The Iron Age 1913-11-20: Vol 92 Iss 21

RS Soaas 8 HE IRON AGE Established 1855 New York, November 20, 1913 Vol. 92: No. 21 A Home-Made Reinforced Concrete Factory Nash Engineering Company's Widely- Applicable Construction Methods— Beams Provide for Shafting, Wiring and Craneways he Nash Engineering Company, South Norwalk, manufacturer of air compressors, vacuum pumps and other machinery, is occupying a new factory of solid reinforced concrete, which is of unusual interest from the fact that it is home-made in all of its essential details « construction. It illustrates what can be accomplished mechanical engineers who are untrained in concrete work, with no other assistance than that afforded by three or four local expert carpenters, equally inexperienced in the task, who made and set up the forms in the process of building, together with wholly unskilled laborers who did the heavy work. A structure 135 ft. square, one story and basement, with walls and columns de- signed to sustain three addi- tional stories, was com- pleted from the foundation piers within three months from the day when pouring commenced The cost showed a large saving from the estimates which had been submitted by contrac- tors, The result is a mas- sive structure, so completely proof against fire in itself and in its contents as to make insurance umnneces- sary The engineers were quick to meet the difficul- tes which confronted them in the beginning of their task, and various improve- ments in methods were evolved as the work pro- gressed. A concrete mixer Was purchased, but practi- cally all other equipment employed on the work was designed at home, including a bending machine. This consists of a casting, bolted to a bench, having square lugs on its upper surface which form a groove to hold the rod, and a hollow lever handle tarrying a hardened steel roll. The handle, lengthened by a heavy steel pipe, brings the roll against the rod with such power that the desired forming is accomplished with little manual effort. The device is also arranged to bend the double-ended hooks used to hold the reinforcing fabric M Position in the forms. The s for molding the concrete were designed for repe use through the various units of the build- img. work the experience gained in pattern making Was of great assistance. As soon as the concrete had set Sufficiently the forms were taken down and set up again 1149 by n S \ Corner of the Nash Engineering ‘ in new positions. The floor forms No lumber was destroyed, in labor and least l were used at times which meant a ompared saving cost material bolting the | ms Was Casiliy ’ ( to usual \ el yped, so practice t gether it 1 th: uilding as | was the task of removing unskilled met in the future structed In s the eK ugh ved They witha 1 1rough them which KS whi h Se rie })1 squz he le I d tl ongitudinally, hore per- ta were girder regular intervals, t tted the free passage Wo den ted inserted It pins also in. the ; ually Ordinary at three girder dowel length, used for the purpose a I-in pins, cut to proper were The ends of each were counter- drilled t ? i to receive the points holes for which drilled in the forms, which insured correct spat nails, wert ing. When the forms were the wooden imbedded removed round left 1 crete square and pie es were in the con The former give in surfaces tric wiring. Their removal opens sulated elec tor OT spaces or sulhcient size to admit the passage of odies, such } ‘ as create d pip- TI | Kn round hange Ts ‘ : ‘ ‘ 1wOlres DY the pports tre lleys, hoists, ' cKing I pins aS 1 kle as and for ind other permanent temporary Therefore run and in perfect untershafting, where unusually c put up with a minimum of planning noticed from the engraving at the three countershafts of a grinding were with very little trouble Where the square blocks were in the they were knocked out and the holes filled by be called a squeeze gun, consisting of barrel and a plunger entrance of the hole, one Company's New Concr ta uf apparatus | } 1 i Hie ean shafting, trolley parallel { are ¢ miform depth. wire nee s; may be in either directior ' ‘ right I or a angles, alignment even mplex, may | as will be 1150. The as wn a and labor i t tor . . Dp page machine, ; 18 set up used walls may a square, box-like the muzzle against the ke of the plunger filled the sicle wha ' Placing strié 1150 THE IRON AGE November of the lug. A _ second g through the hole f cla he s ’ ( - the two opposing brackets le el and a block, as shown at ng. expens right in the upper cut o1 Che 1 A signed It will be noticed that ‘ i shatt action of the lug is so gt wn nters s shown heavy weight may be appl 1 cut : age =O end of the bracket and With tl ! laces other, without tipping ach si eam istened The pouring was pla \ gh the units. For example e a an 1 whole upper floor bolt g é h shown on page 1149 wa elow tl eam ’ 1g is a single mold, comprisit Ited through the ( he hor window space, cornic window frames were t S cl the concrete, securing su 5 to brit he lug d I p that the hardest gal iwains re 1 to way in, nor are its soul revent g | } The method employed wa pe I s empl ( steel sash in the form, in taper hole result the shown in the detail draw igid hold : Cthod OF stalling an Electric = t52 Planks and blocks — | } an neeinas a i —— a aed i The Tw lypes of Special Brackets Employed for Suspending Shafting 20, 1913 THE IRON AGE Pe ae a 4 1 , I. £ scallopes f = ; | = t the is a virder ‘ 1F | oe } lew {} vas permitte : oe { { main in place tor y onsiderable pet r F mtil the concrete ha ¥ oS | = “ef | F ated e cet mn ¢ noroug! ; ree ry ee | : hardened, ut the E + | forms were taken aaa ; ateaxr 4 : — aown att “ 4 e} aw —— pet . Y . 