The Iron Age 1913-09-25: Vol 92 Iss 13

THE IRON AGE Established 1855 New York, September 25, 1913 Vol. 92: No. 13 Electroplating at a [Typewriter Works In the Hartfor in the w of very ferent parts. Of these, about 1200 Details of Copper Equipment at the Works of the Under- wood Typewriting Machine, Hartford, Conn. t works of the Underwood Typewriter Company, mn., is one of the largest nickel-plating plants rid. Nearly everything that is nickeled there is oderate size, many articles almost minute. In a typical Underwood typewriter, there are about 1600 dif are nickeled. As the daily output is over 500 complete machines per day, we readily calculate that the nickeling plant must care for ,Y JAMES and’. Nickel-Plating STEDMAN plating, the sam micern does an amount plating which is to receive a dark finish. It will from the foregoing that the plating plant must be a considerable one with respect to copper as well as nicke¢ \ll the plating is done in two rooms. The principa one 1s perhaps 70 x 100 ft. in area In it are located tanks or, vats each having a capacity of 300 gal Chirt two of these are devoted to nickel plating: the remaind: about Ox they nickel bring articles Ty I nearly Mickel js gray Metal liminary deposit; &Tained appear, mg firm 4 View in One of the Electroplating Rooms, Showing the Overhead Busbars 00 articles every day. But this is not all, miscellaneous parts in sufficient quantity to laily total up to the neighborhood of 800,000 id rules govern their nickel-plating procedure: erything is first plated with copper; and, 2, the osited slowly. The underlying materials are rolled steel, brass, German silver, gun all of these in general, the rule as to a pre- ating with copper is carried out. By slow f nickel, they seek to secure a fine, close- Copper is employed by them more, it would 4 protective coating, than as a means of secur- tachment of the nickel. In addition to nickel- to copper plating. In the smaller plating room, having a floor plan of about 25 x 25 ft., are 4 nickeling tanks and 1 copper plating tank. In addition, there are several rotary plating machines and a number of tanks devoted to the copper plating side of the work, four of these vats being used for hot solutions. Altogether, there are more than three score plating baths, nearly all of which are of th« 300-zal. size. These standard tanks are quite deep; suff siently so in fact to provide a space at least 1 ft. deep be tween the work and the floor of the vats. Much of the work is still further removed from the bottom. This ar rangement is considered of importance im connection with the production of high quality work. The need for this space proceeds from the more or less necessary accumula 651 neg ame ? . t k + 652 THE IRON AGE Sept n of débris. | eX nik | tor anodes in the bath may be ver) ire, but it is not abso lutely so. From this source, and perhaps others, a sedi ment is deposited on the floor he introduction of work likely to disturb this solid material with the result that the plating will disclose rough plac: In the standard plating vats, three lines of anodes art employed; one line along either side, and a third line ar ranged between these tw in consequence, each vat has two plating compartments. The central anodes will, of ourse, need to be heavier than the others or will require renewal oftener, being consumed for two charges of work rhe current for the principal room is generated by two dynamos located just outside in an adjoining room. Th voltage is, of course, low, while the amperage is about 3800. On the nickel side, it is brought in by means of a line of copper bars which stretches clear across the 70 ft of room width to the opposite wall and begins its return toward the dynamo before it is tapped to supply a single vat. This is in accordance with a usual scheme of con- ductors to maintain the same voltage drop through all electroplating baths. The conductor in its largest parts consists of 7 single bars, each % x 3% in. in transverse section, having thus a total sectional area of 8% sq. i The conductors are carried by a line of wooden posts be longing to the building. They are not specially insulated, the danger of injury being rather small because of the low voltage. The return conductor increases of ,course in cross-sectional area as the dynamo is approached. The various tanks are connected in parallel, that is to say, all the anodes are connected with the positive conductor; and all the cathodes with the negative one. The connec tions between anodes and cathodes on the one hand, and with the conductors on the other is made by means of I-in. and 3%-in. round copper bars. Eleven tons of cop- per inclusive of the small connecting rods were required for the conductors for the whole room. "The anodes of copper and of nickel are hung from the sides of the vats and from a middle bar extending across the top from end to end. The work is suspended from round brass rods paralleling the lines of anodes. Ordi- narily, small.copper wire is employed to attach the work or the receptacles containing the work to the brass rods It is accordingly necessary that the electrical connection between rod and wire should be quite perfect. To secure this, it is requisite that the rods be kept bright—as, by the frequent application of emery cloth. The brass rods are perfectly loose and merely rest on horizontal portions of the cathode connection. The work itself is put in wire baskets, or on special racks, or is in some similar way made the actual cathode in ‘the electrolytic bath. When the current passes, nickel Rotary Electroplater for Small Parts Buffing Department with Dust Exhausting and ( or copper is deposited on the work, Other things be ng equal, the rate of deposition is precisely proportional “ t I Nal to the amperage or current, DO, also, the an: unt deposited is precisely proportional to the time occupied, al] other onditions remaining constant. We can get a heavy de- posit in a short time by sufficiently increasing the am age. As already suggested, there is objection to this * the case of nickel plating, because it is thought that rapidly deposited nickel is more or less porous or coars grained Using a low current and a more protracted time, very