The Iron Age 1913-05-15: Vol 91 Iss 20

ND ——— ee an — LL HE IRON AGE iblished 1855 New York, May 15, 1913 Vol. 91: No. 20 | Bonus and Rating for Works Executives Rewarding Efficiency with Money, Which is Re- duced Automatically with Remissness—-Ranking Foremen to Determine Their Salary Increases il Typewriter Company, Hartford, ‘ 1., ha f t bonus system for rewarding the epartments for increased efhciency I ilts various other elements of inagement ts also to procure the ratin plan applies to the superinter fice man n t $00 chief inspector t VI remen, number-_ | all out of a force 890 employees. The system affects the aan Se nly It de- ines automatically ‘ es not want it n of this class ee sane ntrary, the fe given an increase it the end of each iia aft Dien Stan e the lure hree who stand men t earn ft dvanced; the Entered. 3-4 2 must be con- Late Durir y i 1 their previous pA aie They are con a a in 035, 7 learly stated i Each is makin ates" a ‘ ; a: : rt to procure the Cost Reduction “44.605 efficiency in z : Ret 1 ment, for by so Office Recor a r insures a full re yy ae, aa” ila m of his share of : 1 the 1S appropriation, as Condition of Department look tter you will he probability of of the fortu- t whose income increased His al must extend Recommendations in this, for other ide, ter into his rating, | ting knowl personality, ap- . aggressiveness, lea | i n and concentra- | | personality 1s Complaints fron - cas * ai characteristics New York affecting ti t. (rh ee ae nannerisms and Taclonag a : magnetism. the Bonus System t nly for nus system, which | t which a ked out with pains- | ae them, but re by General a Charles B. Cook Fig. 1—The Executive Mos Re : a ssful ssistants, is wholly gement Tr} It has nothing to do with the workmen, most ductions ar ked 1 re Lu the are employed under the premium plan which back into the company's t1 1! l ystem w developed successfully in many manufacturing rk a ll ere ait t ments, by which they divide with the company Che me ( : ng in cost from a fixed base price. Their superior coins into t ; however, are rewarded on an entirely different The Rules of the System [he company has set aside some thousands of The rules of the bonus system in 1 elements , which it divides aiaong the executives in the ratio dependent the bool rds ‘ W'S 5 1160 THE IRON AGE Ma y Increase or Decreased (¢ Take one point on 1 per cent. increase. Give one point on 1 per cent. decrease. leave off point in cost increase and decrease Indirect departments Indirect labor, such as millwright tasks Y 1 repairs are penalized.) ites—Take one point off of 25 per cent. late. point 5 per cent s lake ne point off t > € cer put G { 3 per cent p—Take one point off l per cent Give one point less than 14 per cent. The \v ¢ t the scrap t e pr rrtioned agains e de ment’s ¢ re expense (including overhead cos hich 1s the departme Ss hea ’ N I led and can be de gt Bonus or forfeit same as scrap. The figures from which the points are determined are compiled monthly. The bonus is paid quarterly If the cost of a department increases I per cent. or more, in ratio to the product, the foreman loses 50 cents. If he does not increase costs as much as I per cent. his bonus r is not impaired. The rules of the system are somewhat misleading, for to “give one point on I per cent. decrease” yields no greater return in bonus than does the maintain- ing of expense at the old level However, the results and superintendent’s records; the general discipline in the department, and the complai: been entered either from the main office in from the factory. Against each of thes: month an entry is made, represented by thx with the numeral within, which tells graphic the head of the department has lost or gai: If he has lost it, the entry is in black ink; if | it, in red ink. For example, in this sampk be noticed that in January and February thi department increased, in consequence of which lost each month. But in March the costs wers a point was gained. The same was true wit the percentage of loss of material in Januar ary was excessive, according to the bonus was kept within limits in March. The illust: indicate the different colors, but the dotted been employed for red marks Watching the Departments The departments are watched very careful to insure the discovery of failures on the responsible persons as well as to learn wher “DEPARTMENT Contin |] Crecemume Fig he Departmental Record of the Premium System figure conspicuously in the case of the foremen in estab- lishing their wage rating, so that their constant study must be to achieve more economical methods of manu- facture and improved general conditions. The “lates,” the instances of tardiness, must not exceed a number equivalent to 25 per cent. of the employees in the department. The limit of lost half-days is 15 per cent. on the same basis of reckoning. The scrap is valued against the department’s total expense. Certain corrections are made where a foreman has more than one department, or where his department is very small, the points being divided into fractions to insure fairness. While one de partment may be larger than another, no unfairness exists, for responsibility as to product in a small department balances mere numbers of workmen doing simple work. The general standard upon which efficiency is based is set forth in sufficient detail in the following paragraph of the company’s “Foremen’s Rules and Regulaiions:” “Your standing with th's company is rated on ability (executive and otherwise) ; decrease in cost of production with quality unimpaired; character of employees in your department; amount of scrap or rework; lates and outs of your depart- ment; order and methods; office and superintendent’s records; condition of your department; enforcement of the factory rules and regulations.” Each month the record of each head of department is compiled upon a blank form as shown in Fig. 1, and the totals are transferred to the record sheet, Fig. 2. This contains the dates when the man entered upon his work and when he has been promoted; columns for the number of employees who are late and absent; the total number of employees and the amount of the pay-roll; the re- duction or increase in the total cost of the department; the