The Iron Age 1913-10-16: Vol 92 Iss 16

tablished 1855 New York, October 16, 1913 Vol. 92: No. 16 A New Iron and Steel Jobbing Warehouse Convenience in Handling and Storing Material at the Roehm & Davison House, Detroit—Vertical Bar Storage Along Aisles n and steel jobbing warehouse that is well center f each of these ross aisles a nvenience both in handling and in storing One of the illustrations shows one of t aisle has recently been built by Roehm & Davison with bars stacked up on each side ry mpanyings Mich. The building is a brick and steel structure lrawing shows the floor plan of the was t! 213 ft. long and 155 ft. wide. It is divided into two main irrangement of the aisles The rear section forms a large bay, which is Between the lumns, 11 ft the storage of structural material and large- the storage of small-sized bars. aré [his section is 75 x 213 ft., and is covered horizontally into the 14-in lumns, an teel trussed roof. The entire bay is served by a strength of the construction a 7-in, bea laced Tole Bridge & Crane Company’s 10-ton electric travel- ertical position against the lower we ng crane having a 75-ft. span. The adjoining section, his provides a rigid construction of iciel tren extending the length of the building along the east front to hold up as large a stock of bat cke side, is used for the storage of sheets and light bars vertically. A view of the type of constructior wi Spaced 15 ft. each way in this section are columns of in one of the accompanying photograph ak ig-in. I-beams. This part is divided into three sections, heet storage department. The 15-ft. main aisk measuring 60 x 8o ft. each, by two 15-ft. aisles that extend ement floors for their full width, and thes« les ext bacl the crane bay. Five 15-ft. transverse aisles run vack through the crane bay to the rear of the buildir I this section from the two main aisles, and in the forming a passageway for hand trucks from tl ~\, —_T_ ts st .—} Th \ 1 a ——! i} + .L me Ub hc Ree 2: -_ ee meee 1 Torro y for the Storage of Structural and Other Heavy Material Showing Freight Cars on the I sed Siding i B 2 Storage Arrangement at the Right 1 831 r THE IRON AGE October 16 and material for city d loaded directly on the with the traveling crane motor trucks with capa 3 and 1% tons are used purpose. The south n adjoining the bar storag: is served by a 5-ton electr cail hoist furnished by t! ern Engineering Works Mich. At the front of tl but not partitioned off ping and sorting room, with a cement floor. canopy extends over the this section of the build that outside loading can without exposure to the The front adjacent t ping room is inclosed Kinnear rolling steel door floors in the aisles and room were designed f wear. The floors are « of 4 in. of concrete cinders, and on the concrete laid a topping I in on in thickr furnished by the Master B One of the Main I Si Electric Monorail Hoist Company. No flooring vided throughout the wareh the rear of the building 1ilroad siding enters the vith the exception of the aisles and shipping room. St south end of the crane bay close to the rear west wall the crane bay is laid on wooden blocks for conver ‘ ] . > “re > ind a track extends the length of this bay, providing at I randling with the crane. inloading space for six it one time No material is Back of the shipping room is a small warehous« stored outside of the ng, al ill unloa yn sed by a steel sash with glass in the upper sections ‘ars ‘and loading on trucks is done under ver Cars ind Toncan metal below. The only wood used throughout ae a eee ee < ‘ ae a a are unloaded with the traveling crane 1 places the uilding is the office floor and a door leading from tl stock in its storage space in the ct ( Sheets and ince to a toilet room maller sizes of bars are unloads ‘ he e and An abundance of outside light is provided by continuous laced on hand trucks, by which the taken to the vindows in Fenestra steel sash that extends the lengt! front section of the building, wher: de is used for f the west side of the crane bay from 11 ft. above the heet storage and the other for the bat Motor trucl floor to the roof and in the east side in the space sail st ; ax < ‘ i i i . 4 es re backed down the north main rane fl he adjoining roof up the crane bay roof The gr i Je \ 1 cow i 1 5 FF —_ _ — — = a 7 sl I 1 i } | | ' |. 3 i 2 ~=5 | ‘ . i } i ' ' ; i ~ | Looe : ; co. x x t x K i , 4 s : tee ite 4 le J e B . aonb Beh & i ' i ae Aisle 6+ Shyha : : * Aish h U i be ; ' F ; i Bic So { pet bs) i { a x x ; ( — t Alsie i : , teal Rotting Doors [t LL. = y y 4 Pe omincin Ri eceee Le 2464 Plan View Showing the Arrangement of the Cement Floor Aisles IQI3 ar and sheet de- vided with win- el sash extending distance above the roof. Additional r¢ vided by 16 sky- 4 e crane bay and 16 1 s in the other sec- 4 4 f the crane 4 : in hight at its ' ° . It. pitch Che roof ection is 23 ft., 5 in k, with a 3-ft. peak, tile roofing is used. rehouse is equipped furnished by Jos. E; son, capable of cut- beam im 45 sec., ;-hp. motor and fed ressor operated by a Cleveland Punch rks Company punch vith a 7-in. throw and BI 7 with 7 Lo. saw a utting 7-in. round the warehouse were & Renscessesn y Smith Hinchman ects and engineers Que af’ the Working of State Compensation in Ohio esting analysis of accidents occurring in Ohio the Ohio State Liability Board of Awards, a final report recently before becoming the Industrial Commission of the State. The 0,000 injuries are given as follows: From belts, ye injuries, 1220; gears, 132: presses, 286; metal, 311; nails, stepped on, 162; flying by emery wheels and dust, 548; by falling 2; by vehicles, 120; falls from ladders, scaf g wagons, Cars, piles, poles, into excava ind shafts, 328; slipping and stumbling, 321; lle objects and handling heavy objects, 1354; nd tools, 85 here were 1220 eye in ost the State insurance fund in excess of cent goggles would have prevented vir f these eye injuries, and could have been $427. The injuries from hot metals were ilmost every instance by molten metal run- View in the Bay Used for Storing Steel Sheets THE IRON AGE a1 se Aisles he Steel Bar Storage Sect ng il » the shoes t the k ns trouse! and special shoes been worn, less that lf of these in uries would have « rred and the other half would have been reduced greatly in seriousness. It is remarkable that the 162 injuries caused by stepping on nails resulte in not a single case of lockjaw Howeve ese cases st the State insurance fund more than $ he burst ing of emery wheels cost 102 es and two deatl \ on protector in such a case would have held these vheels, More than 50 falls from ladder ild have beer prevented by simple spikes or shoes to prevent slipping The 229 injuries caused | elts, f ng eels. pulle ind shafting, and embracing r deaths, could have bec prevented by guide rails and wire mesh. Of the working of the State pla the report says in part “We are able to point t rt to tw t re sults to be achieved: The reduction of the question of work men’s compensation insurance the estion distribu tion rather than to one of added burden, and the certain result of a reduction in the number of lents. The system of rate making, adopted by the ird, considers two elements of hazard, the in herent element and its varia tion caused | t employer The basic rate I ders the in herent element and the penaliza “ tion considers the variation hence, the board offers a tre mendous inducement to reduc the hazard, namely, the reduc tion in cost for so doing. There are numerous instances already where employers have dimin- ished the number of accidents expending their money for that purpose once and for all, and saved of the necessity of doing so here rfte r 7 The Cl izo, Duluth & Geor- gian Bay Transit Company, Chi ag Ill, has awarded a cor tract to the Great Lakes Engi neering Works, Detroit, Mich for the constructior fa new passenger steamer. The vessel will be 316 ft. long, 47 ft. beam and will be with quadruple expansion engine and three Sx otch boilers equipped a Planning for Commerce via Panama Canal South American and European Activity Home Interests Quietly at Work Trafic Diversion from Other Routes BY CHARLES M. PEPPER Mr. Pepper, who recently resigned as foreign trade expert of the State Department at Washington after eight years ng several me s in studying dev ents in the trade of the United States likely to follow the opening of the Panama ( ticle is the first of series he wil epare for the columns o e Iron Age For three years previous to his Stat Wepar ent traveled many ntries, submitting reports ar monographs of an economic and commercial cha ent of Commerce He is had 1 h to d th trade negotiations wit South American countries and one of his inve the I ( r eve 5 the ]j ] t ) Pan-A ric ilroad Mr Peppet is the author of “From Panan vhich deals wit omme 1 and socia litions in Sout \me n and Central American countries Epitor. ] PANAMA, Octoser 8, 1913.—Getting ready Colonel Sibert incidentally point the old French canal would hay Chagres, and then explained how islands, or masses of vegetation dot the surface of Gatun lake, w over the spillway and carried out t for the operation of the Canal seems a simple process. Everything moves so evenly that the finishing touches of the construction excite no comment. To the onlooker there would seem much yet to be done, but the Canal officials know better. They speak of that which re- Chagres. mains to be done in a casual way. To them The three levels of the Gatun it is all very simple. The steam shovels havs up clearly in the rows of lamp st one their work The dredges have labors yet ahead, and will continue; but the about « range lights, towers and beacons sive gate moving machinery is als the visible engineering monuments emergency dams and other protectiv What is true of Gatun is also tru at Pedro Miguel and Miraflores. So great engineering work is practically com pleted and the details of letting in the water are all that remain _ Colonel Goethals remarked the other day ‘After the water is all in, the Americans whe 1 come down to Panama and see just the Canal will wonder where all the millions of dollars have gone.” He is probably mistaken on this of the millions have gone. When point, because there are enough of the visible Range Light Tower through the Culebra Cut they are pretty engineefing monuments that will remain. | to understand it better. went the other day over the Gatun dam works with Colonel Che simplest thing about the Canal as it Sibert and Major Hoffman. Everything was about yn s the modest central control house at Gatur pleted. The waters in Gatun Lake were then up 65 ft tails of the plans for the electrical towing Colonel Sibert explained that if the rainfall this season through the locks and the operation of the lock had been normal, the waters would be to the top of the are to-day the chief features of imterest in r spillway. However, they have not been normal, and there the untried plans of operation. The central was a small margin, but the levee was finished. No doubts tion is a very simple structure, but it is ample exist as to the ability of the Gatun dam to hold back the pose impounded waters of the Chagres and its tributaries. The The Canal in Its Military Aspects Chagres valley with the ridge uniting the hills on either Very little has been printed about the plans t side is already the huge reservoir which was planned ual operation of the Canal, possibly because t assumed that the Americans that com to Panama will not agree with Colonel Goet! als, and will feel that they see where s ae _ a a) ee ae? ak | General View of Upper Locks, Gatun, from Water Tower, Showing Center Approach Wall and, in the Distance, the Gatun Dar 834 1913 s associates there seems to be so little out that, the d to the uses of commerce, it is essentially But inquiry discloses while In addition to the decision of Con- s1ti0n Canal should be fortified, it is impossible The harbors wishes m the military background it Balboa were ‘planned to meet the [he dry docks and anchorage at Balboa ned in the same manner. xpressed opinion of one of the highest of ials that one year in a century the Canal ld of military operations. That being so, it ssumed that the year of war might not come the century. Instead it is assumed that ir may come any time after the Canal is in is being understood, the naval and military Gatun Spillway, with Sluice Gates Open r a ismissed except as they have incidental In this These vorks have not advanced