The Iron Age 1914-04-16: Vol 93 Iss 16

_= — Established 1855 New York, April 16, 1914 Vol. 93: No. 16 Advanced Steps in Industrial Management Meeting the Human Phase of the Prob- lem Through Devices for Minimizing Fatigue and Through Fostering the Habit of Reading Some time ago an human organism, then item was printed in it is felt that study to these columns explain- ameliorate the situa ing how Frank B. Gil tion is a development breth had established under scientific man at Providence, R. I., agement. It is essen the nucleus of a col tially humanitarian in lection of devices cal that increase in output culated to minimize fa- may not be shown, ex tigue of the factory cept perhaps over a worker. The idea was long period of time, not predicated primar when what is really ily on the now well-recognized necessity of provid- meant is there is no impairment in the individual’ ing periodic rest intervals, particularly in highly capacity for work. For example, a certain form laborious occupations, but on the less well appre- of shoes may be decidedly better for a given occu hended possibility of injuries resulting from proc- pation than another The d fference may not be esses or methods overlooked in the investigations great enough to manifest itself in the output. The up to date. The development of the exhibit has work itself may have had the scientific attention been slow and amounts to mainly a collection of which has established everything which goes to models and articles for which Mr. Gilbreth has gether best for all concerned, including the type of I" alone been responsible. Contemporaneously with ndividual worker, but the kind of clothing, except it, however, has started a movement for which Mr. as regards safety, may have no commercial bearing Gilbreth has also been given the credit, looking to Yet if through a line of reasoning or investigation the fostering of a reading habit among factory some detail of the clothing appears to be markedl; workers. This movement has met an encouraging better, though perhaps not seemingly essential, th response and, for the time being at any rate, has fact that studies of this kind are made describes overshadowed the anti-fatigue movement, as it has the change coming over master and man relations been called. ind are regarded as decidedly worth while Both ideas are in effect advanced steps in sci It is along this line that the anti-fatigue i: entific management, and are particularly bright ex- vestigation lies. A concrete illustration will help amples of the increasing part which the human side A machine is operate d from a foot treadle. Each is gaining in industry. The elimination of useless cycle of operation may require merely slight pre motions is, of course, of paramount importance in ‘sure on the tread The vibrations of the machine arriving at the task in the scientific analysis of however, may be very heavy. They are transmitted production may be improved. It typifies also to the body of the operator. The body may have ‘ that new relation which become inured to the | scientific management jars, but your human | brings about in that tarian investigator | the employer takes spe- comes convinces d that cial means to assist the without these jolts, the employee with equip- human being can get le ment, surroundings along ver well. He be and a plan of work does not argue that f likely to be mutually increased output will ; advantageous. When, necessarily follow by | fs | therefore, not alone are putting on the soft | 7 tiring, unnecessary mo- pedal, but is emphatic 4 | tions done away with that improvement in "4 | but conditions in con- this detail is worth | bd | nection with these mo- while in itself, with | i | tions are discovered which idea most any | ao which may have a det- onewillagree. So, Mr. | . —_——§— jrimental effect on the Gilbreth has studied L: 948 to some extent the provision of springs, or re- leasing catches, in connection with foot-operating devices for machinery, so the foot does not have to remain in contact with the treadle. Three of the accompanying illustrations tell of another investigation of his looking to the avoid- ance of unnecessary fatigue. They represent chairs designed for factory workers. It is held that there is hardly a vocation that cannot have a special chair designed for it that will allow greater outputs with less fatigue. In such instances the humanitarian object is backed by a measurable industrial gain. Two of the pictures show the side and back, respec- tively, of a chair for‘a man doing heavy filing at a vise. The chairs have been built to give the best location of the feet of the workers, so they may file just as well sitting as standing up. There is a projection extending from near the bottom of the chair to receive the man’s right foot, and he may, as needed, secure leverage against a brace fixed to the foot rest. Mr. Gilbreth reports that since us- ing the chairs filers have done more and better work and are in better physical condition at the end of the day than before. Another of the pic- tures shows how an ordinary chair has been suited to some individual and some particular job by merely lengthening the legs. Chairs have been equipped with casters to allow them to be pulled 2asily from place to place. The other development to which reference has been made—the institution of what is called the “Home Reading Box Movement,”—partakes a lit- tle of: paternalism, but the main factor is that it is working well. One idea back of the movement, to quote Mr. Gilbreth, is, “The average worker has two drawbacks. In the first place he has no vo- cabulary. In the second place he cannot read fast, or remember what he does read. Ask him to read an ordinary paragraph and then to repeat it in his own words, and he stumbles and halts and falls down like a boy at school who hasn’t learned his lesson. To give him a vocabulary and to get him into the habit of reading fast and also assimilating as he reads—these are necessary things.” Magazines and trade literature are placed in a receptacle in some portion of the works easily ac- cessible to the employees. The literature comes mainly from homes where magazines are plenty. The scheme is that when the magazines and other reading