5 he three days, when the [ ” nen Te concrete was still J : green. The ingenuit piel 1152 THE IRON AGE November 1or holes, and a satisfactory insulation resulted. Incidentally the building has been through a year of weather ex- posure with no other roof protection than the floor, but leakage has been so trifling as to constitute little annoy- ance. A single coating of asphalt and paper will suffice to complete the protection until the building is raised. A simple and effective method of fastening a motor to a concrete column is used in portions of the plant. It is mounted on a massive wooden frame which is strapped by a series of bolts to a similar frame at the back of the column, The vibration of the running motor is inap- preciable A New Storage Battery Industrial Truck For conveying materials around manufacturing plants, repair shops and steamship and railroad terminals, etc., the C. W. Hunt Company, West New Brighton, N. Y., has built a new storage battery truck. It can be employed in conjunction with an industrial railway system to oper- ate in cross aisles or in buildings which are not served by the tracks of the main system, and it can of course be taken to different floors by means of the ordinary freight elevator and be run directly into freight cars The steering and control levers are arranged so that the operator has complete control of the truck without removing his hands from them. The truck is steered by the lever on one side of the operator’s platform at the end of the truck and the motor is controlled by the other lever, while the brake is actuated by a toot pedal not visible The controller is of the drum type, haying three forward and three reverse speeds, with a positive stop between. Resistance is not employed for regulating the motor speed, the varying voltage required being se- cured by different groupings of the storage battery cells In this way, it is pointed out, all of the energy delivered by the batteries is utilized for driving the motor and none is wasted in heating up resistances. It is possible to turn the truck on a short radius and when not in opera- tion it is alwavs locked rhe trucks have a capacity of approximately 40,000 Ib. The’ speed when loaded is 5 miles per hour as a maximum. Either Edison iron and nickel cells or Exide lead cells are used for the storage battery, which is incased in a battery box of heavy steel, suspended by springs from the cross members of the frame. The top of the truck over the battery box is removable, thus pro- viding ready access to the cells. The motor’is designed for vehicle service and drives the wheels through:a dif- A Recently Developed Storage Battery Truck for Use in Industrial ferential of cut steel gearing, which is entirely inclosed in an oil and dust proof housing. The current con- sumed by the motor is 30 amperes at 35 volts at a speed of 1000 r.p.m., and it will take 120 amperes at 36 volts for ro min. without overheating. This high overload capacity is relied upon to enable the truck to handle full loads on fairly heavy grades. The wheels are of steel cast in one piece and are mounted on roller bearings. Solid rubber tires of demountable type are used. Device for Inducing Respiration Artif\-j| Among the various appliances for artificial], uci respiration, the Lungmotor manufactured by » | Saving Devices Company, Chamber of Commerc: By, An Appliance for Inducing Respiration Artificially and Hay Means for Regulating the Volume of Air ing, Chicago, Ill., embodies the important features regulation and protection. It is pointed out that positive adjustment of the stroke of the plunger the volume of air delivered at each stroke may be regulat: throughout the entire range of requirements from largest adult down to the infant. The air passages ar also arranged so that the flow of air into and out of t! lungs reproduces the natural tidal flow. In the companying cut the safety diaphragms forming a of the apparatus are shown. These automatically « trol the pressure at which the air is forced in, so that maximum of 434 oz. cannot be exceeded, whatever th plunger action may be. If desired, these diaphragms also be regulated for other pressures. The upward movement of the plunger of the Lun motor fills one cylinder with air, oxygen, or a mixture both, according to the adjustment of the air and oxyg valves at the bottom of the cylinder. The air from ' lungs of the patient is simultaneously drawn into th second cylinder, and with the down stroke of the plunger the fresh mixture is forced into the lungs fr cylinder and the exhausted air delivered from the The cycle of operations is repeated as long as may necessary, the connections to the mouthpiece being arranged that it is impossible to confuse the functior of the two cylinders. Accidents in Steel Works Yards An analysis of the cause of yard department accid in 1912 of the Inland Steel Company is presented in the company’s safety bulletin No. 9, October, 1913, issued by the Department of Safety, Sanitation and Relief, J Smith, safety inspector. The record is given in a lit article by W. J. Rossman, superintendent of yards, and the list is as below, although it may be stated that while accidents caused a loss of 491 days of time on the pat of the men injured, only 6 per cent. of the accidents caust® a loss of over 10 days per individual and none over 3 days’ time. Per Cent. of Total of Different Yard Accident Handling material injured self with same..........++- a Struck by falling wmiatefial ....csviccccestonsbnenets : Slipped, stumbled, jumped or fell. ..........e+e000:: ° Accidentally struck by another's shovel, pick, er ‘a Wrench or bar slipped, or struck with his tool..... j Chin. Gow and atretkt BIE. «..0.5ccceaeeeduwannens : Caught or struck by crane chain, hook or load.... ’ eS Seer ee Ran or bumped into an obstacle...............+: Opening car door or working in car when moved.. ' Burned by hot steam pipe or exhaust............-: 5 EROEDOOUD > wrk ce gadess 9460s kivdeweceeaee eae \ r 20, 1913 THE IRON AGE 1153 a Oe " . . I; ved Safety Device for Punch Presses g position and prevent the press ; : : : eatit VI tl pressure « t lle is 1 j device designed to insure positive action, but 1 earee ; : tread : : : inder turns . - rting positi i rated in the machine itself, has been placed ; , se et by Bowdle & Co., 507 Jackson boulevard a — ol S d : . 2 — ‘ ‘ | r ; the 1; ’ The function ae : — oo ugh . e is to prevent 4 ' $ ) e! g clutch from npnhasis t ct that ) ae en the treadl S ; owl aowt except . S " ictuated by a wae pulse, such as > , given intention- he levice, the con . > > : : h is shown Great Power Plant at Chattanooga ying line ' ~e ' sili ric pow bs sists ta tw ; . i ‘ linder with a 1 y* of « pass, tne size : ‘ on ntrolled by a tr eedle and a pis . ‘ 1 part of the Che linder : ' 1 eh rass tubing and ae Cr ed with oil < ' I wi = ition of t , : ‘ yunch press is ¥. n the accom ‘ re \ qi K ‘ a f +h t 1] is € readcit der upward bd eing commun- : iZ he oil to the - } turn acts ' 4 . ‘ ‘ if : le n rod, ‘ ‘ wi lutch and Ait hel engage . t el 1 eT s time the 7 . . 