amount of scrap and rework; the condition of office being made. The active men in the management while the works always carry with them the memorandum car¢é both sides of which are shown in Fig. 3, and any observa tion which is of value is immediately jotted down so t! nothing need be intrusted to the memory. These cards are in two colors, those of the manager being buff those of the superintendent and his assistants whit An examination of some of the monthly records © vealed such entries as these: “One point deducted, pull- ing down shades before time allowed on three occasions, compelling others to light lamps’; “one point deduct work bench dirty—shoes on benches” ; “one point deducted men cleaning up’—in other words, cleaning up before the close of the working day; “one point deducted, motor lett running after 5 o'clock”; and “one point for unnecessary argument”; “one point lost, broken promise on part s! ments”; “one point off for doing work for another partment without superintendent’s permission.” The heads of the various departments are urged phatically to effect an organization so complete that th absence will not result in confusion and decreased duction. If the department head is ill or has to be for other reasons, and if the assistants through | knowledge of the details of management are un maintain the required standard, two points are deducte¢ from the department’s bonus. Some men have a ¢! that their own positions are made more secure by ing their subordinates ignorant of the duties whic! be thrust upon them from time to time, and the com pany is doing its best to stamp out such a condit! At stated times, known only to the manager and super intendent, an ammeter is put into use to amalyze ™ power of each manufacturing department, to ascerta? when after the opening hour such department reac! nl \ Q13 THE IRON AGE L161 when before time work be- f. It has been vepr.no._.i nse, Sat -:- in Various Cases ive been in the ceasing work LABOR lor . > rdet that they ee ' et ae their product, ealee Froaust ® MACHINERY, uuld have been moments when vas proceeding CONSTRUCTION TOOLS, .. B. AND F., course, some MACHINERY, . . . > to steal a STOCK. . MAINTENANCE TOOLS, . . . KE the end of a THIS REPORT (@ CAREFULLY PREPARES 48 & @EANS FOR THE Fore MONTH OF__ 34 DEPARTMENT REPORT. ees ; a Nk hn ah FOREMAN, TO STUDY THE (NOCHEAEE OF OEOCHEAGE OF LABOR ane CEPEHEE AERP THOR PEPORT UNTER CaLLED rom EXPENSE 2526/07 | WORK DONE BY CARPENTERS ’ ; " PLUMBERS ELECTRICIAN al “ “ MILLWRIGHTS, - ~ " TOOL ROOM (Repairs), ° ; - " PORTERS, CLEANING, ETC lli 5 § SUPPLIES, AS PER INVOICES AND SIGNED FOR, wrder that they BANDF, . 4 | 24 * ‘Sedat ties etal Vay from the Wee Foreman and Assistant. . 1093 41 DEFECTIVE WORK DONE BY YOUR DEPARTMENT more promptly. ROCOPK cocesaceeseeseccooce o' 84 eter readings have mieealahciay TTL ITT ES Ae: * An Re K tee ene eee cere eeeeees ilures that have nspectineg qceece 37| 53 Pn . ; 1 lost points. onipping ..e..---|| 231) 88 k letails indicate ay Rout Seede: 7 FSFE BY are the depart- EXPENSE. ‘ 41\ 4 e watched in con- 1557) re ‘i vith the bonus and ror, | — ssiedes 3 ratil systems. Results in Fig. 4—The Department Report of Mont Costs - paratively short x the plan was put into effect prove its remark- very well satisfied with the system. So do those who ency. Gains have been made all along the line. profit by it financially. The money is in no sense a gift, example is the saving in scrap. Reckoned in but rather the financial return for extra results obtained id cents, this loss has been cut in three parts, for the company. To lose so cents of the amount is no ns a difference of thousands of dollars. The ai fine. It is a failure to achieve a reasonable standard P manufactures some 45,000 typewriters annually, oP = es F. machine has 1471 parts involving in their manu- The Rating of Foremen a 5000 operations. Under former conditions the The rating of foremen is a system which might be rap and rework was a large item. In each year adapted in many manufacturing plants to their financial . sis Of every operation is made, working from advantage. The secret of its success is that the operation : t 1 up and a complete record is maintained of all is who!ly automatic. The personal equation as affecting s ns on every part, and their relation to the as- the management’s opinion of a foreman is eliminated. It of the typewriter. luction in the number of idle hours from absence her source of saving. The speeding up is yet essential factor. Altogether the management feels DaTE NOTES orm ¢ i7e ‘ — + ee ee i TFT | I is 4 > od x “ET Te :| | i J | eptrerinedietenstions / - , -—— -————__ ESTIGA N T _ _ — ss th Sides of the Memoranda Blanks On Which Criticisms Are Noted has been demonstrated conclusively that previous to the establishment of the system the managing officers did not always judge wisely as between the abilities of the various forenien and the results which they were accomplishing. To prove the point one or two men who were held to be among the most efficient heads of departments in the factory have been found to be rather a failure so far as actual results were ncerned. Another, who had not come conspicuously to the attention of the management, was not rated nearly as high as he should have been. Luck no longer plays a part in determining usefulness. Salaries of foremen are increased only under this competitive system. Rarely has compensation been raised otherwise The theory is that a voluntary increase in wage, unre- quested, is a much greater stimulus to endeavor than that which is urged by the employee The rating of the foremen is determined every six months, but promotion as to salary is made annuaily. If at the end of a half year a department shows increased cost, the foreman’s income is not affected, but he is warned that he must do better, and if he cannot correct conditions and accomplish a decrease he is changed to other work. As only three men are to receive an advance in salary, competition between the departments is keenly active. When it is considered wherein this competition lies, that everything tends toward reducing cost of manu facture, better care of machinery and decreased deprecia tion; improvement in shop