as rapidly as the But al he Canal as a commercial waterway. permanent works are of special interest. there was no need of them. a iy of Limon is practically converted into the The wharves at Cristobal, which is the erritory of Colon, were among the first works urther extensions will be made to the break lhe Cristobal Coaling Plant—Government to Sell Coal rtant work ahead at Colon relates to the the coaling plant. The awards for this plant \ugust. It is significant that the contract ger plant than was originally projected. The er Cristobal, contract was awarded at figures PSs ‘ f lhe complete c $1,300,000 for the unloading towers ntrol by the Government states both for military purposes and for commerce, is illustrated in the general 1 explanation is The plant will The water unloading wharf and the simple vaterfronts and storage pile. signated as the while the storage pile will consist of a part of which will be stored under the remainder to be piled above it in the dry receive, store and deliver separately, coal duals and companies, as well as to the | It will receive it from any part of the irf, will transport it to any part of the ll reclaim coal from any part of the J nd deliver it to any part of the reloading ‘ nster coal from any part of the storage pile THE IRON 7 tw 4st AGE to any other part of the same. Coal will be receive: traveling unloading towers supported by the unloading wharf, and reloaded to colliers and barges by traveling reloaders running on rails supported by th loading wharf. The st rage pile at the Cristobal] plant is to ‘ commanded by movable stocking and reclaiming bridges which traverse rails parallel to the longitudinal side walls of the coal basin Of significance is the official statement that the plant will receive from, and deliver coal belonging to, individuals ind companies as well as to the G rnmen The Canal Commission took the position that its functions were t protect companies and individuals wl ght * placed at the mercy of a private monopoly Ther te te arranged to provide them with facilities , ns their own coal as well as to sell it to them ta lit es pr 1 x wy ‘ exclusive of the ( dividuals and anies : ‘ be ded mt three 1 varts TOO.000 tons wet st : ‘ e a naval use. 100,000 tons drv storas for Canal use. and 100.000 tot emergency ste provision is thus made { this is not merce, for the to the detriment of ym 100.000 tons na li re serve will be turned overt instant! It will be interesting to note the effect of the Government ling plant at Cristobal uli tat in the West Ind Va there are looking f va in i crease in their mmet mpor tance, some f the tl I | of past glories y ) ing stations for | ! e Cana route But with the G ernment I the United States providing am facilities at Colon and actually sell ng coal, it will be a quest effective any of the West Indian ports will becom | ing stations for the Canal trafh« That the ile f il by the Government will serve as a price regul general opinion Balboa the Important Terminal Phe permanency of the Canal works, especially in relation to commer: ; apparent a Pac c side Balboa l ippe 5 et (aa nce nd whe the Steel ¢ t | Iding that industrial \ nstt n work 1 the Canal is far a itior the port f Balboa is in its inecipi na where the rallir id snops were |} t t ‘ month ago because the waters of t Cat n let would swallow it up. Part é é to Empire, but the founds nit ulre in operaton at Balboa Acres of skeleton steel str ( ( g if j Balboa. The main repair shops will be there and will maintain the equipment tor t | é plant machinery, the water and land equipment for the maintenance of the Canal, the rollis nd equipment of the Panama Railway, th cal paratus connected with t coaling pla cat ‘oal storage plar t wireless stations, the 1 king f re ' pairs required mercial vessel rivat dividuals and corporation and 1 ma f st ; pairs as may be r¢ d | e vessel the Unit States Navy. This will give some ide f the perm work that has to be done ; The main dry docks of the Canal are also to be locat at Balboa, while the piers for commercial use w be « tensive. The Balboa coaling plant will not be so larg the one at Cristobal, but it will be sufficient for its 836 pose. Since the administration and Canal headquarters will be at Balboa, a suitable building is going up. The steel work is already erected. The Pacific entrance of the Canal at Balboa is by most authorities looked upon as the main terminal of the Canal This is simply a recognition of the importance of the commerce of the Pacific. ocean transportation lines take the same view as the Canal permanent The master minds in the great Commission on this point. The commerce of the Pacific becomes the prize for which all nations contend, just as does the naval supremacy of that ocean Diversion of Traffic from Existing Routes Quiet inquiry the influence of the studied, and how well prepared existing lines are to utilize in shipping circles shows how thoroughly Canal on world traffic has been the Canal. - It is very apparent that all of the great trans- THE IRON AGE October 16 o*) are already seen of its effect in creating commer cially in South America. But for the present it is existing commerce that will shift its route. The pre made here that one of the earliest effects will be : fer of the Hawaiian sugar crop. This ultimate ; anticipated when the Diaz Government in Mex the Tehuantepec Railway and spent such larg: port improvements on the Pacific and the Gulf terminals. But it was then thought that the Pa; would not be completed and be in competitio: Tehuantepec route short of 10 or 15 years. Ni as though Mexico will be the first section of th feel the diversion of traffic to the Panama rout Wheat and Lumber from the Pacific Up along the Pacific coast there are said to | us cargoes of lumber which will be ready for sss esses emma =| Looking South through Middle and Lower Lock Gates at Gatun portation lines which see the possibilities of the Canal The vast fleet of tramp freight steamers, many of them under charter, could not be expected to be so well prepared. But there are evidences that they will follow quickly in the wake of the big transportation lines, and it is perfectly well un- derstood that ultimately much of this traffic will be controlled