matter have served their purposes in a given home, the publications are placed in that home’s reading box against the call of the reading- matter collector. Collections are made commonly by automobile and the factories served are appor tioned their share of the literature. There appears to be no special organization handling the matter, but instead the plan is in the hands of friends who have engaged to give something of their time to interest householders in saving their used maga- zines and other publications and have agreed to make the collections. The, participants have entered into the plan as they would in any public service and it rests with each individual merely to take care of his section of the city. In Mr. Gilbreth’s own home, his reading box is located in a conspicu- ous place in the front hall of his residence. The box is numbered 34, as here shown, but why 34 and not 23, does not appear. At first thought, 23 would have been quite appropriate, though foreign read- ers will not be able to appreciate this, not being familiar with North American colloquialisms. Readers in Mr. Gilbreth’s household mark the num- ber of the box on literature with which they are through and the housemaids see that such literature reaches the box. THE IRON AGE April 16 It is interesting to note that the workme discrimination in the choice of their readin at- ter. Some avoid the magazines of the day. rs say that they cannot understand the Englis In one of the boxes recently over a dozen copie so-called popular magazine were found afte, workmen had taken out what they wanted. F experiment, these copies were taken out and with a fresh batch of reading matter brought jy by the collectors. The lot was dumped into the box and the original copies of the magazine or were left, and several more which had come in with the fresh batch. Finally it may be said that the movement is gaining in popularity with both th: homes supplying the reading matter and with th factories receiving it. A Compressed Air Factory Call Whistle For calling foremen, superintendents and others who frequently have occasion to leave their posts to go to different parts of a manufacturing establish- ment, the Newton Machine Tool Works, Inc., Twen- ty-third and Vine streets, Philadelphia, Pa., has developed a com- pressed air call whistle controlled by an_ electric push button. In- stead, however, of a 110 or 220 volt electric circuit, the whistle is op- erated from four dry batteries. When this de- vice, known as the Marx-Heisler call whistle, is in- stalled in a fac- tory, the push button may be mounted __ along- side of the tele- phone _ operator. rhe two principal parts of the de- vice are a magnet, A, a, and the —AlI|-— Details of the Whistle valve B, b. When the button ¢ is pressed the circuit is closed through the battery and the mag- net and the armature of the latter is attracted to ward the pole piece. Attached to the armature is a downwardly projecting extension, which, whe! the magnet is energized, is brought in contact yped Call Whistle for Factories in Which the t Air is Regulated by a Push Button the projecting stem of the valve B, b. This / ste s pushed in so that air flows into the rough the pipe D, d from the com- pressed air line and out through the pipe E, e, the i ir compressing the spring f and permitting the vhistle to operate. As soon as the pressure on the is released the armature of the magnet flies ind the air which is flowing into the valve igh the pipe D, d forces the stem back and cuts f the entrance to the pipe E, e. An exhaust port vided for the valve to permit the spring to t the air when the pressure is removed. Chemical Society Visits Middletown erican Chemical Society held its annual Cincinnati last week. After the regular ess was transacted the society accepted from the National Cash Register Com- Ohio, and the American Rolling Mill Middletown, Ohio, to visit their respective l'riday, April 10, a special train conveyed be to Dayton and subsequently to Middletown, re M. Verity, president American Rolling 4 pany, made the address of welcome. Charles general superintendent, and G. F. Ahlbrandt, es manager, divided the visitors into smal! i gave each party a competent guide. After igh the new East works they were taken to plant, and then inspected the company’s 4 iboratory. A luncheon was served, afte: Os talks were made by different metallurgical a The visitors numbered about 500. “8 re s of the United States Commission on Indus- ce ns, following its six days of hearings on arbitration and collective bargaining, in with labor controversies, informally express that the commission will recommend to Federal industrial board organized along the Newlands act to serve as a voluntary con- mediator in industrial disagreements, par- n industries doing an interstate business. It that the commission may recommend a series nstead of one. 1914 THE IRON AGE 949 Norton Safety First Association A Safety First Association was formally organ- ized March 20 among the officials and workmen of the Norton Company and Norton Grinding Com- pany, Worcester, Mass. There were present all the foremen and assistant foremen of both companies, and one workman from each department. C. L. Allen, general manager of the Norton Company, was elected president, and C. H. Norton, chief en- gineer of the Norton Grinding Company, vice- president. A constitution was adopted and the fol lowing. standing committees appointed—-Member ship, Social, Reward, and Nomination. All present signed the charter roll of the association, and the representation of the workmen present will con stitute the first group of safety inspectors. The beginning of safety work in the factory of the Norton Company was in March, 1909, when a safety committee was organized, composed of five members, four being heads of departments and one a member of the engineering department. This committee has made monthly inspections of the plant, with subsequent recommendations. The re sult has been that practically all dangerous places have been guarded, and it is certain that a great many accidents have been thus prevented. That the work of the safety committee has been thorough is proved by the fact that on investigating the causes of all accidents