The Iron Age 1913-10-23: Vol 92 Iss 17

THE RON AGE Established 1855 New York, October 23, 1913 Vol. 92: No. 17 Wireless Telegraph Transmission Towers Design and Erection of the Lofty Sec- tional Steel Poles for a Globe Circuit ot 3000- Mile Transmission Stations BY JAMES s MA The Marconi Company is now engaged in the work receiving installations are placed on a line at right angle of establishing a permanent wireless circuit of the earth to the antennz stretching out in the direction of Londor When the powerful stations now under construction or There is a purpose in this he locatio1 f the receivin now about to be constructed are completed, it will be vires or aerials is thus the very best possible to avo . possible to start a message from any one of the number disturbance from the energy sent out in the direction o ) and send it step by step around to its starting point. The London from the trans tit intenna he same obj« steps will be few in number—in fact, only seven or eight f small disturbance is ig] ilso in the selection « There may be a change of location in the case of one or verse wave lengths for transmiss from London at two of the stations; but for the present their locations from New Jersey The recerving apparatt n New may be assumed as follows: London, New Jersey, San Jersey is necessarily ted to the London wave lengt Francisco, Hono- which makes it lulu, Yokohama, dapted to receiv India, Egypt. The f e near procedure will be pominnetiote g appa to transmit with- rat out relay from | tT g station to station, thus requiring a 1utomatically phe transmission ca- tographe on ; pacity f about sensitized I 3000 miles at an strip B j average station means. the rece } It is under- ing office will have stood that the a ¢ t and pet ; transmitting appa- manent recor ratus concerned in Transmission is t the world circuit be carried out at will not be en- tomatically at the ; gaged in local bus- rate of 60 to & : ine€ss iny activ- words per minute ; ity other than the Despite . the fact ; sending and that the two parts 7 receiving ( f mes- of the New Te rsey : sages to and from station are located the next station on ty it wo m le the east and the ipart the trans next on the west. Shear Leg Raising the Wooden Topmast Prepaa lacing the First Stee sect mission and recep Each stati n will Marconi High Power Wireless Station at II alu tiot f messages be dup! in ar- will be taken cars rangement. That is, there will be a transmitting portion f at the receiving point \ telegrapl ne will n separate and distinct from a receiving portion, and so nect the transmission apparatus, so that by means of a locate h respect to each other that reception and tomatic relay it will be possible to operate the high transr ! in be carried on at the same time. For ver transmission keys from a distance ae New Jersey station connecting with London In carrying out the long-distance transmissions at - ~ nto a transmitting installation near New receptions, great towers become a necessary feature. T! é Br the banks of the Raritan River and a_ aerials are strung for considerable distances at rathe z Thus the New Brunswick transmitting llation near Belmar at the head of Shark high elevations ear the Atlantic coast. These installations acrials will be strung upon a line of towers 13 in number - miles apart as the crow flies, and the lin nd each 435 ft. in height. The wires will be of silic extends approximately northwest and south bronze At Honolulu the towers belonging to the aerial ‘ — nsmitting wires or antennz will be directed transmitting to Yokohama will be 14 in number and ea of Par the great circle of the earth passing throug! will be 480 ft. higl When it is remembered that eac! % Lo | the New Jersey location. This, of course, station will have duy lex installations, both f r the easter a rtest distance between the stations. Now neighbor and als ; r tl e western one, . wep a at the New Jersey station is approximately seen that the number of towers involved im the work nor . ll t considerable southwest. That is, the transmitting and circuit will be quit Rol 8g2 The towers or masts which support the aerials consist in the main of composite hollow steel cylinders. Those at the bottom are built up of quarter sections and some times of half sections flanged vertically and secured to gether to make short-length tubes These short lengths are bolted together, horizontal flanges being provided for the purpose. However, a diaphragm or plate is interposed between lengths The nrst leneth is bolted to a heavy plate which has previously been carefully leveled and secured to a concrete blocl he pier I ret y be 8 ft. thick a ) oO It or ntal sect The ere ion o the cf . » evlinde s of course no di lt te ind n ! specia 1ethods As the tower m , the blem becomes mportant The soluti ntere \ w den erecting mast is employed to s rt é sting arms booms. The mast et loped by t yper part of he pa ll erecte V¢ S ses thr square holes cut in the d hragms which arate t horizontal flanges of the short lengths of cylinders. Near ts bottom, it is support : le pin w h passes through the walls of the tower and the body of the wooder vast. The hoisting arms are fou number rom é outer ends depend un hoist vhich carry the weight of a square wooden cagt This cage is used by j it t ° + ‘ The Mast in Course of Cx THE IRON AGE October +» tA. - Mg © ‘ of Mast at Koko Head, Honolulu, Showing Hali of the W irking Cage rkmen employed in erecting the tower, an y be wered and raised by them without leaving The iterial hoisting arrangements serve to lift t positi the parts of the next cylinder that is to be attached When one section of the tubular mast is finally place, the next thing is to get the mast to a new position ne cylinder higher up. This ts done as follows: A heavy but flexible steel rope is secured to the top of the infinished steel mast. It is then carried down inside the tube along a groove arranged on one side of the wooder mast, down to a sheave arranged near the bottom of it. and then up a second groove to the top of the tower Here the rope is passed over a second sheave temporarily attached to the uppermost cylinder and then carried to a snatch block at foot of the mast and thence to a winch Upon the pin and