by these steamers Colonel Goethals and his associates in the Canal Com- mission quietly discourage any spectacular features about the passage of vessels through the Canal. The dredges and tugs will go through first because they are needed in the works. have made their plans for its immediate utilization. Panama Canal After that it may be that the Fram, Captain Amundsen’s little ship, will go through, but hardly until one of the regular vessels of the United States has made the passage. It may be the beginning of the new year when the commercial fleet will pass through. a little later. It may be The Commission, with its usual conserva- tism, makes no promise whatever, but all the evidences are for a speedy dedication to the uses of world commerce. It is apparent that there is going to be an early tryout as to the extent to which traffic mav be diverted from Suez and other existing routes. The Canal will not immediately call into existence a new commerce, although indications by the beginning of the new year. There seems to be no fear that Congress will modify the provision of the law which favors coastwise shipping. A later development, but one which cannot be tried out for a year, is the passage through the Canal of Canadian When the President fixed the tolls, it was assumed that these were low enough to encourage the wheat haul Vancouver to Liverpool. Representatives 0! the to Pan- wheat. irom Canadian railroad and steamship lines who came ama varied in their opinions as to the area in the Canadian Northwest which would contribute to the Panama traffic, but most of them fixed it considerably east of Calgary approximating longitude 105 deg. West. The undetermined question, however, is how the wh¢a! will stand the humid climate of the Canal area. The tea’ exists that the wheat harvested in western Canada, whic® is sometimes wet and tough on account of expos early frosts and fogs, may sprout or rot if shipped the Canal. A remedy for this has been suggested in pm viding for drying grain intended for shipment thr: ugh th Canal, in the elevators at the western terminals the It is one of the open questions which the Canadian railroads. only can be settled by experience. 16, 1913 THE IRON AGE 837 ith American Preparations to Use the Canal the first cargoes coming up the west coast of ‘erica will be nitrates and ores. The tolls are ch to divert considerable shipments of nitrates Straits of Magellan through the Canal. The vernment has had a commission studying this ject, both at Panama and in the United States ne time proposed a joint Chilean-American line subsidy from both countries. The United States no such guarantees, and Chile has since gone its own account. The Peruvian Government. two years ago established a steamship line of its competition with the English and Chilean com- also plans to extend its service to the United ut there are no nitrate cargoes for it. ascertained that the transatlantic lines which now ‘ Colombian Government of the improvements necessary there. This is the first sign that Colombia recognizes the existence of the Canal While the European shipping lines have made their preparations for the immediate utilization of the Canal, there seems to be no cause for worry over the supposed negligence of American interests which are most con- cerned with proper shipping facilities. In a quiet way, and without unnecessary publicity, the whole situation has been studied. The American enterprises most vitally con- cerned will have their own ships. Something may be writ- ten of these plans later In the preparations of existing transportation lines to take early advantage of the Canal, the importance of the coal supply stations is not underestimated. It is recog- nized that the fuel expense incurred will have a great deal South Guard Gates of Pedro Miguel Locks, Looking through Arches service to Colon are preparing for sharp compe- imong themselves. In a quiet way there is con- le rivalry with a view to getting the first steamers Canal and down the west coast with cargoes ral merchandise. The German lines seem to be pared for this venture. The Italian lines recently | their purpose of entering the same field. Vanama as a survey point, it is already possible effect of the Canal on the projects for harbor ents which for so many years have been held in Chile, as usual, is most active, and not only but other ports are really getting ready for the Peru has various projects, but has done little ac In Ecuador, the sanitation of Guayaquil, which problem, since the harbor there is ample, is sub- nplications of internal politics. On the Pacific ombia there is at last a real effort to provide the vast region which is tributary to the Pa- se only outlet is through Tumaco to Buena- he latter is the main outlet. Recently the en- 1 great English contracting firm passed through ute to Buenaventura to make studies for the to do with the prospective diversion of traffic from other routes. This was one of the reasons, aside from military ones, which caused the coal plants to be established on so extensive a scale. Prof. Emory R. Johnson, in his report on which the President based the Canal tolls, said that the surest method of keeping coal prices low at the Isthmus was for the Government to maintain commercial coaling stations at Cristobal and Balboa Cheap coal on the Isthmus now becomes a very essential element in the Government control of the Canal The extent to which oil is going to supplant coal as fuel is yet uncertain. But a marked increase in its use is noted. The Government, through the Canal Commission, follows the same policy in regard to fuel oil as it does in regard to coal. It will pipe the oil across the Isthmus and will control the price These are a few of the many interesting features con nected with the Canal at a time when the constructive en- gineering work is closing and the era of operation is at hand. A little later it will be possible to study more in- telligently the effect on world commerce. and especially on the commerce of the United States 838 The Ferrum System of Wrought Piping Some of the Forms of Pipe Joints for High Pressure Work In the last few years a number of installations have been made in the western part of this country