The Iron Age 1913-08-14: Vol 92 Iss 7

Ee THE IRON AGE Established 1855 New York, August 14, 1913 Vol. 92: No.7 he Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company The Open-Hearth Plant, Blooming Mill and Other Details of the Import- ant Extensions Now About Finished . Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, Youngstown trated at length in The Jron Age, August 2, 1906. Fr g independent steel concerns in the 1906 to IOII some extensive additions wer ipleted some important additions to cluding three 500-ton blast furmaces, a mixer a pig ca rks a ist Youngstown which will very largely ing plant, six tube mills, ten double puddling furnac: its icity, particularly in pig iron and open eight more sheet mills, including three galvanizing kettk growth of this concern since its incep- and a turbo-generator plant. When the iddit ping and Pouring Side of the Open-Hearth Steel Plant of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company een remarkable. The initial plant con completed, the company had a complement of 14 she puddling furnaces, a muck bar mill, a mills, 10 tube mills and 50 puddling furnaces, in addition ped to roll up to 2254 in. in width, three to a blast furnace capacity of 1500 tons per day, Bessemer sheet mills, the product of the concern _ steel capacity close to 2500 tons per day, the Bessemer plant of black and galvanized sheets and containing blooming, billet and sheet bar mills, most of in. in diameter. From 1904 to 1906. the Bessemer steel made being used in the finishing mills ements and additions were made to the of the company. Bessemer steel plant was added with a In 1911, the company purchased the plant of the Mor- ns or more a day, and also a 4o-in. gan Spring Company at Struthers, Ohio, containing a site me additional finishing mills, illus of 90 acres on which had been erected a rod mill, c 335 THE IRON AGE suse for the Raw Materials for Furnaces, with Space for 30,000 Tons of Pig Iron, Reinforced Concrete Biz Limestone, Iron Ore, Etc., and Wooden Bins for Chrome Ore, Magnesite, ferromanganese, Etc. taining a Morgan continuous heating furnace and 16-stand tember 21, 1911. There was also printed in that issueg double-strand Morgan continuous mill housed in a building general map, showing the completed plant as it existeda 55 x 350.ft. There was a wire nail factory, 85 x 396 ft that time and also the provisions for 14 open-hearth fur containing 8g nail machines and there was also complete naces eventually and for a fourth blast furnace. In th equipment for the manufacture of all kinds of wire fence interval between 1911 and 1913, the company ing. Very shortly after acquiring this plant, the Youngs further additions to its plant, including the town Sheet & Tube Company practically doubled its furnace, with a capacity of 500 tons a day, whicl capacity in every department, and to-day it makes pany expects to blow in about August 15, and wire nails and all kinds of wire and field fencing. hearth steel plant and a 44-in. blooming mill complet The extensions and additions made to the plant pit furnaces, stripper building, etc. It is to this steel plat from 1906 to 1911 were described in The Jron Age, Sep- and blooming mill that the present article is devoted Stripper Building, Containing Two Strippers for Single Ingots and a Third Stripping Two Ingots in One Operation THE IRON AGE 337 department comprises six of th { s built with an extension of 230 ft. in view and Rr ft 100 tons per heat, giving a rated S in. wide and 320 ft. long [he crane serv sists ns of open-hearth ingots per montl tf tw lliance cranes of 10 and 25 tons 1 y e de in the erection of the building 25-ton crane has a 10-ton auxiliary hoist the eight remaining furnaces and trolley with the main st, and a 15-ton bucket st en-| rna ilding is 145 separate troll tabl rh ling < long clear hight from yar grab bucket russes OO Tt., an The gas prod er | nsists s : vide y ti ntire lengt il 1 qaucers ar©&t I ‘ g gauge trat turn Six bell ls t ‘ n the pouring ‘ el I 60 ft hig she n ted " wide, while t emaining & \\ | , ( : : amant he charging { the toy whi of the furna g the is main | a t | in : furnaces is done by two floor-typ« re used on both t gas inlets 42 in. in eter as wt th a span of 24 ft. 6 in., built by the is on the air inlets at the furn . 4 imet Company, and the charging floor is Che coal and ash handling syst Morgan ladle crane having an auxil designed by the C. O. Bartlett & Snow ( ipacity lwo 165-ton Morgan ladl ed at the west end of the producer buildings. | fauge Q d located it 1 9 level. Fr the t a cru \ wht h lelive nto a h é upplying | means of tw ( skip buckets I Soo-ton storage ng the bin. From this bin the crushed electric larry scale car, made by the Atlas Car Mfg. Company, and delivered t the individual r re- hoppers over the a 40 producers, each bound hopper having a l capacity of 3 ( tons. Ashes ars M ejected int ide dump car and delivere NI I if] A 100-Ton Stee? Ladle, with the Slag Ledle Alongside to ash hoist buck- vate ets which empty rrovided with water-cooled Blatt nto a standard gauge Car ror rem il as needed her four are cooled in the usual manner Open-hearth ingots from the east end terials for charging the furnaces aré hearth furnace building, as well as Bessemer ingot stock yard, located west of the furnac from the converting mill, are brought to the strip -ton narrow-gauge Baldwin locomotives ing. The stripper building is of steel frame con this and for the ingot run, and the ma vith corrugated iron sheeting, 84 ft. x 154 ft | a 150-ton narrow-gauge Fairbanks equipped with three strippers, made | l tock yard, including storage bins and eering Company [wo ar r strippir is contained in a building 93 ft. & in while the third is arranged to strip two ingots at 20 ft. of which is under cover, whil ation. At the west end of the stripper building the strip So ft. is used for pig iron and scrap stor ped ingots are weighed on two [50-ton narrow-gauge | een made at the extreme west end for banks track scales, with track system arrang¢ d fron o ft. The building is served by tw point so that ingots may be taken to either the old N« ines, one crane with a 10-ton bucket hoist pit furnace building or to the new No. 2 furnace