satistactory results are obtained. As between copper and nickel, the rate of deposition is nearly the same. other conditions being equal Copper is deposited somewhat more rapidly. In 1 hour, 0,042 ounce of copper can be deposited per ampere while 0.038 ounce is the correspond ing weight of nickel. In practice, however, where the ad- visdbility of securing a slow deposition of nickel is ob- served, the plating with copper is a much quicker pro- cedure But various things may interfere to reduce the amount of deposition below the calculated amount. If the anode is smooth or compressed, we may ‘expect less efficient action than where it is rough or more loosely bound to- gether internally. Actual experiments have been tried with rolled, rough cast and smooth cast anodes. The metals were copper and nickel. The rolled anodes were quite inefficient, and the smooth anodes of cast metal were inferior to the rough ones. In short, the rough cast anode appears to be the best of all. The Underwood Typewriter Company uses for nickel anodes rectangular plates having dimensions of about 24 x 8 x % in. The thickness varies somewhat, being greatest between the longer sides. These plates are rated as 92 per cent. pure; they are put 2! int a single vat, 7 in each line. The copper side of the large plating room has its own dynamo for the cold copper plating tanks, 25 or more In number. Nearly all of these are of the full 300-gal. sizt Here also a considerable depth is allowed. In addition there are 4 copper tanks where a hot solution is em ployed. The hot tanks are used largely in connection with copper plating for preliminary purposes. These hot tanks together with certain cleaning vats are run from a speci dynamo. Two currents may be obtained simultaneous) from this generator—one at 5 volts for the hot copper tanks and one at 10 volts for the cleaning vats. — The cleaning vats are of especial interest, being © trically operated. The vat itself is of steel or iron constitutes the cathode; while the work to be cleane® is the anode. An insulating framework is used to supp n the work. When the current is on, bubbles of gas disengaged and rise to the surface. This action seems © indicate that the cleansing operation is being performe® through the agency of the disturbances set up by the elec re ec. tric current. In this way, grease and other impurities removed from the surface of the work, thus prepari's it for the plating operation. ‘ ‘ . she g A most important teature connected with oe procedure is the preparation of the work tor te . ° e therwise Some of the articles are so small and are otherwi* nem int hich can egmen! ble for such a character that it is only necessary to put tt wire baskets. There are numerous other pieces W not be handled thus. For example, the type-bar s is a part of such size and form as to be unsuita -_ < 1913 THE IRON manner. Consequently, four or five of n copper wire in such a way as to make der with the segments for rungs. It is there should be absolute separation of unother. In the case of this particular also, the simplicity of the method of wit parative fewness of the separate parts to the use of copper wire fairly economical parts, however—as, for example, the type ur in such numbers that the amount of vould be very considerable, to say nothing f stringing such pieces.together. The Un- iny has accordingly sought convenience and eveloping methods of assembling duplicate carte on special racks. * The bells used on the typewriters are put on racks atte numerous spikes. Advantage is taken of Holding Small Parts in the Electroplating Bath It is itter, of course, to put a bell on each spike. But iry for some work that there shall be no loose- s reason, the spikes are tapered in the region slight turn when the piece is about in posi- secure it with sufficient firmness. So also work from the rack, the taper allows quick \s the spike device is used by this com- 1 number of applications and is suited to consid- ition outside the typewriter business, the eparing the rack will be of especial interest ntal line of spikes consists of projections strip running from side to side of the rack. its spikes are a single piece of sheet steel f making it is substantially as follows. A ire prepared to cut out a rectangular hole, having rounded corners. When these dies rather long piece of sheet steel whose width or 1% in. greater than the width of the hole fed longitudinally through the dies, with the piece of ladder-like form is made. The cut into two parts along its longitudinal w strip at the bases of the series of spikes s bent to a right angle along a longitudinal pikes may be given additional stiffness by ne through a partial turn round its own is. By attaching a number of such rows suitable frame, an efficient rack is formed. her side or face of the same frame may simultaneously. There are, of course, other nstructing spike racks than by stamping out However, whatever method of making iy be adopted, it will at times be necessary ‘ il methods of retaining the work in a suffi- h bell has a hole through its center y tne 1 sition er is a most peculiarly shaped piece. It is gling. Not very far from the center is a fr rojection, the hook being in the same plane with : of the key bar. Advantage is taken of this ir ~ . 2 to use a rack provided with numerous slots. 