operating the winch, the raised. After this operation, the tem porary sheave, together with the rope, is removed. The stay wires which maintain the tower in its vertical position are attached as opportunity offers during erec- tion. Over two miles of I-in. plow steel wire rope are required for the proper staying of one of the high towers. An interesting precaution has to be taken 1 connection with these ropes in view of the possibility that electric vibrations may be set up in them of such a char- icter as to have a period in harmony with the wave period of the sending apparatus. To guard against sucl corespondence in period, it has been deemed necessary or advisable to break up the guy ropes into short sections removing wooden mast’ is ° ° - ¢ hac Porcelain insulators are employed at the joints. These have a tensional strength of 75,000 Ib. ° ° . a2 f he [t is quite important that the elastic extension of t! moderate Even a stretch might result in a vibration of the tower in a strong vind and the setting up of severe strains upon the stays lo guard against difficulties arising out of elastic © ension, it has been determined that no splicing of ropes shall be permitted. Consequently, tower, at the insulators and at the anchorages are required to be made with specially designed bridge sockets [here are four anchorages per tower for the atta ment of guy These are located on a circle having a radius of 200 ft. and consist of heavy blocks of concrete ce 7 a shredded in each of which a crib-work of steel has been embé¢ suy ropes shall be as small as possible. connections at r¢ pes. \ strap of steel projects out of the concrete for ¢a h stay rope. In order to take up any slack and to develof the proper tension in the rope, strong turnbuck! T c mployed. As before remarked, the cylinders are mad¢ . sections secured together along vertical flanges a 400-ft. masts the lower 16 have a diameter of 42 1 height of 15 ft. each. The fifteen cylinders next a ire each only 10 ft. in length and have a diamet 30 in. We thus get a tower 4oo ft. high. A 3 at top mast brings the total height up to 4go0 ft. The larger cylinders have four vertical joints each. The others com sis o \ i two sections each Making of Gray Iron Motor Car Castings” Effect of Steel Scrap—Influence of the Structure of Various Pig Irons on the Properties of the Castings ty H B. SWAN t of cast iron as related to motor cars covers kind of iron daily These test bars are n. square and eld than the scope of this paper will permit represent to a fair degree a section of the castings made steel are the materials which are by far the and are used in connection with Keeps’ test \fter being ely used in the mechanical parts of the car, broken for transverse strength they are ground to a lleable iron does enter into consideration to smooth surface and tested with a Brinell machine for nt. Such a vast amount of research work hardness It has therefore been a matter f careful on steel that the selection of a composition observation and interest to note that while the chemical d physically most suitable for the kind of composition and hardness as represented by these dail) ied of it is no longer a matter of guesswork test bars may vary to but a slight extent, cutting qualities to the same degree but still vastly important of the iron seem to fluctuate materially. As a usual thing mn of the proper composition of metal most the amount of combined carbon present gives a good indi Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig, 3 Fig. 4 ‘ ‘ig Iron, Figs. 1 and 2, of $0 and 1000 Diameters Respectively, Representing | N Figs 4, of 50 and 000 Diameters Respectively, Showing Iron } the duties required of the parts made from ation of the hardness the metal, but inasmuch as experience has shown us that the metal may be hard to ng of motor cars has become a science and machine, that is, hard on the tools even when the com engineer demands castings of a maximum bined carbon is present only in a normal r less minimum of weight. The design of the it seems that there must be other factors t nsider. Is such intricacy as to produce conditions it not possible then that the crystalline structure may have ise defective castings. He further speci something to do with the machinability of the metal? stings shall conform within limits to a cer Since the machine shop operations are usually on a mposition and be free from the numerous piecework or premium system, the importance of keeping ndry defects Moreover, the machine the quality of the metal uniform is readily understoot that they shall cut readily. This does not for if the metal is hard uniformly or has hard spots, or in that the castings shall be soft. although as said above, is hard on the tools, it means a slowing up r having hard spots is bad for machining f production and a loss of both time and money to the the writer there is a discrimination be manufacturer and the foundryman ind cutting qualities, judged from the ; a ; Casting Automobile Cylinders ie life of the tool. orn Let us consider some of the motor parts made fron ‘ of Crystalline Structure on Properties ‘ray iron. For many reasons the cylinder has been most ractice in the foundry with which the write: widely discussed. Often it is of a very complex design Detroit] to pour several test bars of each It may be cast as a single unit with or without a water : . . jacket. Twin cylinders are common and three, four and ae, Getaias BE 17, the American Foundrymen's Jon six en bloc are met with frequently. Of late it has 893 i lw a ay 894 come into practice to cast the cylinders en bloc integral with the engine base and even more complex designs are not uncommon. Under such conditions very light sections join with those comparatively heavy and it is not an easy matter to select an iron of a composition that will run well. be sound and free from spongy spots, leaks, etc., and meet other requirements Another matter to consider is the wearing qualities of the iron. This is something which as yet seems to have been given little study and attention | has Europe in connection with bronzes with the aid of a machine especially designed for this purpose. It would seem, for instance, that it would be not only interesting, but of value, to know more about the relation between the cylinder and the piston ring in connection with their wearing qualities, hardness and chemical composition. The laboratory of the company by whom the writer is employed has recently purchased a been done in Some work THE IRON AGE October ductile than other castings, for usually when iron they are made as light in section as and with the rapid cooling around dry sand co: strains are often set up which may not develop which are noticeable until subject to the vibr motor and the jolts of the car. This may by the choice of a proper composition of met high in phosphorus and by the use of charcoal ; The Use of Steel Scrap lt is almost general practice among auton rom dries to use varying percentages of steel scr thee mixtures, running from 10 to 40 per cent rit generally state that the strength increases wit! dd tion of the steel up to the latter amount. 