5 ( 250.00K ressure in the cylinder has been f ae . rts at the bottom into the outer shell as a ' Pe ra ire two plant t O i 4 ugh the by-pass to the other side of the , ' ; . . ~() 1x DD iT | ) a7 | ‘ ‘ ressure on the piston is thus equalized an r? gravity is relied upon to return the piston 2 » ’ . » = re _ —_ Sicinienesieeenony sury Compressor Trade Growing The Bury Comp Cor I I S plant by a é ' ' h 70 Tt A l] 550 ft. | ( 1 wuble the i I ‘ with the ' { iriable | I t n > wany re the wit ré ble | 1¢ machine ipacit OOK p I I Lake Shore | | l Wuple I nd riable ‘ X u. ft ; ‘ | nker let \ ( al if Mich.; similar machine, 700 cu. ft., for the Natior lube Company; special machine for the New York City water department; low pressure single stage, So ft., for the Western Flectri ( mpany speci ] yf? T uple ‘ su summer, f the ‘J ~ eel Compan oO ront (ont ‘ ‘ ot "ie ‘ ; Vint ( | tr Mi 1. ft.. for the Ot | { 1 steam SOO f wn Pa Tl - ' ' sedi hi fo ; irges arcat ‘ i William | i 2 tchell. of Hot ; a5 = = ‘ ‘ | ’ ° 1,076,768 for ( ; j ‘ 1 ABest a ’ réatil T ‘ ( ‘ os ia arburizing a port the ‘ a removing a portior i ‘ I har ler ng +} tr ‘ ‘ ed : id ntages ’ r ’ from a coarsel 1] e to a f tr cture ¢ ‘ the ’ ’ } pern | a ering to the required degre« rdr while g pat the strength and wearing qualities of the outer surface and ue. ~ providing a surface which will not readil yall kk a 1. . S 1¢ Device Applied to a Punch Press vhen in use. eat Treated Gears in Machine Tool! A Consideration of the Manufacturing Meth- ods and the Conditions of Use from the Standpoint of the Material Manufacturer | HERB rliet i ‘ ( uction, when 1 tool steel w ing an elatively light vork was the ler the i ist-iron gears were use transm Wit e advent r-hardening | steel and heavier , é St d steel gears ecal necessat vhile Vill s det hiot spee steel é sé ill \ ( vear;rs W ¢ | ( (seal { s las lass ed general S Sé irdene I Vit 1 low- it en te r ce in ih i hard exter St and mpere vears wh t Sani ( I and hardness throug t Vi vermission | will now 1e! S ISS the | I t heat treatments i ts of these s view in t fairly Wide é S 1S¢ y at cons wet Case Hardened Gears Case-hardenit - pei — n steel packet I if t te tm < ich perature an Su i | tl ( rl ‘ ¢ the rface the er ill be increased wit ffecting tl ‘ ' the The eel is the let Id | ird | t ut ré \ ! Cal a yenera types steel 2 nickel { e-vanadium und I ( I ea I r tvpe S ¢ WV t nd t t (On the wl t eC alr 1 ( preferred e} é | ] i t S 1 n ickel-ste¢ ill en kel steel tTh¢ they also abs ily, less } the encgt il Sf A I I e€ Cal I Cal ) ( i ] 1! > = t ( ) ! vhi il ( I \ e proper s I n ! ng the ture I iT ni Y he t ure rbot g it eral 1600 deg F. for all type t ste mentioned owe! ’ ‘ 1 ive cien deptl ise wun s the he ng era 1 S t ionge O) ne el higher temperature result a S exce n nt d it such large gt size that wil espond to the subse juent heat-treat 1 is ( i i tempe ature t 1600 to r6% eo ’ he S Che heat-t itment atter < é I val neg s the most portant part f the es ind upor lepend the physi 4 pr erties the shed ) \ already server rte ( n¢ ve Nave i eel W th 1 O.20O « I in¢ 1 ¢ ‘ Cl ir] nN ise, and t ect the treatment t ith the core and the se into t est possible sical nditior Both core 1d Casé mn I ning rre the lat ¥¢ grained structure developed y subj ng the steel for many hours ( nizing temperature Since the refining no te per f the ré 5 il T 200 dez. | i t the LSe tn difference deter mines the most ay ( thod heat-treatme The old method « eatment nsisted i1 enching the piece in oil or w it the end of carbonizing operation, right from the x, at the temperature used for carbonizing. This resulted in a large-grained core that was neither strong nor tough. and an overheated granular case which was hard, but which would not stand up in servic: any better than an overheated piece of t steel The first improvement on this old method was to allow *Read before the National Machine 7 Ruilders’ Associati New York, October 23, 1913 +Metallurgist, Carpenter Steel Company, Readin I PARKER?T the to cool the box after it the carbonizing furnace and then to reheat piece in Was I temperature for hardening the case and quen ible fluid strong, tough core. The proper he so-called double treatment, by which the This procedure, however, did heat-treatment for case-hard allowe to cool in the box after carbonizin are reheated to 1550 to 1625 deg. F. and suitable medium to refine the core; then the to 1350 to 1425 deg. F. and again quenched medium to harden the case; finally they ar it not al to and toughness of the case-hardened gear rove 400 deg. F. further increase | tures given are approximate only; for exa oncerning any particular steel the user should steel maker Phere carbonizing are many Case compoul narket, and most of them have some merit bone are probably the least desirable, owing uniformity, which results in uneven carbonizing desirable are those consisting of definite mixtur bon and carbonates bonize uniformly them can be uss Ey YZ YZ edly without — losi: } . power of giving wy f Y to the metal. As car VY is done in boxes AB! | Yj ume determines tl j A |} of carbonizer use vious that large i toil unit weight is desit Zt “fa iC The wear and te bonjzing furnaces 4 Core Type of Case Hard consumed and the ening Box Which Effects a the boxes are tl Re on in the Expense of ' e Hardening as Compared tant items in the t Solid Box hardening. In mat is entire ly possib 1 these items by the use of a cored instead as shown in the sketch. arv with the Proportions, if the get will be work to be done, but d out for each specific instance it the of earbonizing is diminish: more unitorm carbonizing is accomplished that cost Tempered Gears Unlike case-hardened gears, tempered gt iniform carbon content throughout, and w! have a uniform hardness throughout the t Che steels used for tempered gears are of thr types—silico-manganese, chrome-vanadium an nickel steel, the last named, in its several far the The for the different types from 0.40 per cent. to 0 The heat-treatment of all simpli onsisting merely in heating the gear slowly an to the hardening temperature, which is usually ‘o. F., and quenching in oil, after which it oil bath. The result is a strong, tough, dens steel gear which has been used with marked motor-car work, and which is fast replacing s case-hardened gears in machine-tool constru Viewed from the standpoint of physical the finished gear, the evolution in gear material iron to tempered steel may be seen in the following Elastic being by most used carbon f these types 18 Hardness limit, Ib sclero- Guill Material per sq scope kil Cast irot 20,001 25 I Soft steel . 