conditions generally, which makes it easier to maintain a working force of good men then it will be understood that the system must result in direct financial advantage to the company In determining the rating, various elements are taken into consideration. Each has its value in points, and the men are ranked according to the number of points which they total. In the first place, the general efficiency as in- dicated by the bonus system is given a maximum of 100 points. In the bonus records the men are ranked accord- ing to the percentage which they retain of their share of the bonus. If a foreman has 90 per cent under the bonus system he has 90 points to his credit in the rating The other five elements each have a maximum of ten points. As already stated, these are personality, appear- ance, aggressiveness, organization and concentration. The system does away with prejudice and individual opinion. Where the records do not give exact information, judg- Mia wp. <x Re te sal a te a eth ee- n “p> Co pte iN atte te st Ne am » a » th ue as 1162 THE IRON AGE Mi ment as to the su uccess of.a. foreman is pronounced by a Any misconception on his part of charges board of officials, including the general manager partment is quickly removed to his own One important feature in the conduct of this system is the cause of just grievance corrected. H«: the right given to the foreman to see at any time the department report, as shown in Fig. 4, and full records of the expenditures of his department, which the details of its various items in the cor constitutes a rarely accorded by manufacturers There is a positive check between departm« A New Continuous-Running Two-High Mill By Alternating Position of Rolls the Mill is Made Reversing With Contin- uous-Running Electric-Motor Drive t the May meeting It St titut é es one of the economical « | \ pla is regards rst cost of installatior Vork ( Scotl: 1 1 cal performance. The greatest difficulty 1 of elect drive hig it ealing with reversing mills of the two-high ¢ ersin l Lhe lls have to be reversed at each pass, and llows mills are of large size the electrical plant Speaking generally, where steel ystly, the reversing mill motors necessary with blast furnaces, and perhaps also « | ar 10,000 to 15,000 brake horsepower due to their abundant supply of surplus ¢ is availal for p! Ci! t i irt rest under full load electric current at a low We are all familiar at eacn fre CC t. els with the Ilgner syste mills is clearly indicated ; such mills, first introduced in Germany, and =—=— ——4 _ 1 — _ E 1 y iM 7 — an 1 nn HH — I i ) p _—s 7 oe x OOK OK OO ‘4 + ‘, y , ' } * | y th, | \ A sf | Daley | ; ? fi ‘lan of the Lamberton Continuous-Running Two-High Reversing Mill London have 1entined ; and several sting papers have been Mr. Ablett of that firm such installations The st, however, seeths to - gainst the general adop- ligner syste n this sritisl steel makers t pt it; and <> : t t \ f the S t 1 works in this which blast ns exist and a f gas is thereb igh using electricity ssible purpose, have not adopte ing mills, which seems to ind st and other nsiderations | vas not in these cases the 1 nditior fully consider: son » be in ag Wi ywheel t g, elect g is to be preferred rse tl f current be v el ient at some of the main cor e! ns that é n with the adopt | t ; ul and structural rolling mills ill mills rolling light sections the mills by hand, the three-high cont 1 is practically universally adopted ’ . riving of these mills by a continuous-runnings ] es nothing to be desired r rs and sections of heavier type which ¢ by nd, and where live roller feeding tab! nical manipulators are therefor type of mill is not so popular in this tr 1ust be admitted that on the Cont this type of mill is quite commonly used « ctions. The main objections, | live roller tables which require t S pass, and the increased dif t , irs on these rising and falling tables irther difficulty of the exact settings f thre e ar irat sections. ft gether w oe ‘ olde el ores le . - ; . 4] guides and guards require: siderati ] ] ns have caused steel n prefer the two-hig] 1 type of reversing bars and sections, even althoug by reversing steam engines is less eing so, it occurred to the author that if ling mills could be designed to | Ly lriven by a continuous-running elect: motot e same time give the necessary revers pass, this would go a long way to meet tl referred t The ease of setting th ‘ high mill and the xed instead of simplicity of the roller tables moving, would be conserved, and and very costly reversing motor rendered ut r The following is a short descr ptior es which this is accomplished. The New Mill Described idea of rolls, arrangements can be made to make t ll the top roll, and vice versa e position of these rolls there will be a pass site direction. If then a pair of rolls be in circular gables, which are free to rotate ir nes or housings, this will afford a ntinuous two-high mill, which gives ibles being rotated through an angle of 1% lf a revolution ng to Figs. 1 and 2, the two rolls A are mounted 7 f rm < f chocks B contained in the circular free to rotate in the fixed which gables are usings D. In order to make the turning these are carried on broad revoly ng anti-fri rs E, placed immediately under the gables, and the weight of the gables. These anti-friction the new system is that if in at then at each re 1 reversais a eat ur pinion e part of their breadth formed into a s] gears with corresponding teeth in the r a hydraulically operated tat ng means of rack G 3 THE IRON AGE L103 ba w vy 1] ‘ 7 ’ ’ + T > . ‘ 1 | Fort itior or Fin ()iviated I ‘ ‘ i ; ‘ ‘ — : ( I t tur t i ( vn t { ef rt ' ‘ ne + ¢ entirely viated ti sig f mill, because the rolls take altern t + « r ind r ' eret ( ( turning of the bar upside down is rendered unneces ; i the operations of rolling simplihes lan was shown of the general layout \ nt this ft NV syste capa € Oo! al itput I an W eC Three distinct mills were shown ; ‘ ‘ : ' heal ae hI ; g mill taking the ingot and reducing it to a bl I roughing mull to reduce this bloom to a r 4 } 11 | ' > med rail; and 3—a finishing mill to finish the r the required section. These mills are all of the same tinuous-running reversing type, the rolls