reported to the Norton Hospital it is very seldom that an accident can now be attributed to the lack of a mechanical safeguard. The safety committees of the two companies will continue this work as in the past, and will enter into the Safety First Association, being designated by the constitution as the executive committee. A study of the accidents which were happening in the plants of both companies showed that they were almost always due either to avoidable risks or to carelessness. Further study showed that if the accidents caused by carelessness could be eliminated those remaining would be almost insignificant in number. With this in mind the safety committees were called together and after several meetings the following plan of procedure was recommended and has been carried out: ] tal sf Y h } tio Y ' eT tt “ na I hi il ru i x th fa ‘ y I ‘ — t Firat A er é b I t t ds so £ \ t s for i r } } = . e butt j \ < < N h I } g ti 4 h t y ‘ ‘ osted in each det To introduce the subject to the men, the words “Safety First” were printed in large letters on the pay envelopes. This got the men to asking what these words meant. After two issues of such pay envelopes, large placards, printed in three lan- guages, were posted in various parts of the works, which gave a short explanation of “Safety First.” An announcement of the proposed organization was also published in the monthly Health and Safety Bulletin, issued by the health and sanitation depart- ment. No attempt has been made to coerce the men into joining, but their response to the invitation has been prompt. nes ment gee. Rr ee eee « i te 950 THE IRON AGE April 16, 1914 The Rehmann Revolving Gas Producer* The most important of all points in the design of a revolving-grate producer is the formation of the grate. Thi: should be designed to penetrate as far up as is safe into the body of the ash and fuel. It should rotate through as great an area as pos- sible, disturbing the maximum of ash, and it should distribute the air and steam equally throughout the whole charge at an equal level. The air and steam ports should be properly protected to pre- vent any ash or dirt blocking them, and the sides of the grate should be as nearly vertical as possible, so that the ash can’ fall equally from the center and the outside, and thus retain a level fire zone. Obviously the shallower the grate the more diffi- cult is it for ash to fall, owing to the low angle of the grate surface. The Rehmann producer as shown in Fig. 1 ful- fills these requirements, as there are four separate domes, each with a different revolving center with a high angle and with carefully deep-louvred air ports. The continuous and equal fall of the ash controls not only the output, but also the gas qual- ity, as it is only by keeping the ash constantly mov- ing downward to the basin that the formation and accumulation of clinker is prevented and the output and quality of gas maintained continuously. A form of shallow grate has been specially designed Fig. 2—Hand-Spreading Coal Charger and patented recently for gasifying small dusty : . coal of mildly caking and clinkering propensities, To prevent the large lumps of clinker gathering at the bottom in the basin and retarding the con- tinuous outlet of the ash, the Rehmann producer has a heavy cast-iron carrying ring with teeth cast on the inside which act in conjunction with teeth cast on the exterior of the grate box. These teeth grind the falling lumps of clinker small, and thus prevent any trouble from clogging at the basin outlet. The next most important detail is the driving gear mechanism, which should be arranged to give a certain positive movement to the grate and a large margin of strength. Care should also be taken that the revolving basin turns evenly and with a mini- mum of up and down or eccentric movement s0 as to reduce such wear. There are six vertical rollers under the basin running on a cast-iron path, and six horizontal rollers running on a turned path below the tooth wheel under the basin. All these rollers can be regulated and, if necessary, replaced without stopping the producer. Some types have a ball race movement; this is not advisable, owing to the difficulty of access for inspection or repair The producer carries a simple form of hand- worked charger, Fig. 2, with which it is possible for the stoker to drop his coal evenly over the wholt surface, or alternatively to the center or the out- side, according to the condition of the fire. Many producers are built with the gas outlet in a vertical direction trom the producer. This is bad design, 4 it always causes a rush of gas to the Ui ss, Ui bi “Wit ~77 outlet and creates a vertical suction LLLLLILLLLLLLL LALA MA AAA ALAA AAA AAA AMA AAA AM A ha which results in the fire immediatel Fig. 1—The Rehmann Producer below the outlet burning much hotter, and causes blow-holes which, if n° which grate retains all the main advantages of the attended to, increase the percentage of CO.; often dome grate, such as a high angle of fall for the also it is difficult to poke the fire at these points ash and protected air ports, but does not go so because of the outlet pipe being in the way. “ high into the ash. This shallowness prevents the is advisable, therefore, that the gas outlet shou’ too great disturbance of the burning fuel and pre- be horizontal and as near the top as possible, vents waste of carbon contents (see Fig. 4). prevent any inequality in the fire surface condi- - , sur- *From an article in the Iron and Coal Trades Review, tion and to enable the stoker to poke the whole London, England, by John A. Smeeton, Smeeton & Brewer, . London, manufaeturers of the Rehmann producer. face equally without undue trouble. tallation of four 10-ft. Rehmann pro- a kers, Ltd., Sheffield, each producer has EN ich as 2700 Ib. per hour of good South i bbles with an average over 12 months t. of combustible gases and only 3 per ressure varies between 4 in. and 6 in. and a l-in. pipe of dry steam at about ire, which maintains a gas pressure in ing from 1 in. to 2 in. of water. The imed for turning the grates is about producer. The ash is, of course, re- atically by a spade which can be regu- ling to the ash content of the coal being [he quality