40,000 35 Case-hardened steel (aver age test of alloy steels). .120,000 5) Tempered _ steel (average test of alloy steels) 223.000 ° 1154 r 20, 1913 THE IRON AGE tT55 hine tools tempered alloy-steel gears appear al is used the consumption with ordinary firing should -ase-hardened gears for a number of reasons not exceed soo Ib. in a 24-hr. da The cost of this fur ally they are stronger and tougher and should nace depends somewhat upon t better able to resist sudden impacts and loads. Tempered gears do not show by file pe test the same degree of hardness as case ars, but nevertheless with proper design the tempered gear tooth resists wear most satis vas demonstrated recently by the examination Tir | r transmission that had covered over 100,00 tt + tempered gears in this car still showed the ' H marks. Not long ago a designer of machine rked upon the apparent softness of some tem ' [ . ' ; a all) BSS rs, but found after several months of hard —i poe ' they still showed their tool marks, thus BSS ardness ample for wear x, +) pose , ice, especially for clash purposes, the su- tempered gears is most marked On the , ine 3} se-hardened gears are liable to have the har ' Fe off, thereby exposing the soft core to th ashing. The hard chips fall into the nd their way into bearings with resultant empered gears with a uniform hardness not chip, nor do they dub over ‘« eat-treatment of tempered gears is mucl ! it required for proper case-hardening. It is stly and produces a more uniform prod ear is heated but once for hardening ree times for case-hardening, the finishe ' cs to be freer from warpage The « ardening is not generally appreciated, but it r " ind that a case-hardening steel must cost 3 t He less than a tempering steel if finished a th materials are to cost the same ' S2 ‘ \ eat-treated gears little points in desig1 e a] rccomt ite a numbe rie ms ear teeth should not be undercut, for if thi t root line is smaller than at the ; ss and brittleness are produced w i differences in section should be i ‘ ne \ ssible, so as to do away with excessi : g ( lges and sharp reentrant angles, ever ra ‘ ‘ ( uuse of internal hardening strat ’ stear t ming ipe will be. four It in failures hence wherever poss ' ent t-treat 1] sed in place of a sharp angel r. require | vill Heat-Treating Equipment ape daarvat™ : : she Macaitine net reated gears are suggested t the ‘ : . emedy tor some I h s trou le i os . . ; liminating a possibly large item f rs rs, one of his first questions natural : heat-treating equipment consist ion is, what will it cost was ee . tem in equipment is a furnac« There at , “4 ile a number of types of gas and oil-fire are doubtless familiar with then é are located in natural gas districts y el oil has almost driven the oil-fired furnas 0 ise. Coal and coke, however, are a ¥ re iy more en ec ! \ ng ere | é the t f me pu S¢ nera i | vit < a 0 ‘ Se & ' ; \ of ‘ ur ; ADLY ‘)} wit “if ot i eet Ee" | ! int I z Tite tetie : ) * ee : was lenis los the ; TT YF iii hardenit il from th bine Pry : e : . hen ait = “e i a s = = ( ire | ] eT in exc luri a As eae y | enching <¢ ‘ e, f I tead il were = = D = ty i > nstant! st nec if lening might —* = A ~ Ps hal waa ¥ a . 5 ; rl next equipme tem lrawing bat Th Concrete Foundation na nmciet ‘ 1 le | ra nat 1 ‘ ilt« 710%" = -- tained in ust-1rot r steel vessel The ntainer New Heat Treating Furnace Using Coa usually a very simple design and may be fired by ga Coke as Fuel il or coal The oil should be a mineral oil with a flash voint of not less than 600 deg. F., this temperature usu ind I desire to submit for your attention a ally being sufficient for all temper-drawing purposes. If red with this kind of fuel Anthracite. bitu higher temperatures are desired mixture of two parts ind coke work equally well. When bituminous potassium nitrate and three parts dium nitrate may he “3 aaa 3 Pi a a fs fe ‘ a Pi ee cree at eS ee a * i THE IRON used which melts at 450 dé and may be used up to 1000 deg. F., or lead whi Its at 630 deg. | lo indicate the temperatur: e bath a mercury ther- moineter should ised rather than a pyrometet pyrometers will show considerable error at drawing tem peratures under & leg. | fhe last item is a pyrometer. Thi of good thern lectric pyrometers on t ul ind more depends upon the care taken of the instrume! hat upon the selection of any particular mak« \ few rul for the use of the pyromete: sin calibration will be interest 1. Keep the hot end of the thern uple as neat the work as possibl not t throug ( irnace wall or roof, exposing thi to the d t tl lame, | place 1 i sil e same tempt the Keep th 1, ; couple tect ym e direct ( kee t cool Protec i S act it supp t t 4. All switcl S é ‘ c ne I) er cont: at the switches is a prolif irce of f ich errors are not readily locate { refull cnec ull ther yuple ( ar¢ eived from the manu rer al puttis the nt service Adhere « { d ot S (! tne m FOCE nor, for the same reason, should new thert ples be us in blind faith for checking, since they sionally show a considerable error, and ,any one n ! use « the s standards ll net late1 ( Carefully star e eacl yromete initel Stale | nter il ¢ OI Vet otten¢ is | Pres i not ot « nvenie! l I The « est al eniel AMIDE tion of lished readily an accuratel hout the us¢ an ¢ laboratory equipme sé di Itins point of mm¢ le salt. ( micall It, Ww h is neither « ' +f lt ¢ roc! i] e used wher Phe lt elted in 1 clear I é ecl 1 | é n furnace I er or ind the I r heate until a temper 57 5 JO 1007 { IOS2 deg S ittair ] I S ¢ ent I j this