building ft. Hulett grab bucket. The stock The No. 2 pit furnace building is built with a 26-ft ith a number of electric lifting magnets lean-to on the south side, over the ilve platform, and i I lectric Ci ntroller & Mfg. Company S4 x 308 ft., housing ve pit furnaces with unused : le storage space provided in the open rut n the east end for a future sixth furnace. These fur ns of pig iron, while the reinforced con re all of the four le regenerative type, each hole hav are capable of holding an eight-day suj a capacity of six ingots and equipped with Treat hydrau as well as enough iron ore for 16 days ically operated covers, the top of er located 6 ft. above davs In addition to the concrete vard level. All furnaces have threes is inlets, each t wooden bins has been erected, designed trolled by a 36-in. McKennan gas valve, and the ingots annister, magnesite, ferromanganese and re charged and withdrawn from the furnaces by means The crushing and grinding of the gan f two 7%4-ton Morgan charging cranes, each crane hav- hrome ore is done by a 7-ft. wet grinding ng a 5-ton auxiliary hoist for handling coke buckets, etc x 20 in. Blake type crusher, each motor The gas producer plant supplying the fuel for the pit shed by the Thos. Carlin’s Sons Company furnaces is located north of No. 1 pit furnace building, ard, paralleling the stock vard on the north nd has been extended on the east end to pr 338 THE IRON AGE Au 4 jl? : ) new pit furnaces. A departure has been made in this Kennedy design and contain two doublk extension from the type of producers previously installed of 44 in. pitch diameter, and 50-in. face. TI . which installation consisted of ten 12-ft. double-hoppet planed accurately in a special machine of tl es ; producers. To this battery have been added four 10-ft and operate smoothly it is said with less th " Morgan mechanical producers, and the complete layout has lash. The driving spindle connecting the b 7 been re-arranged so that eight of the original producer the engine is a flexible coupling of the Ker are used for the furnaces in No. 1 pit furnace building The front and rear tables are each so ft : The two remaining producers have been coupled up with sist of steel cast rollers 18 in. in diameter d the four Morgan producers, making a battery of six pro center to center of bearings. Both tables od ducers for the new pit furnaces, which, it is intended, will and each table is driven by two 100-hp. . a furnish sufficient fuel to take care of the future sixth motors connected with flexible couplings. , 4 pit furnace Each producer is connected by means of an_ ers are heavy steel castings of I-beam const a . uptake to an &-ft. gas main header, from which an over first four rollers of the front table wher: . head gas main, 7 ft. 6 in. in diameter, leads the east end dumped have forged steel shafts and the f roll ic « and along the south side of the pit furnace building, where steel casting carried loose on a forged steel ft which , each furnace is connected by a 3-ft. 10-in. downtake The driven. The shaft is carried on steel cast brackets, brag r * eo 3 s ‘ ms bi iy . a a ‘ The New Pit Furnaces, Showing the Ingot Buggy at the Right and Also the Extension Approach Table to the Blooming Mill Immediately Beyond gas mains and piping equipment were furnished by the lined and is easily removable from the feed roll. The ‘ Variety Iron Works Company, Cleveland, Ohio driving gears of the tables are completely enclosed with The new No. 2 blooming mill adjoining the No. 2 semi-steel gear guards forming complete protection ! pit furnace building on the west is 52 ft. 6 in. wide and the workmen and also for the gears. The manipulator 420 ft. long. A 30-ton Alliance crane, having a 15-ton auxil- is of the Kennedy-Wellman type, and provision is made % iary hoist, is installed for convenience in handling ma for handling the ingot on both the front and rear tables chinery and repair work. Leading from the pit furnace It is actuated by hydraulic cylinders of steel, cast, all | z building and on the north side of the ingot run is a narrow ed on the drive side of the mill. The racks and gears ef ye extension table, which is used only in the case of an a steel castings with machine-cut teeth. f cident to the ingot run or buggy, and in this event the The engine and hydraulic system are housed ; ; ingots can be taken from any furnace by the charging brick building, 57 ft. 6 in. x 180 ft., alongside the bl ier cranes and placed on this extension table connecting with mill building, and is equipped with a 75-ton Alliance cram ee the front mill table. with a 15-ton auxiliary hoist. The engine for driving The blooming mill is a 44-in. mill and is arranged for the blooming mill is a 46 and 76 in. x 60 in. double tande™ a rolling and edging a billet 42 in. wide. The lift of the toy compound reversing engine, designed and built by : roll is 43 in. The length of the rolls between bearings is Mesta Machine Company, Pittsburgh, and runs on a ! ta 99 in. The mill housings are steel castings weighing in. Helander barometric condenser, The engine is ie 110,000 Ib. each. The screw down is of special design with center cranks on both sides, rather than with over a7 driven by two motors, either of sufficient capacity t hung crank. The construction is regarded valuabl operate both screws in case of necessity and arranged to fording duplicate design of two halves of th: shaft $0 operate in series and parallel in ordinary service. The that only one-half of the shaft need be carried as 2 5! screws and driving mechanism are completely enclosed but readily accessible for repairs or renewals. The top roll is counterbalanced by a hydraulic cylinder, as is also the vibrating spindle. The vibrating spindle is a steel forging of Kennedy design Th pinion housings are eraron duplicate design of connecting rods, and a direct st! line valve gear drive without go-around-the-corm rockers. The low-pressure valve and the high-pressit® valve are connected solid without rockers and move * tention IS ne piece so that the number of joints needing att THE IRON AGE 339 ling of the engine is done entirely by mill. A crop conveyor of the chain type, designed and built ind the throttle are interconnected