1 is doubtedly true if the chemical composition be accordingly, but it has been found in our class machine from Europe for the study of these conditions and it is hoped that information of considerable value will be obtained. It may be readily seen that a cylinder iron may, de pending on conditions, possess characteristics entirely at variance for a flywheel. If the fly- wheel rim is to be cut with gear teeth its properties may closely approach those of a cylinder in that it should be sound, strong, and possess good wearing qualities. For piston rings we have found that the results are obtained with an iron high in phosphorus and low in man- ganese. This iron has the spring-like quality desirable for this part and is not too brittle to stand the test demanded of it, provided the phosphorus does not run higher than about 1.15 per cent. Its hardness depends upon the hard- ness of the cylinder in which it is to run: that is. it should be a few points higher on the Brinell scale than that of the cylinder, for it must stand more wear. bases and transmission cases should be from those suitable best Engine strong and more lameters Both of 100 Diameters, Showing Iron Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 9 Fig. 7, of 100 Diameters k No. 5 Respectively, Showing Iron No. 3; os ver rr hosphor requiring hot, fluid iron, that the silicon and ph have to be increased to such an extent that the mecrease in strength is discounted. neta The increase of these meta loids seems likewise to be deleterious to the machining aM e . 6 . tends qualities and softness, and the high amount ot steel : . . . *“.* - . . rc ipitive to increase the chilling qualities of the iron to a prom ; . . 7 of scra extent when used in connection with the amount of scraf : ¢ ® : Turner states iron necessary for economical production. Turner sta that best machining qualities and softness are obtaine with a silicon content of about 2.5 per cent., alth ugh e maximum tensile and transverse strength are reached © tween 1.75 and 2 per cent. It has been found that a silico content of 2.5 per cent. with manganese 0.60 to 0.70 PS e vives a Ver cent. and phosphorus about 0.50 per cent. gives 4 c good iron in every respect for lighter castings. * rz per cen cylinders and pistons the introduction of 10 to 15 steel and lowering the silicon content to 2.15-2.25 a increases the strength materially. For flywhee!s sneed rate per cent heavier work which is not machined at a high cto! 1913 | is increased from 20 to 25 per cent. and red to between 1.8 and 2 per cent. This -ong iron which is also very suitable for portant then that a grade of metal best the requirements of service be chosen for sting to be made. Of course it is not neces al to run heats of a composition especially h of the numerous castings for motor cars, al and economical in the long run to divide types into classes, three or four in a number, with the metal best suited to fill the con- from the foundry standpoint and from that llurgist. le, automobile castings are classed as light is said before, much of it is intricate work; ivy sections adjoining and often with heavy hed. It is not always practical or convenient lls, and if these castings could be poured with Fig. 10 Fig. 12 THE IRON AGE 895 iron poured, and from each pig iron used in the mixture photomicrographs were made from the test bars and from sections of the pigs It has doubtless been the experience of many foundry men to note that, in spite of all consideration and care in mixing and melting of iron, the metal produced will oftentimes give results absolutely at \ariance with what might be expected and irons of duplicate analyses may give very different physical results. The question then arises whether or not characteristics peculiar to one brand of pig iron can persist in the final product after mixing with others and going through the cupola. This did not seem probable to the writer, yet results obtained in prac tice seem to make such a theory tenable, for we found that the addition of 15 per cent. of one brand of iron to a mixture increased the strength of the product about 10 per cent., although the analyses of the two products were very close. Likewise the addition of this iron decreased the stirinkage, increased the softness and made the cutting Ographs of Pig Iron, Figs. 10 and 11, of 50 and 1000 Diameers Respectively, Showing Iron No. 6; and Figs. 12 and 13, of 50 and 500 Diameters, Respectively, Representing Iron No. 7 h would be close-grained and free from giness, and segregation under these conditions still meet the requirements of wearing well good cutting qualities, a very desirable point ned. Of course there are numerous other rs to consider which will aid in the pro- h an iron, such as the manner of gating r instance, a piston cast with the bosses less liable to be spongy if gated about the ut between the bosses. Again, a small sign will do much toward obtaining the Scope of the Experimental Work rder to gain some insight into the vagaries es of cast iron and to correlate, if pos- il composition and rate of cooling with perties such as strength, hardness, resist- | machinability, that a line of experimental th different brands of pig iron and vary- steel was undertaken. It seems reason- that the crystalline structure of the metals ‘al composition is linked with some