1 of T-bar arranged horizontally, which has AGE ss I Ca lane As \ I ' S 5 vy ( l K ~ I ‘ ie si being mere ging e key bars thus sur ent | | ess conta h ‘ or re I ght leed mie ft th 5 ltno th r j nec y . ‘ ‘ aitogetnel iu 2 recesSsa ink ng ypeTations However, all | KS trom both rows extend across t double flange of the T-bar Rid is accordingly tachably secured in position above the hooks, holding them with sufficient rigidit Che comb used ypew at metal piece of a form to justify its name Phere 1 hole a n¢ end, so there is an opportunity to mount them on rods \ long strip is provided with cross-pieces projecting on either side [he rods to carry the comb are, when in posi little tion, arranged parallel to the strip outside of and a above the row of cr the rods [he combs are strung arranged that the SS pieces and so cross-pieces act as separators | ony . h ‘ } : lI | devices as those described Nas enabied The use of sucl the Underwood 1 its expense tor at ypewriter Company reduce materially ‘opper wire. At one this concern was using about 500 lb. of wire a month for the purpose of preparing the work for the plating bat! methods hav« a reduction of the labor Without doubt, too, present methods compactness in the arrangement of the work plated and thus utilize the plating baths to vantage There is on disadvantage of the usual method of nickel plating which interferes with the quality of the plating in certain classes of work. When bath ar work are both stationary throughout the operation, tain amount of roughness or unevenness is likely t under some So, methods have to give a relative movement between bath time, No doubt, present resulted in an additional saving because of involved in preparing the* work secure a greater about to be greater ad ; 1 onsiderabli conditions been devis« and work \t the Underwood factory, there are three mechanical plating apparatus, all of the same general design. Partially sul merged in the bath is a rotatable barrel mounted on a metallic shaft through its center passing parallel to the axis. In cross-section, the barrel has polygonal form The framework is of wood, and the plane surfaces of perforated celluloid. The work is place n this barrel and slowly rotated while the current is on. The anodes urved are arranged in forms, two corresponding anodes making up a shape similar to that of a horseshoe. In cross section these form. The curved arrangement secures an approximate equality of distance between work and anode. This is, of course, portant. The class of work done by the Underwood com pany by the mechanical plater includes the little shells su: rounding the keys and known as key rings. All pieces are small, but they are parts requiring a fine finish. On the copper side, two barrel platers are employed. The anodes are of the same form as with the nickel plater The barrels are all of about 2 ft. in length, and have a diameter of perhaps 14 in. For nickeling, a period of about 1 hr. is required: for copper plating, about 45 min. The Underwood company constructs a special machine for salt water service, where an exceptional resistance to corrosive action is desired. In these machines, many parts that would ordinarily be of steel or the like are made of bronze. This is then copper plated and finally oxidized The polishing of parts that have been plated is an important matter. The company uses a machine of special design, both for buffing and for grinding. There is a long double spindle driven by a pulley mounted half way between the ends. In operation, these machines are almost silent although driven- at high speed. The drive of a considerable group of these devices is accomplished by a long shaft arranged beneath the floor. Large pulleys mounted on this shaft are belt connected to the little pul leys on the spindle. An idle pulley arranged in the in- closed stand of the machine can be operated to tighten the otherwise loose belt. The spindle is accordingly stopped by moving the control lever so as to withdraw the pressure of the idler. An exhatist system is employed to carry off the powder and dust from the wheels. The operatives do not look sickly and emaciated. A consid- erable number of women are employed on the buffing machines. All of them, the author was told, had been engaged on this work for five or more years anodes are lenticular rather - nace Se ee . we he 2 te ye * a 654 THE IRON AGE Drying Air for the Blast Furnace Use of Water Sprays Be- fore and After Compression Some time ago J. I. Lyle, of the Carrier Air Condi- tioning Company, New York, presented a paper to the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers on atmos- pheric dehumidifying. He submitted two diagrams cover- ing high utilization of heat, or exchanging, when cooling the air to rid it of the water vapor. One of these indi- cated the scheme of apparatus when cooling the air prior to its delivery to the blowing engine, and the other the arrangement when cooling the air after leaving the blow- ing engine. What he had to say on this subject is as follows: ' The latest designs for dry blast plants are making use of the direct spray tower, which is the most efficient form of cooling apparatus, as it allows for a counter-current effect. Water, sufficiently cold to perform a considerable part of the cooling, can usually be obtained from natural sources for the first stage of the work. Even _¢s—=—= where the water has to be cooled by re % Dehumidifier on Suction Side of Blowing S y Del Engine frigeration, a very high ammonia suction pressure can be used, thereby greatly reducing the size of ammonia com- pressor required, and the power consumed. If the dehumidifying is being done on the suction side of the blowing engine, and much less than 2% grains of water vapor, corresponding to a dew point of 36 deg. I., is to be carried by the air leaving the apparatus, water cannot be employed in the final stage. In such cases a spray of calcium brine is employed in the final stage. The brine is kept at a constant specific gravity by passing a small portion of it continuously through an evaporator or vacuum pan similar to those used in the manufacture of sugar, an open evaporator being used where live steam is employed for the concentration, and a vacuum pan where exhaust steam is used. By maintaining a constant vacuum, and thermostatically regulating the temperature of boiling, the strength of the solution can be uniforml) maintained. The advantages over the coil or surface type of dehumidifier for this work are: 1, reduction in amount of power required; 2, reduction of first cost; 3, reduction in space required, and 4, the constant and uniform condition of the air supplied to the furnace. One of the illustrations shows a set of cooling towers for a dry blast plant for a blast furnace where the de- humidifying is done before the air is compressed, mak- ing use of water in the first stage to reduce the air to a temperature of 39 deg. F., and of calcium brine in the second stage further to reduce it to 24 deg. F., and a content of 1%4 grains of moisture per cubic foot. In a large number of dehumidifying installations it is desired to heat the air