ile be cle ecause a sligl ure foreign ubs e might 1 eably t melting point Che ther ] ( il en ri moved from e tube at { t end is im nie ed the salt { When this « 1 has reached the te erature of the ith the crucible is ret é rom the rce of heat and allowse to ol 1 le « lin re lings are eT evel I Itmeter \ ve is thet l 1 b I time at emperature as dinates, anc temperature the ielting-point of salt is i d this particular ther uple, 1 n namel le e temperature of ft bath remair é ly consta le the salt is fre ing The length of e during which the temperature is stationary depends on the size f the bath and the rate of coolir nd is not a factor in the calibration The true melting it of salt is Sor deg. ¢ 174 deg | ind the eed correction for the ! undet observati n can dé readily applied The cost of this equipment, including a coal i nace, five to seven barrels of hardenins l ne arrel of drawing oil, the tanks for holding the ils and a pyrometer should be about $500 to $600. TI quipment just noted is the ne necessary for tempered gears When case-hardened gears are heat-treated there is ne sary in addition to this irbonizing Ke 1 car bonizing compound, and depending upon the quantity of case-hardened gears to be treated a se 1 furna may be necessary. It is thus seen that for case-hardened gears the heat-treating equipment is more expensive than that required for tempered Heat-treated gears are machine-tool builder. They use of gears of smaller s« be gears. bound to appeal to the will make possible ‘tion, and while this may the standpoint of weight. sive necessary from as 1S progres- the not the November AGE — — with the motor-car builder, an econon is frequently desirable. Their greatest adva: elimination of repairs and replacements. In with a machine-tool builder not long ago tl developed that about 15 per cent. of his produ was taken up in the making of repairs a: yarts. [I am informed that this is a general co one which is neither nor desira f the commercial alloy steels now on the heat-treatment case economic f which is extremely simple Industrial Uses of Coal Gas William A London, Prof lechnology, Bone, Imperial College of England, discussed the f coal gas for industrial purposes at a congr ber 28 at the National Gas Exhibition. The follows: Aluminum Castings Con 1 } ‘ is adaress ar¢ of | as The Birmingham the whole of its aluminum alloys in 160 rucible furnaces, using high-pressure gas, and result reduced melting costs, less loss of metal | and a greater tensile strength in the resultant al melting was also, he said, carried out with « factory results. Some years ago authorities at the mint gas and oil in bullion m ultimately in the early part of 1910 four gas-fir were installed for melting standard gold, fitte: cial designed by S. N. Brayshaw, M from May 23 1910, 283% tons gold The economies ri the investigate the use of burners to December 3I, were melted in them. the old coke-fuel furnaces were (1) a reduction of f from 14 to 9 cents per hundredweight of metal (2) a 50 per cent. longer life of the crucible the ut any doubling of the melting capacity of each cru alteration in the furnace dimensions. Thes isfactory results with gold induced the authorities, ruary, I91I, to install 16 gas-fired furnaces, each of taking a 4oo-lb. crucible, in the new silver Gas-fired furnaces are now largely employed in S field and Glasgow for hardening, tempering and anneal »f special steels, including tool steels, and for file forgir The of accurate temperature control in operations could hardly be exaggerated. Annealing naces used in Sheffield were, as a rule, 15 ft. 9 in. long 2 ft. wide by 1 ft. high, and were capable of holdins importance tons of bar steel each. He understood that r such furnaces are now working in Sheffield, and cost gas—reckoned at 25 cents per 1000 cu. ft about $1 per ton of bars annealed at a temperature deg. C. Incidentally, the total time occupied by tl sequence of operation—charging, heating, cooling loading—was only 48 hr. as against a minimum of 72 for a coal-fired furnace. 3y means of his surface combustion process possible to melt a ton of cold lead and tap it at at ture of 372 deg. C. in a continuous apparatus using 200 cu. ft. of gas, representing a thermodynamic ef of 80 per cent. As to future developments, he suge that if high-pressure gas could be distributed at, say, 20 lb. per square inch pressure and reduced at the consumption, it would pay not only to distribute both hig grade and low-grade fuels, but also to in suitable proportions for specific purposes. excess The Steel Improvement Company, Windsor av veland & Pittsburgh Railroad, Cleveland, O! started to install probably the largest furnace eve! in operation in a commercial heat-treating plant ts is 21 ft. x 9 ft. by 17 ft. 7 in. over all, with a heart! x 6 ft. ft. 6 in. from the spring of the ar structural work of this furnace is to be furnished American Shop Equipment Company, Chicago Che by 3 The National Iron & Steel Company, Houst has sold 600 tons of rails and other track mater! Shreveport-Calcasieu Construction Company, Lake La., to be used on the Orange & Northeastern from Denton to Stark, La. Nov 20, 1913 THE IRON AGE 1157 oa edly unsatisfactory and that he would recom- he 3 a ee . ~ ~ ‘ . eS > . . . wh . e United States Steel Corporation's Percentage of Production in 1912 m le below, which gives the percentage of the total production of iron ore, coke, pig iron and ste« aan ted States in 1912 that was turned out by the United States Steel Corporation, is taken from th Cae tistical Report issued by the Bureau of Statistics of the American Iron and Steel Institute, 261 Coane C street, Philadelphia, Pa.: w oe !|!:——_. —- = = = bo e ; : J. 8. 3 - | Total ahi Percentage Oe pments from Lake Superior and iron ore production in 1912: also By U.S By inte = - . me io Steel pendent | ments and | U. 8. Steel oo coke production in the same year. : ' . , Corporation.) companies. | production. Corporation. aa ‘ oe — ee ae Shipt of iron ore from the Lake Superior region in 1912............ gross tons.| 24,331,837 | 23,889,709 | 48,221,546 50.46 iction of iron ore in 1912................ smepnannedet aida ee -+...gross tons. | 26,428,449 | 28,721,698 | 55,150,147 47.92 Product of coke in 1912............. Ghdieecesnete sesawseneseseaceesbid net tons....