by the William Tod Company, extends under th shears th increasing length of cut-off, the conveying the crop ends outside of the mill building proper, so increased. The arrangement, if and delivering them into special type narrow-gauge cars dification, would be faulty, it is ad- A material increase in the pumping capacity becan re would be certain positions fron necessary with the installation the open-hearth plant and id only be started with a sudden jerk the No. 2 blooming mill, and to this end a new pumpin th starting and easy handling in any station was erected, with the necessary st-iron pipe load, auxiliary ports have been lines to condensers, etc. The station is lo d below tl and such a location that they admit charging floor level and midway between the rnace build tarting from any position, and yet do ing and stock-handling building The structure is t the steam economy under running brick and steel construction above rd level, while tl ng parts of the engine are covered complete substructure, consisting of pump house, wit f boiler plate, and gangways and run- forebay and river intake connected by an aqueduct, is « ded for the operator. In order to concrete. The pump house proper is 27 ft. 6 in. x 72 ft vering possible, it was necessary to 6 in. The floor line is 15 ft. below yard level, and M Viewed from the Delivery Side, Showing the Roll Spindles Extending from the Pinion Housing in the Engine Room at the Right stem which would be automatic and equipped with two 20,000,000-gal. Wilson-Snyder motor n driven direct-connected horizontal centrifugal pumps for the hydraulic system, two 28 x 52 x condenser water service and one 20,000,000-gal. Wilson pumps were installed by the Wil- Snyder centrifugal pump for the 50-lb. pressure water 1 a 36-in. accumulator by the Cleve- 1 ul From the end of the rear mill a Se . un on a table to a hydraulic shear tting 10 x 10-in. blooms, or they table nveving the bloom direct hear, with a capacity for cutting suitable for shearing a 20 x 20-in. {12 x Sin. These shears were design- United Engineering & Foundry Com- h. while the tables and transfer were de- ngstown Sheet & Tube Company and nd Machine Company. Slabs from the sed over a depressing table direct to iler. The slab yard in which the 1 is 106% x 220 ft. with a crane runway nter to center of rails, spanned by a ne. Billets or bars from the hydraulic irried on the shear run-out table over llet mill approach table, provision hav- is table for turning the billets in any s table connects with either the 18-in ll or the continuous The Two Helical Pinions for the Blooming Mill Drive, Youngstown Shect & Tube Company Each 44 In. Pitch Diameter and sheet bar 50 In. Width of Face, Made of Nickel Steel tR-in THE IRON AGE Wa ag Pee FF ay Sk) hd | oe ~—6©EBL . 4 Ee mn @ ca Lt POAC tw The Double Tandem Compound Blooming Mill Engine, with 46 and 76 In. Cylinders of 60 In. Stroke, Built by the Mesta Machine tem, while space is provided for a fourth pump of the same for output have been made. The Youngstown § capacity. A Northern 10-ton handpower crane is installed Tube Company now has a capacity for turning At present only four of the new six open-hearth fur- tons of Bessemer ingots and 1000 to 1200 tons maces are in operation, and already some splendid records hearth steel ingots per day, or a total annual 1 ee i ee] unout Table from the Shear Beyond the Blooming Mill, Delivering Slabs or Billets to the Yard 13 THE IRON AGE 34! ss tons of Bessemer and open-hearth Both the clamp for the rails and the clamp or washet is steel is used in its own finishing tted underneath the tie have clips which are forme it is sold in the open market in th yr open-hearth billets and sheet bars This tongue, after the bolt is drawn tig last furnace “D” is nearly comp in blast about August 15, which will siderable emphasis is pla nt value of the projectior output of upward of 2000 tons formed by bending the ends of the lower part of tl | 11 of which it will use in its Bessem« construction to prevent endv mervuednent it) thie tine . t | \ rks. It also take s the entire the r¢ adbed vear from the Mary furnace of tl The McCune tie, made of 5 in. steel plate. w Company at Lowellville, Ohio, and i: 90 Ib., about ib. less than th verave weight of th ! er ot g iron in the en n tandard oal ss-t so tl ' hich s J ntemplates some time in the futur be easy to handle without increased labor cost over th furnace, and also by-product cok f wood ties It is understood that these t a4 | r t rake s entire suppl laid out 1S¢ he Mon ( t | s] ile Cie r ¢ ‘ ‘ ( nent e } Met . New Railroad Steel Tie SE ————— 1 ad cross-tie formed of steel plate ha rank McCune, general manager of th Mins nnectin Railroad, Pittsburgh, and a tl n Metal Marl | . was granted to him on July 8 Its narket swings have in ted that $ ited in the accompanying illustra spread between I lvanized ts « ito a box form of cross-section to a change 1 1 \\ pressions, one toward each spelter. We | base here are special clamps to aine ré ga e tie: lugs are provided on the fasten ll th t t : — —_ _ — 4 ~ ~ 8 B ++ mn 4 sek | | r ee aa ee = | aonnnnnnennenennndgameE aaa ; ‘- . ; — _ — , ‘ L © F > ) Met Ste R i < . r ig of the nuts on the i change of ent per pound in elter changes the lepressions in the top of of making 26 gauge galvanized sheets $2.50 pe he I ed toward the end I [his is the same J s $1 pe n 1 galvanized sheets ding the top surface of th and 40c. per 0 Ib. on spelter here is a divergence he rail cannot mo either outward however, with respect to gauge, as a ing« reading, nor move inward. producing of spelter affects the lighter gauges re than the heavier creeping, and the outer four cor Some producers iking a specialty of heavy gauge { he tie are bent downward to form vanized sheets, have an average gauge of somewhat ick in alignment on the roadbed. The low No. 26, though not as-low as No. 25. Others, in i ructiot inted on particularly to giv majority, have an average considerably higher, and cl While it is admitted that the cos to No. 27 gauge Thus it appears to be a conserva th the McCune steel tie wi uld be al statement that the { { Val ing mecreased Si re than with the usual form of tie, ton for 40c. per 10 udvance in spelter, or $2.50 pe regarded three times that of a wood ton on an advance of one cent ound in spelter rt scrap Vv If N t s he irdvance hal ent i spelte r sl uid y Tig iw the rails increase the spre id $1.2 tor I Oe per Ic ll how a longitudinal side elevation of and if the spread was $1.05 on spelter a trifle under hve tion, a plan of the tie showing how th cents, based on bl it 2.25c. and galvanized at lace and an elevation f the tie. t with black at 2.2: ; and spelter at e ¢ H Is ne the tw rail 1 ise inized sheets s | 1 the other the washer or lamy hat the toward each end, as indicated in elevatior It is clear that the location . Cong ide | the t e tie is such that the testing oe the Bur f Standar track is established, and the pro Washington for nefit of manufacturers and otl . nting the rail moving outward along th The equipmer le eight mn hts } e f the lus formed in the top sur 200-lb. weight vith numerous smaller es totaling st which lue the end of the iter rail than 100,000 | \ r truck will be provided for 4 similar way the creeping inward of the ing the weight 1 ct for handling them, ; : the rail clamp’s fitting against the engine for power supply, et A car will house pression in the top surface o - 4 ~- Poorer’ ’— Painting The powerful influence of basic pigments in protecting metals from corrosion is discussed by Henry A. Gardner, assistant director Institute of Industrial Research, Wash- ington, D. C., in the Engineering Record of July 26, 1913. The author has called attention previously to the remarkable rust-preventing properties of litharge (lead monoxide) which has been found to give even more pro nounced inhibitive results than the chromate pigments when placed in water in contact with iron plates. This was explained by the highly basic nature of the pigment. But litharge as a pigment mixed with linseed oil is impracticable on account of the rapid hardening of the mass due to chem ical reactions. Mr. Gardner says in the article cited above It is of interest to record that paint pigments are now available which cortain a very high percentage of litharge in such physical cundition as to be practically free from action upon linseed oil and yet possessed of the normal inhibitive character to be expected of the litharge content Che pigments referred to are those which are produced by the sublimation of lead and zinc ores, among which may be mentioned basic sulphate-white lead and sublimed-blue lead. The latter material consists approximately of 65 parts of lead sulphate and 35 parts of lead oxide, the com ponents being chemically and physically combined in the form of an amorphous pigment substance of great fineness The presence of small percentages of carbon and lead sul- phide as natural impurities gives to this pigment a pleasing steel-gray color. Although the high percentage of litharge in this product, if uncombined, would be sufficient to cause the immediate hardening of a linseed-oil paint made there from, experiments have shown that this pigment is practi cally free from reaction with saponifiable oils. That this pigment is highly inhibitive and most durable when mixed with linseed oil and spread upon iron plates has been demonstrated in exposure tests placed by the writer at Atlantic City five years ago under the supervision of the American Society for Testing Materials Factor Affecting Inhibitive Value The degree of basicity of any pigment is to a large extent responsible for its good behavior when applied as an oil paint to a metal surface. Normal or neutral lead chromate gave only fair service. On the other hand, basic chromate of lead, a lead-chromate pigment containing a considerable percentage of litharge in chemical combination with normal lead chromate, was found to be the most highly inhibitive protective paint in the tests. After five years’ exposure its rating is still practically 100 per cent., as recorded by the official inspectors. A chromate pigment, to be inhibitive, must be either slightly water soluble or basic. Zinc chromate is a good example of a slightly water-soluble chromate pigment. In the presence of water it is subject to ionization, thus ren dering available its chromic acid content, which has the effect of preventing the solution pressure of iron. Basic chromate of lead is a good example of a chromate pigment which is highly inhibitive on account of its basic nature On account of the insoluble and neutral nature of normal lead chromate this material would not be expected to fulfl the requirements of an inhibitive chromate pigment. Zinc oxide is another basic pigment which has proved highly valuable as a constituent of metallic paint. In physical combination with lead sulphate (in about equal parts), as it occurs in zinc lead, this pigment has shown the pronounced inhibitive effects of pigment basicity Zinc oxide fortunately is a pigment which of itself may be ground in linseed oil, of normal acid value, and shows little tendency toward hardening. In this form, therefore, it is coming into use as an inhibitive base pigment to admix with iron-oxide roofing paints, to which it adds considerable merit. Value of ‘‘Pure’’ Paint In an article entitled “Paint Efficiency and Paint Purity,” which appeared in The /ron Age for February Basic Pigments and Metal Corrosion Basicity Increases Rust-Resisting Prop- erties—‘‘The Purer the Paint the 34 on Mill Scale 13, 1913, George Auchy states that the tr discovering that “the purer the paint the po ing that the word “pure” may be applied t stance as paint, there can be no question that theory holds good in many instances. That th of a truly stimulative pigment has much to vit rust-producing properties there is much evide: ; Pure graphite, pure carbon black and pur ground in oil and applied to steel plates in the Arla. City tests, developed their rust-exciting ten very short time. Tests simultaneously ma ame pigments admixed with large percentag: inert pigments such as barium sulphate and the value of these so-called paint extenders ir the corrosive action of the black-carbon pigment strengthening their films. \ hat the theory “the purer the paint th would not always apply where a really inhibitiy concerned is the writer’s belief. Paints made basic chromate of lead, pure sublimed