of the so-called Ferrum system of high-pressure piping, and for the general joint patented The piping ilschaft Ferrum, I pipe interest alone in the numerous torms the following information has beet btained nanufactured by the Actien-Gese . . c ' i. Zawodzie bei Kattowit German and its use 1s largely 1 in connection with high-head water-power developments. Some f the information is based on an exhibit the ympany at the Leipzig Exposition, which was visited this summer while the American ciety of Mechanical Engi neers was touring Germany, and some it was obtained rom the Pel Water Wheel Company, agent for the ystem in the United States and Canada About 40,000 ft arying diameters has been installed for 20 different prowects in the { nited states and (anada not including some 2700 ft. used in Alaska The thickest pipe is that pr ded for Los Angeles, about ; in., and 5 in. in diameter, while the largest also went to Los Angele > ft. in diameter, with walls 11/16 in. thick Referring to the group of pipe joint illustrations, which represent art of the total collection supplied to The /ron Age, it may be mentioned that Fig. 4 shows the type o in mostly used in this country’s installation. Fig. 13 is the type used in the Canadian plant for piping % to 3 1m. in 16 to I2 in. in diameter tor The thickness and joint shown type of wate! Utah, for of water, taking piping slightly over 34 in nearly 2000 ft thick and 18 in 15 1s used for the in two plants, one in head of diameter, and the type shown in Fig Angeles installation highe T The water-gas heat and then annealed to 1 ortions of the Los pressure pipe itself is of wrought steel, lap-welded b remove welding stresses in the metal, and coated with rust-protecting ommended by the Ferrw i8 in employment ompound The thicknesses re diameter are »f lighter and Company for pipes of 38, 40 re spectively, and t] é 16 and pe Is deprecated. \ basic steel is used having a tensile strength of 51,600 to 60,000 lb. per sq. in. and at least per cent. elongation 1n a length of 8 in Phe rolled .into cy 1 edges overlapping, on a set of horizontal with the rolls, and out plate is lindrical form, bending and the broadly ( verlapping edges are heated inside to welding heat by water-gas jets and then welded together by hand or power hammers. The stresses left in the steel ifter welding are then removed by heating the pipe in an annealing oven to a red heat and rolling true in the bendir rolls. The heating is also to remove rust. leaving e p ready for the application of the protective coating—a some what elastic tar-asphalt product, applied warm, and state to be effective in withstanding blows and abrasion as well as in preventing otherwise rapid rusting. Two separat: -onstructions for the pipe are employed, according to the thickness, or equivalent thickness, of the plate necessitated by the service pressure, viz., lap-welding or wedge-weldin; of plain pipe, and banding of lap-welded plain pip« Plain and Banded Pipe plate for welding by the The maximum thickness of water-gas process is I in., this limit being imposed by th inability of the heat to penetrate to the inner surfaces of the steel—although by extended scarfing of the corners ot the lap, welds have been made in steel up to 1 ‘n. in THE IRON October 16 AGE thickness. With greater thicknesses, up to about so-called “wedge-welding,” in which a separat bar is welded in between the heated edges of an be used instead of the lap weld, but it requ ticularly careful and competent labor; and as it | seams side by side it is considered inferior to long joint, inclined to the surface of the pipe, veld already described. Modern operating conditions demand a pip aving a strength up to 3% in. equivalent thi to provide stronger pipe than welding or wedge-welding of plate of the thickn yrder that give tioned, the other construction, by banding thx teel rings or bands rolled out of the solid shrunk on to plain pipe, is employed. Fig. 1 is a p f the section of this form of pipe after a test the bulge of the material between the bands by th pressure In making a pipe of strength equivale: hickness of 23/16 in. a seamless rolled pipe used, the of the effective sponding to the remaining thickness of 1 3/1¢ ness 158 rest in bands. In order to do this economically nd spacing of the bands are calculated so that the will strain the material between the ban to the elastic limit at the sam: few bands of lar rather than many small bands ressure¢ ands t! ems¢ lve Ss, has seemed desirable to use a ection, Che test section of banded pipe was made up different size, heavy at the left and lighter at tl being to the amount of bulgir was produced by the internal pressure when op the differing the bands. It is that the spaces between the lighter rings bulged object observe resistance of seen ive general types of joints are employed for up the Ferrum system into pipe-lines, according t conditions of installation and service, as follows 1. The standard lead muff joint, designed for pressu of 90 to 150 lb. per sq. in., according to the pipe diameter is shown in Fig. 2. It allows only small angular d in the pipe-line, and is not regarded suitable for a lin that is to be laid above ground, or that will otherwise exposed to temperature changes or other causes The joint is pa hemp and lead, as the ordinary flanged cast-iron pip« 2. The riveted muff joint, Fig. 3, for high and | is expensive and laborious to install and will eflecti nate expansion and contraction. sures, take up expansion and contraction, so that a pipe-line m with type separate expansion straight end of one section of pipe is inserted in the b« out end of the adjacent section and the two are 1 ‘ T tnis joints | requires 1 The ends of pipes of large diameter, it is state an not be made of great accuracy to size, and as sags f the and the portation tend to deform the ends of the pipe fr ircle, some clearance must be allowed in making t! nds, and this extra clearance between the inner and ogether pipe by its weight shocks of tr own laps militates against a good job in the riveting an installation a long and tedious ften requiring special appliances. In small-diamet the rivet heads inside increase the fluid friction These objectionable features are claimed to b« Ferrum joint shown in Fig. 4, wherein b ire shaped to a conical flare Any deformation is held to have no detrimental effect by the s centering action of the engaging cone surfaces. T! added, little if any contraction « pipe. For a straight pipe-line the part which are to go together in the field are made tight in the shop and then drill ends also being matchmarked. T! North America, as Where it is necess + and makes the in the ends heads, it is cause area of the leneths wether and e rivets, the as been used principally in under the name of bump joint deflect the line slightly—as, for example, in order small inaccuracies in surveying—the s5| riveted form may be used, as in Fig. 5, allowing In such cases the rivet up tor to be turned in any direction. are drilled in the field 3. The high pressure flange joint, Fig. 6, is adapt high working pressures and the greatest thickness’ up to 1 in. In order to renew gaskets the . 