after the moisture contents have been fixed. In such plants the use of a heat interchanger Septem] r fe will effect a considerable economy in apparatus is really a very simple device. number of tubes, on the outside of which oming air on its way to the final cooler leaving the cooler passes through the tube direction. The interchangers take up con but can be made to do 25 per cent. to 35 total work, often effecting a considerable as well as reduction in refrigeration a; In one installation the plant operates pacity. Thirty-two tons is done by well wa procured at 56 deg.; 30 tons is done by t! and the remaining 48 tons by refrigeratior cially cooled water enters the dehumidifie: F., and the compressors run with a. suct varying from 35 to 40 lb. The dew point, or ture at which the air leaves the final dehun t cost matically controlled by by-passing a porti 1 round Baudelot coils and mixing it with r 4 =} 4 = — tart a a eye & + =\ rarer clay Sts =~ = Z * tere inger for Use o1 Compressio! Side has been cooled, thus procuring the proper for the work required. In blast furnace work a great saving of refriget effected where the moisture can be removed aft ir has been compressed. The dew point for a weight of water vapor in a given space is dependent u the vapor pressure, and not upon the air pressurt compressing the mixture of air and water vapor, t! point required for the same final relative weights of and air will be raised. To illustrate: If it is desired reduce the water vapor to 2 grains per cubic foot ir, and the dehumidifying is done at atmospheric pressu! it 1s necessary to reduce the air to a temperature of @ proximately 30 deg. F. If, however, the air is compress to double the absolute pressure, it will occupy onl) half the space, and it will be necessary to cool the a only to a dew point of approximately 50 deg. m ora to reduce the vapor content to the same weight per pou? f air. The total work required after compression 1s greater, as the heat of compressing the air must | moved in addition to that necessary to produce the quired condensation. The elevation of the temperatur plane not only allows of a high suction pressure at ' ammonia compressor, with the resultant increased ec : omy, but it also makes it possible to do a very large P tion of the work by water from any convenient ane such as rivers, lakes or wells. The colder the wate’ available, the less refrigeration is required. One r¢as0 this method has not been more popular until recently . that any variation in the air pressure causes @ varie the amount of moisture carried to the furnace. he r cantember 25, 1913 systems of dehumidifying under pressure designed for blast furnace application, h, I believe, has been put in operation systems the work is done with sprays. i by David Baker, a constant air pressure n the dehumidifier by a regulating valve blast pipe leading to the furnace, and a int is regulated by a thermostat. The invented by John B. Miles, provides for itically the dew point temperature of the dehumidifier, in relation to the variations sure to procure a constant relation of the vapor and air. The relation between the | the dew point required is a variable, and egulator invented by E. T. Murphy and the ) maintain this relation. ng an interchanger between the first stag: water and the last stage using refrigera per cent. of the remaining work can be -osting more than refrigerating apparatus with no operating expense. The third water or brine which is artificially cooled, to the final dew point required. The dew is not so low as is the case with an at- mospheric pressure. With compressed air the efficiency of ver is greatly increased, due to a greater den- in interchanger having the same first cost as the which it displaces, the refrigeration required 0 to 40 per cent. The second drawing shows lant designed for doing work after com- ng vertical tower and interchanger. The intages of dehumidifying for blast furnaces ssion side of the blowing engine are: First, unt of work which can be done by water il sources; second, the high efficiency of an nterchanger; third, the high ammonia suction pressure; very low first cost; fifth, small space required, w cost of maintenance. The Cincinnati No Strike Association Address by Former Minister of Labor King, of the Dominion of Canada Strike Association of Cincinnati, Ohio, which the interests of industrial peace, gave a ban of Hon. W. L. Mackenzie King, former Dominion of Canada, on the evening S r 18, at the Hotel Sinton. In Mr. King’s ad- he had not come to point the way to the problem which Americans had not solved He believed, however, there was enough een the people north and south of the in- ntier, and the problems confronting each, xperience of the one country of value to the to give, for what it was worth, Canada’s its industrial disputes investigation act epted the invitation to address the associa- sions of the Canadian act he described as Lab yr, [he Canadian Industrial’ Disputes Act that where a strike or lockout is ny one of these industries, before such a ut can legally take place, the parties must lifference to a board for settlement. The machinery by which they make this reference. he party about to strike, or the party about to serve a notice informing the government board is appointed a strike or lockout will it they have exhausted all possible means of settlement between themselves, and that they nment to appoint a board. The notice served nment contains a statement of the differences that statement is required by the act to be ther party to the dispute. ster of Labor then calls upon each of the me a member for the board. The men who r the company that is applying, in the first one member; the opposite side names a these two meet to agree upon a chairman. unable to agree upon a chairman within a the Minister of Labor appoints a chairman. roy ides VV THE IRON AGE 6 un uv" or, if either party fails to name a member of a board, the Minister of Labor appoints some one to act in the place of the party not making the appointment. This board, when appointed, has almost the powers of a court. It may compel the production of documents; it may witnesses; it may take evidence under oath, but its duty is primarily that of a