having lrafts, so that The live : nd the manipulation of the mgots at the | ming there is no screwing-down gear roller tables are all fixed tables of the t é e bloor at the roughing mill and the rails at the f the simplest character High-speed continuous-running electric motors.with suitable flywheel are used to drive each of these mills, and are all of most reliable type and highest efficiency these motors The author ventures to think that in such an installa tion a very high efficiency would be obtained, with the minimum initial cost. The first mill of this new now in course of construction, and will be put t 1. tee] works in England in the he auenmer wher a large steel WOTKS in ngiand in 1€ Carly immer, when the results in every-day operation will be availa und the itl ‘ e glad to give tl result quent communication Specialization in Steel Works Essential There is, however, an Ther | ther side to this problen rolling of steel products concerns the engineer less than is of the utmost importance to the steel work overlooked It is well known that to economical which, althoug the one just c annot therefore be 1164 obtain the highest eco nomy from any rolling plant, the maximum ca pacity of such plant must be realized, for if, say in 4 D a plant of 5000 tons ca fps pacity per week, only an eH g average of 3000 tons is ns (Tt) actually obtained, the th | cost per ton of produc tion on this reduced 4 quantity would be much higher than would have been the case had the maximum output been th secured; and it is to be Hd 4 feared that this condition Ly N of things is all too char acteristic of the rolling mills in this country Let us look at some | (fh, of the causes which go to explain this shortage in output: First, and probably the greatest, are the constant fluctuations in trade, in sympathy with which the demand rises and falls; and sec- ond, the fact that the to tal capacity of existing plants in this country is now much greater than the average det prodycts, with the result that the total quantit: work placed is split up into numerous small orde1 rarely afford an opportunity for a lengthened run on the same section, by which alone a maximum output is possi- ble. This also ll the different sections very great loss of time Under such mills cannot poss! results in ynstant changing of rolls for required urring large expens« onditions as these the output 1 ipproximately reached, the cost of production is thereby chronically excessive, and reacts upon and checks demand; and so it would appeat that our steel makers seem to be within ircle where limited demand results in high cost of productiot and where high cost mand; and a situation sufhciently serious t laim the earnest attention of all those directly) much comfort or will tell us that this is clearly a case of the survival of fittest hed of production again causes limited d: this is \ interested is to be got from those w satisfaction and the withdrawal of the nquishe THE IRON AGE Mechanism in Fig. Ss t Method of Roating G eld. Is there, however, no remedy at all for such yf matters? Remedies have been proposed, to which the author dares not allude in this place, but there is one which is safely outside the pale of politics that no apolog necessary in referring to it—this is specialization We are all familiar with the saying, “It is a wise fat over h's neighbor’s fence,” and those vho have visited America and Germany and seen tht rks in these countries, could not fail to have been ressed with the constant endeavor put forth to carry this principle of specialization to the fullest extent their operations; and this for the sole purpose of enabli them to produce cheaply, and consequently to keep thei plant running to its fullest capacity, in the knowledg he more they produce the cheaper they produce Hence we billet rolling mills all the time on billets alone, and producing these in tity far and at a far below, what in this country. The same principle is carried throug! looks see continuous above. cost can a Large Scale 5, 1913 THE IRON AGE 1105 rolling operations, the orders received at head- Float Type Differential Pressure Gauge being carefully classihed and sent to the mulls : designed for producing the sections required In addition to the spring pressure tube design economies being thereby effected. In Germany ding differential pressure gauge which was illustrat nd, controling a number of the largest works | Iron Age, April 17, 1913, the Bristol ¢ y this same method, and years of experience hav: Waterbury, Con s placing on the market a ved the great value of the system. uge [his gauge was developed to meet requirem present time the steel works all over the world for which the spring pressure type 1s not suit ible ally full of work, so that the British steel maker as very low ranges of differential pressure I d usly affected by American and German com- quids or steam, for application where the static ar f it the inevitable ebb in the tide of prosperity is ferential pressures fluctuat idly and to give at in, and then the struggle for our share of th ent which would 1 rd the rate of flow or | f the world will certainly be keener than we have xperienced. To meet this our steel makers very serious and difficult problem to ’ : F A rac as tne & & ns in this country are admittedy widely different will = oF in America and Germany. itever way the matter may be dealt with, the Lo Ba “Y s system of specialization in design of mills, and } n and selection in the work rolled in these mills, ive proved beyond doubt so beneficial wherever been systematically followed, cannot be ignored ry improvement that can be devised, tending t ing in the efficiency and simplicity in operation of such ts, must constantly engage the attention of the en f we are to hold our own against the very for ; pponents who so strenuously assail our position soot 2 . . = ‘ { enjoy advantages in regard to our markets her p unfortunately dented to us by them ld the new methods described in this short paper = : ry P ¥ Lda ww a 7 P some degree instrumental in attaining higher “Ss i ~~~ 4; = ° . . : »" a ‘ in rolling-mill practice, or be assistant to others S 7 a : vy be working on this important problem, the author \ f = Sous SSSSEESN amply