of the gas obtained at an at the Cwmfelin Steel & Tin Plate between 38 per cent. and 44 per cent. le gases. Preliminaries in Establishing Scientific Management ints which he regards as preliminaries entific management can begin were out- Hans Renold of silent chain fame in a read some time ago before the Association neers, Manchester, Eng. These points are raced in the following: goes without saying that organizing large rks can never be said to be really finished; still erably complete state of organization can be ached in from two to three years, but it must be taken in hand energetically and with spirit. Very ften it is well to retain the services of the profes- nal business organizer as a permanent part of ystem, and he then makes a visit of one or two ws every month. Thus the man who has con- ved and worked out the system has an oppor- of Rehmann Pro- Fig. 4—Shallow Grate er Producer see how his work is carried out, and what ns time and experience may suggest in erent departments. Often from time to time nake modifications and improvements, which m through working in other manufactur- s, although they may be producing wide- t articles. undred-and-one small tools and appliances to carry on the diverse operations of an “gineering shop should first be studied as to what ‘heir best form and shape for the work to be to standardize and adopt them. Their iid be reduced to a reasonable number, x kept ready in the stores to be given out equired. Duplicating is so much cheaper making single individual tools. ‘ar too many instances laborers and work- more or less training, and to be shown about their work, and how to serve their ‘o obtain the greatest efficiency. The which cutting tools should be ground and ‘ter still, to make arrangements that all ‘ are ground by one man only on special nachines. Newly ground tools should en out from stores and carried by mes- err vhey . 1914 THE IRON AGE 951 senger boys to the machine men, so that there is no need for them ever to leave their machines and waste their own and much more valuable time. A system of electric call bells offers great advantages, and when once installed, will never be given up again. The best method of fixing a piece of work, and the course to be followed when machining, should be established; also the most suitable machine for the work to be done. The machines should be kept in such a state of repair that they can really per- form the work expected from them. Neglected repairs have a twofold bad effect. They curtail production and lower the quality of work, but what is still more important they make the workmen dissatisfied, as they cannot steadily pursue their work, nor earn what is their due. Speed and feed charts ought to be established for the various machines doing work on pieces dif fering as to size, structure and material. Atten tion to the grouping of machinery about the works is of great importance. To obtain the most eco nomical results with least waste of time and efforts, carting of the work to and fro unnecessarily should be avoided. Where to locate stores and how supplies and work should be given out are very important points and often require not a little study and organization. Blast-Furnace Gas for Drying Molds The application of blast-furnace gas to foundries has received increased attention lately, according to a discussion of this topic by D. Neustadter before the Cleveland (England) Institution of Engineers. At tention was called to Dr. Buck’s treatise on the sub- ject in which he stated that the utility of this gas in the foundry is accounted for by its very much lower contents of hydrogen and water as compared with coke-oven and producer gas. Coke-oven gas and its mixtures have been shown to be unsuitable for drying long molds because of the collection of water, result ing from combustion, in the upper and colder portions of the molds. Overheat- ing often followed, with cracking of the lower portions and insufficient drying of the upper. Certain kinds of producer gas containing a large amount of hydro gen produced the same results, also de of Rent positing tar and soot, while clean blast furnace gas left the pipes clean and burned without a residue. To the smokeless and odor less combustion of highly cleaned blast-furnace gas Dr Buck attributed a large share of the increased produc ing capacities of some modern pipe foundries. It per mitted work on a revolving pipe-casting frame, and the casting of finished molds while others were being dried at the same time, and even permitted the finishing of the upper portion of molds while the lower portion was already undergoing the drying process. The products of combustion did not harm the workmen. While data as to the savings effected by the use of blast-furnace gas in foundries were difficult to obtain, figures collected at the Halbergerhuette were offered. On account of alterations there some time ago four core ovens usually served by gas had to be coal-fired, offering an opportunity for comparisons. The coal used was low grade with an average calorific value of 7260 B. t. u. per lb. and the four ovens were found to require 6050 lb. of coal per 24 hr. Records on the same ovens gas-fired showed a consumption of 187,000 to 260,000 cu. ft. of gas during the same period. Both systems therefore compared as follows: Consumption when coal-fired = 6050 x 7260— 43.8 million B.t.u Consumption when gas-fired = 223,500 x107=—24 million B.t.u Thus with gas-firing only 55 per cent. of the heat was employed as against coal-firing. The latest modern burners would reduce the gas consumption materially. ; A ce or th A New Compression Wrench and Ratchet The Lutz-Webster Engineering Company, Phila- delphia, Pa., has recently brought out a line of com- pression wrenches and ratchets. Among the uses that may be made of the wrench are direct appli- cation to straight shank drills or on the body of the drill itself to hold it when drilling in lathe A New Compression Ratchet Wrench for General Use on Rough or Finished Round Surfaces centers ;*direct application to the shanks of reamers and taps, enabling them to be driven with a ratchet action; for radiator, coil and pipe work; the erec- tion of pipe railings, the manufacture of metal bed- steads and