| 16,719,387 | 27,264,212 | 43,983,599 38.01 [ron and steel actually produced in the calendar year 1912. Production | Production Total Percentage Gross tons U. 8. Steel. | all others. | production.| U. 8. Steel Spiegeleisen and ferro-Manganese..........0+ sss cuenhedstasebnee esse abee sities sb bhedelnks debniehdindin 179,207 | 42,517 | 221,724 80.82 Besse basic, low-phosphorus, foundry, forge, ferro-silicon, ete........................| 14,006,957 | 15,498,256 | 29,505,213 47.47 ' ; 5 ; , eae a aie 3 ; gy = ae Tot » iron, including spiegeleisen, ferro-manganese, ferro-silicon, ete......... 14,186,164 | 15,540,773 | 29,726,937 47.72 Bessemer, open-hearth, crucible, electric, and all other steel ingots and castings.....| 16,901,223 | 14,350,080 | 31,251,303 | 54.08 Steel r neluding Bessemer, open-hearth, electric, rerolled, renewed, ete............. 1,872,772 | 1,455,148 | 3,327,915 56.27 Structural shapes.....z. indian estat asta cath dan ia lialacasihsces encthbteeueseacbidiniee’ 1,418,518 | 1,427,969 | 2,846,487 | 49.83 ites and sheets, including black plates for tinning......... pricecacsas cesesaneneseetedecess 2,959,056 | 2,916,024 | 5,875,080 | 50.37 Wire r0dS...cocececeoveees aoa RP EUR aa eT 1,676,916 | 976,637 | 2,653,553 | 63.20 . . . . . | i Other finishee on rails, merchant bars, ai od niet ges, Se a ee Perc uany 28S! | 4,037,530 | 5,916,276 | 9,953,806 | 40.56 rolled forging blooms and billets, semi-finished products rolled for export, etc....| ) l the rolled products enumerated above... seecsses cecserens ceenennne eeneennes 11,964,792 | 12,692,049 | 24,656,841 48.52 —<—< — —————————— . ——— ' \ ails os nedutnisiienda saaveatendstiasesincnnnannaaiabbesshes kegs of 100 pounds 7,227,502 | 7,432,198 14,659,700 | 49.30 = . I es and terne ne a0 eocced gi ssecdanadhh sacked baanened Band eesens cxsenaned gross tons 581,346 381,625 962,971 60.37 , f ' ; , in cts » that h session would Meeting of Detroit Foundrymen sping _that each session would ittende y tT t riy i ted vit tne re \nnealing, Sand Blasting, Welding and hat a « entra d ld Sand Handling Among Subjects Discussed ecured nber meeting of the Detroit Foundryvm« n’s Other topics in lude 1 the juestion tf “Sand and Sar d ‘3 rye . , S naling 6 ” recent - 1 \f : — ‘ held Thursday evening, November 13, r¢ Handling Devi €s, presented by A Lane, and “ essions received at the recent Chicago con Koom Equipment” by T. A. Leyshan. Regarding the un S. Blackwood, Michigan Steel Castings loading of incoming sand for storage Mr. Lane expressed ee yzed the various exhibits that had to d the opinion that as between an elevated trestle track with vie . ‘ ° a a on j ‘ | ert , ‘ n ip te astings, beginning with the apparatus for Storage und FRee cf lled from bottom dum +i ings and including the welding display. Re- cats and hand shoveling from the car on track at yard Hoe per flooring for the cleaning room Mr. Black- '¢vel into bins, it was a question of first cost and limited “i that in their experience concrete floors had ‘Storage space against speed of unloading with the balance Fy somewhat favorable under general conditions to the hand e oe reosoted wood block floor as a substitute. He ion to electric trucks as a new element in With reference to tumbling mills he em- necessity and eventual economy involved in lls built of amply heavy plate. ng the annealing of castings, Mr. Blackwood at their foundry they annealed at 800 deg., eat up in 3hr., allowing the castings to soak for lrawing 12 hr. later. They use an over fired vaste gas drawn off at the bottom to the stack. hing at Chicago that would suggest a chang: lule. The complete and elaborate display of machinery was also commented on, emphasis on the necessity of having nozzles so located ting so handled in the sand blasting chamber the exposure of all surfaces of the castings types of sand blast with fixed nozzles were as unsatisfactory for castings having small low-pressure and high-pressure types of weld- vere mentioned, as was also electric welding. e of having the oxygen as pure as possible, used, was shown to be quite essential. A tween 96 per cent. pure oxygen and oxygen pure was shown to have been magnified the strength of the weld. in, Cadillac Motor Car Company, and a the committee on papers for the next conven- | the papers presented at Chicago. He noted ‘ ittendance at the sessions and suggested a shoveling. In the discussion which followed relative time for unloading were cited. By hand ling 48 tons of 4 i molding sand was unloaded into a bin in 8 hr. and 4 is min With a traveling gantry crane and grab bucket E iy tons of silica sand was unloaded in 20 mit Mr. Lane pointed out that the preblem of handling i was different than for raw sand. In the latter case the 5 ae means of transportation was not important from tl ae standpoint of deterioration of the sand. But for bond rs sand, the carrying vessel must have a minimum area are exposure for the sand because of the evaporati aes moisture. Prepared sand handled by means of drag ri conveyor belts has been found to vary widely in its con a tained moisture until at the farthest points of delivery it 5 has been unfit for service as the result of evaporation wa At an early meeting it is the intention to bring a BS number of bad castings and conduct an open discussion eh the reasons for the defects in each case a A report emanates ym Salt Lake City that a syndicat of American and Canadian capitalists is formulating plan for the formation of a company to develop the iron-or: deposits of Utah and manufacture iron and steel It is stated that the scheme contemplates a company with $100,000,000 capital, to be known as the Pacific Steel Com pany. C. W. French, of San Diego, Cal., is among the projectors of the company, while others inter ested are J. Frank Watson, of New York; O. M. Johnson, of Pittsburgh, and J. F. Clark, of Fort Wayne, Ind pre duct mentioned 1158 A New Process of Cleaning Producer Gas* ? Precipitating Tar by Passage Through Glass ; Wool—Method in Commercial Use H. F. SMITH? , In 1902 the writer instituted a series investigations determine t nature of the mechanical impurities pres- ent in