of lherefore, in each experimental heat of qualities very much better; it was decided then that there was a possibility of developing the quality of the iron through a study of the pig iron. Predominating Pearlitic Structure the Best Through this study and by means of experimenting with various mixtures, it is hoped that a better iron will be produced to meet the requirements of motor car cast ings. Theoretically, an iron with a pearlitic structure pre- dominating to the greatest possible extent and the excess carbon in the amorphous or temper form would seem to be most desirable. When, however, one considers the larg: number of variable factors which may influence the struc ture of the iron, the scope of the problem to be studied can be realized. We have not as yet done sufficient work to feel war- ranted in drawing any definite conclusions. While the value of the work undertaken is still speculative, Table 2 is pre sented for whatever interest it may have to the foundry man. showing in a condensed form the results obtained from mixing the various irons of Table 1. Table 3 gives some data on the various irons used hy the writer for the different classes of automobile work. For ascertaining the soundness of the metal, four cast- S. DicmoUNEH G Mechanical and C \ZiMCCTS,, PTU'PSBURGH. PA. oe eneetny tap : &QO ings of a large single cylinder were poured from each heat. The barrel of the cylinder being light in section, with the outside circled by a heavy flange having a large boss on the 1 for spongy metal. the cope side, presents excellent conditions Column under “Remarks” whether were sound or spongy. Table 1 is a compilation of different brands of pig iron used by the foundry with which the writer and shows the various chemical compositions. is a Northern charcoal brand. Nos. 2 and 5 are Virginia irons; Nos. 3, 4 and 7 are Northern coke irons; No. 6 is a Southern iron; No. 8 a silvery iron; No. 9 is a Cuban iron of ‘special composition, containing, in addition to the elements usually met with, chromium and nickel and traces shows castings is associated Iron No. I Fig 4 Fig. 1 Phot ogray f P ind i N« if N I Q f vanadium and titanium s. 10 and 11 are charcoal irons from the New England states Discussion of Photomicrographs The space allowable paper this kind precludes he showing of more n a limite I r of the photo nicrographs obtaine mething ha,ing been ..'% ( ( S Si No. of per ) é ‘ pei iron ( cer t -* ¢ ] ( { 1.99 > ‘ Ps _ 3 s a ( 2 6 ‘ 7 } 7 ] 2.47 x 8.39 7s ( { ) 10 53 hand. ccks 0 0 141 No. 9 also ontains ent nickel a 2.17 pe cent. chromium, taken. Fig. 1 is a photomicrograph of the No. 1 iron, the sample being polished and magnified so diameters The THE IRON AGE rosette-like structure of the graphite is to be , noticed, as this is peculiar to this charcoal bran inspection also reveals the presence of the October 191 larly eutectic, but in relatively small amounts, Fig. 2 1000 diameters. ture the various ot shows the same sample etched and n This plate shows in fine detail micrographic constituent pearlite, graphite and eutectic of the iron car sometimes called Ledeburite. Fig. 3 shows iron No. 2, magnified 50 diameters. a Virginia iron, p This sample was tal longitudinal section of a sand-cast pig. The s| crystals of graphite and the greater predomina: f eutectic constituent is to be noticed in contras: A PRLS ary + Ss 2 A eA’ Diameters, Shows Section of , Test Fig. 18 Fig. 16 000 Diameters Respectively, Showing Iron No. 8; Fig. Jar from Heat 14, 1 charcoal iron of Fig. 1, although both the com total carbon contents are very nearly the sam irons. Fig magnified 1000 diameters. Here 1 shows the same iron, with the sample et we also h i\ detail the constituents ferrite, pearlite, graphite clearly outlined in the center of the plate, the eut Fig Class of iron Combined carbon... .0.6f Table 3 Cylinder 0.50 -0.60 2.25 -2.80 0.65 -0.75 0.40 -0.45 te —OnNo” OU 0.08-0 eosewcsoss 15 ' 10 .1.80-2 00 29,190 2,680 150-160 Dey of chill 10.20 Brinell hardness . 228-235 Per cent. steel in mix- CHO vce chan were. 0-10 Pe cent scrap ? MIXTUTE cecccceses 50-60 a combination of the short, straight crystals and irres’’ masses and also what may be called the “pi 5 presents a still different structur Fly whe S U.0 3, 1913 THE IRON AGE 897 tallites formed during solidification. It is of Steadite ar ordering it finely divided graphite, a ted that as the percentage of impurities in- lecomposed product from cementite ure becomes more complex. This sample Fig. 14 shows sample of iron No, 8, a high silicon o1 1 i 4 cross-section of a machine-cast pig and _ silvery iron polished and etched to so diameters, Graphite ts of the rapid cooling of iron cast in this is very abundant, with no evidences of the eutectic c ws a portion of the dendrite magnified t ast pig Some of the original ribs of the eutecti Fig. 15 shows the same iron etched and magnifies ilso some of the pseudomorphic graphite oo diameters etail irbide area very clearly e decomposition of the cementite in the shown. a sample of iron No. 4 polished and mag pla shows a section taker m the outside of a iameters, taken from a machine-cast pig This is a charcoal brand of n, but from a se e from the same ores as iron No. 3 t] untry very remote { ron By re rnaces are not located in the same cities to Fig it will noticed that there ilarity of 1 , i? re , ; + mS ‘ . tree ‘ + ; . : ’ . } .