividends fy t that they were very unprogressive, and not ed to exert themselves for the further de- ent of Bolivia. Mr. Farquhar and his asso- ites are more progressive and more ambitious. hough the condition of the world’s money market may cause delay in putting their plans into effect, they will, nevertheless, ultimately go forward with their new lines, and the great central tableland will be put in rail communication with the regions of the great rivers whose products will reach the Atlantic both through the Amazon at Para and through the Plate, at Montevideo. I have given in brief outline what the Bolivian tional policy is in regard to railroads, what it ilready has accomplished, and what is yet to be complished, because it has so important a bear- the industrial development of the country, also because it indicates why Bolivia is, and ontinue, a good market for iron and steel WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY WILL DO MUCH Supplementary to the railroad policy, a word t to be said about wireless telegraphy. Some will be necessary to write a chapter on what is doing for the civilization of the vast rior regions of South America. We are so med to think of it in connection with ocean that we do not realize its possibilities for development. Bolivia, like her neighbor, nas realized the full value of wireless, and have been made for the installation of a wireless system which will enable the capital and mportant centers to be in touch with the river and mountain regions. This is a portant factor in the orderly administration regions. owing the more systematic development of ng industry there may be an immigration, nization movement for Bolivia. Coloniza- nnot take place on the high tableland, be- there are few regions which could supply populate a plateau 12,000 ft. above sea Moreover, the means of subsistence are not f development for the support of a popula- h larger than that of the present Indian nts, but it is thought that the sea-level sions in the southeast of the country are capable zation for tropical agriculture, and there us projects with this end in view. None of likely to take on imposing proportions 1914 THE IRON AGE 112: during the next ten years, but with the opening up of the agricultural regions by means of rail- roads some growth of population is assured. A PROMISING OUTLOOK Bolivia today, considered from all points of view fiscal, industrial and political—is in as good a position as any country in South America. Boundary disputes with her neighbors are nearly all adjusted, and the country’s statesmen are able to give their attention to questions of domestic policy and in- ternal development. It must be remembered that Bolivia is not a country of revolutions. There have been revolu- tions in the past, but these have not been so fre- quent as to become a habit. The destinies of the country are controlled by a small group of able and patriotic men. The political system is a good one, and makes for stability. Public affairs, and in particular the finances, are well administered. Last year the actual revenues were greater than the estimated revenues. This i in marked contrast with most of the South Amer ican countries where the deficit was greater than it had been estimated. The money of the country may be said to rest on a silver basis with a gold expectation, but stability is maintained, and there are no violent fluctuations, though at times large quantities of English sovereigns are imported. The complete reform of the finances is now under con sideration, and several of the plans proposed seem to be both sound and practicable. Bolivia’s foreign commerce, considering its iso lated situation as a mid-continent country, is larger than might be supposed. The total volume exceeds $50,000,000 annually, with the exports greater than the imports, though the disproportion is not very marked. Though the United States takes very little from Bolivia, the figures rarely reaching $250,000 a year, the country is a good customer for our prod ucts. The imports from the United States range from $3,500,000 to $4,000,000 per vear. The latter figures are reached when railroad building is active The United States is the chief source of supply for rails and railroad material, as well as for