conciliation board in the first in subpoena stance, and a board of mediation, and only secondarily that of a court. “There the function of the government ends. There nothing im the act which compels the acceptance of this particular award. It is not compulsory arbitration. It is simply compulsory investigation. There is no restraint upon the parties. Once they have had this inquiry in the matter of whether a strike or lockout shall take place, they may do just as they please about it; but the act has this feature to it, that if the public is subjected to the incon venience of the cessation of operation in mines or upon railroads, the public knows what the trouble is about, and what, in the opinion of men who have been appointed t look into it, appears to be the right and the fair thing t do.” Results Accomplished in Canada As to the practical results accomplished under this method of preventing industrial disputes, Mr. King said “A complete record of the operation of the act from the end of March, 1907, to the end of March, 1913, shows that during that time there have been 145 applications f boards. Of these, 40 have had to do with coal mining, 11 with metal mining, 61 with railroads, 13 with street rail roads, 7 with shipping, 2 with commercial telegraphers, 2 with telephone workers, 4 with civic laborers, and 5 with industries other than mines or public utilities, such as the boot and shoe industry, which may come under its provi sions if the parties acquiesce. Of the applications for boards received during those six years, strikes averted or ended in all cases save 18. There have been isolated cases where men have without knowing that the act was on the books, but in these cases the dif have settled under the law mediately after its provisions became known wert struck ferences been almost im “Of these 145 cases, 18 were settled after application had been made for a board, but before a board tually appointed. This is an restraining effect of such an act. In these cases, either one or the other of the parties to the dispute realized that they did not have a good enough case to take before a board, and were prepared, therefore, to make a settlement without further investigation. For the reason, the actual effect of this law is probably very much wider than the figures seem to indicate. There were cases in which, under former conditions, strikes or lockouts would have taken place, but which, because of the fear of publicity, through investigation, have been settled and smoothed away by an agreement between the men and the companies without even an application for a board. It is course, to assume, with any degree of accuracy, how many disputes have thus been privately settled which, in other years, might have become serious. “Tf the act had done nothing more than perceptibly to minimize the yearly average of industrial disputes, it would be deserving of being classed not only as a successful piece of legislation but as a law that had conferred upon the people of the whole Dominion a security in industrial affairs hitherto unknown. But it has done more than this; it has maintained industrial peace to a degree the money value of which it is impossible to estimate.” Mr. King commended the bill drafted by Albert A Huseman, counsel for the No Strike Association, and modeled on the Canadian act, expressing as his opinion that if it were enacted into law by the State it would go a long way toward successfully effecting the end it was intended to serve. was ac evidence of the same impossible, of The Drewitz Works of the Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Company, Berlin, Germany, recently celebrated the com- pletion of the soooth locomotive. This company, estab- lished in 1876, has devoted itself to light railroad equip- ment for industrial plants. It has a capital of $11,250,000 and 12 plants in various parts of the world. The Drewitz works were established in 1&9. 656 THE IRON AGE Sept A Horizontal Surface Grinding Machine ™echanism for each feed, there is no table feed mechanism, when tl] New Pratt & Whitney Machine ed. The horizontal power feed of for Surfaces in Different Planes from 0.01 to 0.50 in., while the hand fe: the handwheel or I in., depet pabticad: Mik eteteren ail re especially for work e fine coarse feed is in use Phe where the surfaces at f various hights and angles, the perates a screw mounted within thx Pratt & Whitney Company, Hartford, Conn. has de the arm is mounted. The scr; veloped a 4-ft. hori 1 ndit ne. This mped firmly to the arm and both tl machine is designed to supplement the company’s well re readily accessible. As will be noted known machine with a cup wheel, which has been used ism is entirely inclosed, and any variati almost entirely on work where the surfaces to be ground feed is readily obtained by a ratchet whe were all in the same plane. There is, however, a larg: feed is operated in either direction, it bé amount of work which cannot be handled with a cup’ the direction in which the feed pawl wheel in this way, due to the fact that the surfaces to be through neglect to disengage the feed me: ground are of different hights, and it is pointed out that is permitted to come in contact with thx hts up to the present time grinding device is provided whi operations of this character have been a slow and expensive process Fig. 1 is a front view of the ma- chine, while a partial rear view, showing the driving arrangement, is given in Fig. 2. As } jury to the feed mecha: wheel, the periphery uated in thousandths provides an accurate erning the feed. At t! stroke, when the gri entirely clear of the er is automatically disenga, Phe ver. tical feed for the grinding wheel ; operated by hand only, an rate of 0.04 in. per rey graduated handwheel cated on the front of the 1 is the custom in machines The grinding wheel lowered by a semi-vert is rigidly suppor‘ed in | The construction is su is raised or lowered by and nut, the screw through a worm and wor is actuated by the handwhee el. Ahar ened and ground plate is Ris ii Were ae a Nie: 45%: Masleaaice a Grinding the top of the ram, which engag Flat Surfaces at Various Hights and Angl similarly treated block on side of the arm, the const: of this character, the bed