compensated for any little trouble he has J ° . ~~ / en in this modest effort toward improvement on MANA / nethods N ' . \ ' 5 ~ . . ° Standard Method for Sampling Ferrovanadium beatae hid “ate . i ul ‘ x d . . vy or volum iderable misconception prevails among steel chem . ° The re are two pressur¢ cha nbers a ind yb } 1) metallurgists as to the proper way to sample : ' ' ' a al i a a ee municate with each other through th ynnectior A idiun for analysis, and the importance is not ; ' —. ‘ : a : , , cviindrical foat, dad, 1s | ite n the pressure cha ‘ I ecognized The average chemist generally selects sail Se “ges : ‘ ’ a Ss { nnected Y art I the shatt « whit exten Y wo pieces from a keg or lot and considers this the » ¢l f ti a : ; aeons io : ug he casing of the \ f ihe recording arn good reliable one. William M. Clark, of the a , me J ; s s connected dire v the end f this shaft Con Vanadium Company, in Metallurgical an ; : a - ; oe : trons are made vy the pines j etween the tu Engineering has offered a standard method ' : 9 ; 2 fol ressure chambers and the tw pre ures. tl lifference ut as tollows: . ' ; ; ; f which it is require to record Kither mer or ercial ferrovanadium, like every other complex ‘ ' ; — Seat : vater 1 mployed in the pressure chambers, dependit ng goes through a solidifying interval and re , : sap & . pon whether range to be recorde solidifying point The result is a segrega Se cote ied ces constituents. Besides this, ferrovanadium is ele alg } Penns 2 Neer ae oe : ; ‘ : ae a imber Db thr the le | the li 1 1 in small quantities in crucibles, which wi ' ; v7 ; ; : ; chamber t int t char in composition from crucible to crucible , — a : rresponding] the t and ¢t t nt, rendering careful sampling of a larg: 3 , "1 : = hed recorder with it nd ' , of an essary The method recommended is one whicl 1 es we Steak ' : : rcular chart, which 1 specia c att adopted after numerous experiments and ha ' D ' ' ae : , , a” : a ired speed. By making the cr ections of the ‘ nd to give uniform results on checking The ; ; : ci 1. . 3 . ure chamber OD I ertain known | | rtior t shipped in several different sizes, from lumps 6 ; ' ' ' , ‘ e f duce ile whose graduatior iT f meter down to 10 mesh, according to require 9 ean rt ae r equal rements of flow or volume In sampling the lumps a couplk f ips art ' ‘ i ; = ‘ : ; \s these gauge will perate n ery low differ t f each lump with a chipping hammer Phe * Ss ; -e, which is crushed to lumps about the size of a ~ "on ' bo use im connection e@with Pitot tubes for : edie sampled during the process of keggit y run . ; me as . ’ 2 ts "es S : liquid air or gases nad ré t thece « gec } hand along the front edge of each shovelful of 7 ae ee ale a ae hint ' : ; : : used in connection with the Pitot tube at one of the 1 which has been well mixed after crushing, ar ‘ : ; al . Ser a st blast furnaces in the United States, t oa aad all that can be held in one hand of both fin . a4 ' : : a ; record of the flow of blast furnace gas particular rse material The finest grades of alloy are sam ' + 4:6 a ae ste : . se, the actual differential pressur for the total ixing and quartering until a sample of the ae ' eater re = ‘ a or the hart, which ranged from o t 500.000 cu. tt eT e is obtained. A sample of at least 3 per cent 1 f hyd lic | ] 1 e 1 ‘ ‘ Ww 5 t I » iT 1VaTaulic ad Ik of the alloy should always be taken; however eran. ee ; alloy is ve ry thi h Id 1 ’ lf desired, the instrument may o ed t record allO » coarse nis snouid ¢ increaset ; ‘ ; ie , e head of water in tanks under varying pr t a 1 les are first t down to ri ‘ 1! for example, the water level in steam boiler ind n np are first put down to rice size in a sma . : : . > i ensere 2 | C ? rec ' y Tey . r hoe the jaws of which are beardened steal This n iT 7 r ré rding the flow ‘ ater th io} sy Aaa ; : “ i notch or over a weir, even though the liq n this case iple 1s quartered twice and then put down to ; a 4 ; , ma e under pressure or in a vacuun This is quartered until about 2 oz. remain, ill powdered in a hardened steel mortar until it . . . ' through a 100-mesh sieve. This sample is well r use in the laboratory. Ferrovanadium is not The Wickwire Steel Company. Buffalo. N. Y., bl it mly magnetic, so that if a magnetic spatula is used its No. 2 furnace th’s week for a ck relining. It will ing weird results are the rule. } prohably be hlown in again earlier next month 1166 THE IRON AGE May Machinery Exhibits at the San Francisco Large Automobile Side Frame Exposition a A Moving Table Capable of Handling Rapid progress eing made in the construction L ; ites — : : Me ; ; : Steel % in. Thick and 18 Ft. Long the main exhibit ildings at the Panama-Pacit Inte1 national Exposition at San Francisco. The first of the A new design of press for forming auton buildings is now completed and five other structures are frames, which is claimed to be the largest ma under way. There will be 14 main exhibit buildings in all nd yet built, has recently been developed by and contracts will be let upon the remainder to bring all to iI Company, 11 Adams street, Brooklyn, completion by July, 1914. Work on Machinery Hall, the 1¢ 1 feature of the machine is a moving t largest of the exhibit group y in the year, and rer f the main por | was begun ear the framing tion of the st ucture is partly completed This will permit the complete installation of exhibits by the pening date February 20, IQIS The exposition man- agement plans a record not only in construction but in the pres entation of a finished spectacle on the opening day The department of machinery <hibits is thoroughly organ ed, and filings for exhibit space have been received to an extent that assures a display ‘ommensurate with the impor- tance of the industry. Early ap- plications are especially wel- | comed by the Panama-Pacific | management and will facilitate | the proper grouping of the ex- hibits and the perfection of other arrangements essential to the interests of exhibitors as well as to the exposition For the information of ex- | hibitors the following brief data have been supplied by the ex- position company Machinery Hall will be the largest building at the exposi- tion. The structure will be 67.8 x 967.8 ft. and will be