other iron and steel products, including some mining ma chinery. Surveys are being made by engineers of the Penn sylvania Water Supply Commission in mountain re gions contiguous to industrial communities in order to determine the resources of the State in water supply Some years ago a survey of the State to locate all streams was made, and the present survey amounts in effect to an inventory of the water, taking into account the volume, especially the amount that can be relied upon for industrial purposes and the horse power that can be made available. It is expected that informa tion regarding the water power will be in hand by the end of 1915. Until this information is gathered it i improbable that any charters for water-power con panies will be granted Recent business with the iron and steel industry is reported by the General Electric Company as follows: The American Iron & Steel Mfg. Company, Lebanon, Pa., is to install a 1500-hp. induction mill-type motor with sectional control equipment. The Bethlehem Steel Company, South Bethlehem, Pa., has ordered nine motors ranging from 10 hp. to 50 hp., two additional 125-hp. and two 150-hp. induction motors. The Riter- Conley Mfg. Company, Pittsburgh, has ordered 32 motors of 10-hp. and 25-hp. capacities. The Hubbard Steel Foundry Company, East Chicago, Ind., will add to its plant two 100-kva. synchronous motors with 5-kw. exciters and accessories. ES lb gS nent, <A a . Bt NS C8 Mg Rare ic wane em awe” toe ee ee ee eee eee, Built-Up High-Speed Steel Cutting Tools Making Tools by Welding High-Speed Steel to Low-Carbon Shanks, and the Economies Claimed for the Product DOLPH ROSNER, Bridgeport, the two metals. This takes only a few s Conn., has developed a process of _ special flux is used in welding. welding high-speed to low-carbon It has been found that the quicker th steel (0.25 to 0.60 per cent. car- ature is brought from hardening temperat bon). The high-speed steel piece to about 1300 deg. F., the better the cutti; is not dovetailed in, nor brazed, but welded against of the tool. The hardening of the tool t: the flat surface of the low-carbon steel base, to make at the same time and with the same heat as | one solid piece. Any kind or make of high-speed ing. Right after welding the tools are re: steel, Mr. Rosner says, can be welded successfully. ground and used. Welded It is calculated that 85 per cent. of the high-speed steel in a lathe tool is wast ed in grinding, also in reforging. When the tool gets too short, after being reforged several times, it is commonly scrapped. The fact that only 15 per cent. of the steel in a lathe tool is ac- tually used for cutting is what led to developing a new form of cutting tool to save a lot of high-speed steel that was heretofore wasted. The accompany- ing drawings and photo- graphs show the construc- tidn of the tools. A small piece of high-speed steel for the cutting edge cost- forming t punches, milling cutters, taps, kn have to be annealed after welding machining possible, and after ing are hardened in the regu as with tools made of hi: steel alone. Tools made in t described have on the market Rosner for in lig use without reforging | and with the idea that | when the cutting edge is worn out another piece of high-speed steel] maj be welded on to the left- over shank. The tools can, of course, be an | nealed, machined or re- — - ine hardened, as desired. It ing, say, 75 cents to $1 per pound, is welded to a_ is stated also that it is possible to bend or forge suc! low-carbon steel base, called the shank, costing about tools at the weld to a certain extent, if done at hig 2 or 3 cents per pound. temperature. With regard to the low-carbon The two pieces to be welded are heated in a gas. shank, it is held that as the low-carbon steel is : furnace. The high-speed steel is heated slowly to that it will stiffen by quenching in water, it welding heat, over 2000 deg. F. The pieces are taken able even for long overhanging tools. out of the furnace and put under pressure to unite In answer to the claim that there is no is Tee , rc TES Gee = f ; j will gve.as much High Spee 1 Stee wing 45% “ost ] ) + is | ae Se cinemas cieamesaessomlglaa 1A LS Chee ~b tno/s wv ia ~urh < oid HS f stee ; rg ] j Cc c * / Low bon Stee ‘ j i ai