is of massive proportions and 1s ng su that the block always has full contact reinforced by internal bracing. The design on the whole 1 plate, irrespective of the hight or the horizontal | compact, the various units being located so as to be readily the whee The ram and the block take the full weig! accessible. Wide bearing surfaces of the V and flat type the arm, which, it is pointed out, eliminates entir are provided, and the ways are automatically oiled by rolls back lash in the mechanism, and is an import located in the bed and convenient to reservoirs. The rear lirectly conducive to accurate work, of the bed is surrounded by a pan for collecting water and The wheel is mounted in an arm that has a | receiving the chips. The dimensions of this pan, which is n an arbor which is substantially supported on tw readily accessible for cleaning, are liberal rights [his original arrangement, it is pointed The table, which has a worl in., is heavy and is ribbed in a manner similar to the bed to prevent warping. As the table is slightly longer than the bed, reliance is placed upon the traveling action to cing surface of 1134 x 48 eliminates the objectionable slide construction + 1 keep these members perfectly true. Guards at each end of the table cover and protect the bearing surfaces from injury. A pan cast integral with the table is provided for controlling the water supply. The distance from the table top to the periphery of a new 18-in. grinding wheel is 15 in. The maximum travel of the table is 48 in., which is also the maximum length of work that can be handled The maximum width of work which can be accommodated is I2 in., all these dimensions being modified when mag netic chucks are used. The table is provided with auto matic reciprocating motion to give any length of stroke up to 4 ft., the length being regulated by adjustable table dogs. The table feed mechanism is made in a simple compact unit and two rates, namely, 34 and 102 in. per min., are provided. Both of these are controlled instantl) by a lever located at the front of the machine, and whet this lever is adjusted to the central station it serves 1 stop the table. In the upper position the slow feed is engaged, while the fast feed is engaged when the lever is in the lower one. A vertical rack and pinion drives the table, reliance being placed upon the construction t eliminate the possibility of vibration showing in the fir ished work 30th hand and automatic horizontal feeds a vided for the wheel: while both the table and the hori zontal wheel power feeds are engaged through the same trip, the units are entirely independent of one another. Emphasis is laid upon the fact that by having a separate Fig. 2—A Partial Rear View Showing the Driving Arr" re pro m a ~ iI. THE IRON rtioned to give strength and s laid upon the fact that with this verhang for the wheel. It is ertical and horizontal feeds the a upon the arbor is liberal, cted by wipers. is of hardened, ground and lapped e bearing boxes are mounted in e so designed and located as to be vr adjustment, while at the same time The wheel mount is is constructed to hold the wheels firmly The end of the spindle is made conical the accommodation and positive driving int. nd waterproot. is designed to use wheels up to 18 in. in f 2-in. face, al- red wheels with be used in con packing rings led. When the is used, there light reductior surface which i The wheel lesigned to pro for the ty that will be here are two ded, namely, m., by the ne pulley, the heel being in meter is re The diameters ps of this cone nd 18% in. re width of both [The mechanism he belt to obtain ] speed is ce ver use 1 wheel ecomes neces sary to dect se the table feed ly, thus giving a Machin« ed, irrespective rast r slow feed of the wheel is be ne us ven from a drum which is 14'4 in. in which wheel spindle. in. wide in. belt, runs over a pulley This pulley is 8 in. in f pump which dé require the usual employed to furnish the necessary grinding wheel. There is a large the back of the machine, which is placed sition, where it can be readily cleaned ie return of the water, without carry- ipes. The pipe through which the water m the pump to the wheel is attached to the d can be easily adjusted or instantly re ay be desired. The escape of water is pre- irds which are provided for both the table ling wheel es not 7 supply water . 1 a r ste +} nt regularly furnished with the machine pump and the necessary piping, a grind 1g th a 2-in. face, a wheel truing device, a set i wret nd a tight and loose pulley countershaft with this equipment, the machine weighs pies a floor space of 6% x 15 ft en fe. had use of oil toppings in an automobile from San Francisco, where on August finished a run in a KisselKar truck, from listance of 472 miles. He made the run min., and approximately 46% gal. of th: re used, an average of over 10 miles to the uck was a 1500-lb. capacity vehicle, and 000 Ib. was carried. It is stated that the fuel r gal., or a total of $1.40, and 3% gal. of gy were used. The oil toppings has a specific t 85 deg. temperature, and its successful use, ot was due to a new type of carburetor, in- : ry Miller, Los Angeles AGE s New Tube Rolling Machine { new 1 lesic ; tubing fron 1 . by the Etna ! gauge steel or as much lig 5 é The tubing is rolled iss e st ! ¢ ; f rolls. Aft passing gh the ll the material is sl 1L1¢ i tw nd and third sets the partiall me ig a mandrel. The third set is an idler set and serves as a guide. The fourth set brings the edges together and com pletes the circular roll. The last set at the left in the lustration are the from the machine The lower roll straightening rolls in a straight line ready for brazin shafts are dri The tubi en directly by w l rms on the main shaft Lhe lower 1 i t roll shafts by means of spur gears The rolls are ad justed by means of hand wheels and screws with which the upper roll shafts are moved up and down in ther double housings and kept parallel to the lower roll shaft Che forming rolls are ardened tool steel 8 in i eter The main bearings and all of the roll bearings a1 bronze bushed. The worm bearings are solid bror The machine is 8 ft. long, 5 ft. high and 3 ft. wid ‘ I approximately 4800 Ib. It is stated that for rolling 