¢ are not widely dilterent, y¢ the structure 1s S 1 oug r¢ ng in more coarse and irregular areas r met iro! | yer har ! n \ a a F c = ~ + : = = "3 2 $2 0.4 stx 44108 , ‘ ; : 4 t ; 7 j 7 pl f iron No. 5, magnified to ast pig of a Virginia brand. While h less than in the preceding two irons about the same, yet the structur t ( very large crystals. the same iron etched and magnified t we have a star-like rormation lite sur nding the same an S le eutect n relief i f iron No. 6 polished and mag ; 1] ‘ [he phosphorus content being high and 23 n also rather high, we have tl i i mn sa ent to a marked extent. same sample magnified to rooo di " Here the detail is shown: graphit 4 Ee dite : 1 sample f iron No. 7, polished ar I r t a" ters. The same brand as iron No. 3, was pte n Sept the ( M taken from the edge of the pig The S lit , evidenced in the coarse graphite crystals. tive January 1, 1914 f the same sample as Fig. 12, but etched the tables of th net n probahl t | 500 diameters. Here is shown in the ldressir WwW. ri. Vong secretary o! f mimittee micrograph a partially decomposed area I 898 A Helicoidal Impeller Centrifugal Pump* A New Type with a High Suction Lift— Tests to Determine Maximum Efficiency KERRY ao BY < \ centrifugal especially for low-pressure volume service, The development of a new type of pump, which will run economy of the at speeds to bring out the best steam Fig. 1—A 10-Blade Impeller Having a Helix of 20 Deg urbine, and therefore of the unit, has been attempted. As vart of that purpose a machine which is of the same s perior construction and running qualities as the steam 1 ‘ | turbine has been kept in mind. In view of the avowed purpose of these pumps to work vith condensers as circulating and hot-well pumps, and vith steam turbines is the motive power, r in 8-in. pump with a about .p.m., a total head of from 30 ft. to 40 ft., ind a maximum eff speed of 3000 iency near 1200 gal. en min. was de- | signed. Provision for vetting the results of combinations various f impellers and an- ular nozzles was | provided. The first | effort at designing, | — patternmaking, cast- = . ing and machining Fig. 2—1 accel : Pace gave an efficiency of Casing mly 33 per cent. With a double suction impeller, having six right-hand and six left-hand blades making an angle of 15 deg. with he plane of rotation and a diameter of 6% in. for this 8-in. pump a test was made. A pressure regulator of the spring-loaded type was used to control the turbine to secure constant head. For the 34 ft. the speed began at 3600 r.p.m. and speed of the head of 31 to ran down to shut-off at 2000 r.p.m. For a head of 21 to 24 ft., the speed began at 2850 r.p.m. and ran down to shut-off at 1625 r.p.m. By throttling the suction the capacity of the pump to Wellsville is nal barometer stands lift water was indicated. The elevation of about 1500 ft. above sea level, and nor about 28.3 in. At a speed of 3700 r.p.m. and dischargs head of to ft., with a small amount of discharge from the pump and the barometer standing at 28.05 in., the vacuum maintained by the pump, as measured mercury column referred to the center of the shaft, or ne test wa 20.9 in. This corresponds to a lift of 30.4 iainst a limit f 31.7 ft. fixed by the barometer. On another test with a different runner, with barometer standing at 28.1 in. and speed of 3500 r.p.m., the vacuum was maintained in the suction of the pump at 27.0 in.. which means a lift f 20.¢ ft. against a limit of 31.8 ft. fixed by the barometer At 3040 r.p.m., the vacuum in the pump suction was mai tained at 26.2 in. The highest vacuum reached could be steadily maintained at speeds as high as 4000 r.p.m Apparently justified by the results on the 8 exper, mental pump, a pump of this type w e maximur capacity of 30,000 gal. at 45 ft. total head for service as a circulating pump with a large condenser was built A photograph of the impeller is shown in Fig. 1 This is one *From a paper printed in the October Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers +Formerly chief engineer. McEwen Bros., Wellsville, N. \¥ THE IRON AGE October )13 of three different impellers having different ; ‘ blades and helix angles that were built and : this pump. In this case the runner has 10 blac: ° helix angle of 20 deg. The other runners wer 4 8 blades with helix angles of 20 deg. and 17 " spectively. Three nozzles of different sizes and form we; this case a coefficient of 0.97 was used which to be sufficiently conservative. Three sizes of : were also tried but the 5/16-in. tip was used the best combination of sensitiveness and st: * water column. The static water column was us t the pitot tube readings and when both were Koei working order and due allowances were mack nections and velocity heads, the agreement bet e two sets of readings was very close. The advantage of the static water column as a safeguard was edly shown during the tests. Occasionally a small pix f shaving or fiber of some kind would lodge on | of the pitot tube and lower its water column to such a; extent as to require immediate attention. This which might not otherwise have been noted qui was always shown at once by comparison with the static water column. Upon the basis of information obtained from such tests as the foregoing, and from observation of runnir ties, a series of pumps was designed. is shown in Fig. 2. An effort was made to mo interior of the pump casing so that the water w change velocity and direction smoothly and with a mum of eddy losses. The best position, however, cut-off is an uncertain matter. The intention is s cate it that throughout the range of change in direction « water discharged from the impeller, there will be no eddy losses occasioned by the direction of stream lines crossing the cut-off. In the dotted lines, the general form of the volute suction inlet is shown. The edges of the blades car be spaced and machined accurately and water can be taker into the impeller from the hub to the rim, In Fig. 3 the elevation is partly shown in section. The feature strongly emphasized in the design of this pum; is the ability to withdraw the impeller and shaft endwis¢ from the casing simply by removing one bearing head \s compared with the split casing type of pump, this con struction permits the suction and discharge to be locate: at any direction required by circumstances. Also, it fre quently happens, as in the basement of a power plant or 1 cramped quarters on shipboard, that crane service is not available. { A typical This would make it difficult to remove the toj half of a casing, while two men can handle the shaft an impeller even of a 30-in. pump of this type. The throat rings are of bronze; the sleeves on the shaft are locked right and left to hold the bronze impeller in any desirec position and to prevent rusting of the shaft by the flu pumped. The water discharged from the pump is used t seal the glands and prevent air drawing into the suctior passage. The bearings are ring oiling with split babbitt lined bearing shells. The design of the impeller permits halancing. which is practically perfect, both