Canaanite Lebel. hhh bdchtadathathdddidehd Wace > - af 4 ee e such tools will give as much service as . oe : ne solid H.S stee/ fool. Saving 40% in cost ’ : . > : s: Tox Diagram to Show the Small Percentage of High-Speed Steel Ruilt-Up Lathe or Planing Machine Tools; T¢ Actualiv Used it Lathe Tool Rehardened 2 } Z | 5 ~~ x i > a ee st — « A-B Cc A 6 , B D er / ~ Wit High-Speed Steel Cutte \\ ny -( rbon Steel Dis teel wasted in a machine shop, because when ets too short it is drawn out to a smaller and used in another machine, Mr. Rosner here is not always a call for a smaller sec- esides it costs something to draw out the certain dimension; that this will bring t per pound of such drawn-out steel in ons to probably as high as $2. egards costs, Mr. Rosner supplies the fol gures: It is estimated that a lathe side n. long, made of °4 x 14-in. high-speed be reforged and rehardened six times gets too short to be used again. A small left over and is most always scrapped. The reforging of tools increases with the cross the high-speed steel. S ib... at 75 ¢ role ing. &t gh-speed steel t vl rdening s gh-s s ) eg. F } p eg. I ! g a nat ning ’ s xing fire) our e Der tes, at $0.0083 ‘ expenses, 60 per cent rging and hardening $0.2057 ase of the same size built-up tool, a small gh-speed steel 15¢ in. long, 34. in. wide thick is welded to the flat side of the form the cutting edge with the right ingle. A longer high-speed steel cutting be welded on, but for this comparison n. long is used to get unfavorable condi- ve built-up tools with a cutting edge of ng are necessary to do the same amount THE IRON AGE 1125 of work as one solid high speed steel tool would, reforging it six times until it is too short to use When one built-up tool is used up, a new one 10 11 long is drawn out of stock. The low-carbon steel shank of the worn-out tool may be scrapped or else another high-speed steel cutting edge is welded on This would give a tool about 8 in. long. The con parison between the two tools would be New Steel Sheet Piling Corner Section The Lackawanna Steel Company, Lackawanna, Nc. Weg ae rolling a new torm of corner section tor ise in connection with its steel sheet piling, whic! was illustrated in The Iron Age, June 20, 1912. This section is designed for 90-deg. corners of rectangular cof- ferdams or retain ing walls and can be used with either the hook or the guard on the outside. This section is designed to take the place the fabricated cor ner members for merly used. [t is 7 1 Ste stated that these g Sect 0-deg. ¢ ar 1’ f the Fabr corners are mor ( : Former Emploved readily driven than the specially fabricated one and weigh less per lineal foot The corners are intended for use where the conditions of load are not excessive Practically all of the requirements will be met by the new corner, but if a variation from the 90-deg angle is desired, special angles can be rolled Pacific Coast Metal Trades Association The eighth annual onvention of the United Meta rade Association of the Pacific coast was held Spokane, Wash., April 18, with members present fron Sedro-Wooley, Everett, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane a Portland. The reports of the office howed the asso iation to be in better condition numerica ly and finat cially na eve petore he etiril pre cle t 4 (; I « the co ¢ n repo! r ‘ Ze aa The officers elected were: President, | G. Frink, Washington Iron Works, Seattle; first vice-president, J. M. Fitzpatrick, Union Iron Works, Spokane; se ond vice-president, Eugene Roberts, Puget Sound Iror and Steel Works, Tacoma; third vice-president, A. M Clark, Columbia Steel Company, Portland; treasurer, ‘ ©. E. Heintz, Pacific lron Works, Portland The Fitzsimons Company, manufacturer of polished shafting and special shapes, Youngstown, Ohio, has established an office at 2496 Broadway, S. E., Cleve land, Ohio, which is in charge of C. E. Lowe a ieteie ee ee ee Ty RT * . v > ee en if Hh : Strains in Rolled Brass and Bronze Bars’ How These Are on the Properties of Allo Measured and Their Effect ys—Annealing Lowers Elastic Limit and Relieves Internal Stresses BY JAMES E. Tests recently made by the author upon hard rolled yellow brass, Tobin bronze, phosphor bronze, in bars and sheet form, and rolled copper, furnish