producer gas from bituminous coal with a view to levising m ettective 1et ds for their removal These nvestigatior ive since been continued and have resulted e development of a commercial apparatus involving some ne I nteresting principles he tar a other mechanical impurities present in raw ‘ n er gas are in an extreme state of sub SIO! ¢ ul ( ! particle S present Is s great and e quant gas e handled i mi il plants ] rrobl yresents n rdinary > i, ( Passing \\ : It t € I { ers le 1 to be i ( iS I een to é I] 4 kk elding gas ] than unable by ordinary CT i it) g leaving icer 1s first ( I ner 4 Lp ndensed by ei! ( I h a primar ndenser I S ried 11 I lit vy rotary gas Bow elivers t s und ressure to th ( en dell ed through a porous diaphrag Kal oe rom there to the \ sump epa ( rovided in which the tar accumulates . Lhe structure of the diaphragm E is matter of con rabl ince for the successful carrying out of his pr e materials used seem to have an im ortant beari the operation of the equipment. The liapl ist be sufficiently porous to permit the gas i tar ass freely, otherwise it ill soon become locked witl eposits from the gas and fail to operate Many materials may e used for this purpose, but at resent spun glass is preferred. The glas ers are not nlv et! ultered by chemical actio1 ut se ( sess t iry physical properties for the success ful carrying or f this process The spun glass in the rm of ordinary glass wool (which should be carefully distinguished from slag wool, as the latter is not practicable purpose) is built into the form of a uniform diaphragm and is retained between two metal screens. The density of the diaphragm can be regulated by the quantity glass used and by the degree of com pression maintained between the metal screens. Ordinarily, this diaphragm is made up to a thickness of approximately in. The diameter of the diaphragm must be adjusted in accordance with the quantity of gas to be treated. Or dinarily, about 400 cu. ft. per hr. can be handled for *Paper, s stantially in f yrinted in the N ¢ J t . American Society Mecha il Engineers 4 Smith Gas Power Con Lexington, Ohi ‘ } % 7 THE IRON Novemb: AGE each square inch of diaphragm area. No tar in the both tar diaphragm, together. and gas being In passing the diaphragm an important physical state of the tar occurs. On the enter tar exists in a large number of minute parti known as tar fog. In passing the diaphragm t are caused to coalesce so that on the disch tar particles are of relatively large dimensi in fact that they can no longer be carried f gas current and immediately separate out by that is necessary for the complete separatix from the gas is to provide a sump, or dri the precipitated tar can drain Pressure and Velocity Requirement It appears to be possible to secure almost ! degree of gas cleanness simply by regulating maintained across the diaphragm. In or: cial operation, it is found that a differenc« from 2% to 4 lb. will give is ample for any a degree of gas commercial requirement in this way | of gas cleaned can be pas white filter paper without producing any di reet The distinction between this process and purification by filtration sho essential process 1 separation 1s can be best for each secured the conditions the best when the rate materials to be separated pass the filtering m« One of the substances to be separated remain In the only diaphragm is ver phi ] (ila process in question good results car passing Nothing whatevet when the velocity of the gas high agm At low velocities the gas will pass throug! diaphragm used in this apparatus without any a alteration, and the degree of effectiveness of cl directly related to the velocity of flow. For ex degree of cleanness produced with the velocit resulting from 5 lb. pressure is very much greatet degree of cleanness produced by the velocity sulting from 1 lb. pressure, and when the vel low as those produced by a pressure of a few there is no perceptible change in the tar content after passing through the diaphragm No water is used in connection with this pt that required to cool the gas. As a no production of tar and the condenser perfectly clear The tar separat process 1S pra tically emulsion the water water free, and can a used for any purpose to which coal tar is adapt sample of tar drawn directly from the rece distillation a thar cent., ‘ less content of from 20 to 60 per water compared with narily present in from mec! ers. The calorific value of approximately 15,800 gas producer tat product - tar 35 coal is 3 tu per Ib i B.t.u. per gal. For the maintenance of continuous operat must be sufficiently fluid to pass through th phragm without creating undue resistance, and t! is necessary to maintain the temperature of the ing the diaphragm at a point that will reduce t! of the tar to as low a point as is consistent wit! condensation of the tar vapors T it is also apparent that this apparatus would suited to use on gas containing large quantities black or for the purification of gas from very heavy viscous tars For high volatile found in Ohio, Indiana and Ill has been found in practice to be thorous practical and effective. It is possible that further ments may extend the applicability of this met! ditions which are not now considered practical such as are lignite, it Theory of the Tar Separation The exact method by which this tar extra has not been conclusively demonstrated. Tw have been advanced which may possibly cover the &! The first and most obvious is that the tar t precipitated by being brought into direct collis: threads or filaments of the porous diaphragm does not constitute a complete explanation ot is indicated by the fact that the material \ 20, 1913 ragm is constructed has a marked bearing eness of the process and would indicate ther than simple mechanical collision. For the porous diaphragm is made up of steel glass wool (the physical structure of the ing as nearly as possible the same in eacl ess does not operate with anything like the cured with glass diaphragms. It would possibility for collision would be the same enon, first observed by the writer in 1902 experimental investigations, gives further theory that there is some action other than il collision. If the gas is caused to pass ill tube