at rest an 3, 1913 s balance is not destroyed by the stresses set ‘tation. The result has been that in the constructed, the bearings ran with even vibration than the bearings of the turbine them. rdinary centrifugal impeller, change of ca en head and speed is obtained by width of g; in the helicoidal, the helix angle may greater capacity resulting from a greater se of head at a given speed and capacity may from the centrifugal impeller by change of it discharge or of diameter; but in the heli- hing, and if the relations of helix angle and are suitable, the efficiency is increased by eakage back into suction is reduced by the yor effect of a short cylindrical portion at revolving within the throat rings. same axial inlet velocity assumed, the heli- ler lies within the eye or inlet opening of the rhen by notching deep with small helix ively low head and large volume may be o j cood speed and efficiency. Economy in Photographing BY N. G. NEAR inufacturers have no advertising department body in their employ who is thoroughly tl e\ arious steps necessary to exploit prop- THE IRON AGE being ta temporarily photographir and repli 30 cents, th pany $30 eas the work un days instead have | een a rhis, admittedly, is an extreme case, yet the spending Oot 30 cents economy, e€s] an outgrowt is ta- those ften mind by ings to tent that rtising is lt most \A ay “a details nnected king up ntable Se sa - miliar with this company’s shop methods, the engineer how much it would have cost to pick up the entire machine with the shop crane and place it light for g. The engineer scratched his head a moment An expenditu in a spot where there was plenty of re of this } } ‘ ° eh, about 30 cents writer figures, would have save the com- ly, for then the retoucher could have handled aided and he could have completed it in two f five Besides, the finished article would than it now is etter “work of art” Say, t save only $1, is considered excellent vecially where the saving is immediate and not th of years of investment. The writer can see hy the photographic department cannot be as managed as are the foundry, machine shop \ll advertising men agree, and so do most manufac turers lat plenty of good illustrations are needed for ef ective ad\ertising If so, would it not be well where possible, as in the example cited, to economize in cha way it tw wr three illustrations can be made at the esent st I ner ian . : ; An Automatic Tube Straightening Machine Che Sleeper & Hartley ‘ mpany, Wor ester, Mass., has ught it an automatic machine of the swager type for straightening pipe r { ing rapidly Che Spe ric ror erent Oo! iterial he rate t prod ti for gas pipe ¢ in. in diam eter. he y ft pe n The m ine msists ‘ he ust iry tat ing die irrying head B The straightened 1s fed throug! by the feed rolls this which are driven through worm gearing from the pulley D The work passes through the feed rolls at A, through the straightening head and a sec which Front View View ond set of rolls a: - [Two Views of an Automatic Tube Straightering Ma ‘ Swaging j “ unted at ‘ sive for Rapid P ch mmsure if the the complete pas supervision grows indifferent. One of the sage the tube. The he s driven by tl illey E from nt details is the photograph, which should the countershaft the lhe ) The ichine is com ut as possible. That a clean-cut photo tl ult, weig » Ib. and g pact essity should be self-evident to one with x n knowledge of cuts, yet time and again | h poor examples of photographic art pr« at, aaaliiall ie Hie Oe ieee @ cs the artist for “brushing up” that I feel it my ns ; iar Be Ri SO | ae bout photographs in terms of dollars and oa ’ cas Vf Sate nial r ee * make my appeal thoroughly understood. ek we tend ofl. sauce. dees = anti Sees graph was recently turned over to me that was 97.’ 4 ail ae Sateen caaiae Sed ae that only those persons familiar with the ©. i : ala i at oe a ie ; . . . . Ys ya . : ‘ LY Ciel Lie ¢ readily identify it. The retoucher had no centile tex aeusilin dhedl:- “Siok: ented. eee ake n making a good representation of it. He |, ). 0 neal iy ie taeda ta : an ver it for nearly a week comparing parts a aah deal a mein aes : i ' chines, examining blue prints and con- Ayp i oe . the ite coll all pany’s engineers. At the end of that time zy iy ™ ee a Acting he new plat declared the retouched photograph to be a art.” The retoucher’s bill was $40. Besides, time and the engineer’s time was lost that Crumwold furnace of the Reading Iron Company, at en spent to better advantage in furthering Fmaus, Pa has now been in continuous operation for s interests had the photograph been clear i three and a half years without interruption for relining or = r iT repairs RP 8 ty rer eer “te Oe eee - ep nents, Os Steel Meeting of the Mining Engineers Pulverized Coal, Waste Heat Boilers, Blast-Furnace Gas Cleaning, Beneficiated Ores and Over-oxida- tion of Steel Prominent Among Subjects Discussed The Iron and Steel Committee of the American Insti- tute of Mining Engineers held an interesting and valuable meeting in New York, October 16 and 17. There list of no less than 25 papers, most of them on Ic jects, and the attendance was upward of 175. Was a timely sub The most animated discussion developed over the utilization of pul verized coal for metallurgical processes as differentiated from its application to cement manufacture, where it has been admittedly successful, but illuminating papers were also presented on, and wide interest taken in such subjects as blast-furnace gas cleaning, the ores and flue dust in the blast he over-oxidation of the use of ing furnaces. in for use of fine furnace, the } steel and waste-heat boilers with metallurgical and heat- The imp: test of steel castings also came attention and pains- taking investigation of the carburization of various alloy steels and a study of the properties of steel. there was a paper covering a influence of copper on the physical Use of Pulverized Coal se O ulVeTIZeCc 40a [The present compelling subject of the utilization of pulverized coal was considered in the Thursday afternoon session, when three papers were presented. Paper by Richard K. Meade The first paper was by Richard K. Meade, consulting chemical engineer, Baltimore, who has been identified