lecorated with more than a nile and a half of ornamental rnices. The architectural de sign of the building is based upon the Roman arch motif, prototypes of which may be “— . _ pn found in the big Roman baths Recently | leted Large Press m \ at Hadrian and Caracalla. The interior arrangement consists of three naves, « ms ft raised by four solid connecting rods. Fig. 1 is in width, 122 ft. in hight and more than goo ft. long Phe ( the press, and the driving gears, which at building will have nearly eight I In f steel castings, and lubricating arrangements addition there will be an auxiliary structure t e know! u the rear view, reproduced in Fig. 2 as the Gas and Fuels Building Electrical n nery, i It will be noticed that the moving table, whicl stead of being placed in a separate building, will located nd 3 tt. wide, is raised by four solid connecti in Machinery Hall t ar tted to the crankshaft, the rods being 1 \ll parts of the building will er lequate qual intervals throughout the length of th ra lities. Electri t, alter ent for varying the depth of the drawins is and water, will be availabl ! ided by the nuts holding the upper head building; comp: ed air and steam will | rovided a djustment of 22 in The distance betw« a 1 ad the Gas and Fuels Buil net moving table in its raised position and the bott lluminat y tl t head when raised to its uppermost position but an nal chat made to ex tor | machine is twin driven, a gear being | tilities service th Spi l rat r power! I] h end of the crankshaft The main driv ve made to ex! I ver to the gears at the end of the rt I The f | | centrally the main back s loa 00 Ib. pr l | S ver through triple reduction geari ade I da : ] t sed Tor the eCaring ind the t onstructed. N I m_ the lid blank \ hand Copies of tl | S ] friction clut controls the machine the classificatiotr f exl lan has complete regulat f the ] and other matior red point of the upward or downward m hibitors, will be promptly forward: n I t to tl hearing pins are provided for the driving pulley Panama-Pacific Internation ] sit : eel h operate to prevent injury if thr Francisco, Cal ] ess some foreign article, such as a wrench left on the top of the die, or when the pin is not At the limestone quarries at Franklin Furr NE 7 properly with reference to the closed hight of the di yperated by B. Nicoll & Co., New York, wages were ad Provision is made for ejecting the formed work vanced this week from $1.50 to $1.60 a day the sunk die on the lower table by knockout bars m ' THE IRON AGE , | ] +} . ° ° series oO! les in the m ng t L€ . . } —_ = - : A Crucible Steel Melting Record ins t e placed in the proper pos - +} ‘ \ af work. Lubrication of the connecting 1 v\ Vi ing table is supplied by a high-press KS e Col Tool S 1 on the back of the moving table, whicl Company, Chicas ohts ha ait upper head, is made of steel castings rd tor a conti is run oO! N furna is capable of forming side frames of \%-i! turnace made its first at y 13, 190090, and mad steel up to a maximum length of 18 ft. an sa reg r] xcept Sundays and holidays, \ b When operating at its max m t { at f f years, nine montl er required is 75 hp luring t elted 6290 heats, I ne t ae Phe nace is not id condition ever now Several new t have een put nt furt na nt the wear lragg t t ver the t ] k ind Janua 1s g! 5 new m l ull w ? ' (of ‘ “ ere iV | mn I LV} ‘ ‘ vy { . d in tl ni | run ia i weel Was tista t ry ' a fur i W i | | } S it was I xceptional. | thing depet | n skill of 1 ra we | howeve | : € 4 ioment Pe 4 The Cy . ly il ipf adi Fr i eTel 1 q Divs e | se Sh ‘ g ring Submerged Motor Control Equipment . l ; } } ; : ne recent disastrous fi tin © if calendar ntrollers trol nels, tv “ ' ers nd ul misc 5 \ » ( ‘ llers ' lant +¢ ( vany, Al All this eq ; j ror a sider} ye pe ter, particularly, had gotten int f the drum controllers being four nd tl he gineers an erecting { nN , er ec + mpany aft ut the mud had been rs were placed in small shed ny which were used th stea eS alendar p ; f AS S tien obi ‘ 14 4 i > “ rid 1 e insulat vl th ; s and , ‘ as nm as the iler r I I eT i t r ope t ( . Var ] vith the « ‘ r ’ dat . the ndling. we ‘ ‘ long submersion in water. T] é t ‘ ( Chr ’ nite < with the ¢ tior £ ty ’ { ‘ - ’ to drv rooms. were not a “ted t lers Stes m re equipment was put back operation as rg : | hinery of the plant was ready and Steel Company, Youngstow1 10, 6000 | expe ri¢ need. ' ' r ere { t ) ere Bureau of Corporations on Steel Corporation Third Part of Bureau’s Investigation, Treating of and Profits of Various Iron and Steel Products Costs Phe Corpor ns ‘ the was only $16.67. Deducting only inter: Preside third part of its report on the Un States n materials, the bureau computes the net Steel ( t and it will be transmitted t Presi- ton ( ress. The report says that the statements of Profit on Ore Investment a as shown by the cost sheets of iron and rhe necessity of determining the net costs - “a companies, ordinarily includ por nsideration is given to the very high profits s OF promt accruing to the same manutacturing iron ore and on the transportation of iron or ' wes oes oe the fact that the ore and On the basis of the bureau's estimate. of sed 11 1aking pig iron are largely pre duced by allied ost of ore property at the time of the forma ee ey, anee, On such materials to th€ Steel Corporation, together with due allowanc: ' turing plants operated by the same interests at quent investments of the Steel Corporation — which or linarily inclu a pront, and in the case Of average investment of the Steel Corporation re a very large pron ; was about $4.47 per ton of ore produced in _ oncerning prohts trom sale and transportation ; nvestment is computed on the basis of a 30 ne report says reserves of ore, all additional investment in o1 “Thus, for the Steel Corporation mt SOEO, SRE Tete being excluded from consideration. The profit iny proht on iron ore was no less than $1.30 per tom ton which was charged by the Steel Corp ut of an average ore ton of $4.18 1n which there was, in addition to the profit of $1.30, a furthe msiderabl computed investment in ore. Considering that transportation cost and profit. Owing 1 he fact that ¢, rporation owns or controls the great bulk « about 2 tons of ore