with perfectly smooth walls, as for e of glass, no particular precipitation of tar as the velocities of travel are slow. How elocities increase to a point where tl ction between the gas and the surface ¢ tube a heavy precipitation of tar occurs ot the glass. This fact leads to the conclusion in some way concerned in this process, sinc¢ f mechanical collision is rather remot: 1er¢ 1s etween rapidly moving gases and enclosing to be productive of electrical phenomena, it hat this might possibly have some bearing on is process. In fact this interpretation was laced upon the phenomenon observed in 1902 as made to work out a tar extractor along ental apparatus was constructed at that time ly charged electrodes were employed to tar particles and it was found that fairly uuld be secured. Experiments along this r a number of years, but the difficulties producing commercially practical apparatus abandonment. The rate at which the tar e moved through the gas under the influ ite potential gradients was very slow. It ' ngiy necessary to use exceedingly high pn er to secure effective results. With the trodes of approximately 114 in. a potential 5,000 to 35,000 volts was required for effec on. On account of the difficulty of main insulation under these potentials and on great danger of serious injury to an un manipulating apparatus of this kind, this t considered practical. It was noted, how- reasing the distance between the electrodes lecrease in potential was observed Ac er experiment was devised which will per further light on the method of operatior under consideration electrodes was prepared with exceedingly ng spaces, and placed in connection with a t electromotive force, the potential differ the plates being much below that require ionizing discharge. It was found that at istances distinct cleaning effects could be it ionization. Maintenance of the electric xternal sources was troublesome owing to circuits occurring between the electrodes ts of tar and moisture from the gas. The that there is a distinct attraction exerted ites at comparatively low potentials (which ause a precipitation of tar particles from he conclusion that if the distance between ould be reduced sufficiently the potential red for effective electrical action would be 1 mercial Equipments Now in Operation may be the correct explanation of the ts effectiveness and practical importance are n. The first commercial equipment of this - been in continuous operation for approxi- nths. This outfit is handling gas for a pro- er plant of approximately 1000 hp. capacity. in mmercial equipment is handling approxi- ' producer gas, and has been in daily service ately ten months. The largest single in- n equipment for cleaning 200,000 cu. ft. of This installation is operated in connection THE IRON AGE 1159 with a single producer unit which is of interest because it 1s one of the largest single unit plants ever installed in this country. This producer has an effective grate surface of 250 sq. ft. and is rated to gasify 3000 Ib Illinois bituminous coal per hour Crisis in the German Cement Industry Consul Talbot |] Albert, Brunswick, Germany, has ! irnished the followin g article to the Daily Consular and | rade Reports The administration the Rhine-W « stphalhia cement syndicate (Verwaltung des Rheinis Vestfalischen Ce 1ent-Syndikats) at Bochum has notified the cement fa ‘ries and cement unions in Germany that, in consequen f the refusal of a number of works to prolong during th ear 1914 the agreement regulating and fixing prices, th iles of cement will be free from limitation for the com ng year In order to reduce competition among them selves, 14 Westphalian cement works which belonged t he syndicate have formed a combination to be known he Union of Westphalian Portland Cement Works. At e€ meeting ol the syndicate held September 20. 101 reported that the proposition to x the maximun Salt price at 150 marks ($35.70) per 10 tons was voted down is also the motion to suspend sales until November 1 13 [he statement at a meeting of the Holland Syndi ite, September 30, 1913, that a number of Belgian cement actor ntrary to agree | | id vce udvance sales is brought up the | at syndicate also may nd it necessary to dissolve The impending dissolution Ae German ndicate has caused a rapid fall in the pri nent The rail road administration at Hanover latel ed for proposal wr the delivery of 17,000,000 kil ] ton of Port land _ cement Bids were rece frot i ympanies varying between 13 and 16 cents pe 0 | ilf r les than half, of the hitherto prevailing p1 [t is not in le 1 the increased use of ele power, which great! ments the productive capacity the factories, ma oun he ose factor in ti present risis The Trollhattan (Sweden) Electric Furnace The experimenta ] tris rr r the melt ' ‘ e at Troll tar . It ar for f ed } ] , ‘ ~ Im ! ‘ ral vccasions been referred to in ou ] | i ng, London | larnkontoret ed Octobe ) vhen it t he Str is | Work | recentl eel nsferred t Proll il Electri | nace { 1 wl ich Ca t ‘ iffil ited ft he Stromsnas | Worl ry oO | het f he Jarnkontoret und ss tthe Vater fall Boar having ¢ pired, a new agreement has been made, according to wl he Waterfalls Board undertakes, for eriod of 25 year from October 1 of the present year supply the new mpany with electric energy to the extent of 6000 hp The company has also secured a lease, with option t buy. of an excellent site, formerly used by the Jarnkontoret and the latter institution has sold the furnace and all ap purtenances to the company. The amount of energy con tracted for is twice that used by the Jarnkontoret for th furnace, and the new company will build an additional furnace of the same typ¢ This fact, coupled with the move other big Swedish concerns are making in the same direction, points to the satisfactory results obtained by the electric smelting of iron ore Roebling Wire Rope at Panama.—An attractiv: letin has been issued by the John A. Roebling’s Sons Con pany, Trenton, N. J., entitled “The Wire Rope at Panama.’ Much of this bulletin is made up of fine illustrations and text in the shape of advance sheets of an article that will appear in the “History of the Panama Canal, Its Construc tion and Builders.” The special feature of the bullet