par- While he regarded gas coals as the best for use in the pulverized state, it was, he said, possible to use coals less volatile and even powdered anthracite could be used if mixed with a coal more easily ignited, and the whole development was providing, he suggested, for the employment of culm and coal dust. used satisfactorily in the cement industry, danger of the grinding mills, he said none if the buildings were properly built and provided for. He called dered fuel needs to be While the paper was given over chiefly to the ticularly with cement production engineering. Coals running as high as 30 per cent. in ash are regards there ventilatio1 that stirred up to burn at all readily and as nre in wert attention to the fact pow- equipment usually to be found in cement mills, he showed by means of a lantern slide the installation for nodulizing at the plant of the Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. iny, Philadel- phia. As regards the cost of operating, he gave an estimate for a plant of 80 tons daily capacity. The total charge was $31.92, covering the coal, attendance, laborers, the grinding operation, this needing 90 hp. in power, supplies and re pairs, or a unit cost of operations per ton of about 40 cents \ plant of 150 to 200 tons daily capacity for 22 hr., the size, it is understood, of the Pennsylvania Salt plant, he placed at $20,000 to $30,000 ir t cost In the discussion he mentioned types of pulverizers which allow for taking the coal directly to the burner wi out requiring storage bins. He defined coal as suitable for utilization in the pulverized form when it contained over 25 per cent. volatile matter or was long flaming, as whet used on the grate. He admitted that the last definition was perhaps not quite technical. Prof. D. S. Jacobus, ad visory engineer, Babcock & Wilcox Company, explained that low volatile coal gives a long flame burned on the grate, and this introduced an active discussion with re- gard to length of flame and the causes of it Mr. Me contended that the length did not depend n the blast but rather on the draft. The finer the il, he added, the shorter was the flame and the er the combusti The usual finer css f 1 ilveri ati I S l h that I ti Qs per cent. passes through a 100 mesh sieve. He suggested that gas coals had generally been used up to the present time because they are the eapest Comparing Fuel Oil and Powdered Coal In discussing the comparative value of powdered coal, he thought that the capacitv fuel oil and of a kiln was Che first of the four professional sessions held was opened by the president of the Institu: es I’, Rand, president Spanish American Iron Cor York, who expressed deep regret that Charles through whose activities the Iron and Steel ame into being, had felt it advisable owing relinquish the chairmanship. He made formal ment of the fact, noted some time ago in thes that Prof. Albert Sauveur, Harvard University appointed chairman. On Friday evening an inf ner was arranged in the Engineers’ Club, while ¢ sessions were of course held in the Engineerir Building. For the varied programme and th yntributions obtained, the committee was he gratulated in the luncheon periods provided o1 and the following report, necessarily abbri cover only the main points, though the papers a rule are treated at some length. in Metallurgical Furnaces about the same whether oil or powdered coal wer« least they were about the same on a British thermal ur On this question W. R. Dunn, Vulcanite Portlan Cement Company, Phillipsburgh, N. J., said that pulverized coal increased the production capacity of the cement kil: over oil as much as 20 per cent. He found that 110 |b. coal gave as much cement as 11 gal. of oil, although of course it depends on the calorific values. It was brought out later that this ratio was the same as 2000 lb. of cecal com pared with 5 bbl. of oil and this on the reminder of Bradl basis sradley Stoughton that 3 bbl. of oil are commonly regarded as the equivalent of 1 ton of coal, showed decidedly better per formance for powdered coal. Paper by H. R. Barnhurst The second paper was by H. R. Barnhurst, Fuller gineering Company, Allentown, Pa., and was in a an expansion of his paper read September 30 bei Engineers’ Society of Western Pennsylvania, at Pittsburg rhis latter paper is printed elsewhere in this iss it suffices to supply here the points made in the s paper not covered at length or at all in the Pittsburg In noting that coal properly ground will burn oughly if 85 per passes through 200 mesh through 100 mesh, he mentioned that h« in such properly ground coal a percentage above 7 cent per cent. of passing through 300-mesh screens. As we can burt the coal thus prepared, he said, including the rejections when the percentages named pass the 200-mesh and 10 mesh screens, there seems to be no good reason for | ing pulverization beyond this point. Coal can be chea brought to this condition and the mills able to t work have large capacity. Higher percentages reached by the sacrifice of capacity, and conseque! This standard of 85 per cent. through 200 m« 95 per cent. throvgh 100 mesh is a practicable comm« standard and should be Other omy maintained. extracts from Mr. Barnhurst’s papet Control in Burning Pulverized Coal However short we may be of pyrometers, eye of the intelligent operator a gauge at a glance whether the heat he has 1s urpose. Pulverized fuel has a great advanta respect. It need not be supposed that an operator petually adjusting his apparatus. If we find that ir-zate fixed at a certain opening the fire 's imple reduction in the quantity of fuel admi t the source of heat and changes the ratio of fuel. If not hot enough, more fuel gives more entering and a lessened excess of air, result In all probability it will heightened temperature goo 23, 1913 ; air must be admitted constantly to keep the reaching destructive limits. Wuth control of intity and quality of heat, this danger is neghi- nsider the burning of coal as shoveled or fed in be conceded that a certain degree of com pulverization takes place in the fire as a neces ustion. Coal does not burn in lumps, but its way pulverized, and this gradual pulverization e fire at the expense of some of the heat units rk done. As this