blue lead or pup zinc chromate, ground in the proper amount oil, will outlast paints made of only a small percer of the same pigments admixed with a large pet barium sulphate or china clay. However, ther: critical point in the admixture of the inhibitive pigmen with the inert pigments where added percentages of t inhibitive pigments cease to add proportionately t value of the mixture. This point, however, has not been determined by practical tests with all of the pig although considerable laboratory investigations on tl ect have been made. -4 Basicity in the Light of Results of Tests Further proof of the effect of basicity upon tl preventing, properties of pigments is shown by the two grades of red lead at the end of a five test, one of which has been given the trade name of orang mineral. The latter type of red lead is produced | yxidation of off-color white lead or white-lead In its highly oxidized condition it is practically 100 per cent. red lead (tetroxide of lead), with no appre percentage of litharge. The condition of the paint m from this pigment is far from satisfactory. The ot type of red lead contains an appreciable percentage litharge and produces much better results, which wou! be still better if the red lead contained a larger percentagt of litharge. The manufacturer of red lead, however, has been striving to produce a product which will answe' specifications which are often ill advised, the purchaser having the misconception that the purest red lead—om containing the highest percentage of lead tetroxide—woul! be the best. In the endeavor to meet such specifications some man facturers have made use of artificial oxidizing agents, suc as potassium nitrate, in conjunction with the furnacing the pigment. The red lead resulting from such treatmen although containing often as high as 98 per cent. tetroxide, is liable to contain a small percentage (0.1 ' 0.5 per cent.) of soda or nitrate salts. These may be tremely active in promoting rust. A Proposed Specification The question that now remains for decision 1s: “ what should a red lead consist in order to be thorough inhibitive? In the writer’s opinion red lead answering following specifications would be highly inhibitive and mo" acceptable than any other for general painting purpos* Red lead (tetroxide of lead, PbsQ4)............+5 82 to 88 per cea! Litharge (monoxide of lead, PbO).........+.-e0+ 18 to 12 per cen Less than 0.5 per cent. total impurities such as copper, *" iron, etc. Must be free from nitrate salts. ess t The red lead should be bright in color and of such finen 99.5 per cent. should pass through a 200-mesh screen > -~ 13 THE IRON would be more generally available , the higher percentage of lead tetroxide, would be excellent, and if mixed with re application would prove a highly [t is well to record at this point that consist almost wholly of lead tetrox- ing pigments. It is even necessary to o linseed-oil paints made from such of after standing in sealed packages for ints, however, have the advantage is property of the high-percentage red pt pular in the mar id paints. The vice expected however, would not be the ise of a prepared red-lead paint made itaining litharge in considerable prop as that shown in the above speci equal parts by of an inert china clay or asbestine. Paints mixture would be practically free from I time ufacture of ready 1 ser to be aS great as nce weight ly iiCd, tora considerable peri d e less expensive than 100 per cen s. In inhibitive power, spreading capa perties they would be superior to paint ent. pure red lead. Paints Effect of Carbon ind lampblack are very popular for use as lead paints, and for such use they give In this connection it might be well to results may be expected from most pig- asic in nature, if they are applied prop | plate and then surfaced with a paint con n pigment, such as lampblack, carbon black There in the Atlantic City tests are included which were originally painted with three (calcium carbonate) lower left-hand corner of these panels ibers with lampblack paint. The basic na- ium-carbonate pigment protected the metal n for a considerable period of time. The tendency, however, of the whiting caused the eighteen -oated with lampblack fect condition of the paint film is shown strengthens the writer’s good opinion of primers of metal whiting ground in e paint within months, except in had been numbers Action of Mill Scale is to whether painting done over metal: | scale would be as efficient as paintin reviously cleaned fr mill scale through andblast or by pickling has been discussed iuthorities. In some instances, such i large steel bridge structure, the cleaning painting is often impracticable. Excel- ve been recorded of painting done on such lirectly over the mill scale. For smaller wherever the removal of the mill scale is pense of cleaning will be justified by the ined 1 sheet of tin plate may lead to the destruc- \ pinhole in a paint film or a defect in may lead to serious results if the pig- itive. The admission of moisture through he film may cause the formation of a cup t and retain sufficient water to start the f rust. The increasing amount of rust f the film cup, gradually filling it with a ter-retaining mass of iron-oxide pigment. film are thoroughly inhibitive, hes do not constitute a serious menace. h deposits upon the abraded surface has when in the presence of a thoroughly This condition, however, might not hold ses. Some sheets of black metal have upon pe of mill scale which is evidently not of a The electro-negative nature of the mill | to force into solution any exposed area of nt of gaseous hydrogen beneath the paint + ts would account for the formation of a paint AGE 3 Other Paint Materials By-product tars from coke ovens, gasworks and other sources have rmed the base of a great many paints sold tor the protection of meta [hese paints make very good coverings tor metal exposed to acid fumes within buildings, but do not have the property of withstanding exterior ex posurt l WW iui in bre | them up It has been thought ut greater durabil ght be ex pected of a paint if its linseed oil cor V aced wi varnish containing costly resins such as ka nd copal As a matter of actual test, however, varn pain metal have