were required t ton of PiS ore supply; that in consequence of the num! iron, this profit per ton in ore i ves a | of about mines, its risk of operating them is reduced to at $2.48 per ‘ton im te cost ME SOR OG Ts unt alone. that it has an assured market for the sale of its Vor . S ' n OmEES per ton are ywn manufacturing plants; and that its producti include = tn ts proaut aR aes OCNEE nd steel is so extensive and diversified, and ) en wee ee Cee earn . id throughout the world, that a very large « & SS QCCEREREY SO CHARNSS EERE Beer ny profits tron ilways practicable, it is evident that the risk of this the b ok ers ts shown on the cost sheets ness 1s comparatively small, and that the profit is Furthermore manutacturing concerns, and part ively high. larly the Steel Corpor 1, have subs —_eoree Profits of Ore Railroads engaged in the transportation of raw erials for manu- = : : farture The cost of tranavortati however. included in Similar conditions are found with regard to the he Renal eect al Gieane oriete aoe ten n the regular {rom the transportation of ore. This appears © going rate fe trar veeatan of e transpor when the extremely low ratios of operating exp: ones maoniion as nelude farce amout tes anny yross earnings of the Steel Corporation’s two rail: transportation pr r} , eooams he Steel Core the Lake ore mining district in I9I0 are stated, vation fenen the tran ilies ‘ 1910 30 per cent. for the Duluth, Missabe & Northern R sveraged over all its ore delivered at 1 e naan and 36.5 per cent. for the Duluth & Iron Range | vas about $0.7 per tot ] ‘ er lhe average ratio for all the railroads of the « ¢1 09 per ton of pig iron 1910 was 66 per cent. The business of these tw ys is almost entirely in the carriage of ore, and, f irt, there is no existing or potential competitior Net Costs of Pig Iron and Bessemer Rails The situation of these railroads as respects in The bur there{ n its statemer f costs of and profit from operations is such that the rate : a ° aly ¢1 s or costs from the ore traffic on the investment fairly att: iil ties the cost sheets of nufacturine companie wut to the ore transportation business may be safely lso the net costs excluding such inte ed fits of not less than the rate of the total profit on the total rod n and transportati rl f ertain avet ent Moreover, in computing the total net « - cone ot att npanies which ar resented. tl ter these railroads admittedly mad a little more than a ny profits from the t uction of ray terials at sary provision in 1910 for depreciation of the pr j ae an vile from the costs of the Steel C ration iccount of the ultimate exhaustion of the or« itermediate profits fr both prod nd trans from which their traffic is chiefly derived. portation are eliminated On the basis of the total investment (inclu The importance of such eliminati f int . king capital), and the total net earnings ré profit are apparent from the following « Tal these two railroads, the rates of profit in 1910 ne again. for illustration, the costs of t S Corpora he Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway, al tion, it ippears directly from the re rd tf that company cent and tor the Duluth & Iron Range Railt that the average book cost of Bessemer pi nin 1910 17% per cent. Such high rates of profit from a was $14.30 per ton (including an assumed normal addition wht h is monopolistic in character, and also affe to furnace cost of $0.50 per ton for general expense and public use (common carrier), are obviously ¢ depreciation), while the net cost, excluding intercompany It should be noted, however, that the extraordinat profits on materials 1 trar t onlv $10.21 transportation rates on ore from which these pt The intercompany profit deducted ft book costs derived were considerably reduced by the Steel therefore. was no less than $4.18 per t f, however tion in 1911, shortly after the publication of th nly the inter n\ I excluded, the f the bureau’s report on the steel industry Iutreau computes the net — “ a fit Relation of Investment to Net Costs pared with the book costs of $14.30. The margin of profit over cost should. of course, be related to a different invest It is evident, therefore, that in order to com{ ment in each cast with prices for the purpose of determining w Similarly. for Bessemer steel rails, the ol st margin of profit is reasonable or unreasonable, of the Steel Corporation in 1910 was $ er ton (in sary to obtain the net costs of production, exclu cluding an assumed normal additi t st of $1.30 = intercompany pronts trom materials and tran for general expense and depreciation), while the net t On the other hand, it is equally evident that. w excluding intercompany p t on materials and transporta net costs are used in determining the margin of was equivalent, therefore, to a rate of 29 per c 1168 1913 THE IRON AGE 69 atti be taken of the total investment employed, y volur f pr tio! [hese comparisons t in the immediate manufacturing processes t] Variations in ef ncy according to distri sts are stated, respectively, but also for the ther particular circumstances, and to indicate sses of manufacture, production, and trans- the causes of such variations ; far as they are related to the cost of the [he facts presented in this report, theref . ously of great value w r var s large gq net cost of Bessemer rails of the Steel Cor- of public policy and national welfare, such as rea , namely, $16.67 per ton, is compared with ness of prices, indust ncy, ownership and ling price, namely, $27.45, the pr t margin »f natural resour relations o! ( mmon carriers ng therefrom must be compared with the ufacturing enterprises, a t t legislatior nly in rail mills, but also in the steel furnaces, ore and coal mines, coke over ctahes ellie: wala demeinadl-sa: anes Interstate Commerce Complaints 1 low cost Increase in Ore Dock Charges mputation is, from the nature of the case . Mining ( nieneuin a mplex, and, howeve’ carefully made, t siggy eee must be regarded as approximate ag fe ei ee ae -alculations, the bureau has been careful not ie ee See ae eee . ov te the investment made, and consequently ea or ree ee it the computed rates of profit are n oe : t on vice an fits on Investment for Rails and Plates charge of : soe & . : strations of the rates of profit on i tment ys a ra S For Bessemer steel rails tl net cost of t ration in 1910 was $16.67 per ton, includir l : r4 ! ¢ rdditional costs is stater ibove the O \ g price was $27.45, giving a profit margin of nvestment in raw materials, tra rtation t : nufacturing plants, and net working capital nt ll later a = the production of rails was about $65 per ton’ tor repat rding to the computations of the bureau that the | a rate of profit on investment of It eacned b similar basis, the bureau’s computations indicate a a rate of profit in 1910 of 10% per cent. on the These different rates of profit illustrate further- OY ~CCGSE CULE ) ifferences in price-making conditions, which 'TO™ Ma ntl 1) : Aut ompetitive for plates in 1910, while not rau tar mpetitive for rails. ‘ n I i Periods Covered by Cost Statements ron and ‘ : ' vhet ppe tatements of cost comprised in the full re irom interstat ! t ! t exas, | rst, average costs of a great variety of iron Mi ducts for nearly all the manufacturing com- [ated e five-year period 1902 to 1906, and second loads , Steel Corporation in 1910 for a consider sions ral m at 10ur 5 r of such products. Owing to the elab hein , nd : the first statement and the great labor in ower rang a = naking it up, it was impracticable to bring it Nansas WUity -— ‘ ) . ! recent date Nevertheless, by means of com ‘ rat ' rage costs f production r raw ut i 100 | rt of the total industry, and of typical plan . a ; anufacturing processes themselv: Wrought-Iron Castings it is made lear that there has beet eT | ‘ “ n the costs of heavy steel products in re ired with 1902 to 1906 ‘ : Cost Variations by Localities and Plants , ; ao ee 1, oa il “a ie a ot ; ; , < ' a la 4 a yO2 tT 1h ea if if V na [ } Pi. lu s by te | ir n | i decided advantage I t ils for the plants located on the shor 1] t ron, | ( Ic “ompare d with +} oT ] 7 té } n the Date naee | ‘ ‘ lt 4 e the nder the prevailing railroad rate re evel t] istir rie ports to Pittsburgh Ity fF t rticl bove Or e same cost statements, comparisons are al roduct re wi tit f great een the net costs (but without deduction netic per ty for el net irat n profits) of large companies and small reful attention to the 1 uM h indicate a decided advantage in favor the tf wr for Bessemer pig iron the net t (ir part imed normal addition to furnac: t of & litie . $11.61 per ton for the large companies and $14- nall ¢ mpanies This difference wa lue it nst , : re complete integration of the larg mp : for the costs of the Steel Corporation in ) mor DIET f the Har t met ns in costs for certain products are shown f vhicl large ntit : ncrete w lants (without disclosing their identit wl t were | ' he wide variation in individual plant costs Koppel te : nveyi tl ter / net sts of the Steel Corporation in 191 V-shape my I ind rt t Vv Bessemer pig iron ranged from $9.20 to $13.47 ne man was ind capable of pushing ir | ; luding an assumed normal addition to furnace 5 cu. It. oF ¢ rete fror ert 7 yas hef re) These data are als cr mt ined . TY ¢ rt 7 le ¢+¢r ‘ led pnerat ‘ ‘ : ‘ roups, namely, by districts, by ranges in cost, an he r sired ; : L170 THE IRON AGE May Turbo Blowers at Youngstown The German Cranes for Pan: The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company, Youngstow: Considerable interest has been aroused in Ohio, is installing a turbo blower to furnish the blast for over the award of our government to the its D stack, now under construction and expected to be in Maschinenfabrik A. G..for the two large flo operation in the near future. This turbo blower, which i for the Panama Canal. This firm is known being built by the Southwark Foundry & Machine Com as Demag, Ltd., Duisburg, Germany, and is repr pany, Philadelphia, will be the first machine of the kind to this country by Neumeyer & Dimond, 82 P« be used in the Pittsburgh or Valley districts and only a New York. It has a reputation for massiv few plants are using this class of blowing equipment els« different styles, having had an experience of ov: where. It is of the multi-stage Rateau type, direct con [he illustration exhibits the general appearan 11 cranes as they will Panama, though they fer in some details Each crane is car pontoon 88 x I50 ft. deep, drawing 8 ft The construction of of water-tight con forming the so-call: bottom to avoid sinkir of accident. The posit crane on the pontoons that it is exactly in tl an equal distance f1 sides and each end. The central portion crane consists of a pyr structure, reaching nearly top of the main portion the jib; on this structure large bearing about 6 diameter, equipped with rollers. This bearing tak entire weight and strain crane with its load. The portion of the crane carrying the jib surrounds the centra structure and has a bas about 25 ft. square, which on wheels on a circular to offset any tipping tenden The jib is movable, working through an angle of about deg., and is 205 ft. abov water at its highest position is equipped with thre two of 125 tons capacity « and with one of I5 tons, nected to a moving tr which can travel the length of the jib, or al ft. The two 125-ton hooks be operated separately or j by uniting them with a c tion hook, thus lifting the m Type of German Crane for Panama Canal mum load of 250 tons of 2240 | Each crane is, however, nected to a multi-stage impulse high pressut ndensing 300 tons and is capable of manipulating this lo turbine, and is capable of delivering 40,000 cu. ft. of fre¢ cessary. The lifting capacity is 250 tons when tl air per minute, against a maximum pressure of Ib. pet have a radius or outreach of 22 ft.; 150 tons at a rad square inch. The blower is provided with a Rateau mult 62 ft. and 100 tons at a radius of &2 ft., the lowest posit ple venturi regulator whic rols the delivery ra cor \n operating house 60 ft. above the surface of the wat stant volume, irrespective of the pressure 1 ed located in the front part of the crane about on a The Youngstown Company has had in operation ‘1 with the bearing and is equipped with a search light Bessemer department a turbo blower of th ty] night operation From this house the whole cran also built by the Southwark Company, whicl ivin be manipulated by a single operator. cient set