the installation of electric conduits. It is pointed out that the wrench will give a positive continuous movement without marring or slipping, even on greased surfaces, and can be applied di- rectly over the threads of short and close nipples. Where wrenches are to be used exclusively for polished brass or nickel pipe special leather lined girths are furnished. Electric furnace steel castings are used for the handles, and the girths are drop forgings of 0.45 to 0.50 per cent. carbon open-hearth steel. The hinge rivets are turned from bar stock and are held in the girth by spinning the girth into a slight groove cut in the end of the rivet. The locking device consists of the thumb latch and two clamping pieces, between which are placed two flat springs that are compressed on the latch by the clamps. The tension of the springs can be varied from noth- ing to a complete binding of the thumb latch by a screw through the clamping pieces. If a spring should break it is emphasized that the clamping pieces may be used in the usual manner, except that there will not be quite as much flexibility. The ratchets are made of steel and the center point and knock-out for the drill inside the screw are of hardened tool steel. These parts are pressed into place and can be removed and replaced if de- sired. One of the advantages of the ratchet is that with the handle and girth removed it is a straight- line tool. Another point that is especially empha- sized in connection with the ratchet is that there are no springs, pawls, teeth, etc., to break or get out of order. It is pointed out that in ratchets having teeth and pawls it is necessary to move the handle the full amount of a tooth or a number of teeth each stroke, and any movement short of that re- quired to catch the next tooth is lost and wasted. The Lutz ratchet is reversible and less than an inch of movement of the end of the handle is enough to operate it. THE IRON AGE April 16, 1914 A NEW LINE OF SCREW 'LATES The Russell Mfg. Company’s Product Containin, the Double Die Feature Bs The Russell Mfg. Company, which recent), ,, ganized and established a fully equi; factor tor the manufacture of screw plates at (reenfei; Mass., embodies in its product a number 0: new fe tures which are of interest to users of this pv of tools. An important innovation is the etal dies made to cut from both faces, known as doyh\ dies. When a thread is to be cut close up ty , shoulder, or a very short piece is to }y threaded the cut is made from the front face of the die Thus the space which cannot be reached when oy ting from the guide side of the die, represented b the thickness of the guide, can be threaded cles; up to the workholder or the shoulder. [t js yo necessary to start the thread from the guide sig If a little care is taken in holding the «aie true j starting, a perfect thread can be cut without th guide. The life of the die is lengthened, becayy when one side is worn the other face can be used bringing into action a new set of cutting edges. In the style B screw plate, the screw guik below forces the beveled edges of the die snug! against the beveled surfaces of the collet. These beveled surfaces being identical in form, a con- bined screw and taper fit is effected, positive and rigid, and constantly correcting itself as a compen- sation for wear. The adjustment of the cutting size for tight or loose fits of bolts and nuts is accomplished by turning the screws located back of the die halves in or out. The style B form of die has been adapted by the Russell Company in the opening die screw plate, which is an unusually important improvement, as lending itself for cutting bolts by hand. The dies are opened and closed by a simple movement of a lever located on the side of the stock. When a thread has been cut to the required length the operator pushes the lever, which throws the dies open and clear of the thread and the whole tool is eas! lifted off the finished work. The reversing of the lever motion closes the dies exactly to size, ready for the cutting of another thread. The time wasted by running back over the finished thread, about one third, is saved; the marring or stripping of the thread caused by chips crowding into the die teeth while turning back, is avoided, and wear is Ver! materially reduced. . The type A screw plate is very simple of a& justment, this being accomplished by a single ma while the die is in the stock ready for use. +" The Style B Screw Plate SSELL MFO COD zw Maso GRE ELO The Stvle A Screw Plate | screw at the right holds the halves firm- gether, acting as a hinge, while the size is regu- the taper-headed screw at the left, the ng clamped rigidly intc the elastic stock. full mounted screw plate the adjusting of r wear or to make a tight or a loose and bolts is accomplished by loosening ide binding screws, adjusting the taper- rews to fit the required size, and finally etting all screws tight. When properly adjusted taper-headed screws are flush with or below the e of the die. A New Semi-Indirect Lighting Fixture \ new fixture embodying the luminous bowl prin- ple has been placed on the market by the Na- X-Ray Reflector Company, Chicago, Ill. The truction of this fixture is brought out in the npanying drawing. A one-piece silvered glass reflector directs the light from the lamp to the (\ ceiling, from which it is aaa diffused throughout the -npeenge room. The small amount ’ of light which comes through the opening in the bottom of the reflect- ng the Cor or is redirected by an for Use in Opal glass diffuser, and ujghting Em- it is emphasized that ple this illuminates the glass bowl evenly and softly | ve effects. It is pointed out that no ight reaches the working plane directly the glass bowl. The glass bowl is softly ted so that the eye can look directly at it with- mfort and the delicate coloring and de- the glass are also enhanced by this method. the exception of a narrow metal band the made entirely of glass. The fixture is, truly indirect as though the bowl was metal, composition or wood. The reflector his fixture is the same type as that em- ‘ingle unit opaque bowls of the same ist-proof finish can be put on iron or ng to a patent (1,069,903) granted to F. entry, England. It can even be put