1 pipe-steel line must be taken apart. Separate expansion joints required, and angular deflections are possible onl) taper filler rings, or “dutchmen,” are used betw 6, 1913 flanges may be either fixed, that is, welded on to as in the angle flange pipe-end and the ge joint illustrated, which leaves an un- ular seam in the pipe; or movable, in the form flange rings engaging flanged projections the pipe-ends, Fig. 8. Unless the flange rings strong, however, deformation takes place re screwed up, and when this buckling of begun the its are set up the they become in holding the pipe joint tight claimed to be overcome in the more the b nee ections are nt, by forming the movable flange rings with ing rims which bear together and allow the up as tight as desired without risk of meen Soe. SSS THE IRON AGE 820 aving spherical ends to allow of large angular deflections. ut no expansion. In casé¢ sion has als e taker are of the standard form of muff nt should be used conjunction with the ball 5. The Ferrun patent ring Hanes joint rig I adapted high working pressures and to thicknesses of plate ‘over I in The flanges themselves are rolled out the solid billet, and are fastened on pipe by tl ojections at recesses shown, wil are turned template I Hangs el eatec l 1 and ther slipped n Whe it Is S tas ‘ ( sses, and lone n ent sé nee i the é ‘ r actuall lig f I }, A 1 [ \| hj nd . \ a ———4} ts \ / RAN LF | WML SSS SSS IT = ey wee \ ZZ Ss 3} rig. 8 yes, ; “ le - SII “<ZEZZZ , | { Se || { ms. 7 Fig. 0 i } } ' \ . ip } ry. 4 y ory SK i Y Set ~ 4 } ‘ ' Gg ) Pig. 15 rig. 5 Pe. 10 ll vn \\1\4 My Ry Ro ~ ae LEG Sp c ) iin Lg YY aml . YY WQQ ~ - XX <4 e~ OAL” et SH SS Fig. 13 = ea f nt; Fig veted mutf joint with cylin ‘ ut Ww a Fig ith i Fig. 6, angle flange ring lapwelded to { Fig flange int w gle flange weld Fig. & elded-on x jections behind which rest loose flanges; Fig pr i joir it { flar gh-pressure ige joint for light plate; Fig. 11, high-pressure flange joint f thickne Fig. 12 ‘ eav plate; Fig high-pressure muff Fig } , W f x SKETCHES ILLUSTRATING THE FIVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FERRUM SYSTEM PIP! ngs. By recessing the movable rings where ipally useful for banded pipe The gasket an be it : 1e pipe flanges, as shown in Fig. 9, the joint serted from the inside, without taking the pipe-line ap is claimed, self-centering. The pipe-flanges med by upturning the ends of the pipe itself, “ . The use of asbestos protected metal tor the 1 welding on a ring, and three standard designs, Figs. 10, 11 and 12, have been worked out with truction for light, medium and heavy pipe, re- errum patent high-pressure mu joint, Fig. 13, is e adapted to the highest service pressures and to nesses up to 1% in. plate. The gaskets can be ithout taking the line apart. In the form with lrical end, since the joint is free to move a little <pansion and contraction are taken up and sepa- nsion joints, it is claimed, are unnecessary. Also, ular deflections that occur owing to inaccuracy in nry work at the pipe-line supports and anchorages care of without the use of wedges or dutchmen. 14 shows an interesting modification of this joint, and siding of buildings forming a part of steel mills been given impetus by an unfortunate accident in gas producer building of a large steel plant were killed and others injured by tiles loosened fr purlins by an explosion. Officers of steel in question state that they have definitely determin: remove as promptly as possible all tiled roofs installed on gas engine and gas producer houses of their company. Asbestos protected metal has already been standardized as Several m t the compa a roofing and siding for various classes of buildings in steel mills. 16 steel companies being continuous purchasers. The American Steel & Wire Company was the first of these to purchase this product, having begun its use some 4 five years ago Use of the Microscope in the Study of Metals Cases in Which It Disclosed the Causes of Important Steel Foundry Failures, Causes Not BY EDWIN The extent to which the microscope has become neces- sary in solving certain metallurgical problems is made apparent by the fact that this country leads in the extent of its application to the study of metal structures. Its use has constantly broadened until there are over 350 metal- working establishments in the United States alone equipped with it. Every steel mill of importance and many auto- mobile plants have a metallographic laboratory and the sub- ject is taught in nearly every scientific or technical school here and abroad. Metallurgists and chemists graduated 20 years ago remember that metallography was not taught then. Formerly it was thought possible for the chemist to ascertain the causes of the failures of certain steels by means of acids and a balance. Problems which he could not solve or solved unsatisfactorily were re- garded as mysteries, or the cause of failure was wrongly assigned. Today the microscope is a necessary adjunct to successful metallurgical work and there is scarcely a prob- lem in steel failures in which it may not play a vital part in clearing up the case. From the writer's own experi- ence a few cases are presented in which the microscope was the only means of determining conclusively the causes of certain unusual physical results