never proved very satisfactory. The crazing the varnish is responsible for the early Ly paints. Iron oxide might also be classed as a ba pigmer! If of good quality, it gives very fair results on metal su faces. When admixed with calcium sulphate in the for yf venetian red, it is less satisfactory than when use purer state. Black precipitated oxide of iron is, on a of its highly basic nature, a pigment of grea lue manufacture of metal paints. Black paints 1 wit pigment have outlasted all the other black paints exp: Atlantic City. Its use should rapidly increase, now that merit is established In fineness and hiding power superior to all otl ms ron oxide An Expanding Die for Threading Steel Pipe For use on power pipe-threading machines, the Pipe Machinery Company, Cleveland, Oh has develope new pipe-thre ng ( \ i ed will tl i open-hearth steel, Bessemer steel vroug with equally good r s. Among tl intages cla for the die is the us ta reater nu r of <¢ el than is ordinarily emp! The die is of the expanding type, the hasers bei opened and close¢ i right d left hand spiral thread movement The use i cha pointed out, divides work be done into smal units without decreasing the product f the machine \ New Exy i Die f Ch g O H h Besse Steel or Wrought-Iron Pipe or increasing the required of the operator It al supports the pipe which is being threaded at more points on its circumference, which, it is emphasized akes the pipe more rigid and less apt t plit at the weld, and also prevents a single chaser from digging into the metal and destroying the thread which is being cut The ar of the chasers is calculated to them at t proper angle for all sizes of pipe within the the die rangement bring t range of THE IRON AGE Aug / . » : » tive value toward his pension of $50.03 ea: A Revised Pension PI: pension of tone : c\ ISeCc ension an amounts, in 20 years, at 3% per cent., to § : — is the value of the wages foregone by tl A Funding Provision Payable , s e service, or his employer goes on Separation from Service ( nothing to show for these 20 years 1 \ Wee 5 the accumulated value of his pension \n article was recently presented \lbert de | I . — : P "ie PonOn , ' more difficult for him to provide fo it the Am« in Econom eview the pensior tet = tctode tor h a ail establish ( d-age provision. In the remaining 20 ye , piOy > i Maus al StLADIIS Hens I ‘ : 2 fi ieee oil Si la latent ate the $4324 which will buy him the annu Rt ands O!I part oO ( Noyees I10Tr pe S S © Says i . . 2 ; eally demands for higher was the eeicinataen must pay $147.78 annually, or $97.75 a year : < I ! is 10 2 rie VaRCS, > ~ til ‘ pitss ‘ ‘ . x Vages in 1ts Dr d sense s the return WwW hich the emplovec $50.03 WV ne was toregoing eat h year t sets ' “ 1: ly oe : . rt iny employee's real wages as are nditio1 f labor, guara Social Results of Usual Pension Sy eady employ | atte half- : . Che development of pension plans al Sé SICKI Ss ind ieatut I t i ide im tie ss 1 . , ; = u to have certain social and e t 1 ] waves é | ‘ é ' : ‘ 1 ‘ a e carel illy considered by em! vay ot dealing wit le ‘ ( 3 : would lead to a certai: money wage, requiring 1 ( loye yrovide f ( : ey 4 2 y e f | An employee who had ser 7 rds of emy ment and his old ag \ ’ coe : = eee eee ' vard a pension is less likely to leave that here an employe: s this y and | the : ' ' ' a . ; 1ance on bettering his condit wWiovees do tt 1 ‘ ° T os ; . t { rfeits the accrued value of the pen } yr to et tuit wf rstandine tr ok I ; ‘ ‘ . ‘ : a OSes : lack of freedom in his relation service pens! s S ( I \ ¢] . a : : ri pl ere the granting of a pension the real wages of vorkmat here is a tendency t : Ba syd n the good graces of the employer, the em cnea thes ne c eINnoe t ny . : " oe ene , me provision for his old age by In a certain sense, of urse, this may be correct, but it seat vie Uae ; ; ; : actio1 rd, there will be a natural tender leads to onfusir n \ me — syste ns dere d as pa lower rat {f money wages or at best the ma f the real wages of ar employee 1 rea ly pal y tie hn a 1 f a ‘ — , , he same level of wages, without respons ee: ee eee ee eet ; :, eee st of ing or desires on the part of the en , in increase in wages which he might tain except ; : - CiaSs. the establishment Or a pension system At present there is n rene ral pen ion syste! In most of the established private pension syste one . Snes ae fa eae eat ; : ae 7 . : mass of employees in the federal, municipal and Sty striking fact stands out, which is that the empl h a : : ae : : service Pension systems are confined largely t no contractual rights in the pension fund. This absence : : : eae : : classes of employees, such as teachers, policemen of any contractual right is of vital importance to the « pa . : , , : : : men They are based, in the case of teachers, on th ! ployee He foregoes an increase in his wage for the ' : . 1 : . ae that teachers are not paid very much anyway and th : establishment of a pension There is an absence of what ; therefore provision should be made for their old age much as out of their meager wages they cannot be e- to provide for their old age. In the case of polic men and firemen the pensions are, to a certain extent dependent upon his earnings Yet the savings from his . : ' 1 “6 . > al ; sed on the risk of life and the hardship of the work in* legal parlance is called “mutuality of consideration.” b The average employee who would be likely to receiv: | pected eventually a pension under the plans in vogue has a family a wages which go into the pension fund are forfeited in : ; ; a 1 he risk of life, of course, so far as it enters into a per the case of his death In other words, the realization of ; x ‘ae ion, has really nothing to do with the old-age pens his savings toward his ol ige protection is torteited wu! : <>" é . ; , Oat y : . ee uit is an indirect form of employers’ liability. I: ¢ less he survives the prescribed peri This is in effect % : : a : , he pension plans for public employees there is 1 tontine feature which, under the better insurance laws ot ‘ | ' asta t+] con il right except as to the obtaining of the | on fulfillment of the conditions. Upon death o1 ’ 2 > ‘ ont . fe. m th 61ce > : ¢ rae £ Fe h eerie Equivalent Yearly Cost of a Pension oO! e service the employee forfeits the ; ilu f his pension together with whatever contribution: Lo illustrate ¥ REGIS Tas Peer, LARS me. Vere he may have made to the fund. »t the pension fund of one large company The pensi : this country, has been prohibited ° ° . . . 