45 ft. of tubing per minut The historic West Point Foundry, at Cold Spring N. Y., will shortly be a thing of the past. George | Douglas, 29 Broadway, New York, has purchased for a count of principals the old machine tools and equipment with the intention of dismantling. This plant was estab lished in 1817. Designed with a view to the product f war material, the United States Government was thet terested in it. It was originally driven by water-power from an overshot wheel, still to be seer In it under stood to be the first Whitworth shaper imported into the United States. During the Civil War much work w done for the Government, including the then fan Parrott rifled cast-iron cannon. A _ descriptior 7 foundry, including views of some of its old applia was given in The Jron Age f January 1903 The Interstate Transfer Railw Comp Superi Wis., has increased its capital stock from $500,00% $1,500,000 to provide funds for the construction of 1 2 miles of railroad needed to connect its present eastern terminus at Pokegama Junction with the site of the Min nesota Steel Company’s new steel plant on St. Louis Bay south of Duluth, Minn The company is a subsidiary of the United States Steel Corporation a i; a, : Relative P ties of Acid and Basic Stee!’ 4 elative Froperties of Acid an ASIC Steel + A Prejudices Against the Latter Being \§ Removed—First Results of Special Tests 1. Show It Is Lower in Tensile Strength “hi BY A AMPION AND J. G. LONGBOTTOM {’- 1, . The introduction of the basic process for the manu- other mechanical and physical prope: “tat facture of steel caused much discussion among engineers In selecting steel for structural purpx and other users of steel respecting the merits of the sideration is the strength, ductility and ghness + i material in comparison with that produced by the acid sary to ensure reliability under the particular 4 process. Basic steel had to pass through a period of to which the material will be submitte: es : Suspicion and prejudice similar to that which acid steel the method of manufacture. . underwent before it was allowed to replace iron Although many results of tests hav eI 4 Due mainly to a lack of knowledge of the reactions at various times with the object of d: by which the removal of the impurities from the pig iron superiority of the one or the other, the results haye :; was effected, some of the earlier basic steel proved to be inconclusive, owing to the absence of full particular - t somewhat erratic in character and unreliable. At the to the details of manufacture, thermal and mechanic, 4 present time, when the chemical reactions, and the condi- treatment, etc. Many of these results have been oh. t tions under which they take place are better understood, lished by parties interested in one or other of the ma ; and the necessity for strict adherence to certain well- rials, and their conclusions have not always be : defined working conditions as to temperature and basicity biased. The usual method has been to give th rage : of slag is appreciated, there appears to be no reason for of a number of tests of each class of material supposing that basic steel is less reliable than acid steel. often these results have been collected from tests ma : It is therefore surprising that the old prejudice against on material whose previous history was entirely ; the basic material should still exist to so large an extent. known as regards treatment during manufacture H. H. Campbell, in his “Manufacture and Properties of variations in size of ingots and finished shapes f Structural Steel,” says: “Acid steel is much better for Scope of the Investigation ; all engineering purposes. It is almost entirely free from a slag and oxide, and its physical properties are far ahead he authors about three years ago decided t of basic open hearth; indeed, the acid is as much better ate as fully as possible the behavior under various con- than the basic steel as the basic is better than the ditions, of steels produced by different processes, with the : 3essemer.” Apparently this opinion is shared by many object of determining in what direction, and to what engineers; some perhaps have good reason for believing ¢Xtent methods of manufacture influenced the physical it, but others have accepted it as a fact without further @"4 mechanical properties of ordinary low carbon steels ' inquiry. Each method has its strong and its weak points, sually employed for structural purposes. It was desired and it is exceedingly difficult to understand how material carry through the investigation in such a eT made by either process can be credited with any marked ll possible information of the properties of the mate- advantage, provided the same care and judgment is ex- ‘Tials could be obtained. After very careful cons mae ercised in the two processes. In making steel by the tion of the problems involved, the authors determined to 3 acid process it is absolutely necessary to carefully select submit the material to as many of the following tests the pig iron and scrap, as there is no removal of sulphur 45 possible 7 oa ee ; st and phosphorus in this process. On the other hand, Static Tests: Tensile tests included modulus ir the basic lined furnace permits of the use of miscellaneous elasticity, limit of elasticity, | yield and maximum " $8, [ scrap and impure pig iron, from which phosphorus may C¢Xtension per cent. on various lengths, en .