which were baffling to routine chemical analysis. will , Highly Oxidized Steel in Billets The first case relates to open-hearth billet steel and presents some interesting developments. A _ test bar, turned from a forging made from one of the billets of the heat, heat-treated and annealed, gave the following physical results: Fig. 1 Fig. 3 Photomicrographs of Sections of Steel Diameter of 87. Y Etched Condition of the Specimens Otherwise Fig. 2 Fig. 4 ! Billets Reduced About One-third from the Original Figs. 1 and 2 Represent the Unetched and Figs. 3 and 4 the Discoverable F, CONE Tensile strength, Elasticlimit, Elongationin Reduction lb. per sq. in. lb. per sq. in. 2 in., per cent. area, per cent 70,000 36,000 31.5 47.8 These appear normal, but were not up to expectations specifications. Accordingly a test bar was taken fron of the billets which gave the following results: T ensile strength, b. per sq. in. 58,500 Elastic limit, Elongationin Reduction of Ib. per sq. in, 2 in., per cent. area, per cent. | 30,000 39.0 61.1 Chese are in themselves excellent, but again created picion. The steel was bought for 0.40 carbon with a « sequent tensile strength of 80,000 Ib. per sq. in. after tre: ment. at- A careful chemical analysis of some of the steel was then made which showed the following: Per Ceeeed is eecvieds+a0l avsdedubéeweutnueeenes os 0.4 PC CTEEELCTTOCE ELT PTE eT ee ee 0.44 REGGE dvaettivuew ed dune dees wasdeusen aman 0.06 MCR EEETURPPETLICePiee eT ee rot tere 03 PROSRNOTOE 66.0 bcc pee te Scented eee rcenetel deals 0.0! Forgings made from steel of this composition should normally give a tensile strength of at least 80,000 Ib. per sq. in. with proper heat treatment. The tensile strength of the raw steel should certainly be higher than 58,500 Ib. per sq. in., nearer 75,000 lb. In order to ascertain the effect of various heat treatments and possibly the cause of the previous abnormal results, the steel was subjected to various treatments. In no case was it possible to obtain a tensile strength higher than 75,500 Ib. per sq. in., even by quenching in oil without drawing back. The various physical results obtained by different heat treatments of this steel are shown in Table 1. Investigations as to the condition of the heat treating apparatus, py- rometers, and the testing machine showed everything to be normal. Here was a case in which the routine chemical analysis failed to explain the abnormal physical results, abnor- mal in the sense that they were con- trary to those heretofore obtainable from steel of such composition, but excellent tests and normal when re- garded apart from any other consid- erations. Analyses showed arsenic, aluminum and any other possibly damaging elements to be absent But this steel when examined un- der the microscope revealed a sur- prising condition. The presence of large quantities of black substances located all through it was immediate- ly discovered, indicating an abnormal condition and one tending to weaken it decidedly. Figs. 1 and 2 show this condition strikingly. They are pho- tomicrographs of unetched portions of tests 1 and 3 respectively in Table 1. To demonstrate that the heat treatment in these cases was normal these specimens were etched and photographed as shown by Figs. 3 and 4, which are from physical tests 1 and 3 respectively. They show the even and normal structure to be ex- pected under the conditions. It 1s therefore readily seen that the micro- scope solved the problem, in that it demonstrated that the steel was 4 highly oxidized one, contaminated with oxide, slag, ete. This is further partly corroborated by the fact that a large quantity of the drillings dis- 840 e 6, 1913 THE IRON AGE Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 nhs of Sections of Steel Castings Reduced About One-third from an Original Diameter of 87. Figs. 5, ¢ i Represent the Unetched and Figs. 8, 9, and 10, the Etched Condition of the Specimens sol n dilute acid gave a quantity of insoluble matter slag im losures. Some of the metal was vanadium steel and amounting to 2.32 per cent., which was found to be largely some was high carbon plain steel. Figs. 5, 6 and 7 show xide specimens of this steel in its unetched condition, indicating Table plainly its abnormal state. Figs. 8, 9 and 10 are respective Tensile — Elastic Elongation Reduction ly photomicrographs of the same specimens etched, show ngt ) limit, Ib. in 2 in., of area, Frac- : k : per sq. in per sq. in per cent per cent. ture ing how excellent was the heat treatment. The dark im enn 36,000 31.5 47.8 cup purities are plainly discernible, even in these. It is easy to $8,500 39,000 39.0 61.1 = tell that the first two steels are vanadium, while the third os > a aae ae re “ is plain carbon. The abnormal conditions were undoubted 66,500 33,500 33.5 44.9 - ly due to poor furnace practice, resulting in a contaminated ev aah een sf = po steel that ordinary heat treatment could not correct 7000 34,500 33.5 52.0 “ Another steel foundry was experimenting with a a’ set <s.be0 a. a irregular method of purifying its steel. The metal was made and Obscure Defects in Steel Castings large steel foundry was having considerable trouble steel. Physical tests were failing to meet specifi- juirements. The steel was losing its ductility and ng with a fracture that had an abnormal appearance. ndition had been coming slowly until the rejections gs on physical failures grew larming. So far as could by ordinary investigation, | was being made in the usual had no abnormal appearance The annealing conditions nd to be ideal and reanneal- ng of the castings yielded no benefit physical properties. The rou- emical analysis disclosed no onditions. The trouble did lay itself in every heat of but only in intermittent Had the laboratory been at the time with metallo- ipparatus things would have ghted promptly, whereas bet- ime only after much incon- and loss. juently microscopic exam- various specimens of the 1 te + aad : . i 7. poisoned by oxidation and eae o's annealed in the usual way. There was no abnormal ap pearance, favorable or otherwise, in the pouring, in the condition of the metal, or in the appearance of the cast- ings, so far as the eye could detect. But the physical tests from the regularly and normally annealed metal were poor and abnormal. Some of the tests of the unannealed and annealed castings are given in Table 2 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 fai iti i hs of Section of Steel Casting Reduced About One-third from an Original led showed a condition Photomicrographs o Fig. 11 is the Unetehed and Fig. 12 the Etched Condition of the Specimen eae. eo ai nee x. » a THE IRON 4. bo Bet Se i 2 ga Ine lensile streng 2 in., tare Tes t ers s er cent pe l ( 7.0 7 ) f } ft t 4 ).00 00 7 Q5 \fte anne x 6 &9,f $7,000 & 7 86.00 47 Oot : g 89.00 47 00 ( g 2 9 R85 000 43.5! 