25 : Po ; . 7 . to be paid is, for each year of active service, I per cent Considering Pensions as a Part of Wages yf the annual average pay during the 10 years preceding Considering pensions as a part of wages, the c ntril ! retirement, with a maximum pension of $100 per montl ns made each year to the pension fund by the gover and a minimum pension of $18 per month. Employees ment uld be considered, subject to one exceptiot may retire at the age of 65 if they have been 20 years or deferred wages, payable to the employee upon se; more in the service Assume, for the purpose of this from the service, or to his heirs in case of deatl illustration, an employee entering the service of the con exception to this general principle should be in the vany at the age of 25 and retiring at the age of 65 after f the early vears of service A pension is not x 10 years of service, and that his average annual wage for increas n wages: it is an inducement to continu the last 10 years was $1200. He would be entitled to a Many persons enter government service as a tem pension of $480 a year. The cost of an annuity of $480 cupation. The right of the employee, therefor in one of the large insurance companies at the age of 65 accrued value of his pension should not commet ; s $4324. To accumulate $4324 at 3 per cent. interest, has passe¢ vhat might be called the temporary st % in 40 years, requires an annual payment of $50.03. The Xoughly speaking, this would be five or six years : value to the employee, therefore, of the provision for his the accrued value of the pension returned to ! eS old age is $50.03 each year In other words, to provide a separation would commence with the beginning fund for his own old age equal to the promised provisior might be called the more permanent service. os yf the company, the employee would have to set aside Chere are two ideas underlying this return $50.03 each year. Of course, this sum would be mucl rued value of the pension. First, the natural on less, in case the employee purchased at the age of 25, ng from the consideration of a pension as “yi paying for same annually, a deferred annuity equal t vages, that the accrued value of the pension is ¢ fe the amount of his pension with the provision that in cas« irned by the employee and as a matter of morals $ ‘it of his death before reaching the prescribed age all his e returned to him. Second, and this is particular! payments should be forfeited But, roughly speaking portant in government pensions, the natural insti 5 this $50.03 annually represents the value to the individual vernment authorities would be not to dismiss ay each year, in the way of an increase in wages foregone, of ployee where such dismissal meant the forfeituré Hue? the promised provision for his old ag nsiderable money value. This is human and bt BR The forfeiture from the deaths and resignations in very largely, I imagine, in private employment. it 09 : a group of employees does not result to the benefit of the to a much greater extent in public employment whe b. individual employee but reduces the cost of the system is no pocket nerve touched by the retention of he rn ea to the employer. Now take this employee after 20 years cient. It would make the dismissal of the inefi tent 8 of service. By this service he has acquired an accumula ernment employee much easier for the removing at! . ; THE IRON AGE 345 = . p , n : \ N ca T i . . \ . > . A New lype of Steel Mill Crane Trolley wages, al t mere grat \ new type of elect ling al r us Me Ss ) sh uld rye S Nas een I ugl \} LW } le ‘ rT ‘ - | re ‘ \ ‘ » nciples any, &s Liber Ving City essary ¢ ill t < is een icle t . cf : sent scale f S eatures as 1 ire at ension separately = \ \ ( r the necessar S is S e1rs tne ac rue é ens n. ft a I a ‘ ned tron suc p | , : ion . cs of Vanadium Tool Steel | I id | \\ 1u n stee namely, tl he steel can 1 ed with tting a great an ( a . t snoi ot ' | Whe : 7 . . \ Re Dev e I \ u inadium tft ] ke 4 M I il emperature tor carbon t ; : nited OS es eel ' rr 7 e fracture obtained wit a ed at a nsiderably her aC Wh ; al . , watt ns 17 rec ilar nene } LALIULI ; +} ‘ Steel g ! ne el eT ' : rolle tructur \ nsis ea — S¢ dense e-vraine tructure in eac] ; nected by tw girts thes The highe r temperat moto! a the lect! ra e ft ' 1 roll moto } ‘ ‘ ; in the one cas S lley lOvor Phe e1 5 nte ; etriect - mac ’ rt Y creased the deptl ! ural load ¢ ’ ‘ mes rhis rangement } } « ky : j temper whil ea Arrange : W the tructure I the tee! Virt teature causes the t ? ‘ | t r ' > ‘ ai Pk i > . ‘ ) o he orn rder rder ;-s ' practically identical wit] ut, ¢ , ne indeper that of the steel hard an ] motor na | , tut are? 1s . ‘ 1 ened at the lower te a t. ( Dm. type w eX ag erature. Extended i nd oil waste cellars with tightly fitting estigatior hy the Vu tru wheels are keve t sh t ixle n Crucible Steel C. xactly alike and ar eT 1 ( l VN A has shown that th ne end of the troll t ( ntl ven ft ncrease I tne Sal ross shatt bron I ‘ I . range 11 ten rit ngs ind eith ring | ‘ j haracteristi t t! e ust re of ste hn ' There ar nl \ é tions ( eature is the tougl ind als the trol ¢ the 1 ' ' like and inte ' le ix ‘ The ; re due to the na ike and inte ange ne ¢< ium content Steel steel wit! ch e-cut teet ‘ ‘ il] ‘ makers na that vhet r S lid Torees steel if < e u¢ | ardened to the extent n substantial cases, and none at ¢ wn in the upper spe ear is presse } 1 KevVe the en, the re f this ichine-cut gr es al ret ! 3 steel can be drilled; als The upper an Ne ve that there is less danger are the same diamete the rum n t< s, as the heavier sections together with the sheave ns and nuts ent i. él : < : . Sian al ! ‘ , panel . ‘ ) tne proper Naraening ter 1S ‘ var 1s eaves i ’ the ter sections The loss asting fitted between the é s ser t F t | steels througt the arelessness wer shea cs ind the | A vels T i €a 1 1 1 | ‘ + sma item. Ability t stand higl L he trolley is arrange aC ate ‘ : ' the re fore y C iT il Ider’s m iltipl vasher har al | i namic lowering bra When the latter ectric brakes are generall r ' in ¢ + Engine Fuel.