* be almost entirely, and sulphur partially, eliminated rea. Torsion tests covered limit of elasticity, These facts frequently lead to abuse of the basic open Of transverse elasticity, Maximum stress a 14 hearth, anything in the nature of iron or steel being Dynamic or Impact Tests : Tensile ceus includ a 74 considered good enough to charge into the basic furnace, TSY to fracture at single blow (Charpy — ae) aa with the inevitable result that the steel is inferior in ercentage, extension and contraction of area. pears ie! quality and unreliable. tests covered energy to fracture at single blow ont ~ Hs specimens (Charpy), energy and number of blows to is Discrimination Against Basic Steel fracture under repeated blows on notched specimens T ee a aan : +. , (Stanton). Fatigue tests covered determination of wor be The prejudice against basic steel is so strongly held apap ad, is : d ber of right angle 3! by many engineers, that they will not accept it although cone = fracturing specimens an a a ea) 1% it may fulfil all requirements of composition, strength, ends necessary to produce fracture (San oe » numeral ny . Hardness Tests: Determination of hardness nu ay4 and ductility, etc., as determined by the usually specified ; . c srinell) tests. Others will only accept it after the most rigorous Brinell i : ¢ | ig “empe : : rmination of modulus inspection and testing, and on the guarantee of the steel ; High Temperature Tests : Dete: timit, extension per ‘i maker to make good any loss in the event of failure of elasticity, maximum stress, elastic limit, © 5 ® <5 ie wy me : 7 a ‘ C acti : temperatures Uf ’ On the other hand, there are many leading engineers and es contraction of area, at P users of steel whose opinions cannot be lightly regarded, “**®..\~ : : ia i aaa : ° . . . ° ‘ . “he : ' . vestigation of pnet who maintain that basic steel is superior to acid steel. The rmal eae ae ee and determin This subject of the relative value of steel made by the 6™4 °° “ae — Pp: oe 1 critical points. acid and basic open-hearth processes has been often dis- 0" Of the position of the therma € the material be cussed, but never satisfactorily settled Microscopical Tests: Examination o ian all hen: 2 ae . oe fore and after thermal treatment, and the examinato® © The increasing difficulty of obtaining supplies of ores . . f : : nl and the mode in which of sufficient richness and purity for the manufacture of ‘© fractures © ares test piec : pig iron suitable for converting into steel in acid lined ‘UPtUre occurred. . furnaces, is likely to cause a much larger adoption of the Heat Treatment of Specimens to basic process in the near future. It appears probable , tes i whiclt Fa F : ~ The ; , the condition 1 i moreover, that at no distant date the bulk of the steel The materials were tested in ase heat treat- oa: . . . they left the works and also after various ‘°° - fig required for constructional work will be produced by ; - fol S 1 received, samples after 9% » the basic process. It therefore becomes increasingly im- sata as ee cea oe aes a 8 saa 750, $00, 90. : . ° < 7 y 600. ’ . Ki portant to obtain an exact knowledge of the influence "™#"7!"8 oa ae ie vn = ‘ed oc quenched. the process of manufacture has upon the strength and 10, 1100 deg. \., Slowly cooled, f removing effects f Normalizing was for the purpose © . ining, 3 cima : 1 , oes g, an ; )f strains set up during manufacture an ™ ? *Part of a paper read before the West of Scotland Iron and Steel , m P & C. for of 4%, Institute. consisted in heating the material to 800 des. 658 : 1913 THE IRON AGE 659 wing to cool naturally in the air. All f static tension tests, showing ultimate stress, yield ith the exception of those tested “as stress, extension 8 leneth. contraction of area rmalized before being reheated to the ratio of vield t uit ite stress ils mpact tens le test ibed above. Thus—‘“reheated to and showing am t nergy absor in fra g 600 deg. ( signifies that the material piece at one blow, dy1 streng centag f ex 800 deg. C. for one hour, withdrawn tension between the s lers raction of 1 f allowed to cool in air, and after hav- ent.. rat f mic ¢ strength old reheated to 600 deg. C. for the [he results are ge ! ‘ S S d i ne and then left to cool sl wly in the three series 1s l S emical ilwse irs were all machined before being f which are s ! la al treatments. The heatings, which 1 gas fired reverberatory furnace for experimental work, were controlled . M's er lectric and optical pyrometers t at the material to the desired . : lso that taken in cooling from the Rasic plates eatment to 500 deg. C. was carefully 1 re in many cases also obtained by means : meter. The specimens during the ncased in closed wrought iron boxes . xidation and scaling of the material B proposed included the examination other shapes of various sizes made [The sent deta Its S Bessemer, and acid and basic open have m gether te tables t rder to obtain a fair average for not discuss them < ta vive , il, and to eliminate as far as possible and more ess int id iriations in manufacturing details, rst hand. A 1 tre examine several sets of each class’ e¢al tests ( from different works. It was de- n Table 2 ply of material made by the acid and s nearly as possible the same chemical : each works, and it was hoped that by mparative results might at least material manufactured at each place. It red that the scope of the investigation i sed was much too ambitious for the - s’ disposal, and it was therefore de = i ite the Bessemer material and to confine = & : s oe | entirely to open-hearth steel - . ee o . : . . \s receive : 5 5 55 f firms were approached with a view of So , 4] <> , ‘ )f as nearly as possible the same con $s 5. th processes, and thus a large number 44: ge <a 4 ; bars were placed at the te g. | ' the material was proceeded with, ™ ~ id Zot been long in progress befor« press wy it owing to the very small difference ull explana ? te y the two materials, and absence sults. but hope t the ey details of manufacture, and the eriments % mp] t \ r, tha ss frém which the test pieces were ests in. all E ' . ssible to obtain a proper comparis neth and t oo deg re the materials The differences ob- ‘ te © nothw 5 uses less than is frequently nd the a5 ae at 00 o Ct . rent portions of a single plate or bar, rity occurs in nethwise tes ae | ens cut parallel to, and at right angles \n examination of e tables VS t in t rolling It was therefore considered cases the . te 1s lower ‘ f all examine a large number of speci- nder correspon: t lifferent parts of a single plate or bar, sthwise and crosswise. Microscopical Examination Acid and Basic Steel Plates Sections for micros cal examinations w ( ! h 16 ft. 6 in. x 65 in. x 1% in, one “ME ends me Sess Sere an —_ os ™ basic steel, and two plates, each 21 ft. wnicn was | lished was tne tae . ™ ; ; in., one acid and one basic steel, were ™@*© SUré that ae a a a OF Cine ene re ; ned. In the present paper the authors ‘ e4tment sh wuld be avoided. The etching was effect: oF tes of different thicknesses, and they rve the ques