the results here presented. The internal strains measured were those which were introduced into the metal by the processes of manufacture, through which the material had passed, and other strains caused by bending the bars or by peining the sur- face of the metal with a light-weight hand hammer. Some of the test pieces were moderately heated, using a hot water bath, and one was annealed at a temperature of about 1040 deg. F. A description of the material used, its treat- ment during testing and the results obtained, are shown on a series of diagrams. Figs. 1 and 2 show two types of test pieces; one is an illustration of a plain hexagonal brass bar which had had its flat surfaces planed off and subsequently peined; on the Fig Hexagonal Brass B ¢ Hamn nd Strain Gaug other print appear two bent bars. Small drilled and countersunk holes are shown on the faces of the specimens, the holes defining the extremities of the gauged lengths which were measured at dif- ferent stages by means of a strain gauge. The testing equipment made use of in these tests is also shown on these prints, consisting of a 4-oz. hand hammer, for peining the surfaces of the test pieces, and a strain gauge for measuring the effect both of the peining and the machine work done in turn- ing down or planing off the specimens. Fig. 3 refers to tests made upon a 1%%-in. hexagonal, rolled brass bar. The treatment of this bar consisted in peining opposite surfaces, two at a time, planing off the surfaces, repeining and finally drilling a 11/16-in. hole through the bar. The bar was measured at the different stages. The result of peining two sides was to elongate the bar 0.0021 in. on a gauged length of 10 in. Peining two more sides, the extension was in- creased to 0.0040 in. A part of this extension was permanent set as shown when the peined surfaces were planed off. That is, the metal at the central core of the bar did not have a very high elastic limit and the recovery in length was not complete when the peined surfaces were removed. It may *Portions of a paper presented before the American Insti- tute of Metals and to be printed in full in its proceedings +Engineer-physicist, Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington, D. C. 11 HOWARDt be remarked that we have here the means ing of the elastic limit of the metal by us simple equipment employed in making these tests When the four peined sides were planed off | 16 j 2ach, the bar recovered 0.0011 in. in lengt! \ suming the modulus of elasticity of the have a value of 15,000,000 lb. per sq. in., covery, which was a tensile strain, corres): a stress of 1650 lb. per sq. in. in the interior the bar, since that part contracted in lengt! the restraining metal of the exterior was re: The exterior metal of rolled rods, as will later appear, is commonly in a state of compressior this bar had been overstrained by the peining four of its sides, and the fifth and sixth which normally would be expected in compress were in consequence of the peining, put int state of tension. It therefore followed, when the fifth and sixth sides were planed off, that the bar lengthened, as shown upon the diagram. All six sides of the bar were next peined, re- sulting in a considerable extension of the bar. The exterior metal was at this stage in a state of high compression. It was not disturbed by the moderate heating given when raised to a temperature of Fig Type of Bending Bar with Strain G 212 deg. F. The metal at the center of the bar was necessarily in tension, opposing the compression metal of the peined surface. A hole was drill through the bar, removing the tension met whereupon the exterior shell expanded in le! 0.0042 in., which corresponds to a stress of 650” per sq. in. compression in the exterior shell The magnitude of strains existing in, or Ww) can be introduced in brass and bronze bars, makes the initial state of the metal a matter of intere and importance when considering the uses of material where working stresses are not expecte® to cause permanent deformations. In the case of a rolled rod of Tobin bronze, ™ tensile properties of this bar were much higher than those of the yellow brass hexagon. Upon = ing the cylindrical surface the bar extended 0.000- in. Turning the bar down \% in. in diameter - not only returned to its original length, but neat beyond and was shorter than in its origina! ©o™ dition, due to preexisting internal strains. 