on teel because of the low temperature at be applied. The iron or steel articles, eaned, are placed in a solution of 120 + lb. of manganese dioxide and % Ib. of phosphoric acid, heated to the boiling litable receptacle. After being in the 0 to 90 minutes they are removed, wiped ith linseed oil. April 16, 1914 THE IRON AGE 9538 Three-Piece Universal Joint for Shafts For use on milling machines, multiple-spindle drilling machines, automobiles and general purposes where a universal joint is required, the Plank Flex ible Shaft Machine Company, Grand Rapids, Mich. has developed a three-piece universal joint. The construction is simple and comprises only three pieces, there being no bolts, pins or other compli cated parts used throughout its construction. The joint can be disengaged at two points only and be fore it can be taken apart, the forks have to be at an angle of 45 deg. from parallel lines. It is em phasized that the joint has a large amount of wear ing stock. Cast-Iron Crane Wheels Common practice has come to accept an all-steel or steel-tired wheel as the best suited for crane service Makers of cast-iron wheels have for some time been attempting to demonstrate the practicability and fitness of the cast-iron wheel for the same duty. The Griffin Wheel Company now has designed and is marketing a type of crane wheel which ha shown excellent results under test Loads in the form of a continuou ide thrust on the flanges of this wheel show an average breaking strength of 600,000 lb. and a maximum break ing strength under continuous load approximating 1.000.000 Ib. Accuracy in securing a uniform tread circumference for all of the crane wheels is easily se cured, it is maintained, by the ordinary processes of grinding. Briquetting by means of pressure in the presence of steam is the subject of a United States patent (1,087,- 188--February 17, 1914) granted to Arpad Ronay, of Berlin, Germany. The essential feature is that hot steam is introduced into the mass of particles just pre vious to the pressing. The process may be applied to fue dust. ores, coal dust, ete. Oxidation of the particles is claimed to be accomplished uniformly and quickly at the high temperature of the operation. earner erecta tae we lame, 2. ar ge one. * a The Metal Working Industries of Worcestey Points of Interest in Week’s Conventions Connection with Next of the National Metal Trades and Machine Tool Builders’ Associations The conventions of the National Metal Trades Association and the National Machine Tool Build- ers’ Association, to be held next week at the Hotel Bancroft, Worcester, Mass., will afford a great num- ber of manufacturers from all over the United States the opportunity to look over a typical New England manufacturing city, which is famous for the wide diversity of its products. The accompany- ing map of Worcester indicates the location of some 50 works, all of them either manufacturers of ma- chinery and other metal lines, or closely allied with them. The names of many of them are known everywhere. This is true also of other Worcester plants producing staples and specialties, which are not indicated on the map because of the confusion which would result from too liberal a representa- tion. These include various important works that build textile machinery, also textile mills, among Programme of the National Me ves Ay ; Buffet Luncheon, One o’Clock Call to order t ( lock Address of welcome, by Ho George M. Wright I ) of Worcester Roll call Reading of minutes Appointment ¢ entiol ommittee Credentials Resolutions Constitutior Auditing Convention Re ports of officers W. A. Layman, President F. C. Caldwell, Treasurer John D. Hibbard, Commissione: Homer DPD. Sayre, Secretary Reports of standing committees (a) Industrial Education, F. A. Geier, Cl ' Discussion by C. A. Prosser, National Society for l'r« motion of Industrial Education, New York Citys Louis H. Buckley and George I. Alden, Worcester In dependent Industrial Schools W. B. Hunter, Fitchburg Vlan of Industrial Educatio1 General discussion (b) Prevention of Industrial Accidents, W H \ Dervoort, Chairmar Discussion by Wm. H. Doolittle, National Metal Trades Association's Safety Inspector M. W. Alexander, Chairman Committee on 8S Sanitation, National Founders’ Associatior General discussion (c) Publicity, Justus H. Schwacke, Chairmar New business The programme of entertainment in with the Metal Trades convention follow ENTERTAINMENT FOR DELEGAT! Monday, April 20 ll a. m Leave the ‘Bancroft for visit to Tr s0ys 12.30 p. m.—Return to Bancroft. 2p. m Leave Bancroft in automobiles for visit & Knowles Institute. Loom Works and Worcest: i p. m. —Dinner for men in Bancroft—entertain: of E. P. Crerie and Dr. A. J. Harpin Tuesday, April 21 a. m One party will leave the Bancroft for American Steel & Wire Company Anoth: leave Bancroft for shops of Norton Grind Norton Company, Worcester Pressed Ste Heald Machine Company, and Bradley C 1 p. m.—Lunch at Bancroft 2p. Mm. Convention opens 7p. m Reception—Dinner—Dance Wednesday, April 22 ,a,.m Convention. > Pp. Mm Convention 7p. m Convention Banquet. Trades tal Association Convention WEDNESDAY, APRIL 22, 1914 Morning Session at 9:30 ‘Results of Applied Babeeck, H. H Syracuse, N. Y. General discussion Scientific Franklin “Basic Principles of Kimball, Sible N. Y. General discussion “Work of the Bureau of Foreign a and the Plans of the Albertus H faldwin, Domestic Commerce, ington, D. C General discussion Industrial Organization,” College, Cornell University, Department for Chief of Department of Commerce Adjournment RECESS {ftcernoon Session at 2 ‘Labor Legislation,” Walter Gordon Merritt, Ar Anti-Boycott Association, New York City Discussion by B. B General discussior Tuttle, Cincinnati, Ohio Reports of Convention Committees Report of Nominating Committee, Chairman Klection of Justus H. 8 officers Installation of officers Adjournment vening, 7 o'cloc k, conventio1 banquet, Hote B Management,” Geors Manufacturing Comp Dexter nd Domestic Con Its Develop Bureau of Foreis S nn them the Whittall carpet mills, one of the largest in the world. A corset factory of great size and large envelope factories are other places of interest. THE CONVENTION PROGRAM MES The programmes of the conventions will be car- ried out, as outlined in The Iron Age last week. Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday will be devoted to the Metal Trades meetings, and Thursday and Friday to those of the Machine Tool Builders. The time at the latter will be given up largely to sec- tional or group meetings, according to products. As there are many members in common the atten- dance will be somewhat identical in its representa- tion. The manufacturers of the city who, because of the nature of their preduct, are not identified with either association are taking a keen interest in the occasion, and their hospitality will assist in making the week a pleasant one for the visitors. ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE LADIES Vonday, April 20 12 noon Ladies will leave the Bancroft for tri; biles to Brigham Hill, a fine New Englan erected in 1728, ham Hill at Reservoir at where lunch will be served 2.15 p. m., for a ride to the Clinton: thence to the home of ver, at Sterling, whose lamb followed her to time to | m., to witness “The Su! rive at the Bancroft theatre party at 8 p at 5 p. m., in with wives of Worcester Executive Board Tuesday, April 21 m Ladies leave from Bancroft in automo! to Woman's Club, Worcester Art Museum, Ro ter Corset Company's shop, where lunch will and ar Then automobile ride to Spencer Quinsigamond. Return to the Bancroft ir pare for reception, dinner, dance ‘pp. Mm Reception, dinner, dance in Bancroft b Wednesday, April 22 O m ladies leave Bancroft in automobiles to and Boys’ Trade Schools, thence to Tat! Club fer lunch at 12.30 p. m., after which go can be indulged in during afternoon. Ari croft at 5 p. m., in time to prepare for di! with wives of Executive Board members mezzanine floor to listen to n men's banquet. ! adjourn to dresses at 954 | A 914 THE IRON AGE 955 to the Tuesday and Wednesday he National Metal Trades Assoeiation, full programme is printed herewith, Committee of the association meets k Monday morning at 9 o’cloek. At the Administrative Council meeting, the alumni dinner. The secretaries’ et for 8 a. m. on Tuesday, and at 10 a joint meeting will be held of the ts. secretaries and the Administrative f the members of the National Ma- Builders’ Association will be pretty fully th the general sessions and the meet- various committees. Friday noon the mpany will entertain the members at the works at Greendale, and opportun- WORCESTER, MASS. ip Showing Locations of Industries Prominent in the Metal Trades oh Matthews Mfg. Company » FE. Reed Division, Reed-Prentice Company Fe Whitcomb-Blaisdel] Machine Tox npany Company mpany 1 Wright Wire Company case steel Company Frances Reed Company 5 kler Company Rice, Barton & Fales Machine & | tee! & Wire Company Company Work 4 Crompton & Knowles Loom Work techrac Institute 35 OCrntehley Machine Screw Company Trade “ 346 Reed-Prentice Company mpeny American Steel & Wire Company mMpany Central Works any 38 American Steel & Wire Compar South Works mpany 39 Leland-Gifford Company Metal ¢ pany 40 Reed & Prince Mig. Company I 41 Woodward & Powel) Planer Compan W w Skate Mig. Con.pany 42 Spencer Wire Company Works 43 Coes Wrench Company ar 44 J. E Snyder & Son * Kmght Mfg. Company 45 Baldwin Chain & Cycle Mig. Compan npany 46 Coates Clipper Mig. Company mpany 4? Harrington & Richardson Arms Company ew Company 48 Stockbridge Machine Company w Company 49 Bay State Stamping Company any 50 Sleeper & Hartley Company > ity to inspect other plants will be afforded. Thurs day evening comes the dinner given to the visitors by the Worcester manufacturers. The ladies will be given automobile rides and will be entertained at luncheon, and they also Will be guests at the Thursday evening dinner, where tables will be re served for them in the gallery of the Bancroft ball room. Graphic methods for keeping corporation operating records in convenient form for instantaneous reference by executive officers are to be discussed in a series of three lectures to be given by Willard C. Brinton, con sulting engineer, New York, before the University of Chicago, on the afternoons of April 27, 28 and 29, and before the School of Commerce, Northwestern Univer sity, Chicago, on the evenings of the same days a = y ‘ e \ia a is py 4 ~ we. a Te ER an tee meg tl hoe _ eee pre The Heat Treatment of Carbon Steel’ lron-Carbon Combinations and Their Rela- tion to the Phenomena of Heating and Cool- ing’ BY HUGH In the present paper I have considered only pure carbon steel; that is, the alloys of iron with ‘arbon. The principles involved are practically the same as when other elements are present, and cer- tain exceptions are thus avoided which serve chiefly to render the subject more difficult of comprehen- sion. Heat treatment in its most general sense may be taken to mean the application of heat either to make the metal easier to work by rendering it softer or more ductile, or to secure certain desired (and beneficial) changes in its constitution and physical properties without mechanical work. By common usage, however, the term has become re- stricted to the latter application, for which the writer has suggested the following definition: Heat treatment is the change, or the series of changes, in temperature, and also the rate of change from one temperature to another, brought about to secure certain desired conditions or properties in a metal or alloy. TEMPERING AN ANCIENT ART Heat treatment, like custom or common usage, goes back to the time “when the memory of man runneth not to the contrary,” and we have no re- corded history of its origin. Probably one of the earliest references to hardening by quenching occurs in the “Odyssey” in the passage where Ulysses, narrating the blinding of Polyphemus, the cyclops, with the heated stake, says: “And as when a smith dips an axe or adze in chill water with a great hissing—for hereby anon comes the strength of iron—even so did his eye hiss round the stake of olive.” The peculiar virtues of certain waters as quench- ing media per se was firmly held by the ancients, probably due to their unvarying coldness throughout the year, which insured uniform results. This is illustrated by a quotation from “Othello”: “It a sword of Spain, the ice-brook’s temper.” Pliny