is done slowly, it is often supply large grate area so that the collective posed for disengagement of heat shall be suf the purpose for which the fire is used. In the verized coal, therefore, we have best prepared r the absorption and evolution of heat, and in prepare the air by practically a similar r joining in the process. ecting thus a cloud of fuel into a highly heated each particle because of its opacity becomes an f heat radiating not only from the chamber ym each neighboring particle as it inflames sub mation progresses with rapidity almost in Pulverized fuel injected thus with its air a speed of several thousand feet per minute eht up against the delivery nozzle, the flame t its mouth. This is best accomplished by gh pressure for projecting the fuel. The fina uir and fuel is at the instant of projection rnace, Exner ence in Ore Roasting and Open-Hearth Practice ng carbonate ores of high sulphur content, the een driven off and the sulphur reduced within limits by the use of less than 7.5 per cent. « he weight of the charge This problem in- maintenance of a low temperature, about prevent the agglomeration of the ore fines into [he same practice obtains in the roasting and ng of ores and flue dust, where the heat is main- ficient to permit the ore to form nodules or not to stick to the walls of the roasting kiln hearth practice with pulverized coal, steel is de with this fuel at the rate of from 450 to 500 t ton of product. This is an average of 45 heats, nd product being carefully weighed. The melts tained in slightly less time than with oil, which sed previously. An analysis of the slags pro 2100 fuel is as follows Oil ( 16 7 i e ste 0.025 to 0.035 1.035 to 0. per cent pears here to be no more difference than ly in the variations of the charge and idling furnaces the fuel supply varies w 1 weather of spring and fall permitting an when intensely hot weather affects the e furnace. It is safe to say that iron can in average expense of 1200 lb. of pulver- gross ton of muck bar produced; in fact, less f coal per gross ton of bars has been iring periods when favorable temperatures »f worl ynomy. shown k conduced to high ec: Ash, Cutting and Other Problems that in an ex volatile fuel, he had per ash, tail r by-product ovens, having as high as hout trouble, as claimed there connected the author explaned -e for burning low e breeze with 15 cent this was burned wit Pittsburgh paper. He mation, the at instead the ash c iulthough it is furnace with lected in a fine powder, remove the with desirable to I hr Prof Alfred Stansfield. profess r TI McGill vere w Montreal, Ont.. 1 niversity. mentione rking at Sudbury. satisfactor coal, but in this case t e ores are not he waste heat le understood that ¢ well explained that operating “utting. experienced in was due to blast. In practice wit! high , thar, an 80-Ib. blast through a 4-in. pipe a 3-in. pipe at 1 Ib. pressure, this supply per cent. of the total air required. By pro THE IRON AGE & * gol jecting the coal dust in this way, rapidly, and with an in sufficient amount of air, one was able to gain the long flame Paper by W. S. Quigley the paper by W. S. Quigley, Quigley Furnace & Foun ry Company, Springfield, Mass., was read by E. W. Shint t the con pany, in the absence of the author. At the outset he stated that the problen f burning pulverized coal ement kilns was not the same problem as that of utilizing ulveriz oal in turnaces The burning was 1 simple which was attested by the fact that th evel pmet has not been eedingly rapid, notwithstanding the fact that the Oliver Iron Company applied pulve coal 30 year ago to the puddling furnace, but parently wit t eat ccess ecial t Culliney superintendent for the American Iron & Steel Mfg. Com ny, at Lebanon, Pa i ( ig] t until after an exp I > " nts vhicl VN g e Ame & St i the distinction of being the ins 1 ! y Ss cess. Mr. Quigley seems t lieve ligt sed b it anthracite 1s s | | i x re ] d c<eep it lenite is i Ire { lieves t tu! ivS of tne g@ il vered, and that with the almost total ition of the eat of the fuel when burning it in the pulverized state enormous savings can be effected over | nt methods f burning coal, making the entire r nt one of tr ‘4 mendous efiect for conserva toht in referring to the losses with hand fir i] ; furnaces, where commonly one-half the fuel ener; ; lost. In referring t lit f ut ation of lignite, Mr. Quigley mentior that t | productior is. about 450,000,000 tons per year and that ving $137,000,000 in fuel costs wuld easily cidentally, he suggested that the relatively ll t which appear to be hers ire like 1 a good sid in the incentive given to study « He stated briefly that he was installing a t ube wor where 1 $43,000 estmert i ex e¢ ive $70.00 er the cost with anthr t il 1 b Four Requirements in Utilizing Powdered Coa Four general requirements wer« rin I tion f pulve é l the oal | lried; two, tha é | | hly . Iver three, tha e f ld be A nif four, that the t j onal wnditios he. S. Wes t n little ill powder, a t ‘ 1 of mole ation. an ‘4 percentage of moisture sl Id ( I , é nimum at ! per ¢ t é | 3] be dried to ' ( f ried, he allow f | ! n the d uT is regar nene f gr f vould |} P er cent. pass tl oh onl ' x er cent. through a ng, he said, can be ( f t t : flame, with resultan g furnace 1 f | reterence to he I ng i the I | told : [r. Culliney had import er of ei rollers ntil finally be I r el ‘ ; c Ouiclev ter ‘ é ‘ reu : ; ntroller. wi 9 . ¢ wea A receure ir f fin ¢ | . ef } . r etr ition ‘ eat "+ led - low recaure re 1 rt 1 he dic n . . ‘ Performance at a Number of Plants fe claimed that coal w ifer than cither 1 s regards ¢ 5 te t I 4 American Ir & Steel M f oa , , 7 ; | > , ; a of erizea il ca edbanon t ; a nd has. Mr. O ! He ; ‘ ' : lverized coal « f t he a tional interesting ' st Cocera kelecs Te ene not cire ‘ nlant . 4 ally be required t idopt pulverized ul burning ir ‘ i” go2 to secure the smokeless feature. He explained that the equipment of the American Iron & Steel Mfg. Company included small furnaces, such as those 18 x°36 in. in size, requiring 4o lb. of coal per hour to those 9 in. x 4 ft and 15-ft. square flanging furnace. He rcferred at some length to the economies of pre-heating the air. The cost »f pulverizing the coal