1 bar was further turned down in successive stag® 26 — Mi 1914 T7 1 Pre | ‘ » iy ‘ » j C 4 4 ¢ 7 WG t 7 Lid id X J ‘e = oO o w Cc w z - z w = < > ? & w” ” @o w ; Q é 8 wo a © " ov ~ THE IRON AGE CURVE REPRESENTING CHANGES IN LENGTH OF BAR AT DIFFERENT STAGES ¢ > SI ie } a aaa ¢ + > | = ic o “ - . & e é o S 15,900,000 X .001' 10 p TENSION Results of Test which a decrease in length occurred range in the recovery of the bar corre- a stress of 11,526 lb. per sq. in. in the the center of the bar, which was finally i down to 11/16 in. dia. The strains of exten- sulting from peining corresponded to a stress 53 lb. per sq. in., while those attributed to roll- iring the process of manufacture were equiva stress of 6316 lb. per sq. in. results of tests upon phosphor bronze are Fig. 4. In the first stages of the bar was peined, and as usual, it caused sion in length. When turned down \%& in the recovery corresponded to a stress of in., which was of tension in the naining in the bar. There was some modi- en the treatment of this bar over the ented by pe r Sq. 650 LBS PER SO.IN ‘ i fg \ i ~~ J 4 y ¢ Ih g » ct PY) 4 \ Ne 4 7 XN ky 4 \ 4 4 « A / STITT VOL & Lh 4 2 ns © e => v = ° 8 ° -_ w = : u ; z ¢ . - Q oS w ps ez i= ~ « 3 © au “ oO a a ae C 3 -s 3 = a —~ 4 = 4 © - J a w é oF o 2 < s i ? ° —— ¢ a 4 ~ a 5 = & im a ~~ ; > 2 a 3 S o 2. 8 5 7 ° ¢ ’ S ° © ™“ e 2 é 5,000 x 42 1000 ).Q0 é 83 PER SO.IN 42 COMPRE SSION« } eg 2 g } previous ones. At an intermediate stage it was peined on one side only, that is, half the cylin drical surface at side A was peined; the other side remaining unhammered for the time being. This resulted in the extension of the metal on one side contraction on the other. It behaved in a manner similar to a bent beam, but with a change the neutral axis. The total range in on the opposite sides of the bar at this time was equivalent to 10,895 Ib. per sq. in., a considerable range in stress to exist in the bar, but not believed to be greater than frequently witnessed in hard rolled metal not affected by peining. The recovery in length between the stage at which the whole cylin- drical was peined and when finally down to ’s in. dia and a doubtless in the position of stress same nevertheless turned 6316 Ib surface represented a stress of Moe % Sepeey a es to on — ‘ * re wm it a " WZ OTP PS GP FF GO @g@qo@e@qe@ee@egeog6ée J Ma GF Ba ZF Vi, J D) cS ; 8 ' E = < 2 < be _ & < 2 2 i¥ - 2 z “ < a 4 . - ad 2 2 : £ = ~ a y a = a < a O e f c 3 z w 7 os - 5 ( < ~ > © . z z z z ' Q : 5 z % ¢ z = z bd 7 w = Zz z = 6 R e ' 3 Oo = C ‘ > f : : g g g - : ‘ S © . z Z z é t z é 3 ¥ : ¢ > 5 ' CURVES REPRESENTING CHANGES IN LENGTH OF BAR_ON OPPOSITE SIDES, AT DIFFERENT STAGES 7 nan . aE — om bs s * - ‘ ( < 6 2 , a ° x 2 8 s g 8 3 ‘ a $ ° 8 g\0€ 3 got * be sincere ce Se Lnafiomn and “ea. s € ” "L _— ra Se — . ’ woot - Sao. 8] Eo 3 ee ; A ™~ of - - 3 = Ss4- = 8 s an 8 ; - 3 So 8 - . © ie 8 e 8 f s0 —a need a a . Af z s 1 ea 36 RECOVERY REPRESENTS 3 15,000,000 x .00.40)+ 915 * 6,316 LBS PER SQ.1N ane . 2 4,105 LBS PER SQN 3 ‘sa ’ 3 ; ue ; acon aensittbinstsis alba ccanaitl ‘ we V5 z TOTAL RANGE, TWO SIDES BY « 10,895 LBS PER SO.IN j - r ‘ - 4 ee at ee ae a re Fig. 4.—Results of Tests on a Phosphor Bronze Bar, . . i .. Ze iY a 1128 per sq. in., which was of tension in the metal at the middle part of its cross section. On three rolled bars of yellow brass, two of which were subjected to no other treatment than’ the machining required to turn down and bore out the first and second respectively, the strains were released. They represent therefor only those which were introduced into the metal by the process of manufacture of the bars. The first bar was turned down from 114 in. to 1 1/16 in. dia. The strains released corresponded to a stress of 2605 lb. per sq. in. tension in the metal of the core. According to the relative areas of the core and the annulus, the latter had been under an initial pression of 6779 lb. per sq. in. stress of The second bar, from another lot of metal, was bored out to 1 1/16 in. dia., thick. The strains in this annulus corresponded to a stress of 9900 lb. per