mentions that oil was employed for quench- ing small objects which would be rendered too brittle by similar treatment with water, thus prov- ing that even in his time something was known of the relation between mass and quenching medium. The present theory of heat treatment, which de- pends upon the constitution of the metal, is of very recent development. For example, in Agricola’s “De Re Metallica” (first Latin edition of 1556) a de- scription of the method of hardening employed by a smith states that after the pieces are shaped into a bar “while they are still glowing, he at once throws them into the very coldest nearby running water, and in this manner, being suddenly condensed, they are changed into pure steel, which is much harder and whiter than iron.” The first definite theory advanced to explain the hardening and tempering of steel is probably that of Réaumur in his book “The Art of Converting Wrought Iron Into Steel” (1722). This is as fol- lows: When steel is heated, certain salts are driven out of the metallic grains or molecules and form a is * A paper read before the N. Y¥., March 31, 1914 +Metallurgist Carnegie Steel Company, Pittsburgh. Technology Club of Svracuse, Effects of Mass and Rate of Cooling. P. TIEMANNt — cement between them which, by rapid ling prevented from réentering them. Reheatiny t, ». erate temperatures permits the absorptio) tain amount of the salt with consequent de hardness. rease jy As a result of heating in a T, rica ; vacuum he draws the conclusion which ex; tl modern opinion: “The hardening of stee! being du neither to the intervention of some new substance: nor to the expulsion of air, the cause can be sous only in the changes which the structure undergoes Ie@SSe@s the DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT TREATMENT LITERAT! RE Coming down to recent times the following ar briefly the principal events, in their chronologies order, which are responsible for our present knowl. edge of the subject: 1864. Sorby (British Assoc.) published his work on the microscopic examination of iron and steel, which he had commenced the preceding year, This did not bear any fruit until after 1887. jp which year he read, by request, a paper on the sub- ject before the Iron and Steel Institute. 1869. Gore (Proc. Roy. Soc.) published the re- sults of his experiments on the dilatation of steel at high temperatures. The method employed was a wire stretched horizontally which, by means of a series of levers, indicated the amount of expansion or contraction during heating or cooling. At a dark red, he found on cooling a greater dilatation than immediately above or below that temperature. He call this phenomenon recalescence, because of th momentary brightening which accompanied it. He did not, however, observe the reverse effect during heating. 1873. Barrett (Phil. Mag.) carefully checked the work of Gore and found the reverse effect o- curred during heating at nearly the same tempera- ture as during cooling. He noted that this point was slight in the case of soft steels. 1880. Hogg stated that quenched steel showed less carbon by the Eggertz color method than the same steel annealed. About this time iron carbide, Fe.C, was isolated from annealed steel by Wey, Abel and Mueller. 1885. Osmond and Werth (Ann. d. Mines) pul lished their paper on the cellular theory of steel. — In the years immediately following Osmoné (Mem. Artil. et Mar.) gave the results of his exper! ments on the transformation of iron and carbon employing cooling curves obtained by means of 4 Le Chatelier electrothermic pyrometer. 1886. Pionchon made experiments on the sp cific heats at different temperatures, certain see” ing anomalies pointing to allotropic transformé tions. 1890. H. Le Chatelier published variations " electrical resistance at different temperatures, °°” firming the results obtained by other methods. 1895. Osmond published (Bull. Soc. d’Ene.) © classical monograph on the “General Method for “ Microscopical Examination of Carbon Steels.” — 1899. Roberts-Austen plotted the first !r°” ‘arbon diagram, corrected and amplified by Roo boom, the following year, on the basis of the phase rule. 956 n his - per cent.) being termed steel. ler ening. quenching) only when heated above THE enters and scientists to whom par- st be paid are Howe, Sauveur and HEAT TREATMENT CHANGES n of the various changes brought heat treatments is based on the hat the element iron under proper ipable of three, or at least two, allo- tions whereby certain of its proper- it te erably. To illustrate this it will e the case of steel of a grade suit- This can be effected by rapid temperature. At any lower tem- natter how rapid the cooling, it will HUGE + } vv if mple, in the molten state or when at ir in + have the physical constitution vary- ions of is is due to an allotropic modifica- IRON AGE 957 tion containing a small percentage of salt say about 2 per cent., is cooled, freezing does not take place until a temperature below 0 deg. C has been reached, when, however, the entire solution does not freeze. tions of nearly Instead, pure ice are graduall) the temperature is progressively maining solution, in consequence, becoming riche. and richer in salt. This separation of ice is known as “selective freezing.” Finally at 22 deg. C the temperature remains stationary until the remaining solution or “mother liquor,” which now 23.6 per cent. of salt, has completely solidified. last freezing substance consists, not of salt mixed, microscopic plates of mixture is small por formed as reduced, the re contains This crystals of dissolved in ice, but of intimatel salt. Such a “ervohydrate.” separate, ice and termed a “eutectic” or treatment or composition or without changes in the chemical element is at present only a metal- N-CARBON COMBINATIONS ity, as its cost is very high. Also application is relatively limited in com- that of its combinations which are videly varying properties for all manner Such a combination is commonly alloy, even where the other constitu lients are not metallic in characte ortant element to combine with iron resultant substance (with carbon up " a This ele effect on iron than any other, re introduced its influence still pre governs those of the others