4 These tests are abnormally low in ductility and their striking characteristic is that the tensile strength after an nealing is considerably less than before—a condition that btains in no normal carbon steel casting. The annealing was known to be norma [he chemical analysis revealed the composition to be Pe (a 4 N 7% Silice 3 Sul 0 Phos 0.03 investigation showed r explaining ex of the metal the microscope, the This is normal, and further chemica Ch n l 1 furtl | l unusual. The usual traordinary conditions nothing 1lotnhnIng resources I eine exhausted some under was prepared for examination foundry testing department being equipped with a good metallographic outfit. Specimens of the metal as it ap- peared under magnification are shown in Figs. 11 and 12 latter the etched able 2. Here again is found a 1 methods the former being the unetc condition of test No. 4 in T poisoned steel, the ordinary would not reveal. The agglomerated enclosures of a for eign chemical compound and a slag which appear as black hed and the ] \ condition of which spots in the photomicrographs are the cause of the poor physical properties of the steel. These foreign masses ar imbedded the ferrite crystals, greatly weakenin the steel. It evident that the microscope was the only solution of the abnormal conditions. The purifying sul nce had pr ly used, resulting in a star bably been improper ‘ mats r . lec f Ste =e ‘Zs ] non-elimination of the results of its actions and a cons quent conta! tion of the s The three examples demonstr v important place the microscope has taken merely in the field of get eral metallurgical analysis. Its place and value in general research work are almost unlimited. The importance « having such an outfit ready to use is demonstrated by th two foundry have extended to many heats and contaminated might many castings was immediately averted, while in the first case a prompt re irse to the microscope would have » ly { tr le ] =< { } na il The n scope is 1 near] essary to the progressive steel mak nd foundryman chemical r physical 1: tor emists t steel industry who wet aduated before metal] | vas a part of technical curriculum wake to t fact that they ct nk thes ely id lica — th, vork or s e considered behind the 1 The Development of Foreign Trade Present Observations of President Farrell of the Steel Corporation Some valuable and timely suggestions on developing were made York, by States Steel inufactures A stc I Liie€ Ur ited American Mant address the American mi on September 25 at the Hotel President James A f Corporation before the Association. taken : Those conducting an preciate the difficulties and insurmountable ob- stacles to be overcome. However, they are not insupera- ble, and it is largely a question of adapting ourselves to prevailing trade customs, c with requirements, adopting current system of weights and measures, fur- nishing goods such as the buver is accustomed to receive and selling at competitive prices in the currency of the country to which the goods are shipped. These are some of the fundamentals to be considered in establishing a for- eign trade. further exportation of - \T rT. Vew ifacturers’ Export ‘ been following has engaged in export business ap- almost omplving Octob AGE The export commission merchants are diums to manufacturers. They are arteries. with facilities in various markets, and their buyers in distant countries insures constant trade conditions. Selling and distributing importance. The manufacture of g than the determination of the prop through which to sell them, and the human not alone the goods offered, is frequently res results. The goods must be right, of cours large percentage of exports is consumed by ideas and requirements differ from ours, th« must mount simpler be made to reach and interest them. The Expansion in American Exports My observation, extending over many export business and based on direct personal with the world’s markets, warrants the state: products of our country and our methods and in many methods of our European \merican manufacturers are increasing the their plants and are entering an era of expans foreign commerce of the country. This is refl increase in the past few years in the manufacture, and equally large decreases in of unmanufactured products. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, out ports of domestic merchandise were $2,428,506,35 amount included food-stuffs, crude, about food-stuffs, partly or wholly manufactured, al cent.; manufactured goods, about 49 per cent. crude for use in manufacturing the balance. balance of trade in our fay round $6: total value of our exports of domestic mer the twelve ness are equal to, cases super products and large materials The unted, in other year am figures, to $653,00 months exceeded by $258,000,000 for the preceding fiscal year. Wisdom of American Investments Abroad Suggested The growth of our export trade has result past few years in the establishment of several add tional lines of where insufficient steamers to Latin-American and facilities eign ports, previousl; and the continued increase in trade should be y a corresponding enlargement of ocean tr facilities. \s a rule, we are intent upon being mercl in investors, and, up to the present, inves \merican capital in foreign countries has beer ited character. Our capital has been employ rather than abroad and, when it is considered 1’ in railways and industrial in Argentine alone yield $250,000,000 annually extent the hold for many years on business land’s investments ‘ it explains t will have nsuming return, some has and markets Our consular service is a valuable help rter