sq. in. compression. tive the metal of the under an initial stress of 3803 lb. per sq. in. tension. The com- > leaving an annulus 3/32 in. According to rela- areas core had been third bar was turned down and peined and then bored out to a thickness of 5/32 in. The com- pressive were equivalent > has strains in the annulus to 12,000 lb. per sq. in. According to the stress. measured and estimated strains in the annuli and cores of the untreated bars, rolled brass bars may have present, due to processes of manufacture, in- ternal strains of opposite directions amounting to 3,000 Ib. per sq. in. The behavior of a copper bar was similar to that witnessed in the and bronze bars. In fact the metal moved about in substantially the same manner as the and bronzes. In the case of bent i, brass bars the internal / ’ strains which exist in / such bars at the bends, / / \ \ beginning on the con- vex side, are first com- pression, then tension, then passing the primitive axis of the brass brasses across / Roh neutral / , in bar, then CHORD 5.0000 Ls DIAGRAM REPRESENTING MOVEMENTS OF LEGS OF BENT SAR SHOWN BY CHORD MEASUREMENTS AT DIFFERENT STAGES THICKNESS AT BEND REOUCED BY PLANING FROM CONVEX SIDE CHORD MEASUREMENTS THE IRON AGE stood why the legs of the bent bars pn outward direction when the metal at th reduced in thickness, it being immateris the metal is planed off the convex or co of the bend. Later on, when the thickn: ther reduced, the direction in which the changes and they move inward and afie; a minimum distance apart finally turn move outward. The normal behavior of a bent copp: the same as that of steel or brass. Th: of the curve shown in Fig. 5 illustrates ments of the legs of a copper bar. Intern: can be dislodged by annealing the meta] may be disturbed and very decidedly cha introducing other conflicting internal strai; additional curves are shown on this diag illustrating the effect of annealing a se per bar, the other the effect of peining t! side of the bend of a third bar. The process removed certain of the internal strains shown by the curve.of the diagram. The physical properties of metals change increase in temperature. A lowering of th limit usually characterizes the result of exposu to higher temperatures. It follows that the gradual elimination of internal strains would, in general, progress as the elastic limit is lowered by increas of temperature; that is, that internal strains re resenting stresses above the elastic limit temperatures would be effaced. The curved line of the diagram representing the peined bar shows that overcoming the initial strains of tension on the concave side of the bent bar had their expected result, and a reduction in thick- ness of the bar was not attended by an outward movement of the legs. An inward movement oc- curred at the very start and continued until the influence of the peined metal was lost by reason of its removal. The introduction of compressive strains at the concave side of the bend by peining, shown by the present test, is in confirmation of th explanation given of the arrangement of interna! strains in bent bars. aft ¢ y a ivel That annealing or exposure to moderat temperatures tends t lower the elasti LEGS CLOSE LEGS OPEN ; a fall of metals is_ illus — 8.0000 aN trated by the results \ shown in Fig. 6 7 Te 5.0964 ri Hard rolled _ sheet |! brass, 0.025 in. thick, "8 cai . tj in strips 1 in. wid eae were tested. The re $ — sults shown in diagram for one suc! Ma 5.0133 és oni strip were confirmed VA in other tests. The "16 ‘ 5.0025 —F shape assumed by the ee ee strip is shown 8 : 4.9607 pe i curved line marked } A on the diagran 16 , 49525 7} This was after th "7 fo 4 strip had been ben! va 4.9520 a * to the diameter i Oh | the arbor and %16 4.9576 . tained in that pos SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS 27-27 7- SHMEALED AT 1040°F. | REDUCED AY BEND ON CONVEX S106 es Fig ) Results of Tests o1 1 Copper compression and finally, at the inside of the bend, there is tension. With this explanation of the ar- rangement of the internal strains, it will be under- Bending returned to the ar over which it W* seized and raised in a water bath to a temper ture of 150 deg. F. This accomplished a notice able annealing of the brass as indicated