—1 sure Mit f the motor shaft and the ot the intermediat result t many inguilt s 1 ‘ t arrangement being s! ! er pamp!l let n He () tration 1S I I I Pirie » This Dall ] { llen. presents the result of an ¢ A High-Speed Automobile Motor Test Record.— te States and abroad for sor the automobile testing plant C ol 7 irning the heavy asphalt | Institute, Worcester, Mass I Gulf coasts. The conclusion is dé for an automobile motor entl sta ed il engine cannot yet be consideré conditions under which the tests were ide approx te much work remains to be don s closely s possibl 1 se ndit act that petroleums containing as road \ dy mn t that t , sphaltum as well as oils from tars yf the motor was reached at 112 { used is most encouraging. It is 30 hp. was developed, and at the LxXimu 331 ft the engine, with also a more ef r.p.m., 36 hp., which was equivalent t speed of 89 mile asphaltum liquid fuels and coal and per hour, was developed At a t 3300 we 1 fuels. is assured curve began to drop plosion and its probable causes. The explosion occurre: at a plant in Bohemia, the plan of the furnaces being A Remarkable Cupola Explosion Probably Due to the Rapid Formation of Carbon Monoxide—Precautions to Be Taken In Stahl und Eisen for June 26 is an interesting ar- } i ticle by RK. Fichtner, describing a remarkable cupola ex- j A shown in Fig. 1. Two cupolas, Nos. 1 and 2, are connect- i i } 7 } LU 9 r B - \ 1 tig | 2 a ee eo) = Q 0 Fig. 1—Plan of the Cupola ed to an Enke blower, and by means of two valves the blast can be admitted to one furnace while the other is not running. No. 2 is the cupola that suffered from the explosion, and the details of the furnace are shown in Fig. 2. Its normal output is four tons per hour. Thi tuyere arrangement is rather unusual. There is a lower ring of four circular tuyeres, and four series vertically ar- ‘ranged, but examination after the explosion showed that the upper vertical tuyeres were bricked up. The cupola which was 18 years old, was freshly lined and had been in operation for three days without developing any regularities.. The blast pressure shortly before the expl sion was 0.78 lb. per sq. in., 21 tons of metal had 1 tapped, and at tl tained three tons of unmelted metal and about one-hali 1e moment of explosion the furnace con ton of molten iron. The explosion was very violent, an the shell was torn open at the riveted seam. The blowing engine was blown to pieces, but the blast mains re harmed. Four men were more or less seriously hurt. Re garding conditions shortly before the explosion the ] workmen reported that nothing special was noticed. The charge did not stick or hang but the blue flames above the charge were much smaller in amount than usual. The blast was put on three hours before the explosion and was not shut down except for a few seconds, about on minute before the explosion, due to the belt slipping fron the pulley. It may be mentioned that none of the char was blown through the charging door or shaft by the ex plosion, the valve in the blast main was open and could not close automatically, and water was not used around the cupola. The operation of a cupola produces carbonic acid and carbonic oxide gas, together with nitrogen and ofte1 free oxygen. Carbonic oxide possesses the property o forming an inflammable or explosive mixture with air, n when present in any amount, but within certain well defined limits, the range within these limits being know: as the explosion range. These limits for various gases art given below I t er limit pe r Carbonic oxide A 75 Hydrogen i 66 Water gas.. 12.3 and 66." Acetylene C 3.2 and 4 Illuminating gas ; 7.8 and 19.2 It is evident therefore that carbon monoxide has the greatest explosion range, but that its low limit is above that of other gases. The large range is not so important in our case because even with the best gas producer prac- tice only about 33 per cent. carbon monoxide is present in the gas. If the combustion of the coke in cupola practice is incomplete considerable carbon monoxide may be form ed, and with the entrance of air an explosive mixture can form and cause an explosion. 346 THE IRON AGE August 14, ig The recent researches of Dr. Hiiser when starting up a cupola the action is a gas producer, and considerable car formed. Only after a considerable tin to one hour, does the carbon dioxide px to the normal amount. Up to this time the cupola is filled with blue clouds of which ignite as the upper layers of tl hotter, often with a loud noise and ¢ These explosions can easily be prevent: gases after admitting the blast with a oily waste. This flame above the charg: ppear companied by an explosion, b 4 uietly soon after starting. Such an e take place after the furnace has been in ible time. It often happens during blast is stopped for some reason. The i o?, | > S ) 2 ty TT i 2 2 oe Sr an — ———_u) b i Lo . i Cupola <= is shee carne descent, and as the supply of air is shut off the @ dioxide present is quickly reduced to monoxide -™ 4 the whole furnace. If the valve is not closed it we a the blast main when the stoppage is a long one. a cm when the blast is again started, the air enters ver) THE IRON with the carbon monoxide. In the la it burns to dioxide, the flam« . art of the cupola where the charg: gas, but where the air has already an explosion which usually "makes cpels a large flame from the throat rise to similar results because only ir is admitted and carbon mon when the tuyeres are cleaned th d an explosive mixture may easily ng of the charge, the formation of places in which carbon monoxide iuse an explosion. In all cases ue to this carbonic oxide gas, with 1f explosive materials introduced ase under discussion it is believed is also due to carbon monoxide. It , efore the occurrence the blast wa The exact time is open to doubt short time. It slipping is also important. The rnace would be intermittent, acid gas be reduced, indoubtedly a How com carbonic rt interval filling with carbon mon